Danoberotha verkleijorum, Makarkin & Legalov & Simonsen & Perkovsky, 2024
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.79.1 |
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publication LSID |
lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C9E66D27-4897-41A1-A862-F42695A91EF8 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/016687E8-906D-F46B-3ACF-FEB4FCDDFB14 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Danoberotha verkleijorum |
| status |
sp. nov. |
Danoberotha verkleijorum sp. nov.
https://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A5FB9202-3D1D-4046-8C13-2A2B3A763894
( Figure 2 View Figure 2 )
Type material. Holotype: FUM-N 10523 (Verkleij collection number c-06-17b), collected by Jan and Elly Verkleij on 6 June 2006, deposited in Fur Museum. An incomplete and poorly-preserved specimen.
Type locality and horizon. Limfjord Denmark: Fur: the beach near Rødsten. Early Eocene (Fur Formation: Silstrup Member: calcareous concretion, ash-layers +25? to +30) .
Etymology. After the surname of Jan and Elly Verkleij (Rozenburg, Netherlands), who collected the specimen.
Diagnosis. As for the genus.
Description. Body very poorly preserved, details indiscernible. Antennae, legs not preserved. Forewing oval, ca. 6.5 mm long, 3.4 mm wide. Costal space moderately narrow, slightly dilated in proximal half. At least two subcostal veinlets forked in proximal half, two simple, configuration of others unknown; rather closely spaced. Subcostal space with one basal subcostal crossvein visible, located approximately opposite origin of RP. Sc and RA probably fused distally (poorly discernible). Sc+RA long, terminating on wing margin before wing apex, with more than ten veinlets (mostly forked). RA space (between RA, RP) with one crossvein visible before fusion with Sc. RP with six branches. RP1 more deeply forked than other RP branches, which are shallowly forked one to three times. M forked far from wing base, well distad the origin of RP. MA dichotomously branched. MP deeply dichotomously branched. Two crossveins preserved between M, Cu: 2m-cu located distad M fork; 4m-cu belongs to outer gradate series of crossveins. Anterior trace of CuA shallowly forked, with three pectinate branches, which are forked one to three times. Anterior trace of CuP shallowly forked, with at least two pectinate branches originating proximad 2icu (branching not clearly discernible). Anal veins not preserved. Two gradate series of crossveins in radial to medio-cubital spaces: two crossveins discernible in second series, between MP, CuA and CuA, CuP; outer (fourth) series with eight crossveins from RP6 to CuA.
Hind wing fragmentarily preserved. RP with at least five branches parallel to posterior margin. MA, MP distally forked. CuA long, parallel to posterior margin. Other details unclear.
Discussion
The subfamily affinity of the specimen is impossible to determine due to its incomplete and poor preservation. It lacks legs, and we cannot detect if its foreleg is cursorial or raptorial. The key distinguishing feature is, therefore, the pectinate CuP in the forewing.
In extant Berothidae , the pectinate forewing CuP is only present in all species of Lomamyia Banks, 1904 (Berothinae), Trichoberotha Handschin, 1935 and some specimens of Trichoma gracilipenne Tillyard, 1916 (both Trichomatinae) (see e.g., Handschin 1935: Fig. 12; Carpenter 1940: Fig. 59; Aspöck & Aspöck 1985: Figs 35, 36; Faulkner 1992: Figs 27–40). The CuP of other extant berothids is usually deeply forked (e.g., Aspöck & Aspöck 1981: Fig. 6, 10, 21) or not forked before the terminal branching (e.g., Aspöck & Aspöck 1981: Fig. 30), and is only extremely rarely dichotomously forked (e.g., Aspöck & Aspöck 1985: Figs 1 View Figure 1 , 5). Danoberotha gen. nov. differs clearly from these extant genera by the non-falcate forewings (slightly to strongly falcate in these genera) and the presence of only one crossvein between RA and RP proximad the fusion of Sc and RA (at least two in these genera).
The pectinate forewing CuP is also characteristic of some berothid genera from mid-Cretaceous Myanmar amber (see e.g., Yuan et al. 2016: Figs 3, 6; Y. Yang et al. 2020: Figs 6A, 10A, 13, 15A, 18A, 20A, 22A; Khramov 2021: Figs 1C, D View Figure 1 ). But these genera are distinguished by other characters, e.g., Cornoberotha Y. Yang et al. 2020 , Dolichoberotha Y. Yang et al., 2020 and Ansoberotha Y. Yang et al., 2020 all have three or more crossveins between RA and RP before the fusion of Sc and RA, and CuA often has more branches; CuA in Maculaberotha Yuan et al., 2016 and Magniberotha Yuan et al., 2016 is dichotomous, not pectinate.
CuP in other Cretaceous and Cenozoic berothids is deeply ( Grimaldi 2000: Figs 18, 19; Makarkin & Ohl 2015: Fig. 3A) or shallowly forked ( Archibald & Makarkin 2004: Fig. 5; Azar & Nel 2013: Fig. 7), or its configuration is unknown ( Martins-Neto & Vulcano 1990: Fig. 1 View Figure 1 ; Pérez-de le Fuente et al. 2021; Makarkin 2017: Fig. 1C View Figure 1 ; Boderau et al. 2024: Fig. 5). Of these berothids with unknown CuP configuration, the new genus is most similar to the early Eocene Xenoberotha angustialata , but it is easily distinguished from the latter by the much wider forewing and more distal fork of M.
CuP in all Rhachiberothinae (both extant and fossil) is deeply forked ( Aspöck & Mansell 1994: Figs 6, 43; Aspöck & Aspöck 1997: Fig. 36; Makarkin & Kupryjanowicz 2010: Fig. 3; Aspöck et al. 2020: Fig. 7).
Although the specimen is poorly preserved, it may surely be assigned to a new genus and species of Berothidae . Previously, Neuroptera of the Fur Formation were represented by Hemerobiidae , Chrysopidae , Osmylidae , and Polystoechotidae . No species of the Osmylidae have been described to date. Hemerobiidae are most abundant, but only one species has been described ( Henriksen 1922). Chrysopidae and Polystoechotidae have been studied in more detail, with five species of each family described to date ( Andersen 2001; Archibald & Makarkin 2006; Makarkin & Perkovsky 2023, 2024).
The climatic parameters of the environment may be not deduced from the finding of Danoberotha verkleijorum gen. et sp. nov. However, the holotype of Darwin wasp Crusopimpla weltii Viertler et al., 2022 ( Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae ) was found in that calcareous concretion (J. Verkleij, pers. comm., 2024). In the original description ( Viertler et al. 2022), the type locality was mistakenly indicated as ‘Lynghøj on Mors Island’. The type and three species of Crusopimpla Kopylov et al., 2018 were described from the presumed early Eocene of Tadushi Formation (Primorskii Krai, Russia). The climate of the Tadushi Formation is assumed to have been upper microthermal that was characteristic of the montane Okanagan Highlands localities in western North American ( Archibald et al. 2018). Darwin wasps of the genus Crusopimpla Kopylov et al., 2018 (as well as other Pimplinae) are very common and diverse in the Tadushi and Fur formations ( Kopylov et al. 2018; Klopfstein et al. 2022; Viertler et al. 2022); this family is generally very common in both formations. The forewing venation of Asiachrysa Makarkin, 2014 from the Tadushi Formation is most similar to that of Cimbrochrysa Schlüter, 1982 from the Fur Formation ( Neuroptera : Chrysopidae ) ( Makarkin 2014). We may therefore assume that the climate of the Tadushi and Fur formations was similarly upper microthermal, at least when layers +25 to +30 were deposited, where both Darwin wasps and aphids are especially common ( Rust 1999). The abundance of aphids indicates the warm-temperate conditions ( Perkovsky & Wegierek 2018).
Acknowledgements
We thank Jan Verkleij (Rozenburg, Netherlands) for information on the locality and its photographs; René L. Sylvestersen (Museum Salling, Fur Museum, Denmark) for making the fossil available to us; Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn (Paleontological Institute, Moscow, Russia) for useful discussion; S. Bruce Archibald (University of British Columbia, Canada) for editing then English, and Prof. Dong Ren (Capital Normal University, Beijing, China) for valuable comments. VNM’s research was carried out within the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (theme No. 124012400285-7). Study of AAL was funded by the Federal Fundamental Scientific Research Program (grant No. 1021051703269-9-1.6.12). TJS was supported by grants from the Danish Ministry for Culture (grant: FORM.2019-0006), 15 June Foundation (grant: 2018-N-146), and Augustinus Foundation (grant: 19-1419).
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