SOLANACEAE

Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Moore, D. M., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A., 1972, Flora Europaea. Volume 3. Diapensiacea to Myoporaceae, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press : 193

CLII. SOLANACEAE 1

Herbs or shrubs. Leaves simple to pinnate, exstipulate. Flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic, hermaphrodite. Calyx (3-)5(-6)- lobed or -dentate. Corolla rotate to campanulate, infundibuliform or tubular, 5(6- or 10)-lobed, rarely subentire; lobes valvate or plicate in bud. Stamens 5(-8), adnate to the corolla-tube and alternating with the lobes; anthers usually with introrse longitudinal dehiscence. Ovary superior, with 2 (rarely more) loculi; style simple; stigma entire to 2-lobed. Fruit a capsule or berry, usually 2-locular. Seeds usually numerous (rarely 2-11).

Many members of this largely extra-European family are grown for their agricultural or horticultural value. On the information available it is often very difficult to distinguish between casual occurrence and true naturalization. Some species, therefore, have been mentioned which are probably no more than casual but, in some cases, may be in process of naturalization.

Some species and hybrids of Petunia Juss. , from temperate South America, are widely cultivated for ornament. They are densely glandular-hairy herbs up to c. 50 cm, with the flowers solitary in the upper leaf-axils, a campanulate calyx, a white to pink or violet, infundibuliform corolla 2-5-7 cm, 5 included stamens and an ovoid, septicidal capsule 6-15 mm. P. integrifolia (Hooker) Schinz & Thell. , Viert. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 60: 361 (1915) ( P. violacea Lindley ), has been reported as locally naturalized in S. Europe but most modem cultivars are derived from hybrids between it and P. axillaris (Lam.) Britton , E. E. Sterns & Poggenb., Prelim. Cat. 38 (1888).

Salpiglossis sinuata Ruiz & Pavón , Syst. Veg. FI. Peruv. 163 (1798), with an infundibuliform corolla and 4 unequal, included stamens, and Schizanthus pinnatus Ruiz & Pavón , FI. Peruv. 1: 13 (1798), with pinnate leaves, zygomorphic corolla, 2 long-exserted stamens and 2 staminodes, both viscid-pubescent annuals from Chile, are widely cultivated for ornament and may occasionally escape.

1 Anthers connivent 2 Corollacampanulate 6. Withania 2 Corollarotate 3 Anthersdehiscing by terminalpores 10. Solanum 3 Anthersdehiscing by longitudinalslits 4 Leaves interruptedly imparipinnate; corolla yellow

11. Lycopersicon 4 Leaves entire; corolla whitish, greenish or purple 9. Capsicum 1 Anthers not connivent 5 Flowersinpaniclesorracemes 6 Shrub; leaves glabrous 7 Calyx not more than 7 mm; fruit a berry with not more than

11 seeds 15. Cestrum 7 Calyx at least 10 mm; fruit a capsule with at least 20 seeds

16. Nicotiana 6 Herb; leaves pubescent, often viscid 8 Inflorescence usually branched; corolla tubular or narrowly infundibuliform; capsule dehiscing by apical valves

16. Nicotiana 8 Inflorescence simple; corolla usually broadly infundibuliform; capsule circumscissile 5. Hyoscyamus 5 Flowerssolitary,orinpairsorsmallclusters,sometimes grouped into spikes 9 Shrub, usually spiny 2. Lycium 9 Herb, often woody at base 10 Fruit a capsule

11 Annual; calyx circumscissile, the base persistent; capsule with longitudinal or irregular dehiscence, usually spiny

14. Datura 11 Perennial; calyx entirely persistent; capsule with circumscissile dehiscence, not spiny 12 Plant glabrous;pedicelsat least2 cm 4. Scopolia 12 Plant pubescentto villous, often viscid; pedicelsnot more than 1 cm 5. Hyoscyamus 10 Fruit a berry 13 Flowersinaxillary pairs;berry with4 -8seeds 13.Triguera 13 Flowers solitary, axillary; berry with numerous seeds 14 Calyxdividedalmosttobase

15 Glabrous annual; corolla purple to blue; berry brown

1. Nicandra

15 Pubescent, scrambling perennial; corolla white; berry creamy-white 8. Salpichroa 14 Calyx divided to not more than i-way

16 Plant with stout, fleshy tap-root; leaves in a dense basal rosette 12. Mandragora

16 Stout tap-root absent; leaves not in a dense rosette

17 Stamens inserted near apex of corolla-tube; calyx enclosing and usually much exceeding the berry

7. Physalis

17 Stamens inserted near base of corolla-tube; calyx not enclosing berry 3. Atropa