Melanastera xylopiae, Serbina & Malenovský & Queiroz & Burckhardt, 2025

Serbina, Liliya Š., Malenovský, Igor, Queiroz, Dalva L. & Burckhardt, Daniel, 2025, Jumping plant-lice of the tribe Paurocephalini (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Liviidae) in Brazil, Zootaxa 5585 (1), pp. 1-164 : 60-63

19 Melanastera xylopiae sp. nov.

( Figs 7D , 9I , 16B , 25N–S , 40C, D )

Type material. Holotype ♂: Brazil: RORAIMA: Boa Vista, Embrapa campus, N2.7550, W60.7300, 80 m, 31.iii.2015, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #151(1) ( UFPR; dry).

Paratypes. Brazil: AMAZONAS: 2 ♂, 7 ♀, 2 immatures, Novo Airão, along road from Novo Airão to Manacapuru , S2.7033 /3.1366, W60.7033 /7316, 60 m, 22.iv.2014, Xylopia nitida (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #130(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007386) .— BAHIA: 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Luís Eduardo Magalhães , S11.9877 W45.1728, 740 m, 25.ix.2012 (D.L. Queiroz) #357(-) ( MMBC, NHMB; slide, 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007397, NMB-PSYLL0007415) .— GOIÁS: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Alto Paraíso do Goiás, near São Jorge, Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros , around researchers’ accommodations, S18.5610, W46.9020, 1060 m, 15.ii.2018, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #265(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007392) ; 1 ♂, 10 ♀, 19 immatures, 1 skin, same but park headquarters, S18.5610, W46.9020, 970 m, 17.ii.2018, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #268(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007393) ; 2 ♂, same but São Jorge , S14.1783, W478097, 1010 m, 17‒18.ii.2018, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #269(3) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007394) ; 10 ♂, 4 ♀, Mineiros , ca. 15 km NW of Mineiros, BR-364, S17.8310, W51.3709, 860 m, 1.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #53(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007376) ; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Rio Verde , ca. 20 km W Rio Verde, BR-060, S17.8146, W51.0918, 830 m, 31.x.2012 (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #51(-) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007375) .— MATO GROSSO DO SUL: 9 ♂, 11 ♀, Corguinho , S19.8203, W54.8203, 300 m, 15.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #72(3) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007382) ; 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Campo Grande , near BR-163, S20.8907 /8948, W54.5713 /6599, 440– 450 m, 16.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #74(9) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007385) ; 2 ♂, Rio Verde, MS-427, South of Rio Verde , S19.0183, W54.8583, 470 m, 14.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D.Burckhardt&D.L.Queiroz) #69(4)( NHMB;70%ethanol;NMB-PSYLL0007383) ; 3 ♂, 2 ♀, Rio Verde do Mato Grosso, BR-163, S18.9281 /9519, W54.8357 /9339, 350– 440 m, 13.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #68(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0005632) ; 2 ♂, 4 ♀, Rochedo , MS-080, S19.9683, W54.6500, 350 m, 15.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #73(1) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007384) .— MATO GROSSO: 4 ♂, 7 ♀, Acorizal , MT-010, S15.1950, W56.2566, 200 m, 4.xi.2012 (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #58(0) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007377) ; 2 ♂, 4 ♀, Bataguassu, MS-395, near Rio Pardo , S21.6751, W52.4017, 300 m, 23.x.2021, riverine vegetation, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #485(1) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008553) ; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, Chapada dos Guimarães, road MT-251, Restaurante caminho das Aguas , S15.3931, W55.9870, 170 m, 25.viii.2018, Xylopia aromatica (D.L. Queiroz) #883(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007404) ; 4 ♂, 4 ♀, Itiquira , 112 km S Rondonópolis, BR-163, S17.5139, W54.7401, 410 m, 12.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #66(1) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007381) ; 9 ♂, 15 ♀, Nobres / Rosario do Oeste, Bom Jardim , S14.5282 /5766, W55.8047 /9174, 250– 300 m, 10.