Trichoclinocera yixianensis Li & Yang, 2009

Saigusa, Toyohei & Sinclair Introduction, Bradley J., 2021, Revision of the Trichoclinocera yixianensis species-group from eastern Asia (Diptera: Empididae: Clinocerinae), Bonn zoological Bulletin 70 (1), pp. 51-65 : 63-65

Trichoclinocera yixianensis Li & Yang, 2009

( Figs 1–4 , 23–26 , 29–30 , 33–34 , 39–41 )

Trichoclinocera yixianensis Li & Yang, 2009: 134 . Type locality: China: Henan, Yixian, Huaguoshan Mountain [34°18′ N 111°50′ E].

Material examined. BHUTAN: E of Jilay La [27°22′ N 89°22′ E], 3000 m, 19.viii.1993, T. Saigusa (1 ♂, KUMF) . CHINA: Shaanxi: Zuoshui-x, Brook nr tunnel, Hetaoping [33°47′ N 108°54′ E], 1650–1750 m, 20.vi.1997, T. Saigusa (4 ♂♂, 1 ♀, CNC; 21 ♂♂, 24 ♀♀, KUMF); Zuoshui-x, Brook nr tunnel, Hetaoping 1650– 1750 m, 20.vi.1997, T. Saigusa (1 ♀, KUMF); Fuping-x, Bridge 3 km NW of Donghetai [33°41′ N 107°57′ E], 1500 m, 28.vi.1997, T. Saigusa (12 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, KUMF); Fuping-x, Dadianzi , 1850–1960 m, 5 km N of Donghetai, 8.vii.1997, T. Saigusa (2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, KUMF); Fuping-x, Daping-Huanmuqiao , 1550–1600 m, WNW of Donghetai, 28.vi.1997, T. Saigusa (1 ♀, CNC); Fuping-x, Daping-Huanmuqiao , 1500–1600 m, WNW of Donghetai, 28.vi.1997, T. Saigusa (3 ♂♂, 1 ♀, KUMF); Fuping-x, Huanmuqiao , 1600–1700 m, WNW of Donghetai, 28.vi.1997, T. Saigusa (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, CNC; 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, KUMF); Fuping-x, Wangkoushang , 1450 m, 2 km NE Donghetai, 25.vi.1997, T. Saigusa (2 ♀♀, KUMF); Zuoshui-x, W of Hetaoping , 1500–1550 m, 10.vii.1997, T. Saigusa (6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, KUMF); Zuoshui-x , Yingpan-linchang [33°50′ N 108°50′ E], 1850 m, 10.vii.1997, T. Saigusa (4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀, KUMF); Fuping-x, Liangfengya , 2000–2100 m, 12 km WNW Longcaoping [33°41′ N 107°56′ E], 24.vi.1997, T. Saigusa (7 ♂♂, 1 ♀, KUMF). Sichuan: Jingding, 2900–3030 m, Emeishan [29°30′ N 103°40′ E], 8.viii.1998, T. Saigusa (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀, CNC; 5 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀, KUMF). Yunnan: Zhongdian, Tuomunan [27°20′ N 99°59′ E], 3030–3500 m, 42 km N Qiaotou, 11.vi.1996, T. Saigusa (1 ♂, KUMF) .

Recognition. This species is distinguished by the three long spine-like setae at the base of the fore femur and apical half with 4–5 spine-like posteroventral setae, generally pale yellowish-brown legs, elongate hypandrium and clear wings.

Redescription. Wing length 3.9–4.4 mm. Male. Pale grey-blue pruinescence and yellowish-brown legs ( Figs 23, 25 ). Head pointed ventrally, compound eyes oval; facets enlarged anteriorly (e.g., Fig. 26 ). Face greatly narrowed medially, less than width of antennal socket, with bright whitish pruinescence for full length; lower margin of face with short, narrow cleft, lacking carina; gena one-seventh as wide as height of eye. Frons slightly darker than face; vertex and ocellar triangle dark brown, lower postocciput brown, gena lightly pruinescent. Ocellar setae longest among cranial setae; occiput with 3–4 pairs of setae posterior to ocellar triangle; postocular with row of short setae along margin of eye, upper 3–4 setae dark, stouter than lower setae. Arista-like stylus long and slender, somewhat tapered apically. Palpus pointed apically, ca. one-fourth height of eye.

