Malawisaurus, Jacobs, Winkler, Downs & Gomani, 1993

Mannion, Philip D., Upchurch, Paul, Schwarz, Daniela & Wings, Oliver, 2019, Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 185, pp. 784-909 : 886-909

publication ID	2B915C4-1F1A-4921-BB6B-C4B05A0603CE
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2B915C4-1F1A-4921-BB6B-C4B05A0603CE
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC8791-DC51-C858-FF5C-FF21FD4BFBFA
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Malawisaurus
status

Treatment

Malawisaurus : 27 (3); 33 (0); 163 (?); 177 (1); 198 (?)

Opisthocoelicaudia : 40 (1); 56 (?); 160 (1); 177 (?); 198 (?); 259 (0); 350 (?)

Paluxysaurus : 40 (2); 50 (?); 51 (?); 148 (1/2); 163 (?); 177 (?); 198 (?)

Phuwiangosaurus : 40 (1); 100 (1); 177 (?); 198 (?); 348 (?)

Rapetosaurus : 26 (?); 27 (3); 40 (1); 56 (?); 177 (1); 182 (1); 198 (?); 350 (?)

Saltasaurus : 27 (3); 177 (1); 198 (?); 350 (?)

Sonorasaurus : 177 (?)

Tangvayosaurus : 163 (?); 177 (?); 198 (?)

Tastavinsaurus : 25 (1); 27 (0); 60 (0/1); 61 (0/1); 71 (0/1); 163 (?); 177 (?); 178 (0/1); 179 (0); 180 (0); 195 (1/2); 198 (?); 249 (0); 256 (0)

Tehuelchesaurus : 40 (1); 163 (?)

Tendaguria : 17 (?); 18 (?); 118 (?); 119 (?); 120 (?); 121 (?); 122 (?); 123 (?); 124 (?); 125 (?); 126 (?); 127 (?); 128 (?); 129 (?); 130 (?); 131 (?); 135 (?)

Venenosaurus : 36 (?); 177 (?); 198 (?)

Xianshanosaurus : 27 (3); 177 (1); 198 (?); 206 (?); 350 (?)

Epachthosaurus : 27 (3); 40 (2); 56 (?); 177 (1); 181 (1); 198 (?); 350 (?)

Nemegtosaurus : 25 (1); 65 (1); 66 (1); 68 (0); 71 (1); 256 (1); 258 (0); 259 (0); 265 (1); 268 (1); 269 (1); 388 (1); 389 (0); 393 (0); 394 (1)

Tapuiasaurus : 163 (?)

Diamantinsaurus: 40 (1)

Savannasaurus : 177 (?); 198 (?)

Wintonotitan : 177 (?); 198 (?)

Futalognkosaurus : 27 (3); 40 (1); 163 (?); 177 (1); 198 (?); 350 (?)

Muyelensaurus : 27 (3); 33 (0); 100 (1); 177 (1); 198 (?); 350 (?)

Aeolosaurus : 27 (3); 177 (1); 350 (?)

Isisaurus : 27 (3); 163 (?); 177 (1); 198 (?); 206 (?); 350 (?)

Jobaria : 40 (1); 64 (1); 163 (?); 177 (?); 181 (1); 182 (1); 198 (?); 348 (?); 373 (?)

Padillasaurus : 177 (?); 198 (?)

Losillasaurus : 49 (0); 100 (1); 132 (0); 141 (0); 198 (?)

Turiasaurus : 18 (0); 19 (1); 44 (0); 72 (1); 134 (0); 141 (0); 174 (0); 193 (?); 300 (0); 348 (?); 373 (?)

Zby : 373 (?)

Mendozasaurus : 27 (3); 177 (1); 350 (?)

Notocolossus : 27 (3); 198 (?); 350 (?)

Pitekunsaurus : 27 (3); 160 (1); 163 (?); 177 (1); 198 (?); 350 (?)

Rinconsaurus : 27 (3); 177 (0); 198 (?)

Patagotitan : 27 (3); 177 (0); 198 (?)

Soriatitan : 30 (?); 31 (?); 33 (0); 40 (?); 44 (?); 66 (0); 108 (1); 114 (?); 173 (1); 177 (?); 178 (1); 179 (0); 181 (1); 185 (?); 193 (0); 195 (0/1); 198 (?); 231 (?); 232 (?); 353 (?); 410 (1)

Moabosaurus : 3 (1); 9 (?); 16 (0/1); 22 (0/1); 27 (3); 28 (0); 30 (0); 33 (0); 35 (0); 43 (1); 83 (0); 85 (0); 87 (1); 98 (0); 100 (0/1); 106 (0); 116 (0/1); 120 (0/1); 122 (1/2); 133 (0); 150 (1); 151 (0); 155 (0/1); 167 (0/1); 168 (0); 170 (0); 177 (1); 183 (0); 194 (0); 201 (0); 203 (0); 205 (1/2); 206 (0); 210 (0); 211 (0); 221 (0); 224 (1); 228 (0); 230 (0); 233 (1); 255 (1); 256 (0); 257 (0); 280 (?); 281 (?); 299 (1); 302 (0); 303 (0); 304 (0); 308 (0); 309 (1); 311 (0); 312 (0); 313 (0); 314 (1); 315 (0); 316 (0); 317 (1); 318 (0); 321 (0); 322 (1); 329 (1); 333 (0); 340 (0); 344 (0/1); 345 (1); 346 (1); 349 (0); 351 (0); 352 (0); 354 (0); 355 (0); 356 (0); 357 (0); 369 (0); 398 (0); 399 (1); 402 (0/1); 405 (1); 408 (0) Mierasaurus : 13 (1); 21 (1); 25 (1); 26 (0); 27 (3); 30 (0); 33 (0); 34 (0); 37 (1); 52 (0); 54 (?); 59 (0); 67 (1); 68 (1); 70 (0); 71 (1); 79 (?); 85 (0); 101 (0); 108 (0/1); 117 (?); 120 (1); 121 (1); 133 (?); 138 (?); 151 (0); 155 (0); 170 (0); 171 (?); 177 (?); 183 (1); 184 (0); 186 (?); 194 (0); 195 (0); 197 (0); 199 (0); 200 (1); 214 (1); 236 (0); 244 (1); 250 (1); 255 (1); 258 (?); 259 (2); 260 (?); 261 (?); 266 (1); 271 (?); 272 (0); 274 (0); 280 (?); 281 (?); 284 (0); 297 (1); 298 (0); 299 (0); 300 (0); 303 (0); 304 (0); 311 (0); 314 (1); 315 (0); 316 (0); 317 (1); 318 (0); 329 (1); 333 (0); 340 (0); 344 (1); 345 (1); 348 (?); 351 (?); 352 (0); 353 (0); 357 (0); 383 (0); 388 (0); 396 (0); 397 (1); 402 (0/1); 409 (1); 410 (0); 411 (0)

APPENDIX 2 – CHARACTER LIST

Characters 1–423 are the same as those presented in González Riga et al. (2018), except for replaced and revised characters (see Appendix 1). Characters 424– 542 are newly added to this matrix.

C1. Premaxillary anterior margin, shape: without step or with anteroposteriorly short ‘muzzle’, less than 0.25 of skull length (measured up to the anterior point of the ascending process of premaxilla) (0); elongate, boot-shaped snout, equal to or greater than 0.25 of skull length (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C2. External naris, greatest diameter to greatest diameter of orbit ratio: greater than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or less (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C3. Parietal occipital process, dorsoventral height to greatest diameter of foramen magnum ratio: greater than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or less (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C4. Parietal, distance separating supratemporal fenestrae to long axis of supratemporal fenestra ratio: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C5. Quadratojugal, anterior process to dorsal process length ratio: 1.3 or less (0); greater than 1.3 (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C6. Supraoccipital, dorsoventral height to foramen magnum dorsoventral height ratio: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C7. Occipital condyle, dorsoventral height to combined occipital condyle + basal tubera dorsoventral height ratio: less than 0.6 (0); 0.6 or greater (1) (Mannion, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C8. Basal tubera, mediolateral width to occipital condyle mediolateral width: less than 1.5 (0); 1.5 or greater (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C9. Basipterygoid processes, length to basal diameter ratio: less than 3.0 (0); 3.0 or greater (1) (Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; length is measured up to the base of the basal tubera).

C10. Surangular, dorsoventral height to maximum dorsoventral height of angular ratio: 2.0 or greater (0); less than 2.0 (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C11. Tooth crowns, Slenderness Index (SI) values (apicobasal length of the tooth crown divided by its maximum mesiodistal width): less than 2.0 (0); 2.0 to <4.0 (1); 4.0 or greater (2) (Upchurch, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013) [ordered].

C12. Maxillary teeth, number: 17 or more (0); fewer than 17 (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C13. Dentary teeth, number: greater than 15 (0); 15 or fewer (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C14. Cervical vertebrae, number: 13 or fewer (0); 14–15 (1); more than 15 (2) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013) [ordered].

C15. Cervical centra, highest average Elongation Index value [aEI; centrum anteroposterior length (excluding articular ball) divided by the mean average value of the posterior articular surface mediolateral width and dorsoventral height] of: less than 3.0 (0); between 3.0 and <4.0 (1); greater than 4.0 (2) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Chure et al., 2010) [ordered].

C16. Anterior cervical centra, posterior articular face dorsoventral height to mediolateral width ratio: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C17. Middle–posterior cervical centra, posterior articular face dorsoventral height to mediolateral width ratio: 1.0 or less (0); greater than 1.0 (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013).

C18. Posterior cervical neural arch to centrum dorsoventral height ratio, measured on anterior face of vertebra (arch height measured from dorsal surface of centrum to base of prezygapophyses): 0.5 or greater (0); less than 0.5 (1) (Bonaparte et al., 2006; Mannion et al., 2013).

C19. Posteriormost cervical and anteriormost dorsal neural spines, dorsoventral height divided by posterior centrum height: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C20. Dorsal vertebrae, number: 13 or more (0); 12 or fewer (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C21. Anterior dorsal centra, posterior articular face mediolateral width to dorsoventral height ratio: less than 1.3 (0); 1.3 or greater (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C22. Middle–posterior dorsal centra, posterior articular face mediolateral width to dorsoventral height ratio: less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C23. Posterior dorsal neural spines, dorsoventral height divided by posterior centrum dorsoventral height: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C24. Sacral vertebrae, number: 5 or fewer (0); 6 or more (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C25. Anterior caudal centra, mediolateral width to dorsoventral height (excluding chevron facets) of anterior surface ratio: less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C26. Anteriormost caudal centra, lowest average Elongation Index [aEI; centrum anteroposterior length (excluding articular ball) divided by the mean average value of the anterior surface mediolateral width and dorsoventral height] value of: less than 0.6 (0); 0.6 or greater (1) (Gauthier, 1986; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to only include the anteriormost caudal vertebrae).

C27. Anterior caudal centra, anteroposterior length of posterior condylar ball to mean average radius [(mediolateral width + dorsoventral height) divided by 4] of anterior articular surface of centrum ratio: zero (posterior articular surface of centrum is flat or concave) (0); less than or equal to 0.3 (posterior articular surface of centrum is mildly convex) (1); greater than 0.3 (posterior articular surface of centrum is strongly convex) (2); greater than 0.6 (posterior articular surface of centrum is very strongly convex) (3) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Salgado et al., 1997; Wilson, 2002; Whitlock et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013; note that the highest value for a taxon is always used; revised here by adding an extra state to characterize taxa with extremely prominent posterior condyles) [ordered].

C28. Middle caudal centra, mediolateral width to dorsoventral height (excluding chevron facets) of anterior surface ratio: less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C29. Middle caudal centra, average Elongation Index [aEI; centrum anteroposterior length (excluding articular ball) divided by the mean average value of the anterior surface mediolateral width and dorsoventral height (excluding chevron facets)] value: less than 1.4 (0); 1.4 or higher (1) (Upchurch & Martin, 2003; Upchurch et al., 2004; Whitlock, 2011a; Mannion et al., 2013).

C30. Posterior caudal centra, mediolateral width to dorsoventral height (excluding chevron facets) of anterior surface ratio: less than 1.2 (0); 1.2 or greater (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C31. Posterior caudal centra, average Elongation Index [aEI; centrum anteroposterior length (excluding articular ball) divided by the mean average value of the anterior surface mediolateral width and dorsoventral height (excluding chevron facets)] value: less than 1.7 (0); 1.7 or higher (1) (Upchurch & Martin, 2003; Upchurch et al., 2004; Whitlock, 2011a; Mannion et al., 2013).

C32. Anteriormost caudal neural spines, dorsoventral height divided by centrum height: 1.2 or greater (0); less than 1.2 (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C33. Anterior caudal neural spines, mediolateral width to anteroposterior length ratio at base of spine (dorsal to zygapophyses): less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here so that mediolateral width is measured at the same point as anteroposterior length).

C34. Anterior caudal neural spines, maximum mediolateral width to minimum mediolateral width ratio: less than 2.0 (0); 2.0 or greater (spines expand dorsally, forming ‘club’- or ‘mace’-shaped spinous processes) (1) (Canudo et al., 2008; Taylor, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C35. Anterior chevrons (excluding first chevron), dorsoventral height of haemal canal divided by total chevron height: less than 0.40 (0); 0.40 or greater (1) (Curry Rogers & Forster, 2001; Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013; note that dorsoventral height of the haemal canal is measured from the proximal tip of the chevron down to the distal tip of the haemal canal, regardless of whether the chevron is dorsally bridged).

C36. Scapular acromion process, dorsoventral height to minimum dorsoventral height of scapular blade ratio: less than 3.0 (0); 3.0 or greater (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013; dorsoventral height is measured perpendicular to long-axis of scapular blade).

C37. Scapular blade, maximum (measured at or close to distal end) to minimum dorsoventral height ratio: 2.0 or greater (0); less than 2.0 (1) (Wilson, 2002; Rose, 2007; Mannion et al., 2013).

C38. Coracoid, anteroposterior length to dorsoventral height of scapular articulation ratio: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C39. Sternal plate, maximum length divided by humerus proximodistal length: less than 0.65 (0); 0.65 or greater (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C40. Humerus to femur proximodistal length ratio: 0.7 or less (0);>0.7 to <0.8 (1); 0.8 to <0.9 (2); 0.9–0.95 (3);>0.95 (4) (Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004; Tschopp et al., 2015a; Poropat et al., 2016; Mannion et al., 2017; an additional state has been added for taxa with ratios of 0.7 or less) [ordered].

C41. Humerus, maximum mediolateral width of proximal end divided by proximodistal length: 0.4 or greater (0); less than 0.4 (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C42. Humerus, minimum mediolateral width divided by proximodistal length: 0.15 or greater (0); less than 0.15 (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013).

C43. Humerus shaft eccentricity, mediolateral to anteroposterior width ratio at midshaft: greater than 1.5 (usually close to 1.8) (0); 1.5 or lower (usually close to 1.3) (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2012, 2013).

C44. Radius to humerus proximodistal length ratio: 0.65 or greater (0); less than 0.65 (1) (Yates & Kitching, 2003; Mannion et al., 2013).

C45. Radius, maximum diameter of the proximal end divided by proximodistal length: less than 0.3 (0); 0.3 or greater (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C46. Radius, mediolateral width of proximal to distal end ratio: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013; note that in taxa with a twisted radius, the dimension of the long axis of the distal end is used).

C47. Radius, distal end mediolateral width to midshaft mediolateral width ratio: less than 2.0 (0); 2.0 or greater (1) (Wilson, 2002; Rose, 2007; Mannion et al., 2013; note that in taxa with a twisted radius, the dimension of the long axis of the distal end is used).

C48. Radius, distal end mediolateral to anteroposterior width ratio: 1.5 or greater (0); less than 1.5 (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C49. Radius, distal condyle orientation: perpendicular or bevelled less than 20° to long axis of shaft (0); bevelled at least 20° to long axis of shaft (1) (Curry Rogers & Forster, 2001; Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013; note that in most taxa only the lateral half of the distal end is bevelled, but this is used as the measurement in those instances).

C50. Ulna, ratio of maximum mediolateral width of proximal end to ulna length: gracile, ratio is less than 0.4 (0); stout, ratio is 0.4 or greater (1) (Wilson, 2002; Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013).

C51. Ulna, ratio of mediolateral width of proximal end (equivalent to anteromedial arm) to anteroposterior width of proximal end (equivalent to anterolateral arm): less than 1.4 (0); 1.4 to <2.0 (1); 2.0 or greater (2) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013; Upchurch et al., 2015; the long-axes of the anteromedial and anterolateral processes are extrapolated posteriorly so that they intersect close to the position of the olecranon, and each process length is then measured from this intersection to the tip of each process) [ordered].

C52. Metacarpals, longest metacarpal to radius proximodistal length ratio: less than 0.40 (0); 0.40 or greater (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C53. Metacarpals, metacarpal I proximal end dorsoventral height to mediolateral width ratio: less than 1.8 (0); 1.8 or greater (1) (Apesteguía, 2005a; Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013; note that the metacarpal is measured with the flat surface of the ‘D’ shape facing laterally, such that the long axis is dorsoventrally aligned).

C54. Metacarpals, metacarpal I to metacarpal II or III proximodistal length ratio: less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (Upchurch, 1998; note that an average is taken when both metacarpals II and III are preserved).

C55. Metacarpals, metacarpal I to metacarpal IV proximodistal length ratio: less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C56. Manual ungual on digit I to metacarpal I proximodistal length ratio: 0.5 or greater (0); less than 0.5 (1) [Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here so that taxa that have lost their manual phalanges (derived state for C242) are scored as a ‘?’].

C57. Ilium, pubic peduncle (measured at the articular surface), anteroposterior to mediolateral width ratio: greater than 0.5 (0); 0.5 or less (1) (Taylor, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C58. Pubis, iliac articular surface, anteroposterior to mediolateral width ratio: less than 2.0 (0); 2.0 or greater (1) (Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C59. Pubis, dorsoventral height of ischial articulation of the pubis divided by pubis proximodistal length is: 0.4 or greater (0); less than 0.4 (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C60. Ischium to pubis proximodistal length ratio: greater than 0.8 (0); 0.80 or less (1) (Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Salgado et al., 1997; Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C61. Ischium, ratio of anteroposterior length of proximal plate to ischium proximodistal length: greater than 0.25 (0); 0.25 or less (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C62. Ischium, ratio of anteroposterior length of iliac peduncle to anteroposterior length of proximal plate: less than 0.7 (large ischial contribution to acetabulum) (0); 0.7 or greater (small ischial contribution to acetabulum) (1) (Wilson, 2002; D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C63. Ischium, ratio of dorsoventral width across the distal shaft (mediolateral in taxa with fully coplanar shafts) to ischium proximodistal length: 0.2 or greater (0); less than 0.2 (1) (Jacobs et al., 1993; Upchurch, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C64. Ischium, ratio of dorsoventral width of distal end of shaft to minimum shaft dorsoventral width (both dimensions are mediolateral in taxa with fully coplanar shafts): 1.5 or greater (0); less than 1.5 (1) (Berman & McIntosh, 1978; McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C65. Femur shaft eccentricity, mediolateral width to anteroposterior width ratio at midshaft: less than 1.85 (0); 1.85 or greater (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C66. Femoral distal condyles, tibial to fibular condylar anteroposterior length ratio: less than 1.2 (0); 1.2 or greater (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C67. Tibia, distal end mediolateral width to long-axis of a cross-section horizontally through the midshaft ratio: 2.0 or greater (0); less than 2.0 (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C68. Tibia, distal end, mediolateral to anteroposterior width ratio: 1.5 or greater (0); less than 1.5 (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C69. Fibula, mediolateral width of distal end to mediolateral width at midshaft ratio: 2.0 or greater (0); less than 2.0 (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C70. Astragalus, mediolateral width to maximum proximodistal height ratio: 1.8 or greater (0); less than 1.8 (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C71. Astragalus, mediolateral width to maximum anteroposterior length ratio: 1.5 or greater (0); less than 1.5 (1) (D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C72. Metatarsals, metatarsal I to metatarsal V proximodistal length ratio: less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C73. Metatarsals, metatarsal III to tibia proximodistal length ratio: less than 0.25 (0); 0.25 or greater (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C74. Metatarsals, metatarsal V proximal end to distal end maximum mediolateral width ratio: 1.6 or greater (0); less than 1.6 (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C75. Premaxilla, posterolateral processes and lateral processes of maxilla: without midline contact (0); with midline contact forming marked narial depression, subnarial foramen not visible laterally (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C76. Premaxillary anterior margin, shape: with step (0); without step (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C77. Premaxilla–maxilla sutural contact, shape in lateral view: straight (0); sinuous (1) (Chure et al., 2010).

C78. Maxillary ascending process, medial plate-like projections: do not contact each other on the midline (0); contact each other on the midline (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C79. Maxilla, preantorbital fenestra: absent (0); present (1) (Berman & McIntosh, 1978; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C80. Lacrimal, anterior process: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002; polarity reversed here).

C81. Jugal–quadratojugal contact: articulation point includes the posterior margin of jugal (0); posterior margin of jugal excluded from articulation and only the ventral margin of the jugal contributes to articulation (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013).

C82. Prefrontal, shape of posterior end in dorsal view: acute, with a subtriangular outline (0); broadly rounded or ‘square’ (1) (Berman & McIntosh, 1978; Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C83. Frontal, medial convexity in dorsal view: absent (0); present (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005).

C84. Frontal, position of parietal suture relative to supratemporal fenestra: close to anterior margin of the fenestra (0); at approximately the centre of the fenestra or more posteriorly (1) (Tschopp & Mateus, 2013).

C85. Parietal, contribution to post-temporal fenestra: present (0); absent (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C86. Supratemporal fenestra, lateral exposure: visible laterally, temporal bar shifted ventrally (0); not visible laterally, obscured by temporal bar (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C87. Postorbital, ventral process: anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters equal, or mediolaterally compressed (0); anteroposteriorly compressed (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C88. Infratemporal (or laterotemporal) fenestra, anterior extension: reaching midpoint of orbit (0); reaching or surpassing anterior margin of orbit (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Ksepka & Norell, 2010; Mannion et al., 2013).

C89. Squamosal–quadratojugal contact: present (0); absent (1) (Gauthier, 1986; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C90. Quadratojugal, anterior ramus, ventral triangular projection (close to the anterior tip): absent (0); present (1) (D’Emic, 2012).

C91. Quadrate, excavation in the posterior surface: absent or shallow (0); deep (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C92. Quadrate fossa, orientation: posterior (0); posterolateral (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C93. Palatobasal contact for basipterygoid articulation has a dorsomedially oriented ‘hook’- or ‘finger’-like projection which curves round to clasp the end of the basipterygoid process: present (0); absent (1) (Madsen et al., 1995; Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C94. Palatine, dorsomedial blade (that articulates with maxilla), lateral margin: curved (0); straight (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C95. Vomer, anterior articulation with: maxilla (0); premaxilla (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C96. Paroccipital process, ventral non-articular process: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C97. Basal tubera, degree of divergence: no divergence, or restricted to ventral half of basal tubera (0); extends into dorsal half of basal tubera, usually fully divergent (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C98. Basioccipital, foramen or pit on the posterior surface of the basal tubera: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to clarify character statement following Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C99. Basioccipital, foramen/foramina between basal tubera and basipterygoid processes: present (0); absent (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C100. Basal tubera, posterior surface bordered laterally and ventrally by a raised, thickened lip: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002, 2005b; modified based on Mannion, 2011).

C 101. Basipterygoid processes, shape in cross-section: elliptical or subtriangular (0); subcircular (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004).

C102. External mandibular fenestra: present (0); absent (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995).

C103. Dentary, posteroventral process, shape: single (0); forked (1) (Chure et al., 2010).

C104. Tooth rows: restricted anterior to orbit (0); restricted anterior to antorbital fenestra (1); restricted anterior to external naris (2); restricted anterior to subnarial foramen (3) (Gauthier, 1986; Upchurch, 1998; Wilson, 2002; Chure et al., 2010; Mannion et al., 2013) [ordered].

C105. Teeth, occlusal (wear) pattern: interlocking, V-shaped facets (0); high angled planar facets (1); low angled planar facets (2) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C106. Tooth crowns, orientation: aligned anterolingually, tooth crowns overlap (0); aligned along jaw axis, crowns do not overlap (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C107. Tooth crowns in upper and lower tooth rows, relative diameters: subequal (0); lower crowns smaller than upper crowns (1) (Chure et al., 2010).

C108. Tooth crowns, shape in labial view: spatulate or ‘spoon’-like (i.e. constricted at the base relative to midheight of the crown) (0); parallel-sided (i.e. little expansion above the root) (1) (Calvo, 1994; Upchurch, 1998).

C109. Tooth crowns, cross-sectional shape at midcrown: ‘D’-shaped (0); cylindrical (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C110. Tooth crowns, lingual surface: concave or flat (0); convex (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C111. Tooth crowns, apicobasally oriented lingual ridge: present (0); absent (1) (Barrett et al., 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C112. Tooth crowns, distinct mesial and distal carinae (labiolingually thinner than the rest of the tooth crown) along the full crown length: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C113. Tooth serrations/denticles: present (0); absent (1) (Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C114. Maxillary teeth, shape: straight along axis (0); twisted axially through an arc of 30–45 degrees (1) (Chure et al., 2010; D’Emic, 2012).

C115. Cervical and anteriormost dorsal vertebrae, internal tissue structure: solid (0); camerate (1); camellate (2) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Carballido et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C116. Atlantal intercentrum, occipital facet shape: rectangular in lateral view, length of dorsal aspect subequal to that of ventral aspect (0); expanded anteroventrally in lateral view, anteroposterior length of dorsal aspect shorter than that of ventral aspect, producing an anteroventral lip (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C117. Cervical axis, midline ventral keel: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C118. Postaxial cervical centra, anterior half of ventral surfaces are: flat or mildly convex mediolaterally (0); concave mediolaterally (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C119. Postaxial cervical centra, posterior half of ventral surfaces are: flat or mildly convex mediolaterally (0); concave mediolaterally (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C120. Postaxial cervical centra, ventral midline keel: present (0); absent (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C121. Postaxial cervical centra, parapophyses dorsally excavated: absent (0); present (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C122. Postaxial cervical centra, lateral surfaces: lack an excavation or have a shallow fossa (0); possess a deep foramen that is not divided into portions by accessory laminae (1); have a deep foramen that is divided into separate portions by one prominent and occasionally several smaller accessory laminae (2) (McIntosh, 1990; Russell & Zheng, 1993; Upchurch, 1995, 1998) [ordered].

C123. Middle cervical centra, lateral pneumatic fossa/foramen extends almost to the posterior end of the centrum, leaving only a thin strip of bone: absent (0); present (1) (Wedel et al., 2000; D’Emic, 2013; Mannion et al., 2013).

C124. Middle–posterior cervical centra, parapophyses, dorsal surfaces: face dorsally or slightly dorsolaterally (0); deflected to face strongly dorsolaterally, such that the cervical ribs are displaced ventrally at least the same height as the centrum (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C125. Middle–posterior cervical centra, parapophyses: restricted to anterior half of centrum (excluding condylar ball) (0); elongate, extending more than half of the centrum length (excluding condylar ball) (D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C126. Cervical neural arches, ‘pre-epipophyses’ present on prezygapophyses: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C127. Cervical neural arches, epipophyses present on postzygapophyses: absent (0); present (1) (Yates, 2007).

