identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C687E8FF8AFFCFFF5CFC523A6A56F2.text	03C687E8FF8AFFCFFF5CFC523A6A56F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Presliophytum (Urb. & Gilg) Weigend 2006	<div><p>Presliophytum (Urb. &amp; Gilg) Weigend (2006: 467)</p> <p>≡ Loasa section Presliophytum Urb. &amp; Gilg in Gilg (1894: 118)</p> <p>Type species: Presliophytum incanum (Graham) Weigend (2006: 467) ≡ Loasa incana Graham (1830: 169).</p> <p>Erect 20–150 cm tall, densely branched herbs to shrubs (rarely poorly branched herbs &lt;10 cm tall) with stinging hairs. Scabrid hairs abundant on most surfaces, especially on abaxial leaf blade and outer ovary, glandular trichomes sometimes present on leaves and younger stems. Taproot present, usually thickened and fleshy, rarely thin and poorly branched. Leaves shallowly lobate, rarely toothed or sub-entire, mostly alternate (except lowermost pairs), petiole 3–100 mm, lamina 12–170 × 5–170 mm, ovate to reniform with crenate margin, rarely weakly toothed, base cuneate to deeply cordate, apices of lobes and blade, acute to rounded. Inflorescences complex dichasia, to ca. 100 cm long, symmetrical (in extra-Peruvian species) or asymmetrical (in shrubby Peruvian species); each flower erect or horizontal to deflexed in anthesis, with 2 foliose prophylls (flowers apparently irregularly alternating with foliage leaves, due to concaulescence and recaulescence) 3.0–60 × 1.0– 65 mm, similar to leaves in morphology but smaller and less disected; sepals five, 2.0–12 × 0.5–10 mm green, 3-veined, with entire margins; petals five, 4.0– 25 mm long, white (often slightly tinged green or cream) or yellow; nectar scales five, 2–7 mm long, white, yellow or greenish, usually unicolored, rarely bicolored white and yellow or green, with 3 dorsal threads 0.5–7.0 mm long, claviform (shorter than the nectar scale) or filiform (almost as long or longer than the nectar scale). Staminodes 2 per scale, 4–15 mm long. Stamens 30–130. Style 3–15 mm long, straight (twisting after fertilization), ovary inferior, placentae 3 to 5, rarely 2. Fruit a capsule, 5–15 × 3–12 mm, obconical or cylindrical to obovoid or subglobose, opening with 3–5 apical valves (rarely apparently indehiscent); seeds 0.5–4.0 mm × 0.2–1.5 mm, testa dark to tan brown, foveate-reticulate, or with 6–18 transversal constrictions. 2n = 12, 24 (Grau 1988, Weigend 2004). Five species from the xeric regions of western Peru, through northern Chile into western Argentina, frequent on rocky slopes.</p> <p>Etymology:— ‘ Plant of Presl’. Dedicated to the Czech botanist Carl Presl who made important contributions to the knowledge of Loasaceae in the 19th century.</p> <p>Similar taxa:— Due to its distribution in xeric regions, alternate phyllotaxis and star-shaped, pale corollas, Presliophytum could be confused superficially with the following Loasaceae taxa (characters of Presliophytum in parentheses). Both Huidobria have stinging trichomes absent (vs. present), nectar scales formed by four or more stamens (vs. always three, as indicated by the number of dorsal threads in each taxon) and seed testa either longitudinally striate or smooth to irregularly wrinkled (vs. foveate-reticulate or transversally constricted). Nasa Weigend (2006: 465) species with star-shaped, pale corollas have flowers pendent (vs. usually erect), dorsal threads on nectar scales absent (vs present), and seed testa reticulate (vs. foveate-reticulate or transversally constricted). Loasa series Floribundae Urb. &amp; Gilg in Gilg (1894: 116, 117) occasionally have alternate phyllotaxis, but have flowers pendent (vs. usually erect), nectar scales with red markings evident (vs. red absent), fruits semisuperior (vs. inferior) and seed testa deeply pitted (vs. foveate-reticulate or transversally constricted).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687E8FF8AFFCFFF5CFC523A6A56F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Acuña, Rafael;Weigend, Maximilian	Acuña, Rafael, Weigend, Maximilian (2017): A taxonomic revision of the western South American genus Presliophytum (Loasaceae). Phytotaxa 329 (1): 51-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3
