Sicarius fumosus, (NICOLET, 1849)

Magalhaes, Ivan L F, Brescovit, Antonio D & Santos, Adalberto J, 2017, Phylogeny of Sicariidae spiders (Araneae: Haplogynae), with a monograph on Neotropical Sicarius, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 179 (4), pp. 767-864 : 812-815

SICARIUS FUMOSUS ( NICOLET, 1849)

Figures 4A, B , 15E, 17B , 18B , 24B , 26C, 31A , 32B , 33D, E, 38 , 39 , 40B

Thomisoides fumosus Nicolet, 1849: 354 , plate 1, fig. 7. Immature holotype from Chile deposited in MNHN 4160, examined, not found after the Instituto Butantan fire in 2010.

Thomisoides deformis Nicolet, 1849: 357 . Immature holotype from Chile deposited in MNHN, not found. SYN. NOV.

Sicarius fumosus : Simon , 1893: 271. Sicarius deformis : Simon , 1893: 271.

Synonymy: This species was recognized based on the shape of femoral macrosetae, which are not medially widened as in fig. 7 of Nicolet’s paper (widened in S. crustosus and S. lanuginosus ). Nicolet’s S. deformis is an immature, but it fits with this species, which is also the most common belonging to his rugosas group.

Diagnosis: Differs from S. thomisoides and S. yurensis stat. nov. in the smaller size and by possessing a truncate sternum, and white macrosetae and black prolateral setae in the femora. Differs from the similar S. crustosus and S. lanuginosus by the macrosetae in the femora having parallel sides ( Fig. 40B ; widened in the other species, Fig. 40A, C, D ), and by lacking brown markings at the border of the sternum. Males are further distinguished by the long and curved embolus ( Fig. 38 ). Females are further distinguished by the lack of ventral branches in the spermathecae and by the median branches being strongly coiled at the apex and much longer than the lateral branches ( Fig. 39 ).

Description: Male (Palmas de Ocoa, Valparaıso, Chile, IBSP 163741). Coloration: carapace, chelicerae, labium and endites reddish brown, sternum orange, legs orange, abdomen brownish grey. Total length 6.68. Carapace length 3.59, anterior width 1.3, thoracic region width 3.36. Eye diameters and interdistances: PME 0.13, ALE 0.15, PLE 0.15, PME – PLE 0.23, ALE – PLE 0.15. Clypeus height 0.43. Eye tubercles present. Macrosetae in lateral border of the carapace in multiple rows. Femora with prolateral black setae in a zig-zag pattern, white macrosetae present. Sternum length 1.63, width 1.88, cordiform. Femoral thorns: 3. Leg I: femur 4.36 long, patella 1.37, tibia 4.67, metatarsus 3.39, tarsus 1.76. II: fe 4.62, ti 4.67. III: fe 4.12, ti 4.08. IV: fe 4.31, pa 1.27, ti 4.26, mt 3.55, ta 1.86. Abdomen: length 3.22, width 2.95. Palp as in Figure 38A and B .

Female (Palmas de Ocoa, Valparaıso, Chile, IBSP 165466). As in male, except for the following. Total length 7.5. Carapace length 3.8, anterior width 1.4, thoracic region width 3.71. Eye diameters and interdistances: PME 0.13, ALE 0.15, PLE 0.18, PME – PLE 0.36, ALE – PLE 0.18. Clypeus height 0.64. Sternum length 1.68, width 1.91, cordiform. Femoral thorns: 4. Leg I: femur 3.84 long, patella 1.37, tibia 4, metatarsus 2.85, tarsus 1.68. II: fe 4.01, ti 4. III: fe 3.92, ti 3.59. IV: fe 4.08, pa 1.3, ti 3.92, mt 2.98, ta 1.68. Abdomen: length 3.27, width 3.55. Spermathecae branches: 10. Ventral branches absent ( Fig. 39 ).

Variation: Males (N = 5): carapace length 2.95 – 4.36 (3.74), femoral thorns 3 – 4, femur II length 3.96 – 6.07 (4.86). Females (N = 5): carapace length 3.63 – 4.92 (4.14), femoral thorns 3 – 4, femur II length 3.96 – 5.18 (4.42), spermathecae branches 4 – 10. Males ( Fig. 38 ) vary mainly in the length of the bulb body. Females ( Fig. 39 ) vary in number of spermathecae branches and in whether the lateral branches are strongly coiled. One female from Belloto, Valparaıso, lacks the rounded reservatory at the apex ( Fig. 39C, D ). Female subadults have pre-spermathecae with the median branches digitiform, not coiled, much longer than the laterals ( Fig. 39G ).

Natural history: This species has been collected under rocks, logs and roots in xeric woodlands, highaltitude scrublands and beaches. Some of the places where it has been collected (such as Farellones, Santiago) are known to be covered by snow during the winter (adult specimens were collected in autumn). Eggcase as in Figure 17B .

Distribution: Southern Coquimbo region to Maule region, Chile ( Fig. 26C).

Additional material examined: CHILE. Regi on � IV de Coquimbo: Choapa , Los Vilos, 19 km N Los Vilos, Rt. 5, km 244 (71.51667, 31.75, 5 m), N.I. Platnick et al., 9/XI/1993, 1 $ (AMNH); 6.5 km N Los Vilos [71.5, 31.85, 10 m], 16/X/1992, 1 $ (AMNH); Petorca, La Ligua, Pichidangu � ı, Valle de Quillimar � ı (71.50652, 32.10803, 25 m), A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalh ~ aes, 7/IV/2013, 1 # (IBSP 163709). Regi on � V de Valpara � ıso: Petorca, Zapallar, Papudo (71.46545, 32.50513, 76 m), A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalh aes ~, 9/IV/2013, 1 $ (IBSP 163712); Quillota, Olmue , cerro La Campana [71.11667,

32.95, 818 m], R. Calderon , 23/X/1971, 1 # ( UCCC); Palmas de Ocoa (71.08547, 32.93833, 697 m), A.D. Brescovit et al., 23/III/2013, 1 # ( IBSP 163741 ), 1 $ 1 imm. ( IBSP 165465 ); same locality [71.08547,

32.93833, 475 m], N.I. Platnick & O.F. Francke, 12/ I/1985, 1 # ( AMNH); same locality [71.08547,

32.93833, 697 m], R. Calderon G., 25/V/1984, 1 # (AMNH), 1 # (AMNH); Palmas de Ocoa, Parque Nacional La Campana , 30/XI/1984, 1 # (AMNH), 1 # (AMNH); 21/XII/1984, 1 # (AMNH); 29/I/1985, 1 $ (AMNH); San Felipe de Aconcagua , San Felipe (70.73738, 32.706, 739 m), A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalh aes ~, 6/IV/2013, 1 $ (IBSP 163738); Valparaıso, Quilpue, Belloto [71.4, 33.03333, 197 m], A. Valenzuela, XI/1970, 1 $ (UCCC); Parque Nacional La Campana (71.12728, 32.98142, 947 m), A. Ojanguren et al., 22 – 23/VII/2010, 1 $ (MACN-Ar 32326); Vi na ~ del Mar, Concon (71.54267, 32.94467, 91 m), A.D. Brescovit et al., 23/III/2013, 1 $ (IBSP 163713). Regi on � Metropolitana: Cachapoal, Mostazal, Huelquen (70.67338, 33.8749, 385 m), 25/III/2013, 1 $ (IBSP 163762), 1 # (IBSP 165461); Chacabuco, Cerro El Roble [71, 32.96667, 2200 m], M. Elgueta, XI/1982, 1 $ (MHNS 608); Cordillera, San Jose de Maipo, El Canelo (70.45617, 33.58133, 1350 m), A.D. Brescovit et al., 22/III/2013, 1 $ (IBSP 163759); same locality [70.38333, 33.61667, 1000 m], L.E. Pe na ~, 1980, 1 $ (AMNH); El Manzano [70.4115, 33.5795, 1263 m], D. Jackson, VIII/1979, 1 $ (MHNS 924); Farellones, Plazoleta Los Pumas (70.29033, 33.35983, 2821 m), A.D. Brescovit et al., 21/III/2013, 8 # 5 $ 1 imm. (IBSP 163716), 1 # 2 $ (IBSP 163752), 1 # (IBSP 165460); road to Farellones (70.36967, 33.35483, 1738 m), 2 $ (IBSP 163715); same locality (70.32933, 33.3525, 2207 m), 3 # 6 $ 1 imm. (IBSP 163722); same locality (70.36967, 33.35483, 1738 m), 1 # 1 $ (IBSP 163739); Valle del R � ıo Mapocho entre El Array an � y Farellones [70.36967, 33.35483, 1738 m], W. Noodt, X/1958 – VI/1960, 1 # (MHNS 429); Maipo, Calera de Tango, La Rinconada, Maip u � (70.91667,

