Empis (Enoplempis) bigoti Melander

Sinclair, Bradley J., Brooks, Scott E. & Cumming, Jeffrey M., 2025, Revision of the western Nearctic species of Empis subgenus Enoplempis (Diptera: Empididae), Zootaxa 5615 (1), pp. 1-200 : 24-28

Empis (Enoplempis) bigoti Melander

( Figs 3 , 6, 9–11 , 46, 47 , 53 , 80 )

Enoplempis cinerea Bigot, 1880b : xci. Type locality: California.

Empis bigoti Melander, 1902: 319 (nom. nov. for cinerea Bigot ).

Empis bigoti : Coquillett, 1903: 265; Melander, 1965: 458 (catalogue); Yang et al., 2007: 131 (catalogue).

E. (Enoplempis) bigoti : Melander, 1928: 142 (assigned to subgenus Enoplempis ).

Empis bullifera Kessel & Kessel, 1951: 137 . Type locality: Novato, California, USA. syn. nov.

Type material examined. Enoplempis cinerea : HOLOTYPE ♂, labelled: “ Holo- / type [red-bordered circle]”; “ E. cinerea / EX COLL. BIGOT ”; “Genitalia/ removed and/ examined/ February 1979 / WJ Turner”; “ E. Cinerea . ♂ / California J. Bigot [header label]” ( OUMNH) [terminalia dissected; right midleg and both hindlegs broken off and glued to card beneath].

Empis bullifera : HOLOTYPE ♂, labelled: “Novato [38°06′N 122°34′W], Marin Co. / Cal. 4[April]-11- 51”; “ E.L. Kessel / Collector” “ HOLOTYPE &/ ALLOTYPE / Empis bullifera / Kessel & Kessel [pink label]”; “ California Academy/ of Sciences/ Type no. 6413” [♂ holotype, ♀ allotype, ♂ chironomid prey on balloon on separate paper points] ( CAS) . PARATYPES: USA. California: Same data as holotype (8♂, 8♀, mounted as pairs, with Chironomidae prey on balloon, CAS) ; same data as holotype (14♂, 14♀, mounted as pairs, with Psocoptera prey on balloon, CAS) ; same data as holotype (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair, with Araneae prey on balloon, CAS) ; same data except, 3.iv.1949 (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair, with Psocoptera prey on balloon, CAS) .