03C687E8FF8BFFCFFF5CFEEA3CCB5522.text	03C687E8FF8BFFCFFF5CFEEA3CCB5522.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Presliophytum (Urb. & Gilg) Weigend 2006	<div><p>Key to the species of Presliophytum</p> <p>1. Herbs to sub-shrubs to 50 cm tall. Aerial structures not- to poorly lignified. Fruit with &lt;100 seeds, each seed ca 1–2 mm long, testa transversally constricted. Restricted to northern Chile and western Argentina............................................................................... 2.</p> <p>- Shrubs to 150 cm tall. Aerial structures lignified. Fruit with&gt;1000 seeds, each seed ca. 0.5 mm long, testa foveate-reticulate. Restricted to Peru................................................................................................................................................................................. 3.</p> <p>2. Plants annual to subperennial herbs. Leaves subentire, toothed to irregularly lobate. Sepals more than 3 × as long as wide. Nectar scales contrasting in color with the corolla. Fruit with&gt;10 seeds. Restricted to the interior (more than 80 Km from the ocean) of northern Chile and western Argentina.................................................................................................................. P. malesherbioides</p> <p>- Plants perennial subshrubs. Leaves always more or less regularly lobate. Sepals less than 2 × as long as wide. Nectar scales the same color as the corolla. Fruit with(3–)4(–6) seeds. Restricted to coastal (less than 20 Km from the ocean) northern Chile............................................................................................................................................................................................. P. sessiliflorum</p> <p>3. Leaves reniform. Uniseriate glandular hairs abundant on young stems and leaves. Restricted to Departamentos de Áncash and Lima..................................................................................................................................................................... P. heucheraefolium</p> <p>- Leaves ovate. Uniseriate glandular hairs very rare or absent.......................................................................................................... 4.</p> <p>4. Sepals almost as long as wide. Petals subequal in size to sepals. Restricted to coastal Departamento de Arequipa............................................................................................................................................................................................................... P. arequipense</p> <p>- Sepals ca. 1.5-2 × as long as wide. Petals at least 1.5 × as long as sepals. Widely distributed in the Pacific slope of Peru (Departamentos de Piura to Moquegua)......................................................................................................................................... P. incanum</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687E8FF8BFFCFFF5CFEEA3CCB5522	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Acuña, Rafael;Weigend, Maximilian	Acuña, Rafael, Weigend, Maximilian (2017): A taxonomic revision of the western South American genus Presliophytum (Loasaceae). Phytotaxa 329 (1): 51-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3
03C687E8FF8BFFC1FF5CFCAB3D1A54A3.text	03C687E8FF8BFFC1FF5CFCAB3D1A54A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Presliophytum arequipense Weigend 2006	<div><p>1. Presliophytum arequipense Weigend (2006: 467) (Figs. 1D, 2A, B, 3A)</p> <p>Type: — PERU, Arequipa [Prov. Islay], Mollendo, ca. 30 m., on rocky cliff, 27 October 1937. D. Stafford 1017 (holotype: BM barcode BM000021454!; isotype: F No. 1508586 [photo!]).</p> <p>Coarse, densely branched perennial shrub 50–100 cm tall. Stem epidermis with abundant glochidiate (sometimes obscured) and scabrid trichomes, scattered stinging and short-smooth trichomes. Taproot present, usually thickened and fleshy. Leaves lobate, opposite below, alternate above, petiole 4–20 mm, with glochidiate, scabrid and scattered stinging and short-smooth trichomes, lamina 20–60 × 15–45 mm, ovate with 3–7 lobes on each side, margin crenate, base cuneate to shallowly cordate, often asymmetric, blade and lobe apices obtuse to rounded, upperside with short-smooth, scabrid and sparse stinging trichomes (mostly on veins or blade margins). In older leaves, the trichome apices may fall, leaving behind basal cells, forming scale-like structures, underside densely covered in glochidiate and scabrid trichomes (rarely with glandular and stinging trichomes). Inflorescences densely frondose, complex asymmetrical dichasia, to ca. 50 cm long; each flower erect or horizontal in anthesis with two, sometimes sessile, prophylls (flowers apparently solitary and irregularly alternating with foliage leaves) 3–25 × 5–25 mm, similar to vegetative leaves in morphology and indumentum, but often narrower and weakly lobate; pedicels with glochidiate (sometimes obscured), scabrid, short-smooth and stinging trichomes. Sepals five, broadly ovate, 5–12 × 5–10 mm green, 3-veined with entire margins, almost as long as the petals, indumentum of each surface similar to that of the respective leaf surface; petals five, full to half spreading, cymbiform, 5–9 mm long, cream to greenish-white, tinged darker greenish on the abaxial surface, with scabrid, glochidiate and scattered, weak, stinging trichomes, margins flat or slightly revolute, finely serrate and clearly distinguishable form the petal central depression; nectar scales five, 2–5 mm long, cream to greenish-white (not contrasting with petal color), unicolored, concave, slightly bulging, with a poorly developed papillae-margined neck and rudimentary apical wings. Filiform dorsal threads, three, 1.5–3(–5) mm long, the central sometimes shorter than the laterals, attached subapically to the scale. Staminodes 2 per scale, 4–10 mm long, the distal 2/3rds filiform, glabrous, the proximal third abruptly expanded, with a flange towards the nectar scale, margins papillose. Stamens 50–75, filaments 5 mm long. Style 5 mm long, straight, twisting after fertilization, ovary inferior, with a densely pubescent roof covered in short-smooth and scabrid trichomes, outer wall with abundant glochidiate and stinging trichomes, sometimes with scabrid and short-smooth trichomes, placentae 3–5. Fruit a capsule 6–9 mm diameter, subglobose, opening with 3–5 apical valves; seeds ca. 1200–3000 per capsule, 0.5 mm × 0.2–0.5 mm, testa dark brown, foveate-reticulate. Seed testa cells polygonal.</p> <p>Notes:— Although this species was collected for the first time early in the 19th century by D’Orbigny, it was not recognized as a distinct taxon until 1997 (Weigend 2006). Its most distinctive traits are the size, proportions and morphology of the perianth parts, which are markedly different from its close relative Presliophytum incanum (Acuña et al. 2017).</p> <p>Etymology:— The epithet alludes Arequipa, the Peruvian department to which this species is endemic.</p> <p>Illustrations:— Floral scale morphology: Urban &amp; Gilg (1900: Tab. VII. Fig. 11).</p> <p>Distribution:— Endemic to southern Peru. So far known from only three localities very close to each other near the coast, at elevations below 100 m in Distrito de Mollendo, Provincia de Islay, Departamento de Arequipa (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Phenology:— The few known wild collections flowered in October. In cultivation, the plants flower throughout the year.</p> <p>Ecology:— This plant grows on cliffs, scree slopes and dry river beds and in the Lomas near Mollendo, sometimes sympatrically with cacti. No information about pollinators has been obtained for this species.</p> <p>Conservation status:— Although not analyzed by Rodríguez &amp; Weigend (2006) this species is known from only two recent collections, both from essentially the same place, which is currently under urban development. Due to its rarity, limited range, and human pressure, we recommend this species to be considered as critically endangered (CR) according to criteria A4bc, B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v). Several attempts to find the plant in the wild were unsuccessful and it may be extinct in the wild.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— PERU. Arequipa: Prov. Islay, Islay near Arequipa, 1833(?), D’Orbigny s.n. (P: P00123875); Antigua trocha desde playa Catarindo hasta la Carretera Panamericana, 32 m, 8 October 2004, Ortiz et al. 116 (BONN, HUSA); ditto, 42 m, 8 October 2004, Ortiz et al. 121 (BONN, HUSA).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687E8FF8BFFC1FF5CFCAB3D1A54A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Acuña, Rafael;Weigend, Maximilian	Acuña, Rafael, Weigend, Maximilian (2017): A taxonomic revision of the western South American genus Presliophytum (Loasaceae). Phytotaxa 329 (1): 51-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3
