Lycopodina cupressiformis, (CARTER, 1874)

Hestetun, Jon Thomassen, Tompkins-Macdonald, Gabrielle & Rapp, Hans Tore, 2017, A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 181, pp. 1-69 : 38-41

LYCOPODINA CUPRESSIFORMIS ( CARTER, 1874)

( FIGS 32, 33; TABLE 6)

Original description: Esperia cupressiformis Carter, 1874: 215 .

Synonyms and citations: Esperia bihamatifera in part ( Hansen, 1885: 15); Asbestopluma cupressiformis in part ( Lundbeck, 1905: 58; Hentschel, 1929: 934; Koltun, 1959: 77, 1964: 151, 163); A. cuppressiformis [sic] ( Burton, 1934: 27). Possibly: Cladorhiza cupressiformis ( Fristedt, 1887: 457) , Esperella fristedtii in part Lambe, 1900a: 157. Not: Esperella cupressiformis var. robusta ( Levinsen, 1887: 364, cf. van Soest, 2016).

Type material examined: Syntype: BMNH 82.7 .28.43, HMS ‘Porcupine’ 1869, st. 52 (summer 1869, 60°25ʹN, 008°10ʹW, 702 m) .

Other material examined: ‘Wandel’ Expedition, the East Greenland Expedition, the Danish Ingolf Expedition,

M/S ‘Michael Sars’ 1902, ‘Tjalfe’ Expedition, Godthaab Expedition, BIOFAR, BIODEEP 2006, GeoBio 2008– 2012, R/V ‘Paamiut’ 2011, IceAGE 2 (see Supporting information).

Diagnosis: Erect Lycopodina composed of cylindrical basal stem and solid club-shaped or leaf-shaped, slightly flattened body. Projections range from small knobby structures and ridges to longer, more filamentous structures. Megascleres styles c. 400– 800 µm, palmate anisochelae c. 20–28 µm and straight

REVIEW OF CARNIVOROUS SPONGES 41

forceps spicules c. 35–50 µm, with addition of smaller tylostyles and palmate anisochelae associated with embryos.

Description: Erect Lycopodina composed of cylindrical stem that develops into a thicker, club-shaped, slightly flattened body. Body carries numerous projections ranging from short knobs and ridges in some specimens to developed into filaments in others and might be coalesced to varying degrees. In some of the larger specimens, the body, especially the upper part, is further developed into a flattened leaf shape. The colour in ethanol is light beige to light brown, while the colour in situ is off white to light red ( Fig. 32A–G).

Skeleton : Skeleton arranged around an erect, main spicule axis composed of longitudinally arranged megascleres. As opposed to the cylindrical crosssection common in other cladorhizids, the central axis cross section is oval or flattened in more developed specimens. The tissue around the central axis is less dense and is kept rigid by single megascleres radiating from the centre. Where ridges or filaments project from the stem, megascleres are denser than in the rest of the surrounding tissue and organized into bundles ( Fig. 33A, B).