C128. Cervical neural arches (post-Cv3), epipophyses: do not extend beyond the posterior margin of the postzygapophyses (0); extend beyond the posterior margin of the postzygapophyses (usually as prongs) (1) (Sereno et al., 1993; Yates, 2007; D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C129. Cervical neural arches, epipophyseal– prezygapophyseal lamina (EPRL): absent (0); present (1) (Sereno et al., 2007; Wilson & Upchurch, 2009).

C130. Middle–posterior cervical neural arches, centroprezygapophyseal lamina (CPRL): single (0); bifurcates into medial and lateral branches that both contact the prezygapophysis (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson, 2002; Whitlock 2011a; Mannion et al., 2013).

C131. Middle–posterior cervical neural arches, intrapostzygapophyseal lamina (TPOL) projects beyond the posterior margin of the neural arch [including the centropostzygapophyseal laminae (CPOL)], forming a prominent subrectangular projection in lateral view: absent (0); present (1) (D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C132. Postaxial cervical and anterior dorsal neural spines: unbifurcated (0); bifurcated (1) (Gauthier, 1986; McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C133. Cervical bifurcated neural spines (excluding the posteriormost cervical vertebrae), median process at base of ‘notch’: absent (0); present (1) (Gauthier, 1986; McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C134. Middle cervical neural spines, abrupt increase in height (height approximately doubled), following low anterior cervical neural spines (occurs around CV6-8): absent (0); present (1) (Wedel et al., 2000; Rose, 2007; Mannion et al., 2013).

C135. Middle cervical neural spines, dorsal surface with mediolaterally oriented midline ridge flanked by small fossae at its anterior and posterior ends: absent (0); present (1) (D’Emic, 2013; Mannion et al., 2013).

C136. Posterioriormost cervical and anterior dorsal neural arches, spinodiapophyseal lamina (SPDL): single structure (0); divided into anterior and posterior spinodiapophyseal laminae (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Salgado & Powell, 2010; D’Emic, 2012).

C137. Posteriormost cervical and anterior dorsal unbifurcated neural spines, prespinal lamina: absent (0); present (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; D’Emic, 2012).

C138. Posteriormost cervical and anterior dorsal bifurcated neural spines, ‘trifid’ with median tubercle at least as tall as metapophyses: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C139. Cervical ribs, longest shafts are: short and do not project far beyond the end of the centrum to which they attach (0); elongate and form overlapping bundles (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C140. Cervical ribs, longest shafts extend beneath: fewer than 3 vertebrae (0); 3 vertebrae or more (1) [Wedel et al., 2000; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here so that taxa with short ribs (scored with the plesiomorphic state for C139) are scored as a ‘?’].

C141. Middle–posterior dorsal vertebrae, internal tissue texture: solid (0); camerate (1); camellate (2) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Carballido et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C142. Middle–posterior dorsal centra, ventral keel: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C143. Dorsal centra, lateral pneumatic foramen: absent (0); present (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C144. Dorsal centra, lateral pneumatic foramina are: shallow fossae or excavations that do not ramify throughout the centrum (0); deep excavations that ramify throughout the centrum and into the base of the neural arch, often leaving only a thin septum on the midline of the centrum (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C145. Dorsal centra, lateral pneumatic foramina: have margins which are flush with the lateral surface of the centrum (0); are set within a lateral fossa on the lateral surface of the centrum (1) (Bonaparte & Coria, 1993; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C146. Anterior dorsal centra, lateral pneumatic foramina have: rounded posterior margins (0); acute posterior margins (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C147. Middle–posterior dorsal centra, anterior articular face shape: flat or concave (0); mildly convex, with degree of convexity notably reducing along the dorsal sequence (1); strongly convex, with degree of convexity approximately consistent along the dorsal sequence (2) (Salgado et al., 1997; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013) [ordered].

C148. Middle–posterior dorsal neural arches, posterior centroparapophyseal lamina (PCPL): absent (0); present as a single lamina (1); two parallel laminae (2) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson, 2002; D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013) [ordered].

C149. Middle–posterior dorsal neural arches, hyposphene–hypantrum system: present (0); absent (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Upchurch, 1998).

C150. Middle–posterior dorsal neural arches, hyposphene shape: narrow, ventral end subequal to or only slightly wider than dorsal tip (0); wide, triangular shape, with ventral end at least twice width of dorsal tip (1) (Apesteguía, 2005b; Mannion et al., 2013).

C151. Middle–posterior dorsal neural arches, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (PCDL): has an unexpanded ventral tip (0); expands and bifurcates towards its ventral tip (1) (Salgado et al., 1997).

C152. Middle–posterior dorsal neural arches, postzygodiapophyseal lamina (PODL): present (0); absent (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Sanz et al., 1999; Mannion et al., 2013).

C153. Anterior dorsal diapophyses are: directed laterally or slightly upwards (0); directed strongly dorsolaterally at approximately 45° to the horizontal (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C154. Anterior–middle dorsal diapophyses: short and dorsoventrally tall (0); elongate and dorsoventrally narrow (1) (Janensch, 1950; Taylor, 2009; D’Emic, 2012).

C155. Middle–posterior dorsal diapophyses are: directed strongly dorsolaterally at approximately 45° to the horizontal (0); directed laterally or slightly upwards (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C156. Middle–posterior dorsal diapophyses, distal end: curves smoothly into the remaining dorsal surface of the process (0); is set off from the remaining dorsal surface by a lip, forming a distinct area (1) (Sanz et al., 1999; Upchurch et al., 2004; D’Emic, 2012).

C157. Posteriormost dorsal diapophyses lie: posterior or posterodorsal to the parapophysis (0); vertically above the parapophysis (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C158. Dorsal neural spines, height: anterior dorsal neural spines subequal to or dorsoventrally shorter than posterior dorsal neural spines (0); anterior dorsal neural spines dorsoventrally taller than posterior dorsal neural spines (1) (Wilson, 2002; Taylor, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C159. Dorsal neural spines, anteroposterior width: approximately constant along the height of the spine, with subparallel anterior and posterior margins (0); narrows dorsally to form a triangular shape in lateral view, with the base approximately twice the width as the dorsal tip (1) (Taylor, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C160. Anterior dorsal neural spines, orientation of anterior margin in lateral view: inclined anteriorly or vertical (0); posterodorsally inclined (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to clarify character statement).

C161. Middle dorsal neural spines: unbifurcated (0); bifurcated (dorsal surface excavated transversely) (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C162. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines: tapering or not flaring distally (0); flared distally with triangular aliform processes projecting laterally from the top [formed primarily from the expansion of the spinopostzygapophyseal laminae (SPOLs)] (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C163. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, with triangular aliform processes: weakly developed aliform processes (0); strongly developed triangular aliform processes so that the lateral tips of these processes extend further laterally than the postzygapophyses (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004; revised here so that only taxa with aliform processes scored for this character).

C164. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, orientation: vertical or slightly posterodorsal (0); strongly posterodorsal, oriented at 45° to the horizontal or greater (1) (Wilson 2002; Poropat et al., 2016; note that this excludes the posteriormost dorsal neural spines, which usually revert to being dorsally directed).

C165. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina (SPOL) shape: single (0); divided into medial and lateral branches (1) (Wilson, 1999, 2002).

C166. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, spinodiapophyseal lamina (SPDL): absent or restricted to posterior dorsals (0); present on middle and posterior dorsals (1) (Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C167. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, prespinal and postspinal laminae: form mediolaterally wide surfaces, with little anterior relief, ‘infilling’ the prespinal and postspinal fossae (0); form distinct mediolaterally narrow ridges or laminae along the midline of the prespinal and postspinal fossae (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C168. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, midline prespinal lamina (forming distinct ridge) along proximal (lower) half of neural spine: present (0); absent (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013; note that taxa coded as ‘0’ for C167 are scored as a ‘?’ here).

C169. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, postspinal lamina (forming distinct ridge) along proximal (lower) half of neural spine: present (0); absent (1) (Bonaparte, 1986b; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013; note that taxa coded as ‘0’ for C167 are scored as a ‘?’ here).

C170. Thoracic (dorsal) ribs, pneumatized (with proximal pneumatocoels): absent (0); present (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C171. Anterior thoracic ribs, cross-sectional shape: subcircular (0); plank-like, anteroposterior breadth more than three times mediolateral breadth (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C172. Sacral vertebrae, camellate internal tissue structure: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C173. Sacral centra, lateral pneumatic foramina or very deep depressions: absent (0); present (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C174. Sacral neural spines, dorsal portions of at least sacral vertebrae 1–4 fused, forming a dorsal ‘platform’: absent (0); present (1) (Lü et al., 2007; Mannion et al., 2013).

C175. Caudal vertebrae, number: more than 35 (0); 35 or fewer (1) (Wilson 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C176. Anteriormost caudal vertebrae, camellate internal tissue structure: absent (0); present (1) (Powell, 1986; Wilson, 2002).

C177. Anterior caudal centra with posterior convexity: convex in anteriormost caudal vertebrae, changing to flat or concave in more distal anterior caudal vertebrae (0); convex throughout all anterior caudal vertebrae with ribs (1) (Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to only include taxa with some procoely in the anterior caudal sequence – taxa lacking procoelous anterior caudal vertebrae are scored as a ‘?’).

C178. Anterior caudal centra, lateral pneumatic fossae or foramina: absent (0); present, (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995).

C179. Anterior caudal centra, lateral pneumatic fossae or foramina: without sharply defined margins (0); with sharply defined margins (1) (Tidwell et al., 2001; Whitlock et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C180. Anterior–middle caudal centra, small, shallow vascular foramina pierce the lateral and/or ventral surfaces: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C181. Anterior caudal centra (excluding the anteriormost caudal vertebrae), ventral longitudinal hollow: absent (0); present (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson, 2002; revised here to separate anterior and middle caudal vertebrae).

C182. Anterior caudal centra (excluding the anteriormost caudal vertebrae), distinct ventrolateral ridges, extending the full length of the centrum: absent (0); present (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to separate anterior and middle caudal vertebrae).

C183. Middle caudal centra, anteroposteriorly elongate ridge situated at approximately two-thirds o f t h e way u p t h e l a t e r a l s u r f a c e: a b s e n t (0); present (1) (Upchurch & Martin, 2003; Mannion et al., 2013).

C184. Middle–posterior caudal centra (at least some), posterior articular surface: flat or concave (0); convex (1) (Jacobs et al., 1993; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Salgado et al., 1997; Wilson, 2002).

C185. Middle–posterior caudal centra with convex posterior articular surface: condylar convexity merges smoothly into the lateral surface of the main body of the centrum (0); distinct rim rings the condyle, separating it from the lateral surface of the main body of the centrum (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C186. Distal caudal centra, biconvex: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C187. Anterior caudal neural arches, hyposphenal ridge: present (0); absent (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013; usually only present in the anteriormost region of the tail).

C188. Anterior caudal neural arches, hyposphenal ridge shape: slender ridge (0); block-like hyposphene (1) (Taylor, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C189. Anterior caudal neural arches, distinct prezygodiapophyseal lamina (PRDL): absent (0); present (1) (Chure et al., 2010; usually only present in the anteriormost region of the tail).

C190. Anterior caudal neural arches, sharp lipped lateral coel [postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa (POCDF) of Wilson et al., 2011] bounded by posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina [PCDL (or caudal rib itself)], centropostzygapophyseal lamina (CPOL) and postzygodiapophyseal lamina (PODL): absent (0); present (1) (Lü et al., 2008; Whitlock et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C191. Anterior–middle caudal neural arches, prezygapophyses switch from projecting anterodorsally, anteriorly and back to anterodorsally along the sequence: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C192. Middle caudal neural arches: situated over the mid-point of the centrum with approximately subequal amounts of the centrum exposed at either end (0); located on the anterior half of the centrum (1) (Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Salgado et al., 1997).

C193. Middle–posterior caudal neural arches, distance that prezygapophyses extend beyond the anterior margin of the centrum: less than 20% of centrum length (excluding ball), short prezygapophyses (0); 20% or greater of centrum length (excluding ball), elongate prezygapophyses (1) (González Riga, 2003; Mannion et al., 2013; note that in taxa without anteriorly biased neural arches this prezygapophyseal extension is extrapolated as if the arch was anteriorly positioned on the centrum).

C194. Anteriormost caudal neural spines, sharp lipped lateral coel [spinodiapophyseal fossa (SDF) of Wilson et al., 2011] bounded by spinoprezygapophyseal lamina (SPRL), spinopostzygapophyseal lamina (SPOL) and postzygodiapophyseal lamina (PODL): absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002; Whitlock et al., 2011; Wilson et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C195. Anterior caudal neural spines, project: posterodorsally (0); dorsally (sometimes with a subtle anterior deflection) (1); anterodorsally, such that the anterodorsal margin of the neural spine projects beyond the anterior margin of the centrum (2) (Gonzalez Riga et al., 2009; Mannion et al., 2013; Poropat et al., 2016) [ordered].

C196. Anterior caudal neural spines, anterodorsal margin of neural spine: level with or posterior to posterior margin of postzygapophyses (0); situated anterior to posterior margin of postzygapophyses (usually does not even approach postzygapophyses) (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Mannion et al., 2013).

C197. Anterior caudal neural spines, prespinal and postspinal laminae: absent or form mediolaterally wide surfaces, with little anterior relief, ‘infilling’ the prespinal and postspinal fossae (0); form distinct mediolaterally narrow ridges or laminae along the midline of the prespinal and postspinal fossae (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C198. Anterior caudal neural spines, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina (SPRL)–spinopostzygapophyseal lamina (SPOL) contact: absent (0); present, forming a prominent lateral lamina on the neural spine (1) (Wilson, 1999, 2002; revised here so that only taxa in which the SPRL extends onto the lateral surface are scored).

