Myctophum sp.

Lin, Chien-Hsiang, Wu, Siao-Man, Lin, Chia-Yen & Chien, Chi-Wei, 2023, Early Pliocene otolith assemblages from the outer-shelf environment reveal the establishment of mesopelagic fish fauna over 3 million years ago in southwestern Taiwan, Swiss Journal of Palaeontology (23) 142 (1), pp. 1-40 : 15

Myctophum sp.

Figure 9b–c

Remarks Myctophum otoliths are only represented by two specimens in our collection, and both exhibit very general features that are characteristic of the genus only (see Schwarzhans & Aguilera, 2013: pl. 3, Fig. 9–21 for reference otoliths). Further specimens are required to conduct a more detailed taxonomic characterization.

Figures

Fig. 9 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation, southern Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a Diogenichthys sp., Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100628. b–c Myctophum sp., Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100629–630. d Notoscopelus resplendens (Richardson, 1845), Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100631. e Lampanyctus alatus Goode & Bean,1896,Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100632. f–h Coelorinchus sp., ASIZF 0100633–635, f–g Site 2, h Site 5, sand layer. 1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 10 Extant Coelorinchus and Hymenocephalus otoliths from Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views. a–e, Coelorinchus formosanus Okamura, 1963, a 26 Oct. 2015, 119.00 mm PAL,CHLOL 366, b 29 Dec. 2020,125.00 mm PAL,CHLOL 1827, c 21 Jan. 2022, 103.95 mm PAL, CHLOL 14683, d 21 Jan. 2022, 76.16 mm PAL, CHLOL 14687, e 21 Jan. 2022, 56.02 mm PAL, CHLOL 14662. f–g Hymenocephalus striatissimus Jordan & Gilbert, 1904, f 18 Feb.2021,34.93 mm PAL,CHLOL 2388, g 26 Apr.2022,36.99 mm PAL,CHLOL 17424.h–j Hymenocephalus lethonemus Jordan & Gilbert, 1904, h 25 Mar. 2022, 49.12 mm PAL,CHLOL 17108, i 26 Apr.2022,24.64 mm PAL, CHLOL 17423,j, 26 Apr. 2022, 35.21 mm PAL, CHLOL 17204. k–l Hymenocephalus longibarbis (GÜnther 1887), k 12 May 2022, 42.66 mm PAL, CHLOL 17563, l 25 Mar. 2022, 41.28 mm PAL, CHLOL 17663

Fig. 11 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation,southern Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a Hymenocephalus striatissimus Jordan & Gilbert, 1904, Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100636.b–d Bregmaceros japonicus Tanaka,1908,Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100637–639. e–f Onuxodon sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100640–641. g Encheliophis sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100642. h–i Hymenocephalus aff. papyraceus Jordan & Gilbert, 1904, Site 5, sand layer,ASIZF 0100643–644.j–k Bregmaceros nectabanus Whitley, 1941, Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100645–646.1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 12 Extant Bregmaceros otoliths from Taiwan. Scale bars=1 mm. Images are inner views. a–c Bregmaceros japonicus Tanaka, 1908, a 26 Apr. 2022, 86.24 mm SL, CHLOL 16742, b 25 Mar. 2022, 70.69 mm SL,CHLOL 15727, c 26 Jun. 2020, 102.08 mm SL, CHLOL 937. d–g Bregmaceros lanceolatus Shen, 1960, d 21 Jan. 2022, 93.75 mm SL, CHLOL 14858, e 21 Jan. 2022, 84.66 mm SL,CHLOL 14863, f, 21 Jan.2022,61.09 mm SL, CHLOL 14889, g 21 Jan. 2022, 48.44 mm SL, CHLOL 14884.h, i Bregmaceros nectabanus Whitley, 1941, h 21 Jan. 2022, 47.35 mm SL,CHLOL 14957, i 24 Oct.2021, 56.01 mm SL, CHLOL 10071. j–k Bregmaceros pseudolanceolatus Torii, Javonillo & Ozawa 2004,3 Feb. 2023, 91.53 mm SL,CHLOL 22181

Fig. 13 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation,southern Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–b Neobythites sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100647–648. c, Bythitidae indet., Site 2, ASIZF 0100649. d–j Gutingichthys changi sp. nov., ASIZF 0100650–656,d holotype, Site 2, e–j, paratypes, e, g, h, j Site 2, f, i Site 5, sand layer. k Microdesmidae indet., Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100657. l Jaydia sp., Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100658. m–p Myersina filifer (Valenciennes, 1837), Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100659–662. 1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 14 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation,southern Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–d Priolepis sp., ASIZF 0100663–666, a, d Site 2, b–c Site 5, sand layer. e–f Parachaeturichthys sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100667–668. g Suruga aff. fundicola Jordan & Snyder, 1901, Site 2, ASIZF 0100669.h–k Gobiidae indet., ASIZF 0100670–673, h–j Site 5, sand layer, k Site 2. l Carangidae indet., Site 2, ASIZF 0100674. m Exocoetidae indet., 1901, Site 5, sand layer,ASIZF 0100675. 1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 15 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation,southern Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–b Arnoglossus sp., Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100676–677.c Pardachirus sp., Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100678.d Heteromycteris sp., Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100679. e, Cynoglossus sp., Site 5, mud layer, ASIZF 0100680. f, Parapercis sp., Site 5, mud layer,ASIZF 0100681. g Callionymidae indet., Site 2, ASIZF 0100682. h Champsodon sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100683. i Trichiuridae indet., Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100684. j Labridae indet., Site 2, ASIZF 0100685.1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 16 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation,southern Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a–b Acropoma hanedai Matsubara, 1953, Site 2, ASIZF 0100686–687.c–d Acropoma japonicum GÜnther, 1859, Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100688–689.e–g Malakichthys sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100690–692. h Synagrops japonicus (Döderlein, 1883), Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100693.i Serranidae indet., Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100694.j Upeneus sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100695.1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 17 Extant Acropoma otoliths from Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views. a–d Acropoma hanedai Matsubara,1953, a 29 Aug. 2021, 80.65 mm SL, CHLOL 8683, b 24 Jan. 2021, 106.97 mm SL, CHLOL 2533, c, 19 Feb. 2020, 29.48 mm SL,CHLOL 908, d 29 Jul.2021, 68.94 mm SL, CHLOL 8299. e–h Acropoma japonicum GÜnther, 1859, e, 21 Jan.2022,103.40 mm SL,CHLOL 14810,f 21 Jan. 2022, 146.07 mm SL,CHLOL 14808,g 29 Jul. 2021, 65.95 mm SL, CHLOL 8296, h 21 Jan. 2022, 42.00 mm SL,CHLOL 14800

