Petalolyma nigra Yang, 1984

Liao, Yi-Chang, Burckhardt, Daniel & Yang, Man-Miao, 2024, Fig. 12. Neocaridina koreana Kubo, 1938 in Fig. 4. A in Positive association between PTN polymorphisms and schizophrenia in Northeast Chinese Han population., Zoological Studies 63 (28), pp. 141-149 : 8-10

Petalolyma nigra Yang, 1984 ( Figs. 1E, F , 2Q )

Petalolyma nigra Yang, 1984: 237 .

Material examined: Taiwan: Holotype ò, Taichung, Anmashan, 22-VII-1982 (C. T. Yang) ( NCHU, slides); 1 ñ, Nantou, Chiehitashan, 14-VI-1987 (I. C. Hsu) ( NCHU, dry); 2 ñ, Nantou, Meifeng , 2150 m, 24–26-VI-1981 (K. S. Lin & W. S. Tang) ( TARI, dry); 1 ñ, same but 15-VII-1982 (S. C. Lin & C. N. Lin) ( TARI, dry); 1 ò 2 ñ, Hsinchu, Beidelaman, 30-IV-2011 (C. T. Tang) ( NCHU, dry, glycerol)

Description: Male. Yang (1984), Yang et al. (2013). Member of the divisa species group.

Female: Female terminalia ( Fig. 2Q ) cuneate. Proctiger 0.9 times as long as head width; dorsal margin, in lateral view, almost straight distal to circumanal ring except for apex which is slightly downcurved and subacute; beset with long setae in basal third laterally, very long setae in median third and short setae in apical third. Circumanal ring cruciform in dorsal view, 0.5 times as long as proctiger; consisting of a single row of elongate pores. Subgenital plate irregularly triangular in lateral view, 0.3 times as long as proctiger; ventral margin weakly concave; apex truncate; beset with long hairs. Dorsal valvula cuneate; dorsal margin has small dorsal nick. Ventral valvula straight with about 10 dorsal teeth. Lateral valvula membranous, irregularly rounded apically.

Fifth instar immature: Unknown.

Distribution: Taiwan (Nantou) (Yang 1984; Yang et al. 2013).

Host plant: Unknown.

Petalolyma vittata Liao & Burckhardt , sp. nov. ( Figs. 1A, K–N , 2A, C, E, G, M, J, P , 3 ) urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E3E03DF3-BCC8-47E2-A117-43BF9772BB4F

Material examined: Holotype ò, Taiwan: Nantou, Mt. Beidongyen , 24°04'.33.2"N, 121°08'04.8''E, 1940 m, 25-I-2017, Ilex ficoidea (Y. C. Liao & C. Y. Chien) ( NCHU, dry).

Paratypes: Taiwan: 7 ò, 7 ñ, same data as holotype but ( NCHU, NMNS, NHMB, dry, glycerol, slide); 1 ñ, same but 18-II-2014, Ilex ficoidea (Y. C. Liao) ( NCHU, dry); 6 ò, 3 ñ, 4 immatures, same but 19-I-2017, Ilex ficoidea (Y. C. Liao) ( NCHU, 70% ethanol); 6 ò 3 ñ, 5 immatures, same but 17-II-2017, Ilex ficoidea (Y. C. Liao) ( NCHU, 70% ethanol).

Material not included in type series: Taiwan: adult ( NCHU, 70% ethanol), New Taipei, Yulu (Fish Road) Historical Trail, 27-I-2005, Ilex ficoidea (M. M. Yang, M. F. Lou & C. C. Shen) GA 050127-4; empty gall, Taichung, Mt. Daxue 20K, 8-IX-2008, Ilex ficoidea (C. T. Tang) GA 080908-4; early instar immatures extracted from galls, Hsinchu, Rubi, 24°39'59.4"N, 121°16'46.1"E, 1420 m, 12-VIII-2011 (Y. C. Liao) ( NCHU, 70% ethanol); same but Hsinchu, Beidelaman, 24°44'15.7"N, 121°16'58.8"E, 1160 m, (Y. C. Liao) ( NCHU, 70% ethanol); same but Taichung, Mt. Daxue: 32 K, 24°13'34.0"N, 120°58'20.9"E, 1970 m, 3-V-2012 (Y. C. Liao) ( NCHU, 70% ethanol); same but 14-X-2018, (Y. C. Liao) ( NCHU, 70% ethanol).

Description: Adult: Colouration ( Figs. 1A, K– N , 3A ). Body and head greenish brown. Antenna light yellow with apical two segments black. Thorax yellowish brown. Mesopraescutum with two black markings. Mesoscutum with four black longitudinal stripes. Pro- and mesotibia yellow. Forewing hyaline, with a dark brown patch at the apex of cell c+sc and a broad dark brown band along anal margin stretching from anal break to apex. Hindwing hyaline. Abdomen brown.