C199. Middle caudal neural spines, in lateral view, widen anteroposteriorly (approximately doubling) from their base to their summit: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C200. Middle caudal neural spines, extend posteriorly to the mid-point (or beyond) of the proceeding caudal centrum: present (0); absent (usually do not extend beyond the posterior margin of the centrum) (1) (Remes et al., 2009; Mannion et al., 2013; note that in taxa with anteriorly biased neural arches this posterior extension is extrapolated as if the arch was centrally positioned on the centrum).

C201. Caudal ribs: present beyond approximately Cd10 (usually at least up to approximately Cd15) (0); only present through to approximately Cd10 (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson, 2002).

C202. First caudal rib (transverse process), with prominent ventral bulge: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002; Chure et al., 2010; note that this feature is sometimes present in subsequent caudal vertebrae too: consequently, this character is coded as the derived state if present in any anterior caudal vertebrae, but coded as a ‘?’ if the first caudal vertebra is not preserved and the feature is absent in other anterior caudal vertebrae).

C203. First caudal rib, expands anteroposteriorly towards its distal end, forming an ‘anchor’ shape in dorsal view: absent (0); present (1) (Suteethorn et al., 2010; Mannion et al., 2013).

C204. Anterior caudal ribs, shape in anterior view: triangular, tapering distally (0); wing-like, with a dorsolaterally oriented dorsal margin (1) (Berman & McIntosh, 1978; McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Whitlock et al., 2011).

C205. Anterior caudal ribs: curve strongly anterolaterally (0); mainly laterally (1); curve strongly posterolaterally (2) (Mannion & Calvo, 2011; D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013) [ordered].

C206. Anterior caudal ribs: do not extend beyond posterior end of centrum (excluding posterior ball) (0); extend beyond posterior end of centrum (excluding posterior ball) (1) (Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here so that only taxa with posterolaterally directed caudal ribs are scored for this character).

C207. First chevron, morphology: Y-shaped and does not differ notably from subsequent chevrons (0); anteroposteriorly flattened and V-shaped, with dorsoventrally reduced distal blade (1) (Gomani, 2005; Rauhut, 2006; Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C208. Anterior chevrons, proximal ends: open dorsally (0); bridged dorsally by a bar of bone (1) (Powell, 1992; Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C209. Anterior–middle chevrons, lateral bulges close to distal ends of chevron blades: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C210. Middle–posterior chevrons, with anterior expansion of distal blade: present (0); absent (1) (Berman & McIntosh, 1978; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C211. Middle–posterior chevrons, with posterior expansion of distal blade (excluding the natural posteroventral curvature of many chevrons): present (0); absent (1) (Berman & McIntosh, 1978; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C212. Scapular acromion (proximal plate), area situated posterior to the acromial ridge: flat or convex (0); forms a separate excavated area (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004).

C213. Scapular glenoid surface, orientation: faces anteroventrally and/or slightly laterally (0); deflected to face anteroventrally and medially (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C214. Scapula, posterior margin of the dorsal part of the acromion: straight and oriented vertically, or sloping to face posterodorsally (0); concave, posterodorsal corner of acromion overhangs the dorsal surface of the scapular blade (1) (Rauhut et al., 2005; Mannion, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C215. Scapular acromion, subtriangular process at posteroventral corner: absent (0); present (1) (Smith et al., 2001; Bonaparte et al., 2006; Carballido et al., 2011; D’Emic et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C216. Scapular blade, subtriangular process at anteroventral corner: absent (0); present (1) (Carballido et al., 2011; D’Emic et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C217. Scapular blade, cross-sectional shape at base: rectangular (0); D-shaped (lateral surface is strongly convex dorsoventrally and medial surface flat) (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C218. Coracoid, anterior and dorsal margins in lateral view: merge smoothly into each other, giving a rounded profile (0); meet each other at an abrupt angle, making the coracoid quadrangular in outline (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C219. Coracoid, dorsal margin in lateral view: lies below the level of the scapular acromion plate (separated from the latter by a V-shaped notch) (0); reaches or surpasses the level of the dorsal margin of the scapular acromion plate (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013).

C220. Coracoid, ventral margin in lateral view forms a notch anterior to the glenoid, resulting in an ‘infraglenoid lip’ anterior to the notch: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C221. Sternal plate, shape in dorsal view: subcircular or oval (0); triangular (created by an acute anterolateral projection) (1); elliptical with a mildly or strongly concave lateral margin (2) (Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Upchurch, 1998; Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C222. Sternal plate, prominent posterolateral expansion produces a ‘kidney’-shaped profile in dorsal view: absent (0); present (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1998).

C223. Humeral proximolateral corner, shape: rounded, surfaces merge smoothly into each other to produce a transversely rounded proximal end, with the proximalmost point of the lateral margin at a lower level than the remaining lateral half of the proximal surface (0); square, surfaces meet each other at an abrupt angle to produce a ‘squared’ proximal end in anterior view, with the proximalmost point of the lateral margin level with the remaining lateral half of the proximal surface (1) (Upchurch, 1999; Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004; Harris, 2006b; Mannion et al., 2013).

C224. Humerus, shape of lateral margin of diaphysis (approximately the middle third of the humerus) in anterior view: concave (0); straight (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013).

C225. Humeral deltopectoral crest, projection: anteriorly or anterolaterally (0); anteromedially, extending across the anterior face of the humerus (1) (Mannion et al., 2013; Upchurch et al., 2015; Poropat et al., 2016).

C226. Humerus, strong bulge or tuberosity (site for M. latissimus dorsi) close to the lateral margin of the posterior surface, at approximately the level of the distal tip of the deltopectoral crest: absent (0); present (1) (Borsuk-Białynicka, 1977; Otero, 2010; D’Emic, 2012).

C227. Humerus, anterior surface of distal lateral condyle: divided by a notch, forming two ridges (0); undivided (1) (D’Emic, 2012).

C228. Humerus, distal-most part of the posterior surface (supracondylar fossa) is: flat or shallowly concave (0); deeply concave between prominent lateral and medial vertical condylar ridges (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004).

C229. Humeral distal condyles, articular surface: flat anteroposteriorly and restricted to distal portion of humerus (0); anteroposteriorly convex so that it curves up onto the anterior and posterior faces of the humerus (1) (Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C230. Humeral distal articular surface, condyles: undivided (0); divided (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C231. Radius, strong twist in axis, such that the long-axes of the proximal and distal ends are not oriented in the same plane: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C232. Radius, well-developed interosseous ridge that extends along most of the radius length (at least along the distal two-thirds): absent (0); present (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Mannion et al., 2013).

C233. Ulnar olecranon process, development: absent or only rudimentary, i.e. projecting just above the proximal articulation (0); prominent, projecting well above proximal articulation (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C234. Ulna, articular surface of anteromedial process is: flat (0); concave along its length (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998).

C235. Ulna, orientation of anteromedial process: flat or sloping downwards less than 40° (0); sloping downwards at an angle of at least 40° to the horizontal (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C236. Ulna, distal end: prominently expanded posteriorly (0); unexpanded (1) (D’Emic, 2012).

C237. Carpal bones, number: 3 or more (0); fewer than 3 (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998).

C238. Carpal bones: at least one carpal present (0); absent (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998).

C239. Metacarpals, distal articular surfaces: extend onto dorsal/anterior surface of metacarpal (0); restricted to distal surface (except sometimes in metacarpal IV) (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; D’Emic, 2012).

C240. Metacarpals, metacarpal I distal end mediolateral axis orientation: approximately perpendicular (or only gently bevelled) to long axis of shaft (0); bevelled approximately 20° proximodistally with respect to axis of shaft (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013).

C241. Metacarpals, metacarpal IV has a prominent proximolateral projection that wraps around the dorsal (anterior) face of metacarpal V (metacarpal IV often forms a chevron shape in proximal end view): absent (0); present (1) (D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C242. Manual digits: possess at least some phalanges (0); have lost the phalanges (1) (Wilson, 2002; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C243. Manual phalanx I.1, shape in dorsal view: rectangular (0); wedge-shaped (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C244. Ilium, preacetabular process in dorsal view: projects anteriorly (0); projects anterolaterally (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004).

C245. Ilium, preacetabular process orientation: lies in an approximately vertical plane (0); turns laterally towards its ventral tip to form a horizontal portion (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Powell, 1992; Upchurch, 1995, 1998).

C246. Ilium, preacetabular process shape: dorsoventrally tapers anteriorly to a point (0); semicircular, or rounded outline, such that it does not continue to taper along its anteriormost portion (1) (Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C247. Ilium, preacetabular process, bulge or ‘kink’ on ventral margin: absent (0); present (1) (D’Emic, 2012).

C248. Ilium, highest point on the dorsal margin: occurs level with or posterior to the anterior margin of the base of the pubic process (0); occurs anterior to the anterior margin of the base of the pubic process (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013).

C249. Ilium, pneumatized: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C250. Pubis, obturator foramen, in lateral view is: subcircular (0); oval or elliptical, with long axis oriented in same plane as long axis of pubis (1) (Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C251. Pubis, anterior margin of distal end strongly concave in lateral view, such that the distal end forms a prominent, anteriorly expanded boot: absent (0); present (1) (Naish & Martill, 2001; Mannion et al., 2013).

C252. Ischium, acetabular margin, in lateral view: flat or mildly concave (0); strongly concave, such that the pubic articular surface forms an anterodorsal projection (1) (D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C253. Ischium, symphysis between the ischia: terminates at the base of the proximal plates (emarginate distal to pubic articulation) (0); extends along the ventral edges of the proximal plates as well as the distal shafts, so that there is no V-shaped gap between the anterior ends of the ischia in dorsal view (no emargination distal to pubic articulation) (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1998; Wilson, 2002).

C254. Ischium, long-axis of shaft, if projected upwards/proximally: passes through the lower part of the acetabular margin or the upper part of the pubic articular surface (i.e. it is approximately 60° to the horizontal in lateral view) (0); passes through the upper part of the acetabular margin or even approaches the rim of the iliac articulation (i.e. the shaft is at approximately 80° to the horizontal) (1); passes through the lower part of the pubic articular surface (i.e. it is approximately horizontally oriented), such that the posterior margin of the iliac peduncle and the dorsal margin of the shaft form a right angle in lateral view (2) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson and Sereno, 1998; revised here to add an extra state) [unordered].

C255. Femur, proximolateral margin, above the lateral bulge: level with or lateral to the lateral margin of the distal half of the shaft (0); medial to the lateral margin of the distal half of the shaft (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Salgado et al., 1997; Royo-Torres, 2009; Royo-Torres et al., 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C256. Femur, anteroposterior thickness of lateral margin of proximal third: relatively constant with main body of femur (0); narrows to form a flange-like trochanteric shelf, forming a medially bounding vertical ridge along the posterior surface (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C257. Femur, proximodistally elongate midline ridge (linea intermuscularis cranialis) on anterior face, extending along most of shaft length: absent (0); present (1) (Otero, 2010; D’Emic, 2012).

C258. Femur, fourth trochanter: not visible in anterior view (0); visible in anterior view (1) (Gallina & Apesteguía, 2005; Whitlock, 2011a).

C259. Femoral distal condyles, orientation relative to long axis of femoral shaft: bevelled dorsolaterally approximately 10° (tibial condyle extends further distally than fibular condyle) (0); perpendicular (tibial and fibular condyles extend approximately the same distance distally) (1); bevelled dorsomedially approximately 10° (fibular condyle extends further distally than tibial condyle) (2) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2013) [ordered].

C260. Tibia, cnemial crest projects: laterally (0); anteriorly or anterolaterally (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Mannion et al., 2013; note that the tibia is oriented so that the flat, mediolaterally wide triangular surface of the distal end faces anteriorly).

C261. Tibia, lateral edge of proximal end forms a pinched out projection, posterior to cnemial crest (the ‘second cnemial crest’ of Bonaparte et al., 2000): present (0); absent (1) (Bonaparte et al., 2000; Mannion et al., 2013).

C262. Fibula, proximal end with anteromedialy directed crest extending into a notch behind the cnemial crest of the tibia: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C263. Fibula, lateral muscle scar is: oval in outline (0); formed from two vertically elongate, parallel ridges (1) (Powell, 1992; Upchurch, 1998).

C264. Fibula, shaft in lateral view: straight (0); sigmoidal (1) (Canudo et al., 2008; Royo-Torres, 2009).

C265. Astragalus, in dorsal (or proximal) view: rectangular, with anteroposterior lengths of medial and lateral margins subequal (or medial margin greater) (0); wedge-shaped, narrowing anteroposteriorly towards its medial end, such that it has a reduced anteromedial corner (1) (Cooper, 1981; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C266. Astragalus, ascending process: limited to anterior two-thirds of astragalus (0); extends beyond anterior two-thirds of astragalus (usually to the posterior margin) (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Wilson, 2002; revised here following Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C267. Astragalus, laterally-directed ventral shelf underlies the distal end of the fibula: present (0); absent (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C268. Astragalus: caps most, or all, of the distal end of the tibia (0); reduced so that medial edge of tibia is uncapped (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; Ksepka & Norell, 2010).

C269. Astragalus, posterior margin bears a tonguelike projection posteromedial to the ascending process, which is separated from the latter by a groove: present (0); absent (1) (D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2013).

C270. Calcaneum: present (0); absent (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998).

C271. Calcaneum, shape in proximal view: subcircular (0); subrectangular (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; Mannion et al., 2013).

C272. Metatarsals, metatarsal I with a prominent ventrolateral expansion along its distal half, such that the distal end expands further laterally than the proximal end: absent (0); present (1) (Berman & McIntosh, 1978; McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; D’Emic et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C273. Metatarsals, lateral margin of metatarsal II in proximal view: concave (0); straight (1) (Mannion et al., 2013).

C274. Metatarsals, metatarsal II distal articular surface extends up on to the dorsal surface (extending proximally approximately 25% of metatarsal length and most prominently along medial half): absent (0); present (1) (D’Emic et al., 2011; Mannion et al., 2013).