33.5, 612 m), E.I. Schlinger, 5/IX/1966, 1 $ 2 imm. ( CAS 9052043 ). Regi on � VI de O’Higgins: Cachapoal, Machal � ı, Caletones , Embalse Sapos [70.43333, 34.08333, 2233 m], M. Elgueta, 16/XII/ 1982, 1 # 2 $ ( MHNS 678 ); Coya (70.50928,

34.20235, 1043 m), A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalh ~ aes, 5/IV/2013, 6 # 3 $ 3 imm. ( IBSP 163714 ); same locality (70.61452, 34.1963, 941 m), 4 $ 4 imm. ( IBSP 163729 ); same locality (70.50928,

34.20235, 1043 m), 2 # ( IBSP 163758 ), 1 # ( UFMG 15352 ), 1 $ ( UFMG 15353 ); Peumo, Pichidegua (71.32548, 34.34533, 226 m), 26/III/2013 , 1 $ 1 imm. ( IBSP 163756 ); Requinao, Do nihue ~ (70.84495,

34.18863, 483 m), 25/III/2013, 2 $ ( IBSP 163719 ), 1 $ ( IBSP 165459 ); Los Nogales (70.65958, 34.22452, 750 m), 5/IV/2013 , 3 # 3 $ ( IBSP 163711 ); San Vincente , between Coltauco and Telmo (71.15167,

34.3798, 220 m), 26/III/2013, 1 # ( IBSP 163763 ), 1 # ( IBSP 165458 ); Colchaga, Chepica, Quinahue , Motocross road (71.32832, 34.69947, 198 m), 1 $ 2 imm. ( IBSP 163720 ). Regi on � VII de Maule: Cauquenes , W of Cauquenes [72.31667, 35.96667, 149 m], L. Irarrazaval, V/1984, 1 # ( AMNH); same locality [72.31667, 35.96667, 350 m], 4/X/1983, 1 # ( AMNH); Curico, Molina, El Radal, Parque Ingles (71.05915, 35.41338, 909 m), A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalh ~ aes, 3/IV/2013, 1 # 3 imm. ( IBSP 163761 ); Teno, Los Quenes [70.81667, 35, 880 m], R. Calderon & J. Solenicens, 27/IV/1980, 1 $ ( UCCC); Talca , R � ıo Claro, Los Maitenes (71.14145,

35.38833, 770 m), A.D. Brescovit & I.L.F. Magalh aes ~, 3/IV/2013, 1 $ ( IBSP 163717 ); San Clemente, Las Garzas, La Suiza (70.99533,

35.77283, 888 m), Hidreletrica Pehuenche, 2/IV/ 2013, 2 $ ( IBSP 163721 ) , 1 # ( IBSP 165457 ) . No further data: 1 # (AMNH).

Figures

Figure 4. Scanning electronic microscopy of structures associated to appendages. A, B, Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) male, right leg II (IBSP 163716). A, leg tip, retrolateral. B, tibial base, ventral. Note modified setae (top inset) and chemosensory setae (bottom inset). C, D, Sicarius crustosus (Nicolet, 1849), female, right leg II (MACN 30189). C, femur, dorsal surface. D, tibia, prolateral. Arrows to rows of macrosetae (only five out of eight are visible). Notice that only the ventralmost bear longer, spiniform macrosetae. CBM, club-shaped macrosetae; M, tibial macrosetae; S, particle-adhering setae. Scale bars, A–B = 0.1 mm; C, 0.2 mm; D, 1 mm.

Figure 17. Sicarius eggcases. A, Sicarius cariri Magalh~ aes, Brescovit & Santos, 2013 from Campo Formoso, Bahia, Brazil. B, Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) from Santiago, Chile. C, Sicarius peruensis (Keyserling, 1880) from Lima, Peru. D, Sicarius thomisoides Walckenaer, 1847 from Los Vilos, Coquimbo, Chile. Note absence of collar. E, Sicarius utriformis (Butler, 1877) from Espa~ nola, Galapagos Islands, reproduced from Banks (1902).