Additional material examined. USA. California: S. California (1♂, CUIC) [see E. aerobatica types]. Alameda County: Berkeley [37°52′N 122°16′W], 22.iv.1962, J. Doyen (2♂, EMEC) ; Hills back of Oakland [37°50′N 122°12′W], 13.v.1951, W.C. Bentinck (1♂, 1♀, EMEC) ; Strawberry Cyn [37°52′N 122°14′W], 16.v.1978, M.J. & C.A. Tauber (1♂ with Bibionidae prey, CUIC) ; Sunol Reg. Wilderness, along Indian Joe Ck [37°30ʹN 121°49ʹW], 29.iii.1979, DDW (1♂, CAS) . Amador County: 0.5 mi. W Fiddletown [38°30′N 120°45′W], 12.iii.1970, E.E. Grissell & R. F. Denno (1♂, UCDC) ; Plymouth , 5 mi. N [38°28′N 120°50′W], 21.iii.1962, Salix, JAP (2♂, 1♀, EMEC) . Butte County: Oroville [39°31′N 121°33′W], 19.iii.1928, H.H. Keifer (1♂, 1♀, CAS) . Calaveras County: Mokelumne Hill [38°18′N 120°42′W], Apr., F.E. Blaisdell (1♂, CAS) . Contra Costa County: Briones Dam [37°54′N 122°12′W], 22.iv.1984, JAP (1♂, mounted together with ♂ and ♀ Rhamphomyia scutellaris Coq. , as prey item, EMEC) ; Fish Ranch Cyn [37°51′N 122°13′W], 21.iv.1984, JAP (1♀, EMEC) ; same data except, 6.v.1989 (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with Bibionidae prey, EMEC) ; Lafayette [37°53′N 122°07′W], 6.iv.1968, D.D. Munroe (1♂, 1♀, CNC) ; Lafayette Reservoir [37°53′N 122°08′W], 15.iv.1980, J. Leibherr (1♂, EMEC) ; Mitchell Cyn [37°55′N 121°56′W], 21.iv.1956, D.J. Burdick (1♂ with Psocoptera prey on balloon EMEC) ; same data except, J.W. Tilden (3♀, CAS; 1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with Chironomidae prey, CAS; 6♂, 6♀, mounted as pairs, each with Psocoptera prey on balloon, CAS) ; Moraga [37°50′N 122°07′W], 24.iv.1966, D.G. Dennig (1♂, UCDC) ; same data except, 16.x.1966 (1♂, UCDC) ; Mt Diablo [37°52′N 121°54′W], 22.iv.1933 (1♂, UCDC) ; same data except, east side, 24.iii.1951, E. Schlinger (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with? Psocoptera prey, UCDC) ; same data except, Russelmann Pk , 6.iv.1962, JAP (1♂, 1♀, EMEC) ; Orinda, Tilden Pk [37°53′N 122°14′W], 15.iv.1986, D. Batzer (1♂, EMEC) ; Redwood Regional Pk [37°48′N 122°09′W], 29.iv.1975, Ceanothus, P. Rude (1♂, EMEC) ; Russell Tree Farm [37°55′N 122°09′W], 22.iv.1984, JAP (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with Tipulidae prey on balloon, EMEC) ; San Leandro Reservoir [37°48′N 122°06′W], 5.iv.1995, JAP (1♂ with Chironomidae prey on balloon, EMEC; 2♂, 2♀, mounted as pairs, each with Chironomidae prey on balloon, EMEC) . El Dorado County: Coloma , 4 mi. NW [38°49′N 120°56′W], 21.iii.1962, Salix, JAP (2♂, EMEC) ; El Dorado Hills [38°41′N 121°04′W], 20.iii.2001, in copula with balloon & prey, E.M. Fisher (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with Chironomidae prey on balloon, CNC) ; El Dorado Hills, 38°41′43″N 121°04′44″W, 222 m, 24.iii.2003, in copula, J. & A. Skevington (1♀, CNC; 4♂, 4♀, mounted as pairs with Aphidae , Chironomidae and Psocoptera prey on balloons, CNC) ; El Dorado Hills, New York Creek , 680 ft, 38°41′43″N 121°04′38″W, 29.iii.2002, E.M. Fisher (5♂, 7♀, CNC) ; same data except, 17.iii.2004, P.H. Kerr (2♂, CSCA) ; same data except, S.D. Gaimari (1♂ with Chironomidae prey on balloon, 1♂, 1♀, CSCA) ; same data except, 29.iii.2002, in copula with balloons and prey, E.M. Fisher (5♂, 5♀, mounted as pairs with Chironomidae, Psocoptera and Homoptera prey on balloons, CNC) ; same data except, 1.iv.2002 (5♂, 5♀, mounted as pairs with balloons and prey as above, CNC) ; same data except, 17.iii.2004, P.H. Kerr (5♂, 5♀, mounted as pairs with Chironomidae and Psocoptera prey on balloons, CSCA) ; same data except, S.D. Gaimari (2♂, 2♀, mounted as pairs with Chironomidae prey on balloons, CSCA) ; N end