Pleura brownish with pale grey-blue pruinescence; scutum brown with pale, somewhat bluish lateral margins; posterolateral margin of postpronotal lobe shiny brown; black vitta along inner edge of dc inconspicuous. Thoracic setae long, some subequal to width of eye; acrostichal setulae lacking; 5 pairs dc; 1 pprn reduced to black or pale setula, very short, inconspicuous; 1 presut spal; 2 npl, lower slender; 1–2 psut spal, anterior more slender and shorter than posterior; 1 pal; 2 pairs sctl, lacking setulae; several pale setulae on postpronotal lobe and notopleural depression. Laterotergite with patch of pale setae; prothoracic episternum with pair of pale spine-like setae; anepisternum with short pale posterior setulae; katepisternum and hind margin of metepisternum with pale setulae.

Wing ( Figs 39, 40 ) narrow, lightly infuscate, lacking markings; pterostigma very narrow, faint, elliptical. One basal costal seta, one-half length of posterior dc. Row of setulae extending from base of R to just beyond Rs branching; auxiliary crossvein lacking; cell dm produced apically; R 4 and R 5 divergent throughout; base of R 4 with small spur. Halter dark, except extreme base orange-brown.

Legs yellowish-brown, tarsi darker towards tips, coxae with faint blue pruinescence, especially darker on fore coxa. Coxae with long, pale marginal setae; fore coxa with long pale anterolateral setae. Fore femur ( Figs 3 , 24 ) distinctly swollen, tapered apically evenly throughout; base with 3 black, spine-like setae, posterolateral seta ca. one-half length of femur, anterolateral and posterior setae thinner and one-half length of posterolateral seta; anteroventral row of short, stout spine-like setae extending length of femur, becoming stouter apically, setae longer than pile; 5–6 slender, preapical anterior setae, longer than anteroventral setae; row of slender, pale posteroventral setae extending length of femur, length less than width of femur; apical half with 4–5 spine-like, posteroventral setae, basal seta ca. two-thirds width of femur, remaining setae decreasing in length apically; dense, long, white pile beneath. Fore tibia slightly curved with row of stout setae beneath, length ca. one-half width of tibia; setae of equal length, except apical seta. Mid femur with 1 (sometimes 2) pairs of spur-like anteroventral and posteroventral preapical setae; lacking anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae. Hind femur with 1 preapical anteroventral seta; lacking anterodorsal and posterodorsal setae. Hind tibia without spur-like posterodorsal seta near base; sometimes spur-like, dorsal seta on apical fourth; erect dorsal and ventral spine-like setae on apical third. Tarsi ca. one-third longer than corresponding tibia. Empodium pulvilliform, shorter than length of claw, less than half length of tarsomere.

Abdomen concolourous with thoracic pleura in lateral view, with mostly dark setae in dorsal view. Terminalia ( Figs 29–30 , 33 ): hypandrium slender, slightly tapered apically, nearly 1.3x length of epandrium; anterior margin somewhat pointed. Phallus extending slightly beyond clasping cercus; gradually arched to strongly bent subbasally; shaft narrow with expanded base; apex with cup-like opening, with small, round, bulbous swelling of membrane, slightly wider than diameter of apex of phallus; membrane lacking microtrichia; ejaculatory apodeme arched within base of phallus. Epandrium subtriangular, with large membranous area at basal margin with hypandrium. Surstylus slender, two-thirds length of clasping cercus, lacking apical setae or long microtrichia. Clasping cercus narrow, digitiform, tapered apically; long, fine setae on ventral margin; inner dorsal margin lacking peg-like setae.

Female. Similar to male including chaetotaxy of legs ( Fig. 4 ). Sclerites of segment 8 not overlapped laterally ( Figs 31 , 34 ); T8 with posterior row of long and short setae, T9+10 with stout, curved setae along inner margin, with apical setae more stout than remaining setae ( Fig. 32 ); anteroventral corner of T9+10 narrowed and prolonged obliquely.

Distribution. This is the most widespread species of this group, found in Bhutan and China (Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan) ( Fig. 41 ).

Key to species of the T. yixianensis species-group

1 Wings spotted and auxiliary crossvein between R 4 and R 2+3 present ( Figs 7 , 36 ) ..... T. maculata sp. nov.

– Wings not spotted and without auxiliary crossvein between R 4 and R 2+3 ( Figs 35, 37–40 ) .................... 2

2 Legs dark ( Figs 5, 6 , 9, 10 ) .................................... 4

– Legs yellowish-brown ( Figs 11–12 , 23–25 ) .......... 3

3 Fore femur with posteroventral spine-like seta near mid-length ( Figs 3 , 24 ); mid femur with one pair of stout preapical anteroventral and posteroventral setae; anteroventral setae at mid-length of fore femur extending beyond pile ( Fig. 24 ); clasping cercus narrow, digitiform, with slender inner setae ( Fig. 30 ) ............................ T. yixianensis Li & Yang

– Fore femur without posteroventral spine-like seta near mid-length ( Fig. 12 ); mid femur without pair of stout preapical anteroventral and posteroventral setae; anteroventral setae at mid-length of fore femur hidden within pile ( Fig. 12 ); clasping cercus subtriangular, with stout inner setae ( Fig. 28 ) .......... ............................................ T. pakistanensis sp. nov.

