Pentastirini Emeljanov, 1971
|
publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5619.1.1 |
|
publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:679A77C4-0CA2-4EAB-B94B-2C4324757BB6 |
|
persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A38785-C262-D617-FF7E-ABDBFA44FB60 |
|
treatment provided by |
Plazi |
|
scientific name |
Pentastirini Emeljanov, 1971 |
| status |
|
Tribe Pentastirini Emeljanov, 1971
Identification key to genera and subgenera of American Pentastirini (males)
Adapted from Hendrix & Bartlett 2025
1. More than 7 spines on the basitarsus of the hind leg, platellae present ( Fig. 39C View FIGURE 39 )................................... 2
- 7 spines on the basitarsus of the hind leg, platellae absent ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 )............................................... 3
2. Tubercles of forewing veins contrastingly dark, forewings usually clear transparent; medioventral process of pygofer elongate ovoid (apex blunt) with preapical ventral transverse keel (e.g., Mead & Kramer, fig. 320), anal tube with center of apex deeply incised in dorsal view (e.g., Mead & Kramer, fig. 316), forming broad truncate process in caudal view; sinistral process of periandrium short, expanded and sinuately excavated (apparently bifurcated), dextral process of periandrium slender and of moderate length, directed caudad; western Nearctic........................... Reptalus (Pererepa) Emeljanov View in CoL (in part)
- Tubercles of forewing pale, concolorous with veins, forewings usually embrowned; medioventral process of pygofer hastate (apex pointed) without transverse keel (e.g., Mead & Kramer, fig. 132); anal tube with sinuate (e.g., Mead & Kramer, fig. 128), sinistral process of periandrium plate-like, extending from ventral to dorsal surface, dextral process of periandrium and processes of endosoma greatly elaborated, extending caudad then strongly curved left-cephalad; primarily eastern Nearctic......................................................................... Pentastiridius Kirschbaum View in CoL (in part)
3. Intermediate carinae of mesonotum highly reduced, nearly obsolete ( Fig. 18A View FIGURE 18 ); medioventral process of pygofer triangular, lateral lobes of pygofer nearly same length as gonostyli ( Figs. 18E View FIGURE 18 , 45A View FIGURE 45 ), periandrium with sinistral and medioventral processes strongly developed, apex of endosoma expanded with two large apical processes directed cephalad ( Fig. 43B View FIGURE 43 )................................................................................................. Lapsium gen. nov.
- Intermediate carinae of mesonotum clearly present, terminalia without the above combination of characters.............. 4
4. Endosoma in ventral view forming a loop by curving left, then right to disappear behind dorsal surface of aedeagus (e.g., Figs. 42C, 42D View FIGURE 42 )........................................................................................... 5
- Endosoma in ventral view not completing a full loop to disappear behind dorsal surface of aedeagus.................. 10
5. Aedeagal complex not dorsoventrally compressed, with processes directed dorsad and ventrad, wings marked irregularly in fuscous, veins dappled with pale and dark markings ( Fig. 40E View FIGURE40 ); Neotropical................ Pictoliarus Hendrix & Bartlett
- Aedeagal complex dorsoventrally compressed, without processes directed dorsad and ventrad, wings generally unmarked...................................................................................................... 6
6. Face uniform in color or with dark central maculation, eyes without red speckling................................. 7
- Frons with pale lateral maculae prominently present, eyes mottled with red speckling (e.g., Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 )................... 9
7. Small species (<5mm), face and body dark in coloration, rostrum not reaching caudal margin of posterior trochanters, wing veins somewhat dark, tubercles prominent; Southwestern U.S. ( Fig. 20A View FIGURE 20 )........................ Oliaridellus gen. nov.
- Larger species (> 7mm), face and body pale in coloration, vibrantly colored, rostrum attaining or surpassing caudal margin of posterior trochanters, wing veins pale, tubercles obscure; Neotropical............................................ 8
8. Face with central dark maculation (lateral margins pale), apex of endosoma greatly broadened ( Fig. 40A View FIGURE40 ); Belize to Brazil..................................................................................... Cyclopoliarus Fennah View in CoL
- Face pale without dark maculation, apex of endosoma not broadened ( Fig. 40B View FIGURE40 ); Panama............... Oliarissa Fennah View in CoL
9. Costal cell of forewing sclerotized and densely setaceous (setaceous tubercles present in cells adjacent to costal cell), forewing with ~16+ apical cells (RA 3–4-branched, RP 4–5-branched, MP 1 3-branched) ( Fig. 40C View FIGURE40 ); southwestern U.S.. Oliaronus Ball View in CoL Costal cell of forewing not sclerotized or densely setaceous (no tubercles in cells), forewings with approximately 13 apical cells (RP 3+4 forked) ( Figs. 22 View FIGURE 22 , 23 View FIGURE 23 ); Nearctic, Neotropical........................................... Oliaridus gen. nov.