Lk. Folsom [38°45′N 121°08′W], 29.iv.1967, G.J. & A.D. Keuter (1♀, CAS) . Humboldt County: 2 mi. W Briceland [40°06′N 123°54′W], 21.v.1976, R. Wharton (1♂, EMEC) ; 5 mi. NW Briceland , 21.v.1975, solitary pair in wooded area open in sun 1230–1300 PDT, JAP (4♂, 4♀, mounted as pairs, two with Limoniidae prey on balloons, EMEC) . Kern County: Kern Co. (1♀, USNM) [see E. aerobatica types]; 3 mi. W Wofford Hts [35°42′N 118°27′W], 29.iv.1964, WJT (1♂, 1♀, EMEC) ; same data except, R. L. Langston (1♀, EMEC) ; same data except, C.A. Toschi (1♂, EMEC) ; same data except, 4200 ft, 14.iv.1965, Pinus sabiniana, WJT (1♀, EMEC) . Los Angeles County: Beverly Glen Cyn [34.10778°N 118.44472°W], Westwood Hills, 12.iv.1950 (1♂, LACM) ; Santa Monica Mts, Fryman Cyn [34°07′N 118°23′W], 22.iii.1993, R. Rifkind (1♂, 1♀, WFBM) ; Temescal Cyn [34°03′N 118°31′W], 7.iv.1977 (1♂, 1♀, LACM) . Marin County: same data as holotype except, Umdhelannyoni , 5.v.1951 (1♀, with Psocoptera prey on balloon, CAS) ; Dillon Beach [38°15′N 122°57′W], 15.v.1965, B.A. McKinley (1♂, CAS) ; Hicks Valley, Arroyo Sausal W of Point Reyes-Petaluma Rd [38°08′N 122°42′W], 14.iv.1984, flight trap in creek bed, 1345–1700 hours, PHA (1♂, USNM) ; Liberty Gulch nr Alpine Lk. [37°57′N 122°37′W], 640–900 ft, 19.iv.1975, JAP (2♂, 2♀, mounted as pairs with Chironomidae prey, EMEC) ; Lily Lk. nr Alpine Lk. [37°57′N 122°38′W], 680–720 ft, 20.iv.1974, E. Schlinger (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with Psocoptera prey, EMEC) ; Mill Valley [37°54′N 122°32′W], 29.iii.1926 (1♂, CAS) ; same data except, 21.iv.1926 (1♂, CAS) ; Mt Tamalpais [37°55′N 122°34′W], 26.v.1974, D.G. Denning (1♂, 2♀, UCDC) ; Phoenix Lk. [37°57′N 122°34′W], 28.iii.1926, H.H. Keifer (1♀ with Psocoptera prey on balloon, CAS) . Mendocino County: No. Cal. Coast Range Pres., 5 mi. N Branscomb , 24.v.1976, J. Chemsak (1♂ with Meghyperus prey on balloon, EMEC) ; same data except, 26.v.1976, JAP (1♂, EMEC) ; same data except, 26.v.1976, Ceanothus incanus (1♂, EMEC) ; Hopland [38°58′N 123°06′W], 3.iv.1968, D.D. Munroe (1♂, 1♀, CNC) ; U.C. Hopland Field Sta. [39°00′N 123°04′W], 3.iv.1968, JAP (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with Psocoptera prey on balloon, EMEC) ; Hopland Field Sta. Headquarters Lk., 900–1600 ft, 27.iv.1975 (1♂ with Psocoptera prey on balloon, 1♀, EMEC) . Monterey County: Arroyo Seco, The Lakes [36°14′N 121°28′W], 12.iv.1997, flight trap, Collection 01737-A, PHA & M.M. Arnaud (1♂, USNM) ; same data except, 24.iv. 1997, 880 ft, CollectionNo. 02194 (1♂, USNM) ; same data except, 25.iv.1997, CollectionNo. 02195 (1♂, USNM) . Napa County: Angwin [38°34′N 122°26′W], 29.iii.1971, Ceanothus, T. Griswold (1♂, 1♀, LACM) ; Butts Cyn , 13 km NW Pope Valley [38°42’N 122°25’W], 15.iv.1981, T. W. Davies (1♂, 3♀ CAS) ; same data except, 17.iv.1982 (5♂, 4♀, CAS) ; Monticello Dam [38.5133°N 122.1042°W], 23.iii.1970, Rhus trilobata, E.E. Grissell, R.F. Denno (1♂, 1♀, UCDC) ; Putah Cyn [38°37′N 122°17′W], 1.iv.1957, C.G. Moore (1♂, 1♀, UCDC) . Plumas County: Squirrel Ck 8 mi. E Quincy [39°56′N 120°56′W], 3900 ft, 15.v.1982, JAP (1♂, EMEC) . San Benito County: South of Hollister [36°51′N 121°24′W], Lime Kiln Cyn, 3.iv.1979, DDW (1♂, CAS) ; Paicines , 22 mi. ESE [36°37′N 120°57′W], 2.iii.1965, JAP (1♀, EMEC) ; 5 mi. SW Paicines, Lime Kiln Rd [36°41′N 121°20′W], 24.iii.1966, R. L. Langston (1♂, 1♀, EMEC) . San Bernardino County: San Bernardino Mts, Barton Flats [34°10′N 116°51′W], 17.vi.1955, MEL (1♂, USNM) ; Camp Angelus ( Angelus Oaks ) [34°8′N 116°58′W], 26.v.1947, ALM (1♀, USNM) ; same data except, white Ceanothus (1♂, USNM) ; Tetley Pk ( Tetley’s Mountain