Figure 18. Scanning electron microscopy, right male palpi (except H, female), proximal femoral thorn, prolateral view. A, Sicarius thomisoides Walckenaer, 1847 (IBSP 163744). B, Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) (IBSP 163716). C, Sicarius mapuche sp. nov. (CAI 3092). D, Sicarius peruensis (Keyserling, 1880) (IBSP 162916). E, Sicarius boliviensis sp. nov. (AMNH, from San Antonio de Parapeti, Bolivia). F, Sicarius levii sp. nov. (MACN 30239) (left palp, mirrored). G, Hexophthalma hahni (Karsch, 1878) comb. rest. H, Hexophthalma spatulata (Pocock, 1900) comb. nov. (TM 13600). I, Loxosceles simillima Lawrence, 1927 (left palp, mirrored) (TM 10611). Scale bars = 0.05 mm (except H–I, 0.02).

Figure 24. Leg femora. A, Hexophthalma hahni (Karsch, 1878) comb. rest. male, third left leg (KNM 24870), anterior view. Inset showing detail of white macrosetae. B, Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) female, first right leg (IBSP 163741), anterior view (mirrored). C, Sicarius rugosus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) male, second left leg (AMNH), anterior view. D, Sicarius utriformis (Butler, 1877) female, second right leg (RBINS), dorso-anterior view (mirrored). E, Sicarius yurensis Strand, 1908 stat. nov. female, first left leg (AMNH), dorso-anterior view. White arrows indicate groups of black setae, black arrows indicate white macrosetae. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Figure 31. Scanning electron microscopy, metatarsus I, dorsal, distal trichobothria (males, except H, female). A, Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) (IBSP 163752). B, Sicarius thomisoides Walckenaer, 1847 (IBSP 163744). C, Sicarius peruensis (Keyserling, 1880) (IBSP 162916). D, Sicarius mapuche sp. nov. (CAI 3092). E, Sicarius boliviensis sp. nov. (AMNH, from Marquilla, Bolivia). F, Sicarius levii sp. nov. (AMNH, from Tucum� an, Argentina). G, Sicarius tropicus (Mello-Leit~ ao, 1936) (UFMG 11056). H, Hexophthalma spatulata (Pocock, 1900) comb. nov. (AcAT 2013/1514). Scale bars = 0.01 mm, except D (0.05 mm).

Figure 32. Scanning electron microscopy, right male palpi, prolateral view. A, Sicarius thomisoides Walckenaer, 1847 (IBSP 163744). B, Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) (IBSP 163716) (slightly twisted). C, Sicarius peruensis (Keyserling, 1880) (IBSP 162916). D, Sicarius mapuche sp. nov. (CAI 3092). E, Sicarius boliviensis sp. nov. (AMNH, from San Antonio de Parapeti, Bolivia). F, Sicarius levii sp. nov. (MACN 30239) (left palp, mirrored, slightly twisted). Bd, bulb body; Bs, bulb base; E, embolus. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 38. Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) from Chile, male genitalia in prolateral view. A, Palmas de Ocoa, Valparaıso (IBSP 165465). B, same, cymbium and bulb. C, Pichidanguı, Coquimbo (IBSP 163709). D, Cauquenes, Maule (AMNH). E, Farellones, Santiago (IBSP 163722). F, Huelquen, Santiago (IBSP 165461). Scale bars = 0.1 mm (except A, 1 mm).

Figure 39. Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849) from Chile, female genitalia, digested. A, San Felipe, Valparaıso (IBSP 163738), dorsal. B, same, ventral. C, Belloto, Valparaıso (UCCC), dorsal. D, same, ventral. E, Quinahue, O’Higgins (IBSP 163720), dorsal. F, same, ventral. G, subadult from El Radal, Maule (IBSP 163761), ventral. H, Los Vilos, Coquimbo (AMNH), dorsal. I, same, ventral. J, Farellones, Santiago (IBSP 163722), dorsal. K, same, ventral. L, Caletones, O’Higgins (MHNS 678), dorsal. M, same, ventral. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 40. Femur I, dorsal macrosetae, anterior view. A, Sicarius lanuginosus (Nicolet, 1849), male. B, Sicarius fumosus (Nicolet, 1849), male. C, Sicarius crustosus (Nicolet, 1849), male. D, Sicarius crustosus (Nicolet, 1849), female. Note sexual dimorphism in S. crustosus, absent in other species. Scale bar, 0.1 mm.