C275. Metatarsals, medial surface of the proximal portion of metatarsal IV concave (for reception of metatarsal III): absent (0); present (1) (D’Emic et al., 2011; D’Emic, 2012).

C276. Metatarsals, distal end orientation of metatarsal IV: perpendicular to long axis of bone (0); bevelled to face medially (1) (D’Emic, 2012).

C277. Pedal digit IV: has at least three phalanges (0); has two phalanges or fewer (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C278. Pedal unguals, tuberosity on the ventral margin, along distal half: absent (0); present (1) (Canudo et al., 2008; Mannion et al., 2013).

C279. Osteoderms: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002; note that taxa are only coded as the plesiomorphic state when osteoderms are not found associated with a relatively complete postcranial skeleton or a specimen preserving numerous axial elements).

C280. Humerus, strong bulge or tuberosity (site for M. scapulohumeralis anterior) on the lateral margin of the posterior surface (usually visible in anterior view), approximately level with the most prominently developed portion of the deltopectoral crest: absent or weakly developed, and not visible in anterior view (0); present, forms a distinct lateral bulge that interrupts the line of the lateral humeral margin in anterior view (1) (Borsuk-Białynicka, 1977; Upchurch et al., 2015).

C281. Ulna, posterior process of proximal end: weakly developed, so that the proximal profile of the ulna is ‘V’-shaped (formed by the anteromedial and anterolateral processes) (0); strongly developed, so that the proximal profile of the ulna is ‘T’- or ‘Y’-shaped, and there is a deep fossa between the anteromedial and posterior processes, rivalling the radial fossa in depth (1) (Upchurch et al., 2015).

C282. Ulna, shape of the distal end: comma-shaped, with tapering curved anterior process associated with an anteromedial fossa for reception of the radius (0); elliptical or oval in outline, with the anteromedial fossa strongly reduced or absent (1) (Upchurch et al., 2015).

C283. Radius, profile of proximal end: ‘D’-shaped or elliptical (0); oval or subtriangular, with marked tapering towards the medial process (1) (Upchurch et al., 2015).

C284. Radius, ridge or flange on medial margin, near proximal end, for attachment of the M. biceps brachii and M.brachialis inferior: absent or very weakly developed (0); present, projecting beyond the medial margin of the main radial shaft (1) (Borsuk-Białynicka, 1977; Upchurch et al., 2015).

C285. Radius, posterior margin of distal end: lacks condylar-like processes and fossa (0); forms two low rounded processes (posteromedial and posterolateral), with a shallow fossa between them (1) (D’Emic, 2013; Upchurch et al., 2015).

C286. Snout, shape in dorsal view, Premaxillary- Maxillary Index (PMI) : 60% or less (0);>60% to 75% (1); greater than 75% (2) (Upchurch, 1998; Whitlock, 2011a; Poropat et al., 2016; note that this can be calculated using the lower jaw when the skull is incomplete) [ordered].

C287. Premaxilla, shape of ascending process in lateral view: convex (0); concave, with a large dorsal projection (1); sub-rectilinear and directed posterodorsally (2) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C288. Maxilla, anterior (dentigerous) portion of lateral surface excavated by dorsoventrally elongate, deep vascular grooves: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002, 2005b).

C289. Maxilla, foramen anterior to the preantorbital fenestra: absent (0); present (1) (Zaher et al., 2011).

C290. Maxilla, position of external opening of the preantorbital fenestra: lies below antorbital fenestra (0); lies anterior to antorbital fenstra, with the posterior margin of the preantorbital fenestra lying entirely anterior to the anterior margin of the antorbital fenestra (1) (Marpmann et al., 2015; Poropat et al., 2016).

C291. Maxilla, preantorbital fenestra development: weakly developed, shallow fossa (difficult to distinguish from posterior maxillary foramen) (0); deep, sharp-lipped fossa (1) (Zaher et al., 2011; Carballido et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C292. Maxilla, posterior extent of dorsal (ascending) process: anterior to, or level with, posterior end of main body (0); extending posterior to posterior end of main body (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C293. Maxilla, ventral margin of jugal process: reduced in dorsoventral height, such that the ventral margin is strongly emarginated relative to the remainder of the ventral margin of the maxilla (0); continuous with ventral margin of remainder of maxilla, or very gently emarginated (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C294. Maxilla, contact with quadratojugal: absent or small (i.e. no more than a point contact) (0); extensive (1) (Upchurch, 1995; Poropat et al., 2016).

C295. Jugal, dorsal process: present (0); absent (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C296. Jugal, contact with ectopterygoid: present (0); absent, ectopterygoid contacts maxilla instead (1) (Upchurch, 1995).

C297. Frontal, anteroposterior length to transverse width ratio: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 and>0.5 (1); 0.5 or less (2) (Whitlock, 2011a; Tschopp & Mateus, 2013; Poropat et al., 2016; revised here to add an extra state) [ordered].

C298. Frontal, lateral margin: expands posteriorly, orbital margin concave in dorsal view (0); unexpanded posteriorly, orbital margin straight or convex in dorsal view (1) (Whitlock et al., 2010; Poropat et al., 2016).

C299. Frontal, contribution to margin of supratemporal fenestra: present (0); absent, frontal excluded from anterior margin of fenestra by a postorbital-parietal contact (1) (Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C300. External nares, position: retracted to level of orbit, facing laterally (0); retracted to position between orbits, facing dorsally or dorsolaterally (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995; Whitlock, 2011a).

C301. Lateral temporal fenestra, shape in lateral view: taller than wide anteroposteriorly and subtriangular (anteroposteriorly broader ventral margin and narrower dorsal apex) (0); linear, slit-like, crescentic (longer anteroposteriorly than high dorsoventrally) (1) (Harris, 2006b; Poropat et al., 2016).

C302. Postorbital, posterior (squamosal) process: present as a distinct process (0); absent (1) (Wilson, 2002, 2005b).

C303. Parietal, relative height of suture with frontal: lies level with or above the dorsal surfaces of the frontals and parietals (0); lies below the dorsal surfaces of the parietals and frontals (i.e. in a deep transverse trough) (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C304. Parietal, elevation of anterior margin creates a step-like curving crest transversely, where the parietal meets the frontal: absent (0); present (1) (Curry Rogers & Forster, 2004; Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C305. Pterygoid, morphology: robust element (0); plate-like, with its three processes coplanar (1) (Curry Rogers & Forster, 2004; Wilson, 2005a; Poropat et al., 2016).

C306. Pterygoid, sutural contact with ectopterygoid: anteroposteriorly elongate, along the medial or lateral surface (0); anteroposteriorly short, restricted to the anterior tip of the pterygoid (1) (Zaher et al., 2011; Poropat et al., 2016).

C307. Pterygoid, palatobasal contact for basipterygoid articulation with a convex, rocker-like articular surface: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C308. Supraoccipital, longitudinal groove along posterodorsal surface: absent (0); present (i.e. sagittal crest divided into two subparallel parasagittal crests with central groove) (1) (Curry Rogers & Forster, 2004; Curry Rogers, 2005; González Riga et al., 2009).

C309. Supraoccipital-exoccipital-opisthotic, paired facets for articulation with the proatlas: absent (0); present (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C310. Parasphenoid rostrum, cross-sectional shape: triangular (0); transversely thin, sheet-like (1) (Berman & McIntosh, 1978; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Tschopp et al., 2015a; Poropat et al., 2016)

C311. Basipterygoid processes, shape: widely diverging at 30° or more (0); narrowly diverging at less than 30° (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Mannion et al., 2012).

C312. Basipterygoid processes, orientation in lateral view: directed 80° or more to skull roof (normally perpendicular) (0); angled less than 80° to skull roof (anteroventrally directed) (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Wilson, 2002; Whitlock, 2011a; Mannion et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C313. Basioccipital, orientation of occipital condyle relative to the horizontal plane (in lateral view with supraoccipital held in a vertical plane): 60° or less (0); greater than 60° (typically close to 90°) (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998).

C314. Basal tubera, angle of divergence in posterior view: less than 50° (0); more than or equal to 50° (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C315. Basisphenoid, relative position of the external opening for cranial nerve VI: lies ventral, and generally close, to the opening for cranial nerve III (0); lies anteroventral to, and more distant from, the opening for cranial nerve III (1) (Remes, 2009; Poropat et al., 2016).

C316. Basisphenoid, opening for cranial nerve VI: penetrates the pituitary fossa (0); does not penetrate the pituitary fossa (1) (Paulina Carabajal, 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C317. Basioccipital+exoccipital-opisthotic, number of exits for cranial nerve XII: 2 (0); 1 (1) (Paulina Carabajal, 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C318. Basisphenoid, position of the external foramen of the internal carotid artery: lateral to basipterygoid process (0); medial to basipterygoid process (1) (Paulina Carabajal, 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C319. Dentary, angle between the long-axis of the anterior margin (mandibular symphysis) and the long-axis of the main body of the dentary, in lateral view: greater than 90°, with the dorsal margin of the dentary extending further anteriorly than the ventral margin (0); approximately 90°, with the dorsal and ventral margins extending an equal distance anteriorly (1) (Salgado & Calvo, 1997; Upchurch, 1998; Wilson, 2002; Poropat et al., 2016).

C320. Tooth crowns, longitudinal groove paralleling mesial and distal margins on the labial surface: labial grooves present (0); absent (1) (Upchurch, 1995; Poropat et al., 2016).

C321. Atlantal intercentrum, ventral margin of posterior surface: straight or convex (0); concave, forming ventrolateral projections (1) (González Riga & Ortíz David, 2014; Poropat et al., 2016).

C322. Axis, aEI [average elongation index: anteroposterior length of centrum (excluding articular ball if present) divided by mean average value of the mediolateral width and dorsoventral height of posterior articular surface of centrum]: 2.0 or greater (0); less than 2.0 (1) (Upchurch et al., 2007; Poropat et al., 2016).

C323. Postaxial cervical centra, pneumatization of lateral surface: lateral pneumatic opening occupies approximately anterior two-thirds of centrum or more (0); reduced and restricted to less than the anterior two-thirds of the centrum (1) (Whitlock, 2011a; Poropat et al., 2016).

C324. Postaxial cervical centra, midline notch on the dorsal margin of the posterior articular surface: absent (0); present (1) (Carballido et al., 2012).

C325. Postaxial anterior cervical vertebrae, prezygapophyses: extend anterior to the anterior tip of the condyle (0); terminate level with or posterior to the anterior tip of the condyle (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005, 2009; Poropat et al., 2016).

C326. Postaxial anterior cervical neural spines, orientation of posterior margin in lateral view: dorsal (vertical) or anterodorsal (0); posterodorsal (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005).

C327. Middle cervical neural spines, height to arch height ratio: 2.0 or lower (0); greater than 2.0 (1) (Rauhut et al., 2005; Whitlock, 2011a).

C328. Posterior (usually just the posterior-most) cervical neural arches, postzygapophyses: terminate at or beyond the posterior edge of the centrum (0); terminate in front of the posterior edge of the centrum (1) (Tschopp & Mateus, 2013; Poropat et al., 2016).

C329. Posterior cervical neural spines, horizontal, rugose ridge immediately below spine summit on lateral surface: absent, spinodiapophyseal fossa fades out gradually dorsally (0); present, serves as distinct dorsal edge of the spinodiapophyseal fossa (1) (Tschopp & Mateus, 2013).

C330. Posteriormost cervical and anteriormost dorsal neural spines, shape in anterior/posterior view: taper dorsally, or mediolateral width remains constant along length (0); expand dorsally, with a strongly convex dorsal margin (‘paddle-shaped’) (1) (González Riga, 2005; D’Emic, 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C331. Cervical ribs, dorsal surface of proximal portion of shaft: excavated, forming a longitudinal groove (0); unexcavated (1) (Poropat et al., 2015a, 2016).

C332. Anterior dorsal centra, ventral keel on midline: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C333. Middle–posterior dorsal centra, ventral surface: flat or transversely convex (0); transversely concave, between ventrolateral ridges (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C334. Middle–posterior dorsal centra, lateral pneumatic foramina divided by internal ridge/s: absent (0); present (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Mannion et al., 2012).

C335. Anterior dorsal neural arches, shape of anterior neural canal opening: height greater than or equal to width (0); height is less than width (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C336. Anterior–middle dorsal neural arches, vertical midline ridge (‘median infrapostzygapophyseal lamina’) extending from roof of neural canal to ventral midpoint of postzygapophyses/intrapostzygapophyseal lamina (TPOL): absent (0); present (1) (González Riga, 2003; Curry Rogers, 2005, 2009; Gallina, 2011; Gallina & Apesteguía, 2011).

C337. Anterior–middle dorsal neural arches, zygapophyseal articulation angle: between horizontal and less than 40° to the horizontal (0); strongly dorsomedially oriented (40° or more) (1) (Carballido et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C338. Middle–posterior dorsal neural arches, neural canal in anterior view: entirely surrounded by the neural arch (0); enclosed in a deep fossa in the dorsal surface of the centrum (i.e. much of the canal is enclosed laterally by pedicels that are part of the centrum rather than the neural arch) (1) (Carballido et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C339. Middle–posterior dorsal neural arches, position of parapophysis: posterior to the vertical plane defined by the anterior margin of the centrum (excluding any convex articular condyle) (0); level with, or anterior to, the vertical plane defined by the margin of the centrum (excluding any convex articular condyle) (1) (Tschopp & Mateus, 2013).

