Hapleginella laevifrons (Loew, 1858)

Nartshuk, Emilia P., Polevoi, Alexei V. & Przhiboro, Andrey A., 2020, A review of grass flies (Diptera, Chloropidae) of Karelia and Murmansk Province of Russia, Fauna norvegica 40, pp. 47-92 : 52

Hapleginella laevifrons (Loew, 1858)

Material examined: Murmansk Province. Lim: 1 male, Monchegorsk , 24.VII.1995, Kozlov ( ZISP) ; 1 male, Kandalaksha ( NHMH) ; 1 female, Island Ryashkov , 15.VII.1992 ( ZISP) . Karelia. Kl : 1 male, Kirjavalahti ( NHMH) ; 1 male, Sortavala ( NHMH) ; Kon : 1 female, Tereki, 21.VII.2017, Polevoi; 1 female, Kivach , 4.VII.2001, Polevoi ( FRIP) .

Fauna norvegica 40: 47–92. 2020

Distribution: Transpalaearctic species distributed from the British Isles to the Far East of Russia, also known in Greece ( Kailidis & Georgevits 1972), Morocco ( El-Hassani & Messaoudi 1986) and Portugal ( Ebejer & Andrade 2015).

Biological notes: Forests. Larvae develop in cones of different coniferous trees ( Pinus , Picea , Abies , Larix ) infested by other insects and can develop in other parts of coniferous trees, e.g. in rotting top buds of Pinus sibirica Du Tour. Larvae are saprophagous or/and necrophagous, feed on excrements of other inhabitants, dead insects or rotting plant tissues, do not cause primary damage of coniferous cones and seeds ( Gaidene & Nartshuk 1963). Hibernate as larvae or/ and pupae.