Diaphus effulgens (Goode & Bean, 1896)

Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Wu, Siao-Man, Lin, Chia-Yen & Chien, Chi-Wei, 2023, Early Pliocene otolith assemblages from the outer-shelf environment reveal the establishment of mesopelagic fish fauna over 3 million years ago in southwestern Taiwan, Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (23) 142 (1), pp. 1-40 : 15

Diaphus effulgens (Goode & Bean, 1896)

Figure 8f

Remarks Among the otoliths, a single large and tall specimen closely resembles those of D. effulgens (Schwarzhans, 2013: pl. 13, Fig. 1–7 ). It has a curved ventral rim and a relatively flat dorsal rim with a large dorsal area and a somewhat short posterior rim. Although the species is not recorded in the Fish Database of Taiwan (Shao, 2023), it has been reported to have a distribution ranging from 0° and 29°N in the West Pacific (Froese & Pauly, 2023).

Figures

Fig. 8 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation, southern Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–b Benthosema suborbitale (Gilbert, 1913), ASIZF 0100620–621, a Site 5, mud layer, b Site 2. c, Bolinichthys supralateralis (Parr, 1928), Site 5, mud layer,ASIZF 0100622. d–e Ceratoscopelus warmingii (LÜtken, 1892), Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100623–624. f Diaphus effulgens (Goode & Bean, 1896), Site 2, ASIZF 0100625. g–h Diaphus chrysorhynchus Gilbert & Cramer,1897,ASIZF 0100626–627,g Site 6, h Site 5, sand layer

Fig. 1 Maps showing the sampling sites.a Overview of geological map of Taiwan (modified after Chen, 2016). b Detailed geological map of study area (map extracted from National Geological Data Warehouse, Central Geological Survey, Ministry of Economic Affairs,Taiwan). c–d Detail maps of the sampling sites in Chochen,Tainan (c) and Tianliao,Kaohsiung (d)

Fig. 2 Stratigraphic correlation of the southern part of the Western Foothills in Taiwan (modified after Chen, 2016). The studied formation, the Gutingkeng Formation, is indicated in yellow

Fig. 3 Measured section of the outcrops in Site 5 (see text for description). Sampling horizons are indicated

Fig. 4 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation, southern Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–b Bathycongrus sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100597–598.c–d Engraulis japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1846, ASIZF 0100599–600, c Site 5, mud layer, d Site 5, sand layer. e, Stolephorus sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100601. f–g Polyipnus sp., Site 5, sand layer,ASIZF 0100602–603.h Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, 1863, Site 5, mud layer,ASIZF 0100604.i Gonostomatidae indet., Site 5, sand layer,ASIZF 0100605.1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 5 Extant Neoscopelus otoliths from Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views. a–d Neoscopelus macrolepidotus Johnson, 1863, a 25 Mar.2022,110.61 mm SL,CHLOL 15935, b 25 Mar.2022,75.78 mm SL, CHLOL 16588, c, 25 Mar. 2022, 75.55 mm SL,CHLOL 15902, d, 25 Mar. 2022, 60.10 mm SL, CHLOL 16592. e–h Neoscopelus microchir Matsubara, 1943, e, 21 Jan. 2021, 171.07 mm SL, CHLOL 3283, f 21 Jan. 2021, 116.36 mm SL, CHLOL 3287, g 19 Feb. 2020, 60.75 mm SL,CHLOL 819, h 29 Jul.2021,95.46 mm SL, CHLOL 8208. i–l Neoscopelus porosus Arai, 1969, i 24 Jan. 2021, 120.58 mm SL, CHLOL 2127, j 29 Dec. 2021, 100.18 mm SL, CHLOL 13389, k 24 Jan. 2021, 55.30 mm SL,CHLOL 2136,l 19 Feb. 2020,78.81 mm SL, CHLOL 824

Fig. 6 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation, southern Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–g Benthosema parafibulatum sp. nov., ASIZF 0100606–612, a holotype, Site 5, mud layer, b–g paratypes, b, e–g Site 5, mud layer, c–d Site 5, sand layer. h–k Benthosema duanformis sp. nov., ASIZF 0100613–616,h holotype,Site 5, mud layer, i–k paratypes, i, k Site 5, mud layer, j Site 2. l–n Benthosema pterotum (Alcock, 1890), Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100617–619. 1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 7 Extant Benthosema otoliths from Taiwan.Scale bars= 1 mm. Images are inner views. a–c, Benthosema fibulatum (Gilbert & Cramer,1897), a 14 Mar. 2023, 61.75 mm SL,CHLOL 22578, b 31 May 2022, 68.16 mm SL,CHLOL 22364,c 18 Feb.2021, 57.15 mm SL, CHLOL 9210. d–h Benthosema pterotum (Alcock, 1890), d 30 Jun. 2022, 52.06 mm SL,CHLOL 18836, e 30 Jun.2022,36.88 mm SL, CHLOL 18840, f 30 Jun. 2022, 37.34 mm SL,CHLOL 18832, g 30 Jun. 2022, 42.91 mm SL, CHLOL 18854,h 29 Dec. 2021, 29.88 mm SL,CHLOL 13838