03C687E8FF85FFC2FF5CFD533A90579B.text	03C687E8FF85FFC2FF5CFD533A90579B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Presliophytum heucheraefolium (Killip) Weigend 2006	<div><p>2. Presliophytum heucheraefolium (Killip) Weigend (2006: 467) (Figs. 1E, 2C, D, 3B, H, J)</p> <p>≡ Loasa heucheraefolia Killip (1928: 90)</p> <p>Type: — PERU [Áncash, Prov.Huaraz], Tambo de Pariacota [sic], ca. 1000 m., moist cliff, 8 October 1922, F.Macbride &amp; [W.] Featherstone 2543 (holotype: F No. 518960/ Neg. No. 63414! [photo: US barcode US 00115211!]; isotype: G barcode G00368197 [photo!]).</p> <p>Coarse, densely branched perennial shrub 50–150 cm tall. Stem epidermis with abundant glochidiate, short-smooth and glandular trichomes, sparse scabrid and stinging trichomes. Taproot present, usually thickened and fleshy. Leaves lobate, opposite below, alternate above, petiole 20–100 mm, with glochidiate, short-smooth, glandular and scattered stinging trichomes, lamina 25–170 × 30–170 mm, reniform, with 3–8 lobes on each side, margin crenate, base deeply cordate, blade and lobe apices obtuse, upper side with numerous short-smooth, glandular and few stinging trichomes, very rarely with scabrid trichomes, underside with glochidiate, scabrid and glandular trichomes (rarely with stinging trichomes on veins). Inflorescences densely frondose, complex asymmetrical dichasia, to ca. 100 cm long; each flower erect or horizontal in anthesis, with two, often sessile, prophylls (flowers apparently solitary and irregularly alternating with foliage leaves) 20–60 × 20–65 mm, similar to vegetative leaves in morphology and indumentum; pedicels with glochidiate, scabrid, glandular, short-smooth and scattered stinging trichomes. Sepals five, lanceolate, 10–12 × 3–5 mm green, 3-veined, with entire margins, at least twice as long as wide, indumentum of each surface similar to that of the respective leaf surface; petals five, full spreading, cymbiform, 17–25 mm long, white to lightly tinged greenish, darker greenish on the abaxial surface, with glochidiate, scabrid, short-smooth, glandular and scattered, weak stinging trichomes, margins entire to wavy; nectar scales five, 5–7 mm long, white (not contrasting with petal color), unicolored, concave, slightly bulging, with a poorly developed papillae-margined neck and rudimentary apical wings. Filiform dorsal threads, three, 5–7 mm long, all of about the same length, attached subapically to the scale. Staminodes 2 per scale, 15 mm long, sigmoid, distal 2/3rds filiform and glabrous, proximal third abruptly expanded, with a flange towards the scale, margins papillose. Stamens 100–150, filaments 10–15 mm long. Style 10–15 mm long, straight, but twisting after fertilization, ovary inferior, with a densely pubescent roof, with abundant short-smooth trichomes, outer wall with abundant glochidiate, short-smooth, glandular and stinging trichomes, placentae 3–5. Fruit a capsule 10–12 mm diameter, obovoid to subglobose, opening with 3–5 apical valves; seeds ca. 2000–5000 per capsule, 0.5 mm × 0.2–0.5 mm, testa dark brown, foveate-reticulate. Seed testa cells polygonal.</p> <p>Notes:— Killip (1928) considered this species to be closely related to Loasa pallida, but this is not correct (see Acuña et al. 2017). The species is very distinctive due to its reniform leaves with a densely glandular indumentum.</p> <p>Etymology:— The epithet refers to the similarities in leaf shape between this species and Heuchera L. (Saxifragaceae).</p> <p>Illustrations:— Floral diagram: Grau (1997: Ab. 1). Sepal morphology: Weigend (1997: Fig. 40.1).</p> <p>Distribution:— Endemic to Peru. Restricted to Departamento de Áncash and the northern part of Departamento de Lima from 400 to 1200 m (Fig. 4). Mainly on the western slope of the Cordillera Negra.</p> <p>Phenology:— In the wild this species is known to flower in April, May, October and November. In cultivation it flowers all year.</p> <p>Ecology:— Presliophytum heucheraefolium grows on cliffs, dry washes, road banks and scree slopes at low to intermediate elevations, sometimes associated with other xeric habitat plants such as cacti and Tiquilia Persoon (1805: 157). Thigmonastic stamen movements were studied by Henning &amp; Weigend (2012).</p> <p>Conservation status:— This species seems to be rare in nature and because of that, relatively poorly collected. It was considered as endangered (EN), B1ab(iii) by Rodríguez and Weigend (2006).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— PERU. Áncash: Prov. Santa, 49 Km above Santa in Río Santa Valley, 400 m, 13 May 2003, Weigend et al. 7653 (BONN, F); Road from Moro to Pamparomas (Caraz), Cordillera Negra, 900 m, 1997, Weigend &amp; Dostert 97/120 (F, P); Road from Moro to Pamparomas.Arenal de Moro, 615 m, 25 November 2006, Ackermann &amp; Albán 615 (BONN); Road from Moro to Pamparomas, 10 October 2002, Weigend et al. 7368 (BONN); Prov. Casma, Road from Casma to Yaután, 580 m, 10 April 2001, Weigend et al. 5536 (BONN); Prov. Huaraz, Río Grande / Río Cacchan, 1141 m, 16 May 2003, Weigend et al. 7691 (BONN, F).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687E8FF85FFC2FF5CFD533A90579B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Acuña, Rafael;Weigend, Maximilian	Acuña, Rafael, Weigend, Maximilian (2017): A taxonomic revision of the western South American genus Presliophytum (Loasaceae). Phytotaxa 329 (1): 51-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3