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #65(1) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007378) ; 5 ♂, 7 ♀, Nova Mutum , S13.7023, W56.0712, 410 m, 12.vi.2016, Guatteria sp. (L.A. Pezzini) #808 ( NHMB; slide, 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0005778, NMB-PSYLL0007426 [voucher 31/351]) ; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, same but S13.8078, W56.1128, 490 m, 13.vi.2016 (L.A. Pezzini) #834 ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0005801) ; 2 ♂, 4 ♀, same but S13.8091, W56.1134, 490 m, 13.vi.2016 (L.A. Pezzini) #836 ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0005809) ; 1 ♀, Ribas do Rio Pardo, Ribas do Rio Pardo , S20.4559, W53.7426, 390 m, 22.x.2021, edge of Cerrado, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #481(6) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008550) ; 8 ♂, 4 ♀, Ribas do Rio Pardo , BR-262, S20.4145, W53.2245, 430 m, 22.x.2021, edge of Cerrado, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #483(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008551) ; 1 ♀, Sorriso, Fazenda Mazzardo II, S12.4288, W55.7965, 350 m, 26.vii.2014 (T. Mazzardo) # P009 ( NHMB; dry; NMB-PSYLL00003012) ; 1 ♀, same but S12.4281, W55.7964, 350 m, 26. vii.2014 (T. Mazzardo) # P011 ( NHMB; dry; NMB-PSYLL00003013) ; 1 ♂, 3 ♀, same but S12.4235, W55.8502, 400 m, 26.vii.2014 (T. Mazzardo) # P014 ( NHMB; dry; NMB-PSYLL00003008, NMB-PSYLL00003011, NMB-PSYLL00003010) ; 1 ♂, same but S12.4217, W55.8432, 350 m, 15.viii.2013 (T. Mazzardo) ( NHMB; slide; NMB-PSYLL0007407) ; 1 ♂, Tabaporã, Fazenda Crestani , S11.3133 /3366, W55.9616 /9750, 330– 380 m, 6–8.xi.2012 (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #62(0) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007379) ; 4 ♀, same but S11.3133 /3366, W55.9616 /9750, 330– 380 m, 6–8.xi.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #62(9) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007380) ; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Terra Nova do Norte , S10.4788, W55.0549, 340 m, 28.v.2016, Xylopia sp. (L.A. Pezzini) #711 ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0005760) ; 11 ♂, 19 ♀, 7 immatures, Três Lagoas, BR-158, Lotrans Armazem , S20.9779, W51.8548, 410 m, 23.x.2021, edge of cerrado, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #484(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008552) .— MINAS GERAIS: 1 ♀, Buenópolis, Parque Estadual da Serra do Cabral, Cascalheira , S17.9109, W44.2000, 740 m, 9.iv.2021, cerrado vegetation, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #390(4) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008549) ; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, Buritizeiro , along route BR-365, S17.5169, W45.2356, 860 m, 23.ix.2019, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #379(2) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007400) ; 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Chapada Gaúcha, Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas, confluence of the rivers Rio Preto and Rio da Onça , S15.1188, W45.7314, 700 m, 2.v.2021, cerrado vegetation, Xylopia emarginata (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #449(7) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008499) ; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, Coromandel, Fazenda Laje , S18.5610, W46.9020, 1060 m, 12.ii.2018, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #263(6) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007391) ; 1 ♂, 7 ♀, same but 23.viii.2019, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #346(3) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007399) ; 5 ♂, 16 ♀, 23 immatures, 6 skins, same but S18.57477, W46.88815, 1050 m, 5.iii.2014, Xylopia aromatica (D.L. Queiroz) #605(3) ( NHMB; slide, 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007403, NMB-PSYLL0007408, NMB-PSYLL0007409, NMB-PSYLL0007410, NMB-PSYLL0007417, NMB-PSYLL0007428 [LSMelverg-21]) ; 1 ♀, same but S18.56773, W46.90342, 1060 m, 5.iii.2014 (D.L. Queiroz) #606 ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007402) ; 2 ♀, same but S18.55631, W46.89574, 1060 m, 4.iii.2019 (D.L. Queiroz) #921 ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007406) ; 4 ♂, 2 ♀, São Gonçalo do Rio Preto, Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, Prainha , S18.1170, W43.3407, 760 m, 11‒12.ix.2019, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #351(9) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007398) ; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, same but Poço do Veado , S18.1099, W43.3385, 760 m, 11‒12.ix.2019, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #352(1) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007396) ; 2 ♀, Vanzante, Fazenda Bainha , S17.88815, W46.92126, 630 m, 12.vii.2018 (D.L. Queiroz)( NHMB; 