Fig. 18 Fish otoliths from the Lower Pliocene Gutingkeng Formation,southern Taiwan. Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views unless otherwise indicated. a Bembridae indet., Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100696. b Antigonia sp., Site 2, ASIZF 0100697. c Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel,1843), Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100698. d–e Atrobucca nibe (Jordan & Thompson, 1911), ASIZF 0100699–700, d Site 5, sand layer, e Site 5, mud layer. f utricular otolith, Site 5, sand layer, ASIZF 0100701. 1, ventral view; 2, inner view

Fig. 19 Extant otoliths of Sparidae from Taiwan.Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views.a–b, Acanthopagrus chinshira Kume & Yoshino, 2008, a 24 Dec. 2020, 232.86 mm SL, CHLOL 1937, b 28 Aug. 2019, 182.27 mm SL, CHLOL 621. c–d Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn, 1782), c, 31 Oct. 2019, 226.97 mm SL, CHLOL 674, d 31 Oct. 2019,233.84 mm SL,CHLOL 688. e–f Acanthopagrus pacificus Iwatsuki, Kume & Yoshino 2010, e 28 Aug. 2019, 300.32 mm SL, CHLOL 625, f 10 Feb. 2020, 230.00 mm SL, CHLOL 737. g–h Acanthopagrus schlegelii (Bleeker, 1854), g 28 Aug. 2019,156.12 mm SL, CHLOL 622, h 19 Jan. 2020, 173.88 mm SL, CHLOL 718. i–j Acanthopagrus sivicolus Akazaki, 1962, i 31 Oct. 2019,223.51 mm SL,CHLOL 683, j 31 Oct. 2019,217.26 mm SL,CHLOL 684. k Acanthopagrus taiwanensis Iwatsuki & Carpenter, 2006, 24 Dec. 2020, 223.56 mm SL, CHLOL 1938. l–n Rhabdosargus sarba (Forsskål, 1775), l 31 Oct. 2019, 203.79 mm SL,CHLOL 697, m 18 Dec. 2020, 144.89 mm SL, CHLOL 1643, n 21 Aug. 2019, 172.10 mm SL, CHLOL 578

Fig. 20 Extant otoliths of Sparidae from Taiwan.Scale bars =1 mm. Images are inner views.a–d Dentex hypselosomus Bleeker,1854,a 3 Sep. 2021, 133.64 mm SL, CHLOL 12954,b 25 Jul.2020,211.22 mm SL,CHLOL 955, c, 15 Aug. 2020, 260.48 mm SL,CHLOL 1190,d 3 Sep. 2021, 89.04 mm SL, CHLOL 12951.e–h Argyrops bleekeri Oshima, 1927, e 4 Apr. 2022, 43.44 mm SL,CHLOL 17282, f 16 Apr. 2022, 54.79 mm SL,CHLOL 17425, g 17 Jun. 2022, 320.41 mm SL,CHLOL 18574,h 3 Jun. 2022, 96.95 mm SL,CHLOL 18528. i–l Evynnis cardinalis (Lacepède, 1802), i 28 Aug. 2019,130.88 mm SL, CHLOL 643, j 3 Sep. 2021, 100.93 mm SL, CHLOL 12236,k, 3 Sep. 2021, 59.38 mm SL,CHLOL 11976, l 31 Oct.2019,162.74 mm SL,CHLOL 695. m–p Evynnis tumifrons (Temminck & Schlegel,1843), m 25 Jul. 2020, 192.32 mm SL, CHLOL 956, n 3 Sep. 2021, 125.10 mm SL, CHLOL 11388,o 26 Oct. 2021, 84.32 mm SL, CHLOL 10206, p 15 Aug. 2020, 242.99 mm SL, CHLOL 1159. q–s Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843), q 24 Apr. 2021, 260.38 mm SL, CHLOL 5451, r 17 Aug. 2022, 108.88 mm SL, CHLOL 19786, s 24 Apr. 2021, 183.25 mm SL,CHLOL 5443

Fig. 21 Differences in density of otoliths (a–b) and species richness (c–d) for the sampled sites.Box plots with lower (25th percentile),median, and upper (75th percentile) boundaries, and outliers (solid circle) outside of 10th and 90th percentiles are presented. Note change of scale for samples from the sand layers in Kaohsiung (c–d)