Camp) [34.246°N, 117.309°W], 15.v.1937, on Salix laevigata and at flws of apple, P.H. Timberlake (4♂, 3♀, UCRC) ; Upper Santa Ana River [34°10ʹN 116°49ʹW], 8.vi.1955, ALM (1♀, USNM) . San Mateo County: Skyline Blvd nr La Honda Rd [37°23′N 122°15′W], 20.v.1949, PHA (2♂, 1♀, USNM) ; Redwood City [37°28′N 122°14′W], 7.iii.1959, coll. at about 1:40 pm in sunshine nr Quercus agrifolia foliage, only saw balloon but netted a ♂, ♀ & balloon, PHA (1♂ with Psocoptera prey on balloon, USNM) ; Redwood City, 1032 Wilmington Way , 25.iii.1979, PHA (1♂, 1♀) . Santa Clara County : Santa Cruz Mts [37°06′N 121°50′W], 8.v.1910, W.M. Mann (1♂, USNM) ; Stanford Univ., Campus Experimental Area [37°25′N 122°10′W], 1969–1970, A. R. Moldenke (2♂, 6♀, CAS) . Santa Cruz County: 3 mi. N Soquel [36°59′N 121°56′W], 24.iv.1970, JAP (1♂, EMEC) . Solano County: Cold Cyn Reserve [38°30′N 122°5′W], 17–18.iv.1982, L.G. Bezark (3♂, 3♀, mounted as pairs, three with Psocoptera prey, CNC) ; same data except, 9.iv.1983, H. Eichenseer, Ent 106 No 123 (1♀, UCDC) ; same data except, 6.iv.1985, S.M. Normington, Ent 106 No 74, 75, 139 (1♂, 2♀, UCDC) ; same data except, 6.iv.1985, S.E. Wonderlick, Ent 106 No 202, 203 (1♂, 1♀, UCDC) ; same data except, 11 km W Winters , 18.iii.1992, S.L. Heydon, G-L. Chen (1♂, UCDC) ; Mix Cyn [38°24′N 122°04′W], 25.iv.1968, E.E. Grissell (1♂, UCDC) ; 8 mi. W Winters [38°30′N 122°05′W], 14.iii.1964, F.D. Parker (3♂, 3♀, mounted as pairs, two with Tipulidae and Psocoptera prey on balloons, UCDC) . Sonoma County: Annadel SP, 0.9 km from parking lot Richardson Tr., 38°26.11ʹN 122°36.67ʹW, 220 m, 6m MT, 18.iii–2.v.2008, P. Kerr, CSCA08 L283 (2♂, 1♀, CSCA) ; Healdsburg [38°37N 122°51′W], 700 ft, 14.iv.1974, G. Pereira (1♂, CAS) ; Sonoma [38°17′N 122°27′W], 2.iv.1961, D.Q. Cavagnaro (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with Psocoptera prey on balloon, UCDC) . Stanislaus County: Adobe Ck [37°23′N 121°22′W], 17.iii.1948, P.D. Hurd (1♂, USNM) ; Del Puerto Cyn [37°25ʹN 121°22ʹW], 2.iv.1980, T. W. Davies (1♂, 1♀, CAS) ; same data except, at N Fork, 900–1200 ft, 8.iv.1978 (2♂, 2♀, mounted as pairs with balloons, EMEC) ; Del Puerto Cyn , 21 mi. W Patterson, 27.ii.1965, R. L. Langston (2♂, 1♀, EMEC) ; same data except, 12.iii.1966, with bubble (1♀, EMEC) ; Del Puerto Cyn , 23 mi. W Patterson, 9.iv.1967, P.A. Opler (1♂, 1♀, EMEC) ; same data except, 25.iii.1969, flying in shade nr crk 2:30 pm, JAP (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with Rhamphomyia sp. prey on balloon, EMEC) ; Frank Raines Pk, Del Puerto Cyn , 11.iv.1978, DDW (2♂, 1♀, CAS) ; same data except, 31.iii.1979, T.W. Davies (4♂, CAS) . Tulare County: 0.5 mi. SE Ash Mtn Seq. NP HQ [36°29′N 118°49′W], 4.ii.1984, flume debris trap, R.D. Haines (1♂, CSCA) ; Johnsondale , 2 mi. E [35°58ʹN 118°30ʹW], 27.iv.1964, R. L. Langston (1♂, 1♀, EMEC) ; same data except, C.A. Toschi (1♀, EMEC) ; same data except, Salix, P. Rude (1♀, EMEC) ; same data except, JAP (2♂, EMEC) ; Potwisha , 3 mi. NE Ash Mtn [36°31ʹN 118°48ʹW], 4.v.1979, M. Buegler (2♂, 2♀, mounted as pairs, one with Aphidae prey on balloon, EMEC) ; same data except, 2000 ft, isolated pair mating in flight with small frothy balloon and tiny prey affixed in shade of woods, 10:30, JAP (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair, EMEC) ; 10 mi. SE Three Rivers, S Fork Kaweah R [36°21ʹN 118°45ʹW], 2800 ft, 3.v.1979 (1♂, 1♀, mounted as pair with prey fragments on balloon, EMEC) . Ventura County: N end of Casitas Res. [34°25ʹN 119°20ʹW], 15.iii.1967, P.A. Opler (1♂, EMEC) . Yolo County: Rumsey [38°53′N 122°14′W], 7.iv.1971, B.K. Rolfs, Ent 105 No 152 (1♂, UCDC) .