70%ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007405) ; 1 ♂, 3 immatures, 1 skin, same but Guariba , S17.8791 /8795, W46.9187 /9202, 640– 660 m, 20.ix.2011, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #13(5) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008545) ; 2 ♀, same but near source of Curtume river , S17.8891 /8942, W46.9196 /9205, 640– 690 m, 11.ix.2014, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #145(2) ( NHMB; dry; NMB-PSYLL0004044) ; 6 ♂, 9 ♀, same but around the house and eucalypt plantation, S17.8930, W46.9111, 640 m, 12.ix.2014, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #147(1) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007388) ; 5 ♂, 10 ♀, 4 immatures, 11 skins, same but Curtume river , S17.8822 /8863, W46.9213 /9229, 650– 660 m, 21–22.ix.2011, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #16(8) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008546) ; 10 ♂, 12 ♀, 1 immature, same but S17.8913 /8925, W46.9108 /9112, 670– 690 m, 22. ix.2011, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #17(6) ( NHMB; slide, 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008158, NMB-PSYLL0008159, NMB-PSYLL0008161, NMB-PSYLL0008547) ; 3 ♂, 3 ♀, 1 immature, same but S17.8828 /8852, W46.9174 /9181, 670– 690 m, 23.ix.2011, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #20(2) ( NHMB; dry, slide; NMB-PSYLL0008300–NMB-PSYLL0008304, NMB-PSYLL0008572, NMB-PSYLL0008573) ; 1 ♀, 2 immatures, same but S17.8817 /8832, W46.9164 /9165, 660– 670 m, 26.xii.2011, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #23(6) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008548) ; 1 ♂, 5 ♀, 1 immature, same but S17.8908, W 469247, 660 m, 28‒31.viii.2019, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #347(9) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007395) ; 23 ♂, 25 ♀, 3 immatures, 2 skins, same but S17.8913 /8841, W46.9163 /9221, 670– 690 m, 29–30.x.2012, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #50(3) ( NHMB; slide, 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007374, NMB-PSYLL0008205) ; 4 ♀, same but S17.88034, W46.92282, 690 m, 26.xii.2014 (D.L. Queiroz) #662 ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0006023) ; 2 ♂, 2 ♀, same but S28.1420, W49.6353, 570 m, 9.vi.2018 (D.L. Queiroz) # 9.vi.2018 (4) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007401) ; 2 ♂, 10 ♀, same but, Fazenda Bocaina , S17.8930, W46.9111, 640 m, 12.ix.2014, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #146(2) ( NHMB; dry, 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007387, NMB-PSYLL0008574–NMB-PSYLL0008576) ; 1 ♀, Vazante, Votorantim Florestal, Fazenda Rio Escuro , S17.61941, W46.71853, 570 m, 16.iii.2015 (D.L. Queiroz) #685(0) ( NHMB; slide; NMB-PSYLL0007427 [voucher 21-2]) ; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, same but S17.62858, W46.70022, 540 m, 16.iii.2015 (D.L. Queiroz) #686 ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0006074) .— PARÁ: 1 ♀, Belém, Jardim Botânico Bosque Rodrigues Alves , S1.4300, W48.4533, 30 m, 14.iv.2017 (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #103(0) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0008484) .— RORAIMA: 40 ♂, 20 ♀, 3 immatures, 1 skin, Boa Vista, Embrapa campus, N2.7550, W60.7300, 80 m, 31.iii.2015, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #151(1) ( NHMB; 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007368) ; 9 ♂, 10 ♀, same but N2.7550, W60.7300, 80 m, 31.iii.2015, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #151(1) ( BMNH, MHNG, MMBC, NHMB, UFPR, USNM; dry; NMB-PSYLL0007369–NMB-PSYLL0007373) ; 5 ♂, 11 ♀, 1 immature, Boa Vista, 41 km E Boa Vista, Campo Experimental Água Boa , N2.6716, W60.8400, 80 m, 2.iv.2015, Guatteria sp. (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #154(4) ( NHMB; slide, 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007389, NMB-PSYLL0007418, NMB-PSYLL0007419 [voucher 41-1], NMB-PSYLL0007420 [voucher 7-5]) ; 29 ♂, 14 ♀, 1 immature, Boa Vista, Embrapa campus, N2.7550, W60.7300, 80 m, 23.iv.2015, Xylopia aromatica (D. Burckhardt & D.L. Queiroz) #169(1) ( MMBC, NHMB; dry, slide, 70% ethanol; NMB-PSYLL0007390, NMB-PSYLL0007413, NMB-PSYLL0007421 [LSMelxyl-7], NMB-PSYLL0007422 [voucher 7-2], NMB-PSYLL0007423 [voucher 7-4], NMB-PSYLL0007424 [voucher 7], NMB-PSYLL0007425 [voucher 7]) .— SÃO PAULO: 2 ♂, Matão, Fazenda Marchesan , 23.x.2007, short suction trap, citrus grove (P. Yamamoto) ( NHMB; slide, 70% ethanol; [voucher 48-1]) ; 1 ♂, same but 3.viii.2006, short suction trap, citrus grove (P. Yamamoto) ( FSCA; 70% ethanol) .