C340. Middle–posterior dorsal neural arches, anterior centradiapophyseal lamina (ACDL): absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C341. Posterior dorsal neural arches, zygapophyseal articulation angle relative to horizontal line: less than 30°, usually close to horizontal (0); steeply oriented, 30° or greater (1) (Carballido et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C342. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines (single, not bifid), SPRLs: remain separate or converge at about spine midheight (or above) to form a dorsally restricted median composite lamina (SPRF well-developed and occupies the ventral half of the anterior spine surface) (0); SPRLs, if present, are short and merge into the PRSL close to the base of the spine (the PRSL may extend between the bases of the SPRLs to the top of the TPRL) (1) (Upchurch, 1995; Whitlock, 2011a; Carballido et al., 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C343. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, postspinal lamina: does not extend ventral to the neural spine (0); extends ventral to the neural spine, beyond the postzygapophyseal articular surfaces (1) (Poropat et al., 2016; note that only taxa scored as ‘0’ for C169 are scored for this character).

C344. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, anterior spinodiapophyseal lamina (aSPDL): absent (0); present (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Poropat et al., 2016; note that the presence of an aSPDL can only be confirmed when a pSPDL is also present).

C345. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, SPDL bifurcates at its dorsal end to create a SPDL-F: absent (0); present (1) (Poropat et al., 2016; note that this refers to a bifurcation of the posterior SPDL when there are two SPDLs, rather than just the presence of an aSPDL and pSPDL).

C346. Sacrum, ratio of mediolateral width across sacral vertebrae and ribs (taken at midlength on the coossified sacrum) to average length of a sacral centrum: less than 4.0 (0); 4.0 or higher (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C347. Sacral centra, ratio of mediolateral width of middle sacral centra to first and last sacral centra: approximately constant, ratio less than 1.3 (0); 1.3 or greater (1) (Salgado et al., 2005; D’Emic & Wilson, 2011; Poropat et al., 2016).

C348. Sacral neural spines, all fused, forming a dorsal ‘platform’: absent (0); present (1) (Martínez et al., 2004; Poropat et al., 2016; revised here so that only taxa with the derived state for C174 are scored).

C349. First caudal centrum, anterior articular face shape: flat or concave (0); convex (1) (Wilson, 2002; Whitlock, 2011a; Poropat et al., 2016).

C350. Anterior–middle caudal centra (excluding Cd1), comparison of anterior and posterior articular faces of amphicoelous centra: anterior face more concave than posterior one, or these two faces are equally concave (0); posterior face more deeply concave than anterior face (1) (González Riga et al., 2009; Carballido et al., 2012; D’Emic et al., 2013; Poropat et al., 2016; revised here to only score for taxa with at least some amphicoelous caudal centra in the anterior–middle caudal sequence).

C351. Middle caudal centra with convex posterior articular surface, condyle dorsally displaced: absent (0); present (1) (González Riga, 2003; Poropat et al., 2016).

C352. Anteriormost caudal neural arches, prezygapophyses curve downwards (‘droop’) at their distal ends: absent (0); present (1) (Santucci & Arruda-Campos, 2011).

C353. Anterior caudal neural spines, anterior expansion of lower portion of spinoprezygapophyseal lamina (SPRL): absent (0); present (‘SPRL-process’) (1) (D’Emic, 2012; Mannion et al., 2012; note that this is best observed in lateral view).

C354. First caudal rib, subtriangular process projects posteriorly at approximately midlength: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Poropat et al., 2016).

C355. Anteriormost caudal ribs, tubercle on dorsal surface at approximately midlength: absent (0); present (1) (Kellner et al., 2005; D’Emic et al., 2013; Poropat et al., 2016).

C356. Anterior–middle chevrons, articular facet surface: flat or anteroposteriorly convex (0); divided into anterior and posterior facets by a furrow (1) (Powell, 1987, 2003; Santucci & Arruda-Campos, 2011; D’Emic, 2012).

C357. Anterior–middle chevrons, posteroventrally directed ridge or bulge on lateral surface of distal half of proximal ramus: absent (0); present (1) (Santucci & Arruda-Campos, 2011; Poropat et al., 2016).

C358. Scapula, ventrolateral margin of acromion, anteroposteriorly concave region posterior to glenoid, followed by a flattened area: absent (0); present (1) (Poropat et al., 2015a, 2016).

C359. Scapular blade, ridge on medial surface, close to junction with acromial plate and near dorsal margin: absent (0); present (1) (Sanz et al., 1999; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C360. Scapular blade, orientation of blade long-axis with respect to coracoid articulation: more than 70° (usually approximately perpendicular) (0); 70° or less (1) (Wilson, 2002; Poropat et al., 2016).

C361. Coracoid, glenoid: does not expand strongly laterally relative to the lateral surface of the coracoid (0); expands prominently laterally and curves dorsolaterally so that part of the glenoid articular surface can be seen in lateral view (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C362. Sternal plate, shape of posterior margin in dorsal/ventral view: convex (0); straight (1) (González Riga, 2003; González Riga et al., 2009).

C363. Sternal plate, anteroposteriorly directed ridge on ventral surface, at the anterior end: absent (0); present (1) (Sanz et al., 1999; Upchurch et al., 2004).

C364. Humerus, proximal margin in anterior/posterior view: straight or convex (0); sinuous, as a result of a prominently developed process (attachment site for M. supracoracoideus) on the lateral margin of the proximal end (1) (Upchurch, 1998; González Riga, 2003; González Riga et al., 2009; Poropat et al., 2016).

C365. Humerus, proximal end: expands laterally relative to the shaft, giving the humerus an hourglass outline in anterior view (0); asymmetrical, with no expansion of lateral margin relative to shaft (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a; Poropat et al., 2016).

C366. Humerus, humeral head forms a prominent subcircular process on the posterior surface of the proximal end: absent (0); present (1) (Bonaparte et al., 2006; Upchurch et al., 2015; Poropat et al., 2016).

C367. Humerus, prominent vertical ridge extends along the lateral margin of the posterior surface, from the proximolateral corner to approximately the level of the deltopectoral crest (this ridge defines the lateral margin of the lateral triceps fossa and causes this fossa to be much deeper than the medial one): absent (0); present (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C368. Humerus, tuberosity for attachment of the M. coracobrachialis on the anterior surface of the proximal third: absent (0); present (1) (Powell, 2003; Harris, 2007; Otero, 2010; Poropat et al., 2016).

C369. Humerus, deltopectoral crest, mediolateral thickness of anterior attachment surface: approximately constant along length (0); distal half mediolaterally expanded relative to proximal half (often doubling in thickness) (1) (Wilson, 2002; Poropat et al., 2016; note that the anterior attachment surface of taxa with a medially deflected deltopectoral crest faces primarily medially).

C370. Humerus, ratio of maximum mediolateral width of distal end to proximodistal length: 0.30 or greater (0); less than 0.30 (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C371. Radius, bevelling of distal end relative to long-axis of shaft: restricted to lateral half (0); extends across the entire distal end (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C372. Ulna, angle between long-axes of anteromedial and anterolateral processes in proximal end view: 80° or greater (usually approximately a right-angle) (0); less than 80° (acute) (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C373. Metacarpals, longest metacarpal to radius proximodistal length ratio: less than 0.50 (0); 0.50 or greater (1) (Poropat et al., 2016; revised here so that only taxa scored as a ‘1’ for C52 are scored).

C374. Metacarpals, metacarpal II, ratio of minimum transverse width of shaft to metacarpal length: 0.2 or higher (0); less than 0.2 (1) (Sekiya, 2011).

C375. Metacarpals, metacarpal III: longest metacarpal (0); shorter than at least one other metacarpal (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C376. Metacarpals, metacarpal IV, distal end profile: subrectangular (0); possesses small pointed lateral and medial projections such that the dorsal margin is longer than the ventral margin, producing a dorsoventrally compressed hexagonal or trapezoidal outline (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C377. Metacarpals, metacarpal V, ratio of proximal end long-axis diameter to that of metacarpal I: less than 1.0 (0); 1.0 or greater (1) (D’Emic, 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C378. Metacarpals, metacarpal V, ratio of proximal end long-axis diameter to that of metacarpal IV: equal or smaller (0); larger than that for metacarpal IV (1) (Poropat et al., 2015b, 2016).

C379. Metacarpals, metacarpal V with a medially biased flange-like swelling along proximal half of ventral surface: absent (0); present (1) (Apesteguía, 2005a; Mannion & Calvo, 2011; Poropat et al., 2016).

C380. Ilium, ratio of dorsoventral height of iliac blade above pubic peduncle to anteroposterior length of ilium: less than 0.35 (0); 0.35 or greater (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a; Poropat et al., 2016).

C381. Ilium, projected line (chord) connecting articular surfaces of ischiadic and pubic processes: passes ventral to ventral margin of postacetabular portion of ilium (0); passes through or dorsal to ventral edge of postacetabular portion of ilium (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C382. Ilium, orientation of the pubic peduncle with respect to the long axis of the ilium: anteriorly deflected (0); perpendicular (1) (Salgado et al., 1997).

C383. Ilium, protuberance on the lateral surface of the ischiadic articulation: absent (0); present (1) (Borsuk-Białynicka, 1977; Poropat et al., 2015a, 2016).

C384. Pubis, proximodistally oriented ridge on lateral surface of blade, separated from the anterior margin of the pubis by a longitudinal groove: absent (0) present (1) (Powell, 2003; Salgado and Carvalho, 2008; Otero, 2010; Poropat et al., 2016).

C385. Pubis, distal end transversely expanded along lateral surface relative to shaft: present (0); absent (laminar distal blade) (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C386. Ischium, iliac articular surface, anteroposterior length to mediolateral width ratio: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C387. Ischium, ridge (for attachment of M. flexor tibialis internus III) on lateral surface of the lower part of the proximal plate/proximal portion of shaft, close to the posterior/dorsal margin of ischium: associated with parallel groove, posterior/dorsal to ridge (0); groove absent (1) (Sereno et al., 2007; D’Emic, 2012; Poropat et al., 2016).

C388. Femur, femoral head, projection: directed medially (0); directed dorsomedially (1) (Upchurch et al., 2004; Curry Rogers, 2005; Poropat et al., 2016).

C389. Femur, ratio of mediolateral breadth of tibial condyle to breadth of fibular condyle: greater than 0.8 (0); 0.8 or less (1) (Wilson, 2002; Poropat et al., 2016).

C390. Femur, shape of distal condyles: articular surface restricted to distal portion of femur (0); expanded onto anterior portion of femoral shaft (1) (Wilson & Carrano, 1999; Wilson, 2002).

C391. Tibia to femur length ratio: less than 0.6 (0); 0.6 or greater (1) (Gauthier, 1986; Poropat et al., 2016).

C392. Fibula, articular surface of lateral trochanter: not visible in anterior view (0); visible in anterior view (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C393. Fibula, distal end mediolateral width to anteroposterior width ratio: 0.8 or less (0); greater than 0.8 (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C394. Fibula, distal end profile: elliptical or semicircular (with a straight medial margin) (0); subtriangular (with a rounded or sharper apex projecting laterally or anterolaterally where flattened anterolateral and posterolateral margins meet) (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C395. Metatarsals, metatarsal V, proximal end: dorsoventrally expanded relative to shaft, with a domed dorsal margin (0); not expanded relative to shaft (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C396. Metatarsals, metatarsal V, tubercle or ridge on ventral surface, at approximately midlength, equidistant from the medial and lateral margins: absent (0); present (1) (Poropat et al., 2016).

C397. Pedal digit I, proximal articular surface of ungual (phalanx I-2): perpendicular to long axis of ungual (0); bevelled so that the proximal articular surface faces proximolaterally and thus lies at a distinct angle to the long axis of the ungual (1) (Wilson & Upchurch, 2009; Poropat et al., 2016).

C398. Basioccipital, fossa on lateral surface, extending from base of occipital condyle to base of basal tubera: absent (0); present (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C399. Basicranium, cranial nerve opening II (optic foramen): single opening (0); medially divided to form two foramina (1) (Sander et al., 2006).

C400. Surangular, anterior foramen: absent (0); present (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C401. Splenial, position of anterior end relative to mandibular symphysis: posterior to symphysis (0); participates in symphysis (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C402. Teeth, D-shaped crown morphology in labial/lingual view: narrows mesiodistally along its apical third (0); narrows mesiodistally along its apical half, giving it a ‘heart’-shaped outline (1) (Royo-Torres et al., 2006; Mateus et al., 2014; Mannion et al., 2017).

C403. Middle–posterior cervical neural arches, vertical midline lamina [part of the interprezygapophyseal lamina (TPRL)] divides the centroprezygapophyseal fossa (CPRF) into two fossae: absent (0); present (1) (Upchurch & Martin, 2002; Curry Rogers, 2009).

C404. Middle–posterior cervical neural arches, vertical midline lamina [part of the interpostzygapophyseal lamina (TPOL)] divides the centropostzygapophyseal fossa (CPOF) into two fossae: absent (0); present (1) (Upchurch & Martin, 2002; Curry Rogers, 2009).

C405. Middle cervical neural spines, lateral fossa at the base of the prezygapophyseal process bounded by SPRL, PRDL and PODL: absent (0); present (1) (Harris, 2006b; Tschopp & Mateus, 2013).

C406. Middle and posterior cervical neural spines, lateral surface between PRDL, PODL, SPOL, i.e. the spinodiapophyseal fossa (SDF): has three or more coels separated from each other by low ridges: absent (0) present (1) (Mannion et al., 2017).

C407. Cervical ribs, anterior projection extends beyond anterior margin of centrum (including condyle): present (0); absent (1) (Mannion et al., 2017).

C408. Sacral ribs, Sv2 ribs: emanate solely from Sv2 (0); emanate from Sv2, with a contribution from Sv1 (1) (Mannion et al., 2017).

C409. Anteriormost caudal centra, ACDL: absent, or represented by no more than a faint ridge (0); present, well defined or sheet-like (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2017).

C410. Anterior–middle caudal neural arches: spinopostzygapophyseal lamina (SPOL) shape: SPOL grades smoothly toward postzygapophyses (0); SPOL abruptly ends near the anterior margin of the postzygapophyseal facet, and postzygapophyses sharply set off from neural spine, often projecting as distinct processes (1) (D’Emic et al., 2016; note that this feature is usually present in the last few anterior and first few middle caudal vertebrae).