Possible additional material (unassociated females). USA. California: Nevada County : Truckee [39°20′N 120°12′W], 17.vi.1927, E.P. Van Duzee (1♀, CAS) . San Diego County: El Cajon [32°47′N 116°57′W], 25.iii.1947, ALM (1♀, USNM) ; same data except, 23.iv.1946 (1♀, USNM) . San Luis Obispo County: 3 mi. W Paso Robles [35°38′27″N 120°39′14″W], 13.iii.1969, JAP (2♀, EMEC) . Santa Clara County : 3 mi. W New Almaden, Herbert Ck [37°09′N 121°51′W], 20.iv.1966, JAP (1♀, EMEC) ; Stanford U. [37°25′N 122°10′W], 13.ii.1951, PHA (1♀, UCDC) .

Diagnosis. This species is distinguished from other species of the E. (En.) bigoti species group by the narrow, shiny anterior and posterior bands on the abdominal tergites of both sexes, male hind femur with low ventral lobe ( Fig. 47 ), upper section of phallus strongly bent and sinuous, and apex of basal section of phallus rounded, not projecting beyond base of upper section.

Redescription. Wing length 4.9–5.9 mm. Male. Similar to E. (En.) aerobatica , except as follows: head with antenna bearing long postpedicel, gradually tapered, 4–6× longer than basal width.

Thorax similarly coloured and patterned. Postpronotum with 1 strong, short seta and several short, dark setae; 1 psut spal. Scutellum with 2–3 pairs of very short sctl setulae to stronger, short setae.

Legs slender, short, femora orange to brownish, usually darker apically, especially on hind femur; tibiae usually darker, tarsi usually brown; coxae orange in ground colour, clothed in dense greyish pruinescence, concolourous with pleura or with coxae mostly orange with thin bluish pruinescence. Fore tibia usually without distinct erect anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae. Mid tibia often with 3–4 anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae. Hind femur with short, setal tufted anteroventral process, sometimes setal tuft arising from swelling, or setae not as concentrated; medial lobe low, divided medially into variably sized lateral lobe; between tufted process and apex usually row of long narrow or thickened setae, sometimes with inner row of thicker, shorter, hooked-tipped setae; apex with preapical row of 7–8 black posterior setae, some thickened, nearly longer than width of femur; preapical anterior seta not developed ( Figs 46, 47 ). Hind tibia with proximal half straight, anteroventral digitiform process on basal quarter, slightly proximal to process of femur (when legs folded), with black setae on inner margin, shorter than length of process; row of erect, strong anterior setae proximal to anteroventral process; posteroventrally with broad, triangular process opposite medial process of femur, with long, black lateral and apical setae, longer than process, with anterior base with dense pruinescence; usually with 3–4 strong, black anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae, shorter than width of tibia ( Figs 46, 47 ).

Terminalia ( Fig. 53 ): dark brown with hypandrium and phallus shiny orange brown. Cercus shorter than epandrium, subrectangular; base of cercus fused with epandrium; dorsal margin straight; apex rounded; setae shorter than half width of cercus. Subepandrial process extending to either side of phallus. Epandrial lamella linear, longer than height; posterior margin truncate with short, up-turned dorsal margin; setae similar in length to cercal setae. Hypandrium long, with truncate apical margin; without setae; base with microtrichia. Phallus with basal half expanded beyond basal curve, not projecting beyond base of apical section; apical half arising posterolaterally from basal section, creating expanded section, sharply bent at nearly 90°, sinuous; apex not emerging beyond cercus; ejaculatory apodeme less than half-length of epandrium, T-shaped, with lateral apodemes on lower third.

Female. Similar to male, except as follows: frons slightly broader; hindleg without modified setae and processes. Abdominal pleural membrane not expanded; tergites 7 and 8 pubescent, sternite 8 shiny on anterior half.

Geographical distribution and seasonal occurrence ( Fig. 80 ). Empis (En.) bigoti is known from California. Adults have been collected from February to June.

