Anthemidinae Dumort., Fl. Belg.

Oberprieler, Christoph, Töpfer, Alisha, Dorfner, Marco, Stock, Miriam & Vogt, Robert, 2022, An updated subtribal classification of Compositae tribe Anthemideae based on extended phylogenetic reconstructions, Willdenowia 52 (1), pp. 117-149 : 130-131

13. Anthemidinae Dumort., Fl. Belg. : 69. 1827. – Type:

Anthemis L. ( Anthemis arvensis L.).

= Pyrethrinae Horan., Char. Ess. Fam. : 90. 1847. – Type: Pyrethrum Zinn. ( Pyrethrum corymbosum (L.) Willd.).

= Gonosperminae K. Bremer & Humphries in Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London, Bot. 23: 106. 1993. – Type: Gonospermum Less. ( Gonospermum fruticosum Less. ).

= Tanacetinae K. Bremer & Humphries in Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. London , Bot. 23: 99. 1993. – Type: Tanacetum L. ( Tanacetum vulgare L.) .

Description — Subshrubs, short- to long-lived perennial herbs, biennials or annuals; sometimes shrublets with basally woody, virgate and sometimes leafless stems ( Xylanthemum ). Indumentum absent or of medifixed and/or basifixed ( Tanacetum , Tripleurospermum ) hairs. Leaves alternate, dentate to lobed or 1–3-pinnatisect. Capitula solitary or in lax to dense corymbs, radiate, disciform or discoid. Involucre hemispheric or obconic, sometimes umbonate. Phyllaries in 1–5 rows, with scarious margins. Receptacle hemispheric or conic, paleate or epaliate; paleae flat, sometimes subulate ( Anthemis ). Ray florets female or neuter; limb white, yellow or pink; tube sometimes hairy. Disc florets hermaphrodite; corolla 5-lobed, rarely 4-lobed ( Nananthea ), sometimes hairy ( Xylanthemum ); anthers with non-polarized endothecial tissue and a balusterform filament collar. Achenes obovoid to obconic, circular in cross-section, with 5–10(–15) ribs or dorsiventrally flattened with 2 lateral ribs and 3–10 ribs on each surface ( Cota ), sometimes triquetrous and with 3(–5) ribs ( Tripleurospermum ); apex with a corona or auricle, sometimes ecoronate and/or marginally round- ed, sometimes ( Xylanthemum ) with 3–6 adaxial, elliptic scales shorter than achene body; pericarp with myxogenic cells, sometimes without ( Tanacetum ), usually without resin sac or ducts, in Tripleurospermum with (1 or)2(–5) abaxial-apical resin sacs. Embryo sac development tetrasporic. Base chromosome number x = 9.

Distribution — Europe, SW Asia, N and E Africa, Canary Islands, North America.

Members — Anthemis L. (175), Archanthemis Lo Presti & Oberpr. (4), Cota J. Gay (43), Nananthea DC. (1), Tanacetum L. (154) [incl. Gonospermum Less. (4), Lugoa DC. (1), see Sonboli & al. (2012)], Tripleurospermum Sch. Bip. (40), Xylanthemum Tzvelev (8).

Notes — The subtribe received a new circumscription due to the establishment of the genus Archanthemis for four phylogenetically deviating Anthemis species ( Lo Presti & al. 2010) and the transfer of the genus Xylanthemum from Handeliinae to Anthemidinae ( Sonboli & al. 2012; Oberprieler & al. 2019). Following the phylogenetic analyses by Sonboli & al. (2012) based on nrDNA ITS and cpDNA trnH-psbA sequence information, Xylanthemum could even be sunk into synonymy with Tanacetum (like the two Canarian genera Gonospermum and Lugoa ), but this must await a better-resolved molecular phylogeny of the latter genus.

As discussed under subtribe Matricariinae , the close relationship of Anthemidinae and Matricariinae is consistently supported by our present analyses. However, their reciprocal monophyly is questionable and their classification as two subtribes is only supported by a differing embryo sac development realized by those representatives surveyed for this character.

As representative of the genus Xylanthemum , we included a specimen labelled “ Xylanthemum paradoxum ” by Podlech, who never validly published that name when including Xylanthemum into Tanacetum (due to the existence of the older homonym T. paradoxum Bornm. ) but described the species as T. paleaceum Podlech in his treatment of Compositae– Anthemideae in Flora iranica ( Podlech 1986) . Sonboli & al. (2012) demonstrated that T. paleaceum is closely related with the type of Xylanthemum (i.e. X. fisherae (Aitch. & Hemsl.) Tzvelev ), but refrained from proposing a new combination due to uncertainties connected with the demarcation of Xylanthemum against Tanacetum . However, in order to accommodate Xylanthemum in the present subtribal classification, we herewith propose the new combination: