Dicksonia karsteniana, VAR. KARSTENIANA

Noben, Sarah, Kessler, Michael, Weigand, Anna, Tejedor, Adrian, Rodr´, Wilson D., Gallego, Luis Fernando Giraldo & Lehnert, Marcus, 2018, A Taxonomic and Biogeographic Reappraisal of the Genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the Neotropics, Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 43 (4), pp. 839-857 : 849-850

1.1 DICKSONIA KARSTENIANA VAR. KARSTENIANA

Trunks to 10 m tall, skirt of dead fronds well developed; petioles with dark reddish brown setiform hairs well developed, covering a paler (white or orange) woolly undercoat; hairs adaxially on frond axes dark red-brown to blackish, atrorsely curved, ± appressed, frond axes abaxially covered with matted white hairs when young, soon glabrescent with remnants of cobwebby hairs in the axils, abaxially with few spreading hairs on costules and midveins, sparse to absent elsewhere; sori 1.5–2.0 mm diam. Figures 1H , 5A .

Distribution and Habitat —Range of the species. Cool mountain rainforest to elfin forests at (1400–) 1800–3100 m ( Fig. 6 ).

Selected Specimens Examined — Costa Rica.— CARTAGO: Cordillera de Talamanca, ridge heading northward from continental divide east of Quebrada Siberia , ca. 2 km east of Villa Mills , 09°33–34’N, 83°42’W, 2600–2750 m, 18 Feb 1986, M.H. Grayum, J. Dicke 6582 ( MO) .— LIMÓN: Cerro Hoffman, Parque Internacional La Amistad, Valle de Silencio , 09°08’N, 82°58’W, 2350–2450 m, 08 Sep 1984, G. Davidse, Ch. Herrera, M. H. Grayum 28643 ( MO) ; Atlantic slope, Valle de Silencio, along the R´ıo Terbi , 0.5– 1.5 airline km W of the Costa Rican-Panamanian border, 09°08’N, 82°57’W, 2300–2400 m, G. Davidse, Ch. Herrera, M. H. Grayum 28714 ( MO) .— PUNTARENAS: 09°07 ' 15"N, 82°57 ' 55"W, 2500 m, 14 Apr 1996, F. A. Quesada, M. Moraga, A. Rojas 1406 ( MO) . Colombia. — ANTIOQUIA: Belmira , Alto del Yerbal , 06°38 ' 0.4"N, 75°41 ' 59" W, 2700 m, 16 Feb 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ıa 1907 ( HUA, JAUM) ; Envigado, parcelación Talabera del Bosque , 06°07 ' 22"N, 75°32 ' 38"W, 2550 m, 25 Jan 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ıa 1899 ( HUA, JAUM) ; Jard´ın, Cuchilla de Ventanas , Alto de Ventanas, sobre la v´ıa, 05°30 ' 12"N, 75°52 ' 07" W, 2560 m, 9 Jun 2000, F. Giraldo and S. Mej´ ıa 2125 ( HUA, JAUM) ; Vereda Quebrada Bonita, sector Alto de Ventanas , 05°32 ' 30"N, 75°48 ' 27"W, 2870 m, 12 Jan 2007, W. Rodriguez et al. 4997 ( HUA) ; San José de la Monta ~ na, Vda El Caribe, Finca Casita Vieja , 06°41 ' 29"N, 75°40 ' 50" W, 2980 m, 25 Jul 2002, W. Rodriguez el al. 3555 ( COL, HUA, JAUM) .— BOYACÁ: Duitama, Correg. El Carmen, vereda Santa Elena , finca La Sierra , 05°50 ' 05"N, 73°00 ' 44"W, 2700 m, 08 Nov 1993, J. Betancur et al. 4220 ( HUA, COL) .— CALDAS: Corregimiento de San Félix, sector La Samaria , 05°25 ' 08"N, 75°20 ' 09"W, 2945 m, 25 Aug 2009, D. Sanin 3436 ( HUA, FAUC) .— HUILA: Pitalito , 01°52 ' 17"N, 76°02 ' 23"W, 1300 m, Jan 1943, R. E. Schultes, M. Villareal 5252 ( MO) . MAGDALENA: Cordillera Oriental Sierra de Perija , 10°08 ' 06"N, 73°00 ' 05" W, 2375 m, 02 Feb 1945, M. Grant 10765 ( HUA, COL) .— NORTE DE SANTANDER: Pamplona, Páramo de Fontibón , 07°21 ' 12"N, 72°38 ' 56"W, 2450 m, 20 Feb 1939, A. H. G. Alston 7160 ( MO) .