4 Fore femur with pair of stout setae mounted on short tubercles ( Fig. 6 ); clasping cercus finger-like, tapered on apically half, with broad U-shaped notch at base ( Figs 13 , 18 ) ..................... T. emotoi sp. nov.

– Fore femur with pair of stout setae not mounted on short tubercles ( Fig. 10 ); clasping cercus subtriangular, tapered apically, without U-shaped notch at base ( Figs 15 , 22 ) .... T. nakanishii sp. nov.

Figures

Figs 1–4. Scanning Electron photographs of Trichoclinocera yixianensis Li & Yang. 1. Female head, lateral view. 2. Female head, anterior view. 3. Male fore femur, anterior view. 4. Female fore femur, anterior view.

Figs 23–26. Habitus, forelegs and head of Trichoclinocera yixianensis Li & Yang. 23. Male habitus, lateral view (Shaanxi). 24. Male forelegs, lateral view (Shaanxi). 25. Male habitus, lateral view (Shaanxi). 26. Female head, anterior view (Shaanxi). Scale bars: Fig. 26 = 0.5 mm; Figs 23–25 = 1.0 mm.

Figs 27–32. Terminalia of Trichoclinocera yixianensis species-group, lateral view. 27–28. T. pakistanensis sp. nov. 27. Male terminalia, stained with Delafield hematoxyline. 28. Clasping cercus, inner view. 29–30. T. yixianensis Li & Yang. 29. Male terminalia. 30. Clasping cercus.31–32. T. yixianensis Li & Yang. 31. Female terminalia.32. Close-up of female proctiger. Scale bars: Figs 28, 30 = 0.5 mm; Figs 27, 29, 31–32 = 1.0 mm.

Figs 33–34. Terminalia of Trichoclinocera yixianensis Li & Yang, lateral view. 33. Male. 34. Female. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.Abbre- viation: T = tergite.

Figs 35–40. Wings of Trichoclinocera yixianensis species-group. 35. T. emotoi sp. nov. 36. T. maculata sp. nov. 37. T. nakanishii sp. nov., holotype.38. T. pakistanensis sp. nov.39. T.yixianensis Li & Yang (Bhutan). 40. T. yixianensisLi & Yang (Shaanxi). Scale bars = 1.0 mm. Abbreviations: R 2+3 = second branch of radius; R 4 = upper branch of third branch of radius.

Fig. 41. Known distribution of the Trichoclinocera yixianensis species-group.

Figs 5–8. Habitus and forelegs of Trichoclinocera yixianensis species-group. 5. T. emotoi sp. nov., male habitus. 6. T. emotoi sp. nov., female forelegs.7. T.maculata sp. nov., male habitus.8. T. maculata sp. nov., male forelegs.Scale bars: Figs 6, 8 = 0.5 mm; Figs 5, 7 = 1.0 mm.

Figs 9–12. Habitus and forelegs of Trichoclinocera yixianensis species-group. 9. T. nakanishii sp. nov., male habitus, holotype (terminalia dissected). 10. T. nakanishii sp. nov., male forelegs, holotype. 11. T. pakistanensis sp. nov., male habitus, holotype (terminalia dissected). 12. T. pakistanensis sp. nov., male forelegs, holotype. Scale bars: Figs 10, 12 = 0.5 mm; Figs 9, 11 = 1.0 mm.

Figs 13–16. Male terminalia of Trichoclinocera yixianensis species-group, lateral view. 13. T. emotoi sp. nov. 14. T. maculata sp. nov. 15. T. nakanishii sp. nov. 16. T. pakistanensis sp. nov. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.Abbreviations: cl cerc = clasping cercus; epand = epandrium; hypd = hypandrium; ph = phallus; sur = surstylus.

Figs 17–22. Male terminalia of Trichoclinocera yixianensis species-group, lateral view. 17–18. T. emotoi sp. nov. 17. Terminalia. 18. Clasping cercus. 19–20. T. maculata sp. nov. 19. Terminalia. 20. Clasping cercus. 21–22. T. nakanishii sp. nov. 21. Terminalia. 22. Clasping cercus. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.