03C687E8FF86FFC4FF5CFE05387B50EC.text	03C687E8FF86FFC4FF5CFE05387B50EC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Presliophytum incanum (Graham) Weigend 2006	<div><p>3. Presliophytum incanum (Graham) Weigend (2006: 467) (Figs. 1A, F, G, 3C, D, G)</p> <p>≡ Loasa incana Graham (1830: 169)</p> <p>Type: — PERU [Lima, Prov. Canta], Valley of Canta, Yazo [sic], 1830. Cruckshanks s.n. (holotype: E barcode E00085317!; isotype: BM!, K barcode K000372846!).</p> <p>= Loasa atriplicifolia Presl (1832: 61, Tab. 39). Lectotype (designated in Weigend 1998: 168):—Tab. 39 (Presl 1832).</p> <p>= Loasa ruiziana Don (1834: 64). ≡ Loasa incana Ruiz &amp; Pavón (1959: 406, Tab. 441, fig. a). Lectotype (designated in Weigend 1998: 168):—tab. 441, fig. a. (Ruiz &amp; Pavón 1959). Epitype (designated in Weigend 1998: 168):—[PERU, Lima, Prov. Huarochirí] anno? “ Loasa sp. nova de Huayaquil” Pavón. s.n. (BM!). Possible type:— PERU [Lima, Prov. Canta], ex Obrajillo, 1778, H. Ruiz et al. s.n. (MA barcode MA813475 [photo!])</p> <p>Coarse, densely branched perennial shrub 50–150 cm tall. Stem epidermis with abundant glochidiate and scabrid trichomes, scattered stinging and short-smooth trichomes. Taproot present, usually thickened and fleshy. Leaves lobate (lobes more profound in younger plants), less frequently deeply thoothed, opposite below, alternate above, petiole 7–35 mm, with glochidiate, scabrid and scattered stinging trichomes (rarely with short-smooth trichomes), lamina 40–100 × 25–80 mm, ovate with (0–)3–6 lobes on each side, margin crenate or toothed, base cuneate to shallowly cordate, sometimes asymmetric, blade and lobe apices acute, upperside with scabrid and stinging trichomes (the latter sparse and mostly on veins), rarely with short-smooth trichomes, in older leaves the trichome tips may fall, leaving behind basal cells forming scale-like structures, underside densely covered in glochidiate and scabrid trichomes (rarely with stinging trichomes on veins). Inflorescences densely frondose, complex asymmetrical dichasia, to ca. 100 cm long; each flower erect or horizontal in anthesis with two, petiolate or sessile, prophylls (flowers apparently solitary and irregularly alternating with foliage leaves) 15–45 × 2–25 mm, similar to leaves in morphology and indumentum, but sometimes subentire and very narrowly lanceolate (2–3 mm wide); pedicels with glochidiate, scabrid and scattered stinging trichomes. Sepals five, lanceolate, 5–12 × 3–6 mm green, 3-veined, margins entire, more than 1.5 × long as wide, indumentum of each surface similar to that of the respective leaf surface; petals five, half to full spreading, cymbiform, 11–20 mm long, white (when full spreading) to beige or yellow (when half spreading), sometimes slightly tinged greenish on the abaxial surface, with abundant glochidiate, short-smooth and scattered, weak stinging trichomes, margins entire, vertical to slightly involute, rarely with indistinct, narrow (1 mm wide) flat margins; nectar scales five, 4–5 mm long, white, beige or yellow (not contrasting with petal color), unicolored, concave, slightly bulging, with a poorly developed papillose-margined neck and rudimentary apical wings. Filiform dorsal threads, three, 5–7 mm long, of about the same length, attached subapically to the nectar scale. Staminodes 2 per scale, 10– 12 mm, distal 2/3rds filiform, glabrous, proximal third abruptly expanded, with a flange towards the nectar scale, margins papillose. Stamens 50–75, filaments 7–10 mm long. Style 7–10 mm, straight, but twisting after fertilization, ovary inferior, with a densely pubescent roof covered mostly in scabrid trichomes, sometimes with few short-smooth trichomes, outer wall with abundant glochidiate, scabrid and stinging trichomes, placentae 3–5. Fruit a capsule 5–10 mm diameter, subglobose or broadly conical, opening with 3–5 apical valves; seeds ca. 1200–2500 per capsule, 0.5 mm × 0.2–0.5 mm, testa dark brown, foveate-reticulate. Seed testa cells polygonal.