C411. Anterior–middle caudal neural arches, anteroposteriorly oriented ridge and fossa (‘shoulder’) between prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses: absent (0); present (1) (D’Emic et al., 2016; note that this feature is usually present in the last few anterior and first few middle caudal vertebrae).

C412. Radius, proximal to distal end anteroposterior length ratio: 0.5 or greater (0); less than 0.5 (1) (Mateus et al., 2014; Mannion et al., 2017).

C413. Ulna, vertical groove and ridge structure on posterolateral surface of distal shaft: absent (0); present (1) (Royo-Torres et al., 2006).

C414. Carpal bones, distal carpal mediolateral width to anteroposterior length ratio: less than 1.4 (0); 1.4 or greater (1) (Royo-Torres et al., 2014; Mannion et al., 2017; note that this is the largest carpal element in those taxa with more than one carpal).

C415. Metacarpal III, maximum mediolateral width to dorsoventral height of the proximal end ratio: less than 1.3 (0); 1.3 or greater (1) (Mannion et al., 2017).

C416. Tibia, tubercle (‘tuberculum fibularis’) on posterior (internal) face of cnemial crest: absent (0); present (1) (Harris, 2007; Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C417. Posterior cervical neural arches, spinodiapophyseal fossa, at base of lateral surface of neural spine: absent or shallow fossa (0); deep fossa (1) (González Riga, 2005; González Riga et al., 2009, 2018).

C418. Posterior cervical neural spines, dorsal half laterally expanded as a result of expansion of the lateral lamina (spinodiapophyseal lamina?): absent (0); present (1) (González Riga, 2005; González Riga et al., 2009, 2018; Gallina, 2011; González Riga & Ortiz David, 2014).

C419. Anteriormost caudal neural spines, medial spinoprezygapophyseal laminae (mSPRLs) merge into the prespinal lamina (PRSL) close to the base of the spine: absent (0); present (1) (Calvo et al., 2008; Carballido et al., 2017; González Riga et al., 2018; note that in Patagotitan these might be the only SPRLs, whereas Futalognkosaurus appears to have more typical lateral SPRLs too).

C420. Metacarpals, metacarpal V, dorsomedial margin of distal third forms a prominent ridge or flange: absent (0); present (1) (González Riga et al., 2018).

C421. Metatarsals, ratio of metatarsal III to metatarsal I proximodistal length: 1.3 or greater (0); less than 1.3 (1) (González Riga et al., 2016, 2018).

C422. Metatarsals, ratio of metatarsal III to metatarsal IV proximodistal length: 1.0 or greater (0); less than 1.0 (1) (González Riga et al., 2016, 2018).

C423. Pedal digit III, number of phalanges: 3 or more (0); 2 or fewer (1) (González Riga et al., 2008, 2016; Nair & Salisbury, 2012).

C424. Premaxilla, external surface bears anteroventrally orientated vascular grooves originating from an opening in the maxillary contact: absent or faint (0); present and strongly developed (1) (Wilson, 2002; Sereno et al., 2007).

C425. Subnarial foramen and anterior maxillary foramen, relative position: well distanced from one another (distance equals several subnarial foramen diameters) (0); separated by narrow bony isthmus (distance equals approximately one subnarial foramen diameter) (1) (Wilson, 2002; modified here).

C426. Jugal, contribution to antorbital fenestra: absent (0); present, but small, bordering less than one-third its perimeter (1); present and large, bordering approximately one-third or more of its perimeter (2) (Wilson, 2002; Carballido et al., 2015; modified here) [ordered].

C427. Prefrontal, anterior portion of medial margin curves anteromedially to clasp the anterolateral corner of the frontal between itself and the posterior process of the prefrontal: absent (0); present (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C428. Frontals, midline contact (symphysis): patent suture (0); fused in adult individuals (1) (Salgado & Calvo, 1992; Upchurch, 1995).

C429. Frontal, shape of suture with nasal in dorsal view: straight or slightly bowed anteriorly (0); V-shaped, pointing posteriorly (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C430. Frontal, dorsal surface: without paired grooves (0); grooves present, usually facing anterodorsally and extending on to nasal (1) (Whitlock, 2011a; modified here).

C431. Parietal, suture with exoccipital-opisthotic: linear, gently curved (0); sinuous (two broad subtriangular processes from the parietal invade the exoccipital-opisthotic) (1); suture not visible because of co-ossification (2) (Harris, 2006b; modified here).

C432. Postparietal foramen: absent (0); present (1) (Upchurch, 1995).

C433. Supratemporal fenestra: present, relatively large (0); almost closed or absent (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2012).

C434. Quadratojugal, angle between anterior and dorsal processes in lateral view: less than or equal to 90°, so that the quadrate shaft is directed dorsally (0); greater than 90° (usually approaching 130°), so that the quadrate shaft slants posterodorsally (1) (Gauthier, 1986; Upchurch, 1995).

C435. Squamosal, anterior extent: restricted to postorbital region (0); extends well past posterior margin of orbit (1); extends beyond anterior margin of orbit (2) (Whitlock, 2011a) [ordered].

C436. Squamosal, posteroventral margin: smooth, without ventral projection (0); with prominent, ventrally directed ‘prong’ (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C437. Pterygoid, shape of palatine ramus in lateral view: straight, at level of dorsal margin of quadrate ramus (0); stepped, dorsal margin of the palatine ramus is raised above the level of the dorsal margin of the quadrate ramus (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C438. Supraoccipital, sagittal nuchal crest: diminishes strongly in prominence ventrally, so that it barely reaches the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum (0); prominent throughout its length, so that it reaches the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum as a prominent posterior projection (1) (Whitlock, 2011a; modified here).

C439. Exoccipital, dorsolateral margin in posterior view, spur of bone curves dorsolaterally and then ventrolaterally to form the dorsomedial margin of the post-temporal fenestra: absent (0); present (1) (Xu et al., 2018).

C440. Exoccipital, small, deep, horizontally oriented groove immediately lateral to each of the proatlantal facets (where present): absent (0); present (1) (Xu et al., 2018).

C441. Crista prootica (otosphenoidal ridge), ‘leaf’- like dorsolaterally directed process near the base of the basipterygoid process: absent (0); present (1) (Salgado & Calvo, 1992; Upchurch, 1995).

C442. Basisphenoid, area between the basipterygoid processes and parasphenoid rostrum: is a mildly concave subtriangular region (0); forms a deep slot-like cavity that passes posteriorly between the bases of the basipterygoid processes (1) (Upchurch, 1995, 1998).

C443. Basal tubera, relative prominence: anteroposterior width is approximately 33%, or more, of dorsoventral height of the tubera (such tubera are distinct projections from the basipterygoid) (0); sheet-like, anteroposterior width is less than 33% (normally around 20%) of the dorsoventral height of the tubera (such tubera are reduced to slight swellings on the ventral surface of the basipterygoid) (1) (Wilson, 2002; Whitlock, 2011a; modified here).

C444. Basal tubera, shape of posterior face: convex (0); flat or slightly concave (1) (Whitlock, 2011a; Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C445. Basal tubera, long-axes of their free distal tips in ventral view: subparallel to each other and extending transversely with respect to the long-axis of the basicranium (0); long-axis of each tuberal tip directed posteromedially, creating a ‘V’-shape pointing towards the occipital condyle (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C446. Basal tubera, ventrolateral tip of each basal tuber projects anteriorly, giving its free distal surface an ‘L’-shaped profile in ventral view: absent (0); present (1) (new character: based on Royo-Torres et al., 2017a).

C447. Basisphenoid–quadrate contact: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002, 2005b; only taxa preserving a quadrate and with a raised ventrolateral lip on the posterior surface of the basal tubera are scored for this character).

C448. Basipterygoid processes, distal end transverse expansion: absent (distal end transverse width is subequal to, or less than, the transverse width at the midlength of the process) (0); expanded (marked and rapid transverse expansion close to the distal end) (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C449. Dentary, anteroventral margin shape in medial/lateral view: gently rounded (0); sharply projecting triangular process or ‘chin’ (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C450. Dentary, depth of anterior end: maintains dorsoventral height anteriorly, or increases only slightly (i.e. ratio of height of dentary at anterior end to height of dentary at midlength is 1.2 or lower) (0); increases in dorsoventral height anteriorly (i.e. ratio of height of dentary at anterior end to height of dentary at midlength is higher than 1.2) (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998; Wilson, 2002; modified here).

C451. Dentary, tuberosity on labial surface near symphysis: absent (0); present (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C452. Dentary, shape of tooth row in dorsal view: follows curvature of rest of the dentary (0); bows outward relative to rest of the dentary (1) (Whitlock & Harris, 2010; Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C453. Teeth, number of replacement teeth per alveolus: three or fewer (0); four or more (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C454. Tooth crowns, enamel thickness, asymmetric labiolingually: absent (0); present (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C455. Atlantal intercentrum, foramen on ventral surface, close to the posterior margin (between the posterior ventrolateral processes): absent (0); present (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C456. Postaxial cervical centra, ridge dividing lateral pneumatic foramen: not confluent with lateral surface of remainder of centrum (0); confluent with lateral surface of remainder of centrum, dorsal and ventral to foramen (1) (new character: based on Mannion et al., 2012).

C457. Postaxial cervical centra, small fossa on posteroventral corner of lateral surface: absent (0); shallow, anteroposteriorly elongate fossa present, posteroventral to main lateral pneumatic opening (1) (Whitlock, 2011b; Tschopp & Mateus, 2013).

C458. Anterior cervical centra, paired pneumatic fossae on anterior part of ventral surface: absent (0); present (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C459. Anterior cervical (unbifurcated) neural spines, prespinal lamina: absent (0); present (1) (Curry Rogers, 2005; polarity reversed here).

C460. Middle cervical neural spines, orientation of anterior margin in lateral view: vertical or sloping posterodorsally (0); anteriorly inclined (1) (Rauhut et al., 2005).

C461. Middle cervical neural spines, angle between PODL and SPOL in lateral view: acute, less than 85º (usually close to 45º) (0); 85º or more (usually 90º) (1) (Rauhut et al., 2005; Whitlock, 2011a).

C462. Posterior cervical neural spines, sharp-lipped dorsoventrally elongate coel on lateral surface, located in anterior part of SDF: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2012).

C463. Posterior cervical and/or anterior dorsal bifid neural spines, morphology of metapophyses in anterior view: widely diverging (0); narrow, parallel to converging (1) (Rauhut et al., 2005).

C464. Cervical ribs, distal blade: single (0); bifurcates into dorsal and ventral processes (1) (new character: based on: Royo-Torres et al., 2006; Britt et al., 2017).

C465. Anterior–middle cervical ribs, tuberculum in lateral view: nearly vertical (0); oriented posterodorsally (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C466. Dorsal centra, anteroposterior length (excluding articular condyle), increases or remains approximately the same along the sequence (0); shortens from anterior to posterior dorsal vertebrae (1) (Mannion et al., 2012; modified here).

C467. Anteriormost dorsal diapophyses, fossa on anterior surface, close to distal end: absent (0); present (1) [ew character; note that this is a second fossa, lateral to the prezygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa (PRCDF)].

C468. Anteriormost dorsal neural spines, epipophyses: absent (0); present (1) (new character; note that taxa that lack epipophyses in presacral vertebrae altogether [i.e. that are scored as ‘0’ for C127] are not scored for this character).

C469. Anteriormost dorsal neural spines, height relative to spinopostzygapophyseal laminae (and epipophyses, where present): project well beyond SPOLs (0); approximately level with SPOLs (1) (new character).

C470. Dorsal neural spines (excluding anteriormost dorsal vertebrae), ventral portion of spinoprezygapophyseal lamina (SPRL): contacts the prezygapophysis (0); contacts the diapophysis following ‘lamina capture’ (1) (new character: based on Wilson, 2012).

C471. Dorsal neural spines, spinodiapophyseal webbing: laminae follow curvature of neural spine and diapophysis in anterior view (0); laminae ‘festooned’ from spine, dorsal margin does not closely follow shape of neural spine and diapophysis (1) (Sereno et al., 2007).

C472. Middle and posterior dorsal neural arches, paired, sharp-lipped fossae within arch fossa, dorsolateral to neural canal and medial to CPRLs/CPOLs: absent (0); present as shallow excavations (1); present and extend anteroposteriorly throughout the neural arch as foramina (2) (Sereno et al., 2007; Whitlock 2011a; Tschopp et al., 2015a; Wilson & Allain, 2015; modified here) [ordered].

C473. Middle and posterior dorsal neural arches, centroprezygapophyseal lamina (CPRL): single, undivided (0); bifurcates (or excavated) toward upper end, forming a centroprezygapophyseal lamina fossa [CPRL-F (‘anterior infrazygapophyseal fossa’)] (1) (Upchurch, 1995; Curry Rogers, 2005; D’Emic et al., 2013).

C474. Middle and posterior dorsal neural arches, shape of centropostzygapophyseal lamina (CPOL): single (0); divided, left and right medial CPOLs uniting beneath hyposphene, lateral CPOLs extending towards the anterior part of each postzygapophysis and/or merging into the posterior face of the PCDL (1) (Wilson, 2002; modified here).

C475. Middle and posterior dorsal neural arches, morphology of prezygapophyses: separated from each other by a gap or TPRL on the midline (0); confluent (1) (new character: based on: Apesteguía et al., 2010; Wilson & Allain, 2015).

C476. Middle and posterior dorsal neural arches, prezygoparapophyseal lamina (PRPL): absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 2002).