— PUTUMAYO: Alta Cuenca del R´ıo Putumayo, Valle de Sibundoy , lado Sur , 2200 m, 03 Jan 1941, J. Cuatrecasas 11673 ( COL) .— SANTANDER: California , 07°22 ' 36"N, 72°56 ' 42"W, 1700–2950 m, 19 Jan 2013, J. Calle et al. 461 ( HUA) ; Charta, Carretera hacia el Roble , 07°15 ' 39"N, 72°56 ' 29"W, 2900 m, 26 Mar 1987, C. Orozco et al. 4575 ( COL, HUA) . Venezuela. — ARAGUA: Type of Dicksonia karsteniana . TACHIRA: Faldas debajo del Páramo de Tamá, cerca la frontera Colombo-Venezolana , [ca. 07°25’N, 72°21’W] 2475–2550 m, 18–20 May 1967, J. A. Steyermark, G. C. K Dunsterville, and E. Dunsterville 98355 ( COL) ; Junin, Betanida, Pico de Vela , 2400 m, 19 Aug 1980, F. Delascio-Ch.9063 ( UC) .— SUCRE: Cerro Turimuquire, N facing slopes between La Trinidad and Quebrada El Boqueron SW of Cocoilar, 1700–1840 m, 03 May 1945, J. A. Steyermark 62468 ( K) .— VARGAS: Cordillera de la Costa , Serrania del Litoral, Monumento Natural Pico Codazzi , Carretera Arco de la Colonia Tovar , Pto. Cruz , 2.5 km desde el Arco, SE del centro turistico Villa Bahareque , margenes de la quebrada la fuente entre alto lagunazo y villa Bahareque 6, 07°13.5 ' W, 10°26’N, 1850–1950 m, Aug 1999, J. Mostacero and R. Castillo 275 ( UC) . Ecuador. — CARCHI: Huaca , 00°37 ' 52"N, 77°43 ' 36"W, 3100–3200 m, 19 Feb 1989, H. van der Werff, W. Palacios 10602 ( MO) .— COTOPAXI: Sigchos , 00°36 ' 00"S, 78°50 ' 27"W, 3176 m, 23 Jul 2003, J. Ramos, L. Ramos, R. Tigse 6423 ( UC) .— MORONA-SANTIAGO: Gualaceo , 03°00 ' 28"S, 078°38 ' 36"W, 3074 m, 10 Aug 2002, T. B. Croat, L. Hannon, P. Schmidt 86411 ( MO) ; Gualaquiza , 03°29’S, 78°14’W, 1510 m, 18 July1993, A. Gentry 80042 ( MO) .— TUNGURAHUA: R´ıo Zu~ nac Reserve of Fundación EcoMinga , adjacent to Llanganates National Park , ca. 5 km N of Banos-Mera ~ highway, upper watershed of R´ıo Zunac ~, 01°22 ' 06"S, 078°08 ' 59"W, 2000 m, 09 May 2014, J.L. Clark, D.A. Neill and L. Clavijo 14201 ( ECUAMZ) .— ZAMORA-CHINCHIPE: Tapichalaca , 04°29´S, 79°07´W, 2370 m, 10 Oct 2003, M. Lehnert 1000 ( GOET, UC) . Peru. — AMAZONAS: Chachapoyas, Carretera Chachapoyas - Mendoza, km 51 de Chachapoyas , 9 km detrás de Molinopampa , 06°14.26’S, 77°35.96’W, 2700 m, 04 Aug 2002, M. Lehnert 233 ( GOET, UC, USM) .— CUZCO: LA Convención, Quellouno, 12°35 ' 34"S, 72°13 ' 49"W, 2346 m, 24 Aug 2007, L. Valenzuela 10177 ( AMAZ n.v., CUZ, HUT n.v., MO, USM) ; Urubamba , 13°03’S, 72°22’W, 3100 m, 16 October 2002, M. Lehnert 433 ( GOET, UC, USM) .— PASCO: Oxapampa, Dist. Huancabamba, sector Quebrada Yanachaga ( P. N. Yanachaga-Chemillen ), 10°22 ' 46"S, 75°27 ' 43"W, 2910 m, 14 Feb 2004, L. Franco Mellado N. 0607 ( MO) . Bolivia. — COCHABAMBA: Carrasco, 17°50’S, 64°42’W, 2600 m, 05 Mar 1988, M. Nee, J. Solomon, T. Ruiz de Centurion, M. Saladias 36507 ( UC) ; Chapare, entre Villa Tunari y Cochabamba , detras Corani , 17°11’S, 65°54’W, 2800 m, 09 Sep 2000, M. Lehnert 60 ( GOET, LPB, UC), entre Villa Tunari y Cochabamba, km 389, 17°12’S, 65°50’W, 2500 m, 09 Sep 2000, M. Lehnert 68 ( GOET, LPB, UC) .— LA PAZ: Franz Tamayo, Madidi , 14°37’S, 068°57’W, 2420 m, 31 Oct2001, I. Jiménez 690 ( LPB) ; Sur Yungas, Chulumani, sendero de Huncané á San Ignacio , 16°21.6’S, 67°31.1’W, 2400 m, 21 Dec 2002, M. Lehnert 543 ( GOET, LPB, UC) .— SANTA CRUZ: Valle Grande , 18°43’S, 63°54’W, 2100 m, 07 June 1996, M. Kessler 6345 ( LPB, UC) .