</p> <p>Notes:— Ruiz, Pavón and Dombey were in Obrajillo in 1778 (Lang 1985). Therefore, it seems likely that H. Ruiz et al. s.n. (MA barcode MA813475) was collected at that time and possibly is a type of Loasa incana Ruiz &amp; Pavón (not Loasa incana Graham). This species shows considerable plasticity in leaf morphology. As greenhouse plants age, they produce progressively smaller leaves. The difference in size after two years is quite noticeable. Habitat also seems to account for considerable variation: plants growing in dry river beds and cliffs often have diminutive leaves while plants growing in dry forest edge or scrub have broader leaves. There is morphological variation related to geography (Figs. 1F, G), but this is greatly obscured by the changes resulting of age and habitat conditions. More consistent differences possibly related to geographic origin are evident in floral morphology as most of the the populations from Arequipa and Moquegua have yellow, half spreading corollas (Fig. 3D) that are different from the white, full spreading corollas more common in plants further north (Fig. 3C). The type material studied and cultivated by Graham (1830) had white, spreading corollas. It must be noticed, however, that some plants in Arequipa and Moquegua have been reported as having white flowers, at the same time yellow flowered individuals have been collected as far north as Lima (Fig. 4). In preserved specimens, the color of the corolla turns yellowish, independently of the origin of the plants, and, in the absence of field notes, it is unclear whether white and yellow flowered populations overlap with each other, and how extensive is this overlap, if any. Plants with white flowers tend to have stems predominantly with scabrid trichomes while yellow flowered plants have stems mostly with glochidiate trichomes, but this difference appears to be minor and not always consistent. Preliminary genetic evidence coming from plastid markers suggests that the yellow-flowered populations from the south could be more closely related to P. arequipense than to the northern white-flowered populations. But more robust evidence is needed before making a taxonomic decision.</p> <p>Etymology:— The epithet refers to the hoary appearance of the plants due to their abundant scabrid and glochidiate trichomes.</p> <p>Illustrations:— Habit and morphology: Presl (1832: Tab. XXXIX), Urban &amp; Gilg (1900: Tab. VII. Fig. 1 –10), Ruiz &amp; Pavón (1959: Icon. CDXLI.a). Leaf: Weigend (1997: Fig. 21.8). Inflorescence architecture: Urban (1892a: Taf. XII.6), Weigend (1997: Fig. 29.2), Weigend et al. (2004b: Fig. 6C). Floral diagram: Urban (1892b: Taf. XIV.21), Gilg (1894: Fig. 37N), Grau (1997, Ab. 3). Sepal morphology: Weigend (1997: Fig. 40.2). Petal ontogeny: Weigend (1997: Fig. 43.13–14). Nectar scale ontogeny: Weigend (1997: Fig. 53.2, mislabeled as “ Loasa grandis ”). Fruit: Weigend (1997: Fig. 56.20).</p> <p>Distribution:— Endemic to Peru. Known from Departmento de Piura to Departmento de Moquegua, from sea level to over 3000 m elevation. This species is very widely distributed on the Pacific slope of Peru, but is largely replaced by P. heucheraefolium in coastal Departamento de Áncash (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Phenology:— This species is known to flower all year round.</p> <p>Ecology:— This is one of the most widespread taxa of Loasoideae, with a very broad ecological tolerance in dry habitats. Like other species of the genus, it grows on cliffs, in dry washes, on road banks and scree slopes at low to intermediate elevations, sometimes associated with cacti and other dry scrub plants. It can also be found in Andean scrub, coastal lomas and disturbed habitats.</p> <p>Conservation status:— This species fares well in human disturbed habitats and is one of the most abundant species of Loasaceae in Peru. Due to its abundance and resilience to human disturbance it is considered a LC species (Rodríguez &amp; Weigend 2006).</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— PERU. Dept. Unknown: San Mateo in the Quebrada, s.a., coll. Unknown 696 (K: K000372847); s.a., Martinet s.n. (P: P04589533); s.a., Martinet 191 (P: P04589534); San Bartolomé, July 1874, Martinet 168 (P: P04589536, P04589537); s.a., Neé s.n. (F: n.842915); Piura: Prov. Unknown, Pariñas Valley, 35 miles east of Cape Pariñas, 4 September 1927, Haught 186 (F); Prov. Talara, Pariñas valley, 20 miles inland, s.a., Haught F-111 (F); Cajamarca: Prov. Santa Cruz, 35 Km from Santa Cruz on road to Catache, 1 Km after Catache, 4 May 2003, Weigend et al. 7546 (BONN); Prov. San Miguel, Entre Quindén y Platanal (carretera hacia el Pueblo de Unión Agua Blanca), 800 m, 6 October 2001, Rodríguez et al. 2423 (F); Prov. Contumazá, Alrededores de