Description. Adult. Coloration as in M. amazonica sp. nov.

Structure. Forewing ( Fig. 16B ) ovoid, broadest in apical third, broadly and unevenly rounded apically; wing apex in the middle of cell r 2 margin; C+Sc curved in distal third; pterostigma in the apical third broader than r 1 cell, strongly convex; Rs unevenly convex, mostly in apical third; M longer than M 1+2 and M 3+4; Cu 1a moderately convex, ending at M fork; cell cu 1 short and wide; surface spinules present in all cells, very dense, leaving at most very narrow spinule-free stripes along the veins, forming hexagons of a double row of spinules, spinules sparse in basal half of cell c+sc. Hindwing with 8–9 ungrouped or 4–5 + 4 grouped costal setae. Metatibia bearing 6–7 grouped apical spurs, arranged as 3–4 + 3–4, anteriorly separated by 4–5 bristles.

Terminalia ( Fig. 25N–S ). Male. Proctiger evenly produced posteriorly; densely covered with long setae in apical two thirds. Subgenital plate irregularly ovoid; dorsal margin relatively straight, curved proximally and distally, posterior margin weakly convex; with dense, long setae. Paramere, in lateral view, irregularly lanceolate, posteriorly with a small lobe in basal third; paramere apex, in lateral view, blunt, directed anteriad, in dorsal view, forming short digitiform process, directed upwards, slightly inwards and slightly anteriad, with a small tooth; outer and inner faces with dense, moderately long setae; posterior margin with long setae. Proximal segment of aedeagus with apical part strongly subdivided. Distal segment of aedeagus almost straight in basal half, with weakly sinuate dorsal margin; ventral process situated in the middle of the segment, spatulate, in lateral view, broadest medially and with narrow, claw-like apex slightly curved dorsad; in dorsal view, ventral process broad (distinctly broader than apical dilation) and subtrapezoidal basally, with a long and narrow, apically truncate median lobe arising from the base ventrally; apical dilation, in lateral view, relatively narrow, with subparallel margins, weakly widening towards rounded apex, in dorsal view, apical dilation elongate, widening towards apex in apical half, apex evenly rounded; sclerotised end tube long and almost straight.—Female terminalia cuneate; densely covered with setae. Dorsal margin of proctiger, in lateral view, concave medially, apex subacute, in dorsal view, apex pointed; circumanal ring, in dorsal view, distinctly cruciform. Subgenital plate, in lateral view, gradually narrowing to apex in apical half, pointed apically; in ventral view, apex blunt.

Fifth instar immature. Coloration. Light; cephalothoracic sclerite, antenna, wing pads, legs and caudal plate brown.