Nuptial gift presentation. The balloons of E. (En.) bigoti that males present to females, are of moderate size (slightly smaller than E. (En.) aerobatica ) and contain relatively large prey items, which the female apparently consumes ( Kessel & Kessel 1951, reported on as E. (En.) bullifera ) ( Figs 10, 11 ). The material examined above includes balloons with prey items attached ranging from flies (tipulids, limoniids, chironomids, bibionids, empidoids) to Psocoptera and Sternorrhyncha, including Aphidae . Unlike E. (En.) aerobatica , the balloons do not deteriorate or collapse after collection ( Kessel & Kessel 1951). The balloons appear to be of similar structure to that of E. (En.) aerobatica , both hollow with a circular opening. In contrast, the balloon of E. (En.) bigoti appears more spherical in shape rather than cylindrical ( Figs 3 , 6, 9–11 ).

Remarks. Kessel & Kessel (1951) considered E. (En.) bullifera distinct from E. aerobatica , which is true, but E. (En.) bigoti (as cinerea ) was inadequately recognized at the time. The variation in leg colouration and setation for E. (En.) bullifera falls within the concept of E. bigoti .

Among the material examined of this species is a male specimen mounted together with a male and female specimen of the much larger species, Rhamphomyia scutellaris Coquillett. Although no additional information is provided on the locality label, it is presumed that the Rhamphomyia specimens represent a mating pair and the male E. (En.) bigoti was the nuptial gift.

Two male specimens [Mendocino County: NCCRP, 3 mi. N Branscomb [39°42′N 123°39′W], 1400 ft, 17.v.1975, R. Bravo (1♂, EMEC); same data except, C. Pyle (1♂, EMEC)] appear very similar to E. (En.) bigoti , but differ by the bright yellowish legs, longer wings (6.5–7.0 mm), and base of apical section of phallus folded at top of basal section. These specimens may not be conspecific with E. (En.) bigoti , but additional sampling in the sampled locality is required for further assessment of this possible variability .

Figures

FIGURES 1–3. Empis (Enoplempis) species in situ. 1, E. (En.) sp. in manca species group, on leaf of Actostaphylos purissima P.V. Wells in Santa Barbara Co., California (photograph by Alice Abela); 2, E. (En.) multifaria sp. nov., on flower of Nemophila menziesii Hooker & Arnott in Santa Clara Co., California (photograph by Robin Gwen Agarwal); 3, E. (En.) bigoti Melander, flying mating pair (male on top) with balloon in Contra Costa Co., California (photograph by Ken-ichi Ueda).

FIGURES 6–14. Balloons of E. (Enoplempis) species. 6, E. (En.) bigoti Melander (New York Creek, California), mating pair collected with balloon, prey: Psocoptera; 7, E. (En.) aerobatica Melander (3 mi. S Helmer, Idaho), prey: Chloropidae; 8, same, prey: Psyllidae; 9, E. (En.) bigoti Melander (New York Creek, California), prey: Psocoptera; 10, same, paratype of E. bullifera Kessel & Kessel (Novato, California), prey: Chironomidae; 11, same, opposite end of balloon; 12, E. (En.) geneatis (Melander) (Briones Reg. Pk, California), prey: Sciaridae; 13, same (Mill Valley, California), prey: Chalcidoidea; 14, E. (En.) vockerothi Cumming, empty prey-less balloon (Hocking Co., Ohio). Balloons all at same scale, except E. (En.) vockerothi.

FIGURES 46–51. Male habitus, thorax and hindleg of the E. (Enoplempis) bigoti species group. 46, E. (En.) bigoti Melander, hind femur tibia joint, anterior view; 47, same, hind femur tibia joint, posterior view; 48, E. (En.) collinsi sp. nov., male habitus (holotype), lateral view; 49, same, head and thorax, dorsal view; 50, same, hind femur tibia joint, anterior view; 51, same, hind femur tibia joint, posterior view.

FIGURES 52–53. Male terminalia of the E. (Enoplempis) bigoti species group, lateral view. 52, E. (En.) aerobatica Melander; 53, E. (En.) bigoti Melander.

FIGURES 80–81. Known geographical distribution of the E. (Enoplempis) bigoti species group. 80, E. (En.) bigoti Melander, E. (En.) paraerobatica sp. nov. and E. (En.) podagra Melander; 81, E. (En.) collinsi sp. nov., E. (En.) montgomeryi sp. nov. and E. (En.) multifaria sp. nov.