Tembladera, 900 m, 23 May 1976, Sagástegui et al. 8529 (F); Road from Pacasmayo to Cajamarca, ca. 20 Km from Pacasmayo on rocky roadside, 500 m, 1998, Dostert 98/165 (F); Road from Chilete to Pacasmayo, 900 m, 1997, Weigend et al. 97/457 (F); Ca. 30 Km from Chilete on road to Contumazá, 9 May 2003, Weigend et al. 7585 (BONN); Al N. de Contumazá sobre el camino que conduce a Chilete, y que se desvía de la carretera Contumazá–Chilete, bajando Hoyada Verde, 1600 m, 3 July 1983, Sánchez et al. 3195 (F); Chilete-Contumazá road, about midway between the villages; 11 April 2003; Hufford et al. 4018 (F); Alrededores de San Benito, 1300 m, 3 February 1985, Sagástegui et al. 12461 (BONN, F); El Portachuelo (Ascope - El Algarrobal), 780 m, 20 April 1984, Sagástegui 11387 (BONN); La Libertad: Prov. Gran Chimú, Cascas –Contumazá road, 1.1 Km north of square in Cascas, 1350 m, 10 April 2003, Hufford et al. 4013 (F); Prov. Ascope–Prov. Trujillo, Cerro Cabezón, 800 m, 3 July 1985, Mostacero et al. 767 (F); ditto, 250 m, 4 November 1983, Sagástegui &amp; López 10988 (F); ditto, 500 m, 8 May 1999, Sagástegui et al. 16142 (BONN, F); Prov. Otuzco, Ruta Simbal – La Cuesta, 1280 m, 2 September 1973, López &amp; Sagástegui 8008 (F); Prov. Trujillo, Pedregal, 800 m, 1 May 1994, Sagástegui 15289 (F); Pedregal a Shirán, 300 m, 4 February 1974, Lourteig &amp; López 2994 (P); Road Trujillo–Otuzco near Shiran, 600 m, 1997, Weigend et al. 97/198 (F); Alrededores de Shirán, 550 m, 10 June 1993, Leiva 772 (F); Trujillo–Otuzco road, 31.5 Km east of the PanAmerican Highway in Trujillo and 6.2 Km west of Puente Shirán, 900 m, 15 April 2003, Hufford et al. 4025 (F); Prov. Virú, Lomas de Virú. Cerro de las Lomas, 350 m, 12 October 2000, Weigend et al. 2000/695 (BONN, F); Áncash: Prov. Corongo, Road from Huallanca to Yanac, near Yanac, 2800 m, 7 March 2001, Weigend et al. 5013 (BONN); Road Sihuas to Corongo / Mirador (on Río Santa), 3065 m, 26 April 2004, Weigend &amp; Schwarzer 8039 (BONN, F); Prov. Huaylas, 133 Km from Santa on road to Caraz, 2 Km after Huallanca, 13 May 2003, Weigend et al. 7655 (BONN, F); Road from Caraz to Huaylas, ca. 2 Km after the turnoff to Huaylas from the Carretera Central, 2614 m, 28 November 2014, Henning et al. 9719 (BONN); Cordillera Negra, 20.5 Km from Caraz on road to Huaylas, 2278 m, 29 April 2004, Weigend &amp; Schwarzer 8048 (BONN, F); Surrounding of Pamparomas to Tuteycon, 1950 m, 25 November 2006, Ackermann &amp; Albán 616 (BONN); Serpentine outside fields Shauintioc and Tuteycon, 15 May 2003, Weigend et al. 7688 (BONN); Road from Pamparomas to Moro, branch to Ullpan, 2120 m, 14 October 2007, Weigend &amp; Hilger 8912 (BONN); Prov. Santa, Road from Moro to Pamparomas (Caraz), Cordillera Negra, lower desertic regions, 1400 m, 1997, Weigend &amp; Dostert 97/121 (F); Road from Moro to Pamparomas, 10 October 2002, Weigend et al. 7367 (BONN, F); Lima: Prov. Unknown, s.a., Dombey s.n. (P: P04588969); Road to Puruchuco, s.a., McLean s.n. (K: K000372845); Prov. Huaura, Ámbar-Huaura, Laderas de Cerros, 1200 m, 6 August 2003, coll. Unknown 3267 (BONN); Prov. Canta, Ex Obrajillo, s.a., Ruiz et al. s.n. (MA: MA813475); Canta por abajo, 2300 m, 2 April 1953, Petersen &amp; Ginting 1194 (L); Quives, open rocky slope, 1300 m, 9 June 1925, Pennell 14309 (F); Prov. Lima, Canta Valley, 7 km NE of Trapiche. On sandy sides of dry wash; 800 m; 4 August 1957, Hutchinson 1012 (F); Road from Trapiche to Quilca at ± 6 Km from Trapiche. Dry stream bed in Tillandsia desert. Granite sand, no cacti, 750 m, 02 January 1971, Hawkes et al. 4103 (L); Chosica, 800 m, June 1949, Soukup 3796 (F); Prov. Huarochirí, Near Huínco, above Chosica, 1900 m, 3 September 2004, Richter s.n. (BONN); Carretera Central, just west of Matucana, 2300 m, 1997, Weigend &amp; Dostert 97/12 (F); Matucana. Steep rocky canyon slope; soil loose, 2500 m, 19 April 1922, Macbride &amp; Featherstone 257 (F); Prov, Yauyos: Road from Yauyos to Jauja, few Km after Magdalena, 2300 m, 7 October 2002, Weigend et al. 7233 (BONN); Road from Huancayo to San Vicente de Cañete. 