Structure. Eye with one short, simple ocular seta dorsally. Antennal segments with following numbers of pointed sectasetae: 1(0), 2(1), 3(0), 4(2), 5(0), 6(2), 7(1), 8(1), 9(0), 10(0). Forewing pad with 5–7 marginal pointed sectasetae, lacking sectasetae dorsally; hindwing pad with two marginal and one dorsal pointed sectasetae. Tarsal arolium broadly fan-shaped apically, 1.5 times as long as claws. Abdomen with four lateral pointed sectasetae on either side anterior to caudal plate. Caudal plate with anterior margin relatively distant from anterior margin of extra pore fields; with 3 + 3 pointed sectasetae on either side laterally, and three pointed sectasetae subapically, on either side of circumanal ring dorsally. Extra pore fields forming continuous outer and inner bands, consisting of relatively small oval and rounded patches; outer band long medially, end pointing outwards. Circumanal ring small.

Host plants and biology. Xylopia aromatica (Lam.) Mart. , X. nitida Dunal , Guatteria sp. ( Annonaceae ). Immatures were found in galls induced by the fungus Aecidium xylopiae Henn. (Fungi, Pucciniales ) on Xylopia aromatica where they secrete white flocculent wax ( Fig. 40C, D ).

Distribution. Brazil (AM, BA, GO, MG, MS, MT, PA, RR, SP).

Derivation of name. Named after its host, Xylopia .

Comments. Melanastera xylopiae sp. nov. differs from the other species of the amazonica -group as indicated in the key. In the structure of the male and female terminalia, M. xylopiae is also similar to M. olgae sp. nov., but differs in the dotted (versus uniformly coloured) forewing.

Figures

FIGURE 7. Habitus of adult Paurocephalini. A, Klyveria crassiflagellata (Burckhardt); B, Melanastera moquiniastri sp. nov.; C, M. olgae sp. nov.; D, M. xylopiae sp. nov.; E, M. virolae sp. nov.; F, M. melanocephala sp. nov.; G, M. sellowianae sp. nov.; H, M. smithi (Burckhardt, Morais & Picanço). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 9. Melanastera spp., head, dorsal view. A, M. parva sp. nov.; B, M. guatteriae sp. nov.; C, M. macaireae sp. nov.; D, M. tijuca sp. nov.; E, M. falcata sp. nov.; F, M. spinosa sp. nov.; G, M. amazonica sp. nov.; H, M. cacantis sp. nov.; I, M. xylopiae sp. nov.; J, M. francisi sp. nov.

FIGURE 16. Melanastera spp., forewing. A, M. cacantis sp. nov.; B, M. xylopiae sp. nov.; C, M. francisi sp. nov.; D, M. roraima sp. nov.; E, M. tubuligera sp. nov.; F, M. umbripennis sp. nov., ♂; G, M. umbripennis sp. nov., ♀; H, M. nasuta sp. nov.; I, M. australis sp. nov.; J, M. obscura sp. nov. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 25. Melanastera amazonica sp. nov. A, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; B, paramere, inner face, lateral view; C, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; D, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; E, paramere, dorsal view; F, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. cacantis sp. nov. G, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; H, paramere, inner face, lateral view; I, paramere, dorsal view; J, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; K–L, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; M, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. xylopiae sp. nov. N, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; O, paramere, inner face, lateral view; P, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; Q, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; R, paramere, dorsal view; S, ♀ terminalia, lateral view.—M. francisi sp. nov. T, ♂ terminalia, lateral view; U, paramere, inner face, lateral view; V, distal segment of aedeagus, lateral view; W, distal segment of aedeagus, dorsal view; X, paramere, dorsal view; Y, ♀ terminalia, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 40. Melanastera spp. on Annonaceae and Melastomataceae. A, B, adult M. olgae sp. nov. on flowers of Guatteria punctata; C, D, immature M. xylopiae sp. nov. in galls induced by Aecidium xylopiae on Xylopia aromatica; E, white and black eggs of M. melanocephala sp. nov. on shoot of Miconia albicans; F, the feeding of immature and adult M. melanocephala sp. nov. on young leaves of Miconia albicans damages the leaf epidermis, causing the leaf to crumple.