Notes —We include in Dicksonia karsteniana var. karsteniana one precociously fertile plant from Colombia, Prov. Narino ~ (L.E. Mora 4469, COL). This plant grew presumably in the open along the road, but it is not reported whether it had already developed a trunk or not. The two bipinnnate-pinnatifid fronds measure 62 X 10 cm and 70 X 13 cm including 20 cm and 18 cm petiole, respectively, and appear more like pinnae of a regular-sized frond. The glabrescent fronds show the typical hairy indument with a well-developed undercoat at the petiole base, and the sori are relatively large (1.4–1.8 mm wide), both features speaking more for var. karsteniana than var. spruceana .

Figures

FIG. 1. Important characters of Andean Dicksonia in the field. A–C. Trunk and leaf arrangement of plants growing outside the forest. A. Dicksonia lehnertiana, short trunks ca. 0.8 m tall, no skirt of old fronds (Anori, Dept. Antioquia, Colombia). B. Dicksonia karsteniana var. arachneosa, trunks ca. 1.7 m tall, with skirt of old fronds (La Cocha, Dept. Nar~ no, Colombia). C. Dicksonia stuebelii, trunks 2–3.6 m tall, fronds characteristically erect, dead fronds persisting but not forming skirt (Colan, Dept.Amazonas, Peru).D–I. Hairs on petioles.D.Spreading bristly hairs, D.lehnertiana (Yarumal, Dept.Antioquia, Colombia). E. Matted hairs, paler undercoat exposed by emerging adventitious buds, D. navarrensis (Dept. Caldas, Colombia). F. Thick white undercoat with longer darker hairs emerging, D. karsteniana var. arachneosa (La Cocha, Dept. Nari~ no, Colombia). G. Woolly hairs, left D. karsteniana var. arachneosa (or probable hybrid) with D. stuebelii, right (Molinopampa, Prov. Amazonas, Peru). H. Spreading soft hairs, undercoat weakly developed to absent, D. karsteniana var. spruceana. I–J. Adventitious buds I. Buds with small coiled-up croziers (dashed circles), at base of rotting petiole still attached to trunk (right), D. navarrensis (Colombia). J. Small plant from such a bud growing in root mantle of mother plant, D. navarrensis (Panama). All pictures © M. Lehnert except for C, © A. Tejedor.

FIG. 5. Important characters of Neotropical Dicksonia. A. Dicksonia karsteniana var. karsteniana. (A1 from Lehnert 1000, GOET; A2, A4 from Mostacero and Castillo 275, UC, from locus classicus of the species; A3 from Delascio-Ch. 9063, UC). B. Dicksonia karsteniana var. arachneosa. (B1, B4 from Lehnert 2323, STU; B2 from Cumbicus et al. 457, STU). C. Dicksonia karsteniana var. spruceana. (C1, C2 from lectotype, Spruce 4728, K; C3, C4 from Quipuscoa et al. 2630, UC). D. Dicksonia navarrensis.(D1–D4 from Lehnert 3493 with Tejedor, BONN). A1–D1. Petioles, showing lower parts, either with spreading hairs (A1–C1) and varying undercoat (well developed in B1), or all hairs matted (D1). Lowest pinnae tapering, often reaching down to petiole base (A1), may be substituted for adventitious buds (D1). A2–D2. Pinnules, adaxially (not shown for B).Large ones (A2, D2) showing typical form with slightly asymmetric base, which may be more notable in smaller pinnules from pinna apex (C2). A3–D3. Sterile segments, abaxially. A4–D4. Fertile segments, abaxially.

FIG.6. Distribution of Dicksonia in South America. A. Dicksonia karsteniana (squares), D.sellowiana (dots). Inset: varieties of D. karsteniana, var. arachenosa (triangles), var. spruceana (asterisks). B. Dicksonia lehnertiana (crossed circle), D. navarrensis (triangles), D. stuebelii (stars; occurrence in northern Colombia).