Synostemon F.Muell.

Welzen, P. C. van, Pruesapan, K., Telford, I. R. H., Esser, H. - J. & Bruhl, J. J., 2014, Phylogenetic reconstruction prompts taxonomic changes in Sauropus, Synostemon and Breynia (Phyllanthaceae tribe Phyllantheae), Blumea 59 (2), pp. 77-94 : 89

Synostemon F.Muell.

Synostemon F.Muell. (1859) 32. — Lectotype (designated by Wheeler 1975: 537): Sy. ramosissimus F.Muell.

Note — The genus is currently under revision by Telford. Several new species have been recognised from morphological studies and several have been tested using molecular phylogenetics ( Pruesapan et al. 2012); two of these new species are included in Fig. 2–5 .

Figures

Fig. 2 Consensus cladogram of 26 most parsimonious cladograms based on only morphological characters as analysed with TNT (characters and matrix in Appendix 2 and 3, respectively).Most relationships per group were polytomies. Only one bootstrap value was above 50 %.

Fig. 3 Character state transformations mapped onto one of the MCC trees of the Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of combined morphological and molecular characters (for latter see Pruesapan et al. 2012). Closed circles are non-homoplasious apomorphies, open circles are parallel developments, crosses are reversals and crosses in open circles parallel reversals. State changes are indicated next to the character number. Above the branches posterior probabilities above 0.5. Absent are the characters 3, 9, 12, 13, 18, 25, 26, 33, 37, 38, 41 (see results), while characters 1 and 4 are depicted in Fig. 4, and characters 21–23, 27, 31, and 47 can be found in Fig. 5. The acronyms indicate former sections: CRY = Sa. sect. Cryptogynium, GLO = Sa. sect. Glochidioidei, HEM = Sa. sect. Hemisauropus, SAU = Sa. sect. Sauropus, SCH = Sa. sect. Schizanthi, UNP = unplaced. Clade abbreviations after Pruesapan et al. (2012; Fig. 1).

Fig. 4 The MCC tree of Fig. 3 with character state transformations of: a. leaf size (character 1 and 52, latter with many states to show variation) and b. pres- ence of a rim at the edge of the ovary (character 43). Clade A shows the species of Breynia subg. Sauropus. Clade B shows the species of Breynia subg. Breynia; comprised of clade B1 presenting the species of sect. Cryptogynium and clade B2 presenting the species of sect. Breynia.

Fig. 5 The MCC tree of Fig. 3 with character state transitions in the anther position (char. 31), connation (char. 21) and degree of fusion (char. 22) of the staminate sepals, staminate flower shape (char. 23), the presence of a disc in the staminate flowers (char. 27), and the stigma position (char. 47), ‘-’ indicates that the character is not applicable. Clade A shows the species of Breynia subg. Sauropus. Clade B shows the species of Breynia subg. Breynia; comprised of clade B1 presenting the species of sect. Cryptogynium and clade B2 presenting the species of sect. Breynia.