Pulmonaria L.

Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A., 1972, Flora Europaea. Volume 3. Diapensiacea to Myoporaceae, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press : 100

15. Pulmonaria L. 1

Perennial herbs with creeping rhizome and simple stems. Flowers heterostylous, in terminal, bracteate cymes. Calyx lobed to c. I, 5-angled. Corolla red, blue or violet, infundibuliform, without scales or invaginations but with 5 tufts of hairs in the throat meeting to form a ring. Stamens included, inserted in the throat or in the middle of the tube. Style included; stigma capitate or somewhat bifid. Nutlets ovoid, erect, smooth, hairy, sometimes glabrescent, contracted at the base above a distinct collar-like ring.

In most modern Floras, the variability in the genus is attributed to hybridization between 3 or 4 “ basic species”, but this is unlikely for two reasons. First, it does not agree with the chromosome counts which have been made; and secondly, in this genus, true hybrids between species with different chromosome numbers are always sterile.

Important considerations in determining the species are the rosette leaves which develop during flowering and fruiting (summer leaves), the extent to which the leaves are spotted (which may vary even in a single population), the effect of dimorphic heterostyly on flower-size and stamen-insertion, and the interior of the corolla-tube, which may be glabrous or hairy below the tufts of hairs.

All species are found in deep, humus-rich soil, usually in shade, but some (12, 13,14) also occur in sunny places. Literature: B. J. C. Dumortier, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 7: 6-36 (1868). A. Kerner, Monographia Pulmonariarum. Oeniponte. 1878. I. T. Tarnavschi, Bui. Fac. §ti. Cernäufi9 ‘. 47-122 (1935). B. Pawlowski, Acta Soc. Bot. Polon. 31: 229-238 (1962). H. Merxmüller & J. Grau, Rev. Roum. Biol. (Sér. Bot.) 14: 57-63 (1969).

1 Summer leaves cordate or truncate, long-petiolate, very rough, with dense, small aculeoli

2 Summerleavesunspottedorwithfaintgreenspots;lamina shorter than petiole 1. obscura 2 Summer leaves white-spotted; lamina longer than petiole

2. officinalis 1 Summer leaves not cordate, narrowing abruptly or ± gradually into petiole

3 Flowers red at maturity

4 Leaveslj- 3timesaslongaswide;laminaabruptlycon­ tracted into petiole, roughly hairy 3. rubra 4 Leaves 2j-5 times as long as wide; lamina narrowing gradually into petiole, softly hairy 4. filarszkyana 3 Flowersvioletorblueat maturity

5 Summer leaves soft, with dense indumentum of very short, slender hairs; setae scattered; inflorescence glandularviscid

6 Summer leaves usually conspicuously spotted; lamina undulate, rather abruptly contracted into petiole; the short hairs c. 0- 1 mm 7. vallarsae 6 Summer leaves unspotted; lamina not undulate, gradually narrowed into petiole; the short hairs c. 0- 3 mm 6. mollis 5 Summer leaves rough, setose, without dense indumentum of very short, slender hairs; inflorescence not viscid

7 Summer leaves with stiff, uniform setae and without long glandular hairs

8 Summer leaves 6-9 times as long as wide, unspotted; inflorescence with many setae and few glandular hairs

12. angustifolia 8 Summer leaves 3-6 times as long as wide, usually spotted; inflorescence with equal numbers of setae and long glandular hairs 14. kerneri 7 Summer leaves with both long and short setae and with scattered glandular hairs

9 Summer leaves 6-9 times as long as wide, usually spotted; inflorescence remaining dense 11. longifolia 9 Summer leaves 2-6 times as long as wide; inflorescence lax after flowering

10 Summer leaves usually distinctly spotted

11 Flowers bright blue at maturity 5. stiriaca 11 Flowers reddish-violet or bluish-violet at maturity

12 Lamina of summer leaves abruptly contracted into petiole; the short setae uniform, thickened at the base, erect 8. affinis 12 Lamina of summer leaves ± gradually contracted into petiole; the shorter setae unequal, slender,

erecto-patent 9. saccharata 10 Summer leaves not, or rarely, faintly spotted; flowers blue at maturity

13 Upper cauline leaves ovate, with wide, almost cordate base; corolla-tube hairy inside below the ring ofhairs

10. montana 13 Upper cauline leaves lanceolate, usually with a contracted base; corolla-tube glabrous inside below the ring of hairs 13. visianii