C477. Posterior dorsal neural arches, parapophysis position: ventral to or level with the prezygapophysis (0); dorsal to the prezygapophysis (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C478. Posterior dorsal neural arches, accessory lamina in POCDF linking hyposphene to PCDL: absent (0); present (1) (Mannion et al., 2012; Tschopp et al., 2015a; taxa that lack a hyposphene are scored with state ‘?’).

C479. Middle–posterior dorsal transverse processes, anterior surface excavated by a mediolaterally elongate, channel-like fossa or fenestra (laterodiapophyseal fossa): absent (0); present (1) (new character: based on Ibiricu et al., 2013).

C480. Middle–posterior dorsal neural spines, shape in anterior/posterior view: rectangular through most of length (0); ‘petal’-shaped, expanding transversely through 75% of its length and then tapering (1) (Calvo & Salgado, 1995; Upchurch, 1998; Whitlock, 2011a; Mannion et al., 2012; taxa that lack dorsal vertebrae but that have this morphology in the sacral/anteriormost caudal vertebrae are also scored with the derived state).

C481. Middle and posterior dorsal neural spines, accessory lamina on lateral surface, extending posterodorsally from the spinoprezygapophyseal lamina to the spinopostzygapophyseal lamina: absent (0); present (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C482. Middle and posterior dorsal neural spines, divided SPOL: bifurcates a short distance above the postzygapophysis (0); divided into lateral and medial branches throughout its length (1) (Whitlock, 2011a; modified here so that only taxa with a divided SPOL are scored).

C483. Middle and posterior dorsal neural spines, lateral spinopostzygapophyseal lamina (lSPOL): extends to posterolateral margin of spine (0); does not reach lateral margin of the spine, because it fades out on the posterior surface or extends dorsomedially to contact the postspinal lamina (i.e. forms a second medial SPOL) (1) (new character: based on Wilson et al., 2011; note that if only a single undivided SPOL is present, then the state score is determined on the basis of whether this extends to the posterolateral margin of the spine or not).

C484. Middle and posterior dorsal neural spines, spinoparapophyseal lamina (SPPL): absent (0); present (1) (Wilson & Allain, 2015).

C485. Posterior dorsal neural spines, ratio of mediolateral width to anteroposterior length (at base): less than 1.0 (longer than wide) (0); 1.0 or greater (wider than long) (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson, 2002).

C486. Posterior dorsal and/or sacral neural spines, dorsoventral height to centrum length ratio: 2.0 or greater (0); less than 2.0 (2) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson, 2002; polarity reversed here).

C487. Thoracic ribs, area between capitulum and tuberculum, on the posterior surface at the base of the rib head: flat (0); oblique ridge connects the medial and lateral edges (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C488. Sacral neural spines, lateral surface anterior and posterior to SPDL: unbroken bone surface (0); excavated by numerous foramina (1) (new character: based on Wilson & Allain, 2015).

C489. Anterior caudal centra, anteroposterior length: subequal along first 20 vertebrae (0); increasing in length by a factor of 1.5 or greater over first 20 vertebrae (1) (Upchurch, 1998).

C490. Anteriormost caudal centra, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina (ACDL): single (0); divided (1) (Wilson, 2002; only taxa with an ACDL are scored for this character).

C491. Anteriormost caudal neural arches, postzygodiapophyseal lamina (PODL): absent (0); present (1) (new character: based on Wilson, 2002).

C492. Anteriormost caudal neural arches, centroprezygapophyseal fossa (CPRF) between dorsal margin of anterior neural canal opening and below interprezygapophyseal lamina (TRPL): absent (0); present (1) (new character: based on Remes, 2006).

C493. Anterior caudal neural arches, prezygapophyseal midline ‘boss’ ventral to prezygapophyses: absent (0); present (1) (new character: based on Mannion et al., 2011).

C494. Anterior caudal neural spines, shape: single (0); slightly bifurcate (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C495. Anterior caudal neural spines, dorsal margin in lateral view: flat or convex (0); concave (1) (new character).

C496. Anterior caudal neural spines, SPRL: absent, or restricted to the anterolateral margin of the spine (0); present, extending onto lateral aspect of neural spine (1) (Wilson, 2002; Mannion et al., 2012; modified here).

C497. Anterior caudal neural spines, lateral lamina: absent (0); present (1) (Wilson, 1999).

C498. Anterior caudal neural spines, lateral margin of lateral lamina: retains the same anteroposterior width along its length (0); expands anteroposteriorly towards its dorsal end (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C499. Anterior caudal neural spines, elliptical depression between lateral lamina and spinopostzyapophyseal/postspinal lamina on lateral neural spine: absent (0); present (1) (Sereno et al., 2007; Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C500. Anterior caudal neural spines, triangular lateral processes: absent (0); present (1) (Sereno et al., 2007).

C501. Anteriormost caudal ribs (excluding the first), distal tip ventrally deflected, such that the ventral margin of the caudal rib is strongly concave in anterior/posterior view: absent (0); present (1) (Gallina et al., 2014; modified here).

C502. Anteriormost caudal ribs, orientation of ventral surface in anterior/posterior view: lateral (less than 30º to the horizontal plane) (0); dorsolateral (at 30° or more to the horizontal plane, typically 40–50°) (1) (Whitlock, 2011a; modified here; note that this is based on the entire length of the rib, rather than just the medial portion).

C503. Anteriormost caudal ribs, anterior surface: unexcavated (0); excavated, forming a sharp-lipped fossa or foramen (1) (new character: based on Mannion et al., 2011).

C504. Anteriormost caudal ribs, excavated anterior surface internally subdivided by subvertical ridges: absent (0); present (1) (new character: based on Mannion et al., 2011).

C505. Anterior caudal ribs, position: situated on the centrum and arch (0); restricted to the neural arch and dorsal margin of centrum (1) (new character: based on Mannion et al., 2011).

C506. Middle caudal centra, ventral longitudinal hollow: absent (0); present (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Wilson, 2002; revised here to separate anterior and middle caudal vertebrae).

C507. Middle caudal centra, distinct ventrolateral ridges, extending the full length of the centrum: absent (0); present (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; Upchurch et al., 2004; Mannion et al., 2013; revised here to separate anterior and middle caudal vertebrae).

C508. Middle caudal centra, articular surface shape: cylindrical (ventral and lateral surfaces merge smoothly into each other) (0); subtriangular, with transversely wide ventral margin (1) (Wilson, 2002; Gallina & Apesteguía, 2005; Mannion et al., 2012).

C509. Middle caudal centra, lateral pneumatic openings: absent or present as shallow fossa (0); present, with sharply defined margins (1) (Gallina et al., 2014; modified here).

C510. Scapula, anteroposterior length of acromion to total scapula length ratio: less than 0.4 (0); 0.4 to <0.5 (1); 0.5 or greater (2) (Gallina & Apesteguía, 2005; modified here) [ordered].

C511. Scapula, posteriorly directed hook-like acromion process, separated from the remaining dorsal margin of the acromion by a concavity: absent (0); present (1) (Gallina & Apesteguía, 2005; Mannion, 2009).

C512. Scapula, acromial ridge: absent, or only very weakly developed (0); present and well-developed, so that a clear ridge is present and defines the posterior margin of a distinct fossa on the lateral surface of the acromion (1) (Upchurch, 1995; modified here).

C513. Scapula, bulge-like muscle scar on medial surface, at approximately midheight, just distal to the junction between the acromion and scapular blade: absent (0); present (1) (Whitlock, 2011a; modified here).

C514. Scapula, ratio of anteroposterior length to minimum blade dorsoventral height: 5.5 or higher (0); less than 5.5 (1) (Carballido et al., 2012; modified and polarity reversed here).

C515. Scapula, highest point of the dorsal margin of the blade: lower than the dorsal margin of the proximal end (0); at the same height as the dorsal margin of the proximal end or higher (1) (new character: based on Mannion, 2009; Carballido et al., 2012).

C516. Humerus, angle between long-axes of proximal and distal articular surfaces: 30° or less (proximal and distal end long-axes lie in approximately the same plane) (0); twisted through an angle of 30° or more (usually more than 40°) (1) (Gilmore, 1932; Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C517. Humerus, distal condyles: extend the same distance distally, or lateral distal condyle extends further distally than medial distal condyle (0); distal end bevelled as a result of the medial distal condyle extending further distally than the lateral condyle (1) (new character).

C518. Humerus, lateral margin in distal view: deflected such that it faces entirely posterolaterally (0); flat (facing laterally) or convex (1) [new character; the anterior margin (excluding condyles) should be orientated horizontally when scoring this character].

C519. Manual phalanx I-1, lapet-like projection from proximodorsal margin, overhanging proximal articular surface: present (0); absent (1) (new character).

C520. Ilium, profile of dorsal margin in lateral view: gently convex, with a nearly straight portion centrally (0); strongly convex throughout its length, following an arc of a circle (1) (Wilson, 2002; Tschopp et al., 2015a; modified here).

C521. Pubis, proximal surface and proximal third of anterior margin, in lateral view: meet at an acute angle (0); meet at a right angle (1) (new character).

C522. Pubis, development of ambiens process: absent or small and confluent with anterior margin of pubis (0); prominent, projecting anteriorly (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1998; modified here).

C523. Pubis, ambiens process ventral (distal) surface in lateral view: flat or convex (0) concave so that the ambiens process is ‘hooked’ (1) (McIntosh, 1990; Upchurch, 1995, 1998; only taxa with a well-developed ambiens process scored for this character).

C524. Pubis, obturator foramen: entirely ringed by bone (0); open posteriorly (1) (new character: based on Carballido et al., 2012; note that taxa are only scored with the derived state when the individual is an adult).

C525. Pubis, distal end, expands anteriorly and posteriorly (approximately equally): absent (0); present (1) (new character: based on Salgado et al., 2004).

C526. Ischium, iliac peduncle in lateral view: straight or widening in smooth curve distally (0); narrow, with distinct ‘neck’ (1) (Sereno et al., 2007).

C527. Ischium, acetabular articular surface: maintains approximately the same transverse width throughout its length (0); transversely narrower in its central portion and strongly expanded as it approaches the iliac and pubic articulations (1) (Mannion et al., 2012).

C528. Ischium, angle formed between the long axis of the shaft and the acetabular line (i.e. the straight line from the anterodorsal corners of the iliac and pubic peduncles) in lateral view: 80° or greater (0) acute, less than 80° (typically less than 70°) (1) (Carballido et al., 2012).

C529. Ischium, dorsoventral height of pubic articulation: less than or equal to the anteroposterior length of the proximal plate (0); greater than the anteroposterior length of the proximal plate (1) (Salgado et al., 1997; Carballido et al., 2012).

C530. Ischium, ridge (for attachment of M. flexor tibialis internus III) on lateral surface of the lower part of the proximal plate/proximal portion of shaft, close to the posterior/dorsal margin of ischium: transversely rounded throughout its length (0); thin and sharp (1) (Sereno et al., 2007; modified here).

C531. Ischium, ventral margin of proximal plate in lateral view: flat along its length (0); has a ventral, subtriangular projection at its anterior end (1) (new character; only taxa whose ischia are emarginate distal to the pubic articulation are scored for this character).

C532. Ischium, shape of distal shaft in transverse cross-section: triangular, depth of ischial shaft increases medially (0); blade-like, medial and lateral depths subequal (1) (Wilson, 2002; polarity reversed here).

C533. Ischium, morphology of conjoined distal ends: ‘V’-shaped, forming an angle of 90° or less (usually approximately 50°) with each other (0); forming an angle of more than 90° (typically flat, nearly coplanar) (1) (Upchurch, 1998; Wilson & Sereno, 1998).

C534. Femur, fourth trochanter: present as low rounded ridge (0); greatly reduced so that it is virtually absent (1) (Mannion et al., 2012).

C535. Femur, ratio of greatest anteroposterior thickness of shaft (excluding any contribution from the fourth trochanter) to greatest anteroposterior width across distal end: less than or equal to 0.5 (0); greater than 0.5 (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C536. Tibia, lateral margin of cnemial crest in anterior view: rounded (0); subtriangular, forming a point (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C537. Fibula, distal tip of lateral muscle scar: proximal, located above midshaft (0); located approximately at mid-shaft (1) (Whitlock, 2011a; polarity reversed here).

C538. Astragalus, fibular articular surface: faces laterally or dorsolaterally (0); faces posterolaterally because its anterior margin projects laterally (1) (Whitlock, 2011a).

C539. Metatarsals I–III, rugosities on dorsolateral margins near distal ends: absent (0); present (1) (Upchurch, 1995).

C540. Metatarsal I, tubercle/rugosity on medial surface, situated at approximately midlength and equidistant from dorsal and ventral margins: absent (0); present (1) (new character: based on D’Emic et al., 2016).

C541. Metatarsal II, distal condyle, ventrolateral projection: absent (0); present (1) (Tschopp et al., 2015a).

C542. Pedal phalanx I-1, proximal and ventral surfaces: meet at approximately 90° (0); proximoventral corner drawn out into thin plate underlying metatarsal I (1) (McIntosh et al., 1992).

SUPPORTING INFORMATION Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's web-site.

File S1. Mesquite file.

File S2. TNT file.

File S3. BioGeoBEARS R script.

File S4. Taxon ages (EWP).

File S5. Taxon ages (EIW).

File S6. Time-calibrated tree (EWP).

File S7. Time-calibrated tree (EIW).

File S8. Geographic ranges (EWP).

File S9. Geographic ranges (EIW).

File S10. Relaxed dispersal multiplier matrix.

File S11. Harsh dispersal multiplier matrix.

File S12. Time periods.

File S13. Ancestral area estimations (EWP relaxed). File S14. Ancestral area estimations (EWP harsh). File S15. Ancestral area estimations (EIW relaxed). File S16. Ancestral area estimations (EIW harsh).

Copyright notice

No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.

Taxonomy

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Chordata
Family	Titanosauridae

Malawisaurus, Jacobs, Winkler, Downs & Gomani, 1993

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