Structure: A member of the lii species group. Body ( Fig. 1K–N ) length 6.0–7.0 mm. Vertex 1.5–1.6 times as wide as long; genal process ( Fig. 2A ) 1.0–1.1 times as long as vertex along midline, bearing long hairs. Antenna slender, 1.6 times as long as head width, sparsely covered with long setae; relative length of flagellar segment as 1.0: 0.5: 0.5: 0.5: 0.4: 0.4: 0.2: 0.2. Thorax covered with long setae. Metatibia 0.8–1.0 times as long as head width; metacoxa with thumblike meracanthus ( Fig. 2E ). Forewing ( Fig. 1A ) oval, 2.6–2.7 times as long as wide, 5.2–6.0 times as long as head width, widest in the middle, subacute subapically; veins sparsely beset with long setae; relative length of veins M 1+2, M 3+4, Cu and Cu 2 as 6.0: 2.0: 7.6: 1.5. Male proctiger ( Fig. 2G ) 0.4 times as long as head width, thick, in lateral view, weakly sinuate anteriorly, strongly produced posteriorly; subgenital plate ( Fig. 2G ) subglobular; paramere longer than proctiger, narrowly lamellar, truncate apically, almost straight anteriorly, incised subapically, truncate apically, slightly wavy posteriorly; distal segment of aedeagus ( Fig. 2M ) straight basally, weakly dilated and curved in apical third. Female proctiger ( Fig. 2P ) 0.9–1.0 times as long as head width, in lateral view, longer than subgenital plate, strongly narrowing and curved downward at apical quarter; rhomboidal in dorsal view; anus cruciform in dorsal view, almost half as long as proctiger; subgenital plate cuneate, acute at apex.

Measurements in mm (7 ò, 7ñ): Head width 0.90–1.05; antennal length 1.40–1.65; metatibia length 0.80–0.93; forewing length 5.13–6.19; paramere length 0.43; length of distal aedeagal segment 0.43–0.45; female proctiger length 0.85–0.93; female subgenital plate length 0.50–0.53; length of female circumanal ring 0.38.

Fifth instar immature ( Fig. 3B–G ): Colouration. Head and body pale green. Antenna and wing pads brown.

Structure: Body 1.5 times as long as wide. Antenna 0.7 times as long as forewing pad; relative length of antennal segments 3–8 as 1.0: 0.8: 0.7: 0.8: 0.7: 1.8, segments 3–7 each bear a long, simple dorsal and ventral seta, segment 3 bears two dorsal and one ventral long simple setae. Small and very slender, apically blunt sectasetae on forewing pad covering a relatively broad band along lateral margin. Tibiotarsus longer than femur. Abdominal margin bearing two short sclerotised spurs apically.

Measurements in mm (3 immatures): Body length 2.98–3.23; body width 2.05–2.20; antenna length 0.98– 1.05; metatibiotarsus length 0.65–0.70; forewing pad length 1.55–1.58; caudal plate length 0.98–1.08; caudal plate width 1.30–1.43; circumanal ring width 0.23–0.28.

Etymology: From Latin vittatus = wearing or carrying a band or ribbon, referring to the dark brown stripe on the forewing.

Distribution: Taiwan (Nantou, Taichung, Hsinchu).

Host plant: Ilex ficoidea Hemsl. ( Aquifoliaceae ), a common species in forests at mid-elevation in Taiwan.

Biological notes: This species is univoltine and lives in mountain habitats from 1500 to 2000 m. Adults emerge from the end of January to mid-February. The immatures induce a marginal fold producing a closed gall on the leaves. Each gall contains a single immature. When the final instar is ready to hatch, the gall unrolls and the immature leaves the gall and emerges.

Comments: Petalolyma vittata Liao & Burckhardt , sp. nov. differs from other congeners in the combination of a dark brown band on the forewing, the pointed forewing and the small forewing cells m 1 and cu 1. It can be distinguished from other Taiwanese species according to the key.

Figures

Fig. 1. Forewing (A–E) and habitus (F–N) of Petalolyma spp. A, K–N. P. vittata Liao and Burckhardt, sp. nov. B, G, H. P. lii Liao and Burckhardt, nomen nov. C, D, I, J. P. formosana. E, F. P. nigra. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 2. Head (A, B), antennae (C, D), hindlegs (E, F), male terminalia (G–I), male paramere (J–L), distal segment of aedeagus (M–O), female terminalia (P, Q) of Petalolyma spp. A, C, E, G, M, J, P. P. vittata Liao and Burckhardt, sp. nov. B, D, F, H, N, K. P. lii Liao and Burckhardt, nomen nov. I, L, O. P. formosana. Q. P. nigra. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3. Habitus and immature of P. vittata Liao and Burckhardt, sp. nov. A, male. B, last instar immature in a gall. C, plant galls. D, immature. E, arolium. F, circumanal ring. G, sectasetae on forewing pad. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.