10. Apex of anal tube developed into a recurved spine directed ventrocephalad ( Fig. 5E View FIGURE 5 ); small (~ 3–5 mm), dark taxa; mainly Antillean and adjacent, also SW USA and Mesoamerica................................... 11 ( Melanoliarus Fennah View in CoL )
- Apex of anal tube without ventral spine; other features varied................................................. 12
11. Apex of endosoma with slender apical process directed cephalad, without robust process twisted to dorsal surface of endosoma ( Fig. 41A View FIGURE 41 ); primarily Antillean, also S. Florida ................................. Melanoliarus (Melanoliarus) Fennah
- Apex of endosoma blunt and twisted caudad, with robust process originating from aedeagal joint twisted to dorsal surface of endosoma ( Fig. 41B View FIGURE 41 ); southern Texas to Mexico............................ Melanoliarus (Amplectiarus) subgen. nov.
12. Medioventral process of pygofer greatly expanded and spatulate ( Fig. 30E View FIGURE 30 ); mostly relatively large (~ 5–9 mm) taxa; common in eastern US and adjacent Canada, less often western US, south to Belize........................ Xenoliarus gen. nov.
- Medioventral process of pygofer not expanded and spatulate.................................................. 13
13. Eyes speckled with red (e.g., Fig. 1B View FIGURE 1 ); medioventral process of pygofer trilobed or pentagonal (e.g. Fig. 11E View FIGURE 11 ), arch of endosoma slender with apex notably expanded ( Fig. 41E View FIGURE 41 ); medium-sized (~5.0– 7.5 mm); mainly Antillean, also S. Florida ............................................................................................... Antilliarus gen. nov.
- Eyes not speckled with red, medioventral process not trilobed........................ Melanoliarus View in CoL incertae sedis or 14
14. Apex of endosoma with long and narrow spine-like process directed cephalad, reaching base of periandrium (e.g. Fig 43C View FIGURE 43 ); insular taxa (Antillean or Galápagos)..................................................................... 15
- Apex of endosoma without long, spine-like process reaching base of periandrium (e.g. Fig. 41C View FIGURE 41 ); continental taxa (also Trinidad)........................................................................................... 16
15. Base of ventral periandrium with three prominent processes, endosoma with one apical process ( Fig. 43C View FIGURE 43 ); Antillean........................................................................................... Nivcentia Holzinger View in CoL
- Base of ventral periandrium with two prominent processes, endosoma elaborated with several long processes, two apical; Galápagos Islands................................................................. Galapagoliarus gen. nov.
16. Ventral periandrium with three prominent equidistant processes (sinistral, medioventral, and dextral; e.g., Mead & Kramer 1982, fig. 58) of similar width......................................................... 17 ( Amiarus gen. nov.)
- Ventral periandrium with more or less than three prominent processes, or with processes of differing width............. 18
17. Medioventral process of pygofer aristate to triangular, small process at ventral apex of periandrium near aedeagal joint with endophallus ( Fig. 41C View FIGURE 41 ); Neotropical............................................. Amiarus (Amiarus) subgen. nov.
- Medioventral process of pygofer not acuminate, without process at apex of periandrium near aedeagal joint with endophallus ( Fig. 41D View FIGURE 41 ); Nearctic........................................................ Amiarus (Umbrarus) subgen. nov.
18. Ventral periandrium broad with sinistral and dextral processes both strongly developed; mostly western US and Mexico... 19
- Ventral periandrium with sinistral and dextral processes both weakly developed; mainly eastern U.S.................. 20
19. Ventral periandrium with moderately long process between long sinistral and dextral processes; sinistral process simple, without basal prong ( Fig. 42E View FIGURE 42 ); southwestern U.S. and Mexico........................................ Remotiarus gen. nov.
- Ventral periandrium without moderately long process between sinistral and dextral processes; sinistral process caliper-like (with proximal prong) although highly variable, endosoma variable, greatly expanded ( Fig. 42F View FIGURE 42 ); western Nearctic............................................................................................. Sonorium gen. nov.
20. Moderately-sized species (> 5mm), medioventral process of pygofer bluntly sagittate (subequal in length to lateral projections of pygofer in ventral view), ventral periandrium with sclerotized area with two processes bearing an array of small spine-like processes ( Fig. 42A View FIGURE 42 )...................................................................... Cilidius gen. nov.
- Small species (<5mm), medioventral process not sagittate, process much shorter than lateral projections of pygofer in ventral view, ventral periandrium lacking sclerotized area bearing spine-like processes................................... 21
21. Ventral periandrium with transparent process at apex; dorsal periandrium without broad plate, but with two processes ( Fig. 43A View FIGURE 43 ), the right process strongly hooked apically; forewings sometimes weakly embrowned............................................................................................................... Vitroliarus gen. nov.
- Ventral periandrium without transparent process; dorsal periandrium with a broad sclerotized plate bearing pointed and strongly diverging processes; sinistral and dextral processes of ventral periandrium greatly reduced ( Fig. 41F View FIGURE 41 ); forewings transparent..................................................................................... Bifoliarus gen. nov.
No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.