Acanthoecia larminati, Heylaerts, 1904
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.71.23 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B287CC-2005-FF9D-FF4C-F95CFA85F8D9 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Acanthoecia larminati |
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Symptoms of Acanthoecia larminati View in CoL damage on chestnut trees
Newly hatched larvae of A. larminati only eat the leaf surface, later they consume the entire leaf. They are usually found on surfaces of leaves and in the upper canopy. The larvae hide within their protective cases by weaving silk and incorporating bits of the host plant's materials ( Fig. 3c View Figure 3 ). A. larminati larvae extend their bodies out of the protective cases to feed on host foliage. The larvae move the bags to new feeding sites at night. Larvae pull the host materials into the case and consume it while remaining largely hidden from view. Prior to pupation, mature larvae attach their bodies with silk to petioles or leaf margins. This results in a camouflaged structure that blends in with the surroundings over time ( Figs. 1a, b View Figure 1 ). When the larval density is high, larvae consume all the tree's foliage ( Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ), and then move to adjacent trees. Heavily predated trees show reduced vitality over time.
Damage incidence and damage index
The damage incidence (P%) of A. larminati in C. mollissima plantations in Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Cao Bang, Bac Kan, Lang Son, Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa and Kon Tum provinces was 20.2–81.6%. The average damage index (DI) was 0.36–2.74 ( Table 1). The damage incidence and damage index of this pest in C. boisii and L. bacgiangensis plantations in Lang Son, Bac Giang and Hoa Binh provinces were lower, with P% = 11.8–17.5% and DI = 0.13–0.27 ( Table 1). The C. mollissima trees in plantations were more severely damaged than C. boisii and L. bacgiangensis trees in all surveyed locations. Furthermore, the C. mollissima trees planted in Dien Bien, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces were more severely damaged by this pest (P% = 65.5–81.6%, DI = 2.04–2.74) than those in Cao Bang province (P% = 20.2– 22.4%, DI = 0.36–0.49), where this chestnut naturally occurs.
Discussion
This is the first report of Acanthoecia larminati Heylaerts, 1904 feeding on and causing damage to Castanea mollissima , Castanopsis boisii and Lithocarpus bacgiangensis in Vietnam. The species was described from specimens collected in Tonkin, Vietnam ( Société Entomologique de Belgique 1904). It has the following synonyms: Chalia larminati , Chaliella larminati , Heylaertsia larminati , and Kotochalia larminati ( Société Entomologique de France 1929; Sobczyk 2011; Jia and Wu 2023). Acanthoecia larminati has been recorded in China, India, Indonesia, Myanmar and Thailand ( Jia and Wu 2023). The host plants for this pest are Theobroma cacao ( Paerels 1924) ; Aleurites spp. , Morus spp. and Psidium guajava ( Chien 1961) ; Eucalyptus spp. ( Zhenghong 2003) and some mangroves ( Li et al. 2012).
Note: Means with SEs
Previous studies have reported low damage incidence of A. larminati ( Chalia larminati ) in chestnut trees in China ( Wu et al. 2000; Peverieri et al. 2017). However, this pest caused widespread damage in C. mollissima , C. boisii and L. bacgiangensis in Vietnam in 2023. In this study, we observed much diversity in the size of larvae, pupae and adults of A. larminati collected from different host plants in Vietnam, and we found that samples collected from C. mollissima were often larger than from the other two chestnuts.
The total estimated plantation area of C. mollissima , C. boisii and L. bacgiangensis have reached thousands of hectares ( MARD 2023). In recent year, encouraging reforestation with native tree species, especially those with multiple benefits, is a strategy employed by the Vietnamese government ( MARD 2014; Vietnam 2021). Over the years, bagworms have been observed as leaf-feeders that can damage chestnut trees, but historically, the level of damage caused by bagworm infestations has been judged to be insignificant ( Hue 2015). However, it is possible that expansion of the chestnut plantation area together and climate change have contributed to the rapid development of A. larminati populations. Outbreaks of insect pests and diseases are a threat to planted forests and are always of concern to forest owners, managers and scientists ( Ayres and Lombardero 2000; Bosu et al. 2020; Thu et al. 2021).
In this study, we observed that some larvae of A. larminati were naturally parasitized by entomopathogenic bacteria ( Fig. 4a View Figure 4 ) or fungi ( Fig. 4b View Figure 4 ). As the use of biological agents in pest management is being encouraged ( Lee 2009; Jallouli et al. 2020; Tra et al. 2022; Chi et al. 2023), it is recommended that studies to isolate and identify entomopathogenic bacteria and fungi on A. larminati should be undertaken with the view to obtain potential biocontrol agents for the management of this pest in chestnut plantations.
Lastly, we do not know if the pest is causing damage in wild chestnut stands in north Vietnam and propose that monitoring be established in these regions. In recent decades, there has been an increase in the number of pests damaging forests in Vietnam (Thu et a l. 2021; Chi et al. 2022a; Chi et al. 2022b; Hinh et al. 2023; Pham et al. 2023). Also, there are many pests known to attack chestnuts outside Vietnam such as the chestnut gall wasp ( Payne et al. 1978), and fruit borer Dichocrocis punctiferalis ( Lee 2009) . Hence, there is an ongoing need for active pest surveillance programs in forest plantations in Vietnam.
Conclusion
Castanea mollissima , Castanopsis boisii and Lithocarpus bacgiangensis trees in plantations in Vietnam are being damaged by the bagworm, Acanthoecia larminati . Damage to C. mollissima plantations is most severe in Dien Bien, Hoa Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces. Control strategies for this pest and screening for resistance are priorities for research in order to safeguard the livelihood of rural communities who depend on chestnuts as a source of food and income.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the households and local governments for their support in collecting samples, Dr. John Heppner for his support in identification of the insect pest, and Professor Emeritus Bernard Dell for English language editing.
Conflict of interest
On behalf of the authors, there are no conflicts of interest.
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