Empis
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5615.1.1 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:2D7F06C2-43CC-41B6-AC4F-6B0269E05005 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C1E94B-FFBF-FFA4-8FC5-FF4CA9769EE3 |
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treatment provided by |
Plazi |
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scientific name |
Empis |
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Empis View in CoL ( Enoplempis Bigot )
Enoplempis Bigot, 1880a: 63 View in CoL [ 1880b: xlvii]. Type-species, E. mira Bigot View in CoL (monotypy) ( Evenhuis & Pont 2004).
Diagnosis. Typical features of the subgenus are as follows: male head dichoptic to holoptic; face setose only in E. (En.) geneatis group; prosternum bare; labellum setose, short and fleshy, not prolonged; acrostichals and dorsocentrals usually short; apical scutellar setae often widely separated; wing ( Figs 45 View FIGURES 41–45 , 181 View FIGURES 181–182 , 201 View FIGURES 201–205 , 332 View FIGURES 331–335 ) with M 1 and M 2 complete to wing margin; anal vein (CuA+CuP) complete (reaching wing margin) or incomplete, axillary excision acute to obtuse, axillary lobe well or little developed; male hindleg frequently modified with tibia and femur variously armed with tubercles, lobes, series of prominent setae, or bristle pencils (e.g., Figs 16, 17 View FIGURES 15–22 , 31 View FIGURES 28–31 , 43 View FIGURES 41–45 , 51 View FIGURES 46–51 , 58 View FIGURES 55–58 , 70 View FIGURES 62–70 , 74 View FIGURES 71–75 , 86 View FIGURES 82–90 , 99 View FIGURES 94–99 , 106 View FIGURES 104–109 , 117 View FIGURES 112–118 , 133 View FIGURES 131–134 , 138 View FIGURES 135–139 , 156 View FIGURES 154–159 , 166 View FIGURES 164–169 , 178 View FIGURES 176–180 , 190 View FIGURES 188–191 , 196 View FIGURES 194–196 , 204 View FIGURES 201–205 , 210 View FIGURES 210–217 , 220 View FIGURES 218–220 , 226 View FIGURES 221–226 , 232 View FIGURES 227–232 , 242 View FIGURES 239–242 , 254 View FIGURES 251–256 , 261 View FIGURES 257–261 , 272 View FIGURES 266–274 , 277 View FIGURES 277–279 , 301 View FIGURES 299–304 , 310 View FIGURES 309–315 , 323 View FIGURES 319–323 , 334 View FIGURES 331–335 , 347 View FIGURES 342–349 ); right and left hindlegs normally symmetrical; tarsomeres 2–5 of all legs (in both sexes) usually with two ventral rows of short spine-like setae ( Figs 145 View FIGURES 143–147 , 224 View FIGURES 221–226 , 356 View FIGURES 355–358 , 365 View FIGURES 365–366 ); tarsomere 4 usually with ventral apicolateral pair of spine-like setae; male pregenital segments generally unmodified, except some western species; sclerites of male segment 8 usually narrowly separated or fused laterally; ejaculatory apodeme in anterior view, often inverted Y-shaped, rarely T-shaped or flattened; female without usual empidine secondary sexual features, such as expanded and darkened wings, pennate leg scales (except row of short slightly thickened pennate scales on mid and hind femur of E. tridentata Coquillett ), and silvery abdominal pruinescence; extensive eversible darkened abdominal pleural membrane (?pleural sac) observed in females of some species.
from prey, label data, or morphology.
Nuptial gift/ courtship Species Citation
Empis (En.) amytis Sinclair et al. (2013)
Unwrapped prey
Empis (En.) gulosa Alcock (2015)
Empis (En.) penicillata Sinclair et al. (2013)
Empis (En.) poplitea Alcock (1973)
Empis (En.) aerobatica Kessel (1955)
Frothy balloons with edible prey Empis (En.) bigoti Kessel & Kessel (1951)
Kessel & Karabinos (1947); Kessel Balloons with inedible prey Empis (En.) geneatis
(1955)
Empty prey-less balloons
Empis (En.) snoddyi Sadowski et al. (1999)
Empis (En.) vockerothi Sinclair et al. (2013)
Female swarms (?)
Empis (En.) tridentata Sinclair et al. (2013) Geographical distribution and diversity. The subgenus is widespread across North America , recorded as far north as Alaska in the west and New Brunswick in the east, and south to southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Florida. A complete list of the 96 known species (95 described, one unnamed) within the subgenus Enoplempis , including those described in this paper, is provided and arranged by species group in Appendix 2.
Nuptial gift presentation. The types of nuptial gift presented by males to females in species of Empis (Enoplempis) for which we have direct or inferred observations, range depending on the species ( Table 1), from unwrapped prey to wrapped prey in secreted froth (referred to as balloons, Figs 3 View FIGURES 1–3 , 6–13 View FIGURES 6–14 ), to hollow empty secreted balloons without prey ( Fig. 14 View FIGURES 6–14 ) ( Sinclair et al. 2013, 2021; Alcock 2015).
Flower visitation. Records from the material examined sections of the included species of E. ( Enoplempis ) indicate that males and females are found on a variety of flowers in at least the plant families Adoxaceae , Anacardiaceae , Apiaceae , Asteraceae , Boraginaceae ( Fig. 2 View FIGURES 1–3 ), Brassicaceae , Caprifoliaceae , Ericaceae , Geraniaceae , Lauraceae , Liliaceae , Polygonaceae , Ranunculaceae , Rhamnaceae , Rosaceae , Salicaceae , Sapindaceae and Saxifragaceae , where adults appear to consume nectar using their relatively long mouthparts. Consequently, species in this subgenus are significant pollinators, presumably, of many plant families.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.
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Empis
| Sinclair, Bradley J., Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M. 2025 |
Enoplempis
| Bigot, J. M. F. 1880: 63 |