193 Km from Huancayo, 872 m, 22 September 2001, Weigend &amp; Skrabal 5888 (BONN, F); Ica: Prov. Unknown, s.a., Martinet 47 (P); Prov. Pisco, 1 Km before Puente Huaytará (Km 73 road Pisco-Ayacucho), 1450 m, 29 September 1997, Weigend &amp; Förther 97/585 (F); Prov. Nazca, Sol de Oro, 840 m, 2 January 2007, Huamantupa 8432 (BONN); Km 17 on Road Nazca–Puquio, 1140 m, 2 October 1997, Weigend &amp; Förther 97/642 (F); Arequipa: Prov. Caravelí, Quebrada Ático, 50 m, 14 February 1998, Cátedra Ecología, s.n. (FLSP 1343) (P: P04574610); Prov. Condesuyos, Road from Aplao (Castilla) to Chuquibamba, S of bridge over Río Arma, Quebrada Huario, ca. 24.5–26 Km from Chuquibamba, 1550 m, 24 July 2010, Weigend et al. 9374 (BONN); Prov. Camaná, Km 934 Panamericana Sur between Camaná and Tambillo, 1500 m, 5 October 1997, Weigend &amp; Förther 97/760 (F); Moquegua: Prov. General Sánchez Cerro, Omate. Laderas de cerros y bordes de camino, 2400 m, 15 September 2004, coll. Unknown 3239 (BONN); Anexo de ‘ Laje’–San Francisco, 2270 m, 8 April 2003, Cáceres et al. 3014 (BONN); Road from Omate to San Francisco above Omate. Hillsides of Urimalle, 1840 m, 8 December 2006, Ackermann &amp; Cáceres 674 (BONN, F); From Moquegua to Omate, 2798 m, 14 April 2004, Weigend &amp; Schwarzer 7869 (BONN); Prov. Mariscal Nieto, Road Moquegua to Omate, 74 Km from Moquegua, 1 Km before puente over Río Tambo, 14 April 2004, Weigend &amp; Schwarzer 7862 (BONN, F); Off Moquegua–Torata road, just above Torata, 14 September 2001, Hufford &amp; McMahon 3835 (F); 20 Km E of Moquegua on road to Torata, 2100 m, 13 October 1997, Weigend &amp; Förther 97/850 (F); 14 Km E of Moquegua on road to Torata, 1855 m, 13 October 1997, Weigend &amp; Förther 97/848 (F); Km 1126 Panamericana Sur. 14 Km N of Moquegua turnoff, 1200 m, 14 October 1997, Weigend &amp; Förther 97/855 (F); Río seco o aluvión, 1200 m, 9 April 1959, Vargas 12640 (BONN); Cerca a Moquegua. Cauce seco, 800 m, 27 October 1966, Vargas 17970 (BONN).</p> <p>4. Presliophytum malesherbioides (Phil.) R.H. Acuña &amp; Weigend in Acuña et al. (2017: 373) (Figs. 1C, 3E, I, K) ≡ Loasa malesherbioides Philippi (1864:74) Type: —[CHILE, Coquimbo, Prov. Elqui] Baños del Toro, 1860/61, [H.] Volckmann s.n. (SGO?, B [†, photo F Neg. No.10208!]). = Loasa longiseta Philippi (1865: 347). Lectotype (designated in Acuña et al., 2017: 373):—[CHILE, Atacama, Prov. Copiapó] Quebrada de Puquios, Des. Atacama, 1865, F. Geisse s.n. (SGO barcode SGO000003405 [photo!]; isolectotype: SGO barcode SGO000003404</p> <p>[photo!]).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687E8FF86FFC4FF5CFE05387B50EC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Acuña, Rafael;Weigend, Maximilian	Acuña, Rafael, Weigend, Maximilian (2017): A taxonomic revision of the western South American genus Presliophytum (Loasaceae). Phytotaxa 329 (1): 51-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3
03C687E8FF82FFC7FF5CFBA13D975212.text	03C687E8FF82FFC7FF5CFBA13D975212.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Presliophytum sessiliflorum (Phil.) R. H. Acuna & Weigend	<div><p>5. Presliophytum sessiliflorum (Phil.) R.H. Acuña &amp; Weigend in Acuña et al. (2017: 373) (Figs. 1B, 3F, L)</p> <p>≡ Loasa sessiliflora Philippi (1893:12)</p> <p>Type:— [CHILE, Antofagasta, Prov. Antofagasta] Sierra Esmeralda, Des Atacama, 20 October 1883, [F.] S [an] Roman s.n. (holotype: SGO barcode SGO 000003420 [photo!]).</p> <p>Densely branched subshrub to ca. 50 cm tall. Stem epidermis green, with abundant glochidiate, scabrid and stinging trichomes, glandular trichomes in younger parts. Taproot perennial, fleshy and thick. Leaves opposite below, alternate above, petioles to 20 mm long in basal leaves, similar to the stem in trichome cover, but with more glandular trichomes especially near the leaf blade, terminal leaves mostly (sub)sessile, lamina 20–60 × 7–35 mm, ovate with 3–8 triangular lobes on each side, margin toothed, base truncate, sometimes slightly asymmetrical, blade and lobe apices acute, adaxially with numerous scabrid, short smooth, glandular and stinging trichomes, rarely with few glochidiate trichomes, abaxially with abundant glochidiate trichomes, stinging trichomes restricted to the larger veins. Inflorescences frondose dichasia, to 10 cm long, the trichome cover similar to the stem, but with more glandular trichomes; flowers horizontal to deflexed in anthesis, with two, sessile prophylls per flower (flowers apparently irregularly alternating with the prophylls), 3–17 × 2–10 mm, diminishing in size towards the terminal portions of the inflorescence, similar to vegetative leaves in trichome cover but usually only slightly serrate to dentate with 3–4 teeth per side, flowers subsessile or with pedicels, shorter than the petals, to 4(–6) mm, with glochidiate, glandular and stinging trichomes. Sepals five, broadly lanceolate to ovate, 2.5–5 × 2.5–4 mm, &lt;1.25 × as long as wide, green, 3-veined, margins entire, indumentum of each surface similar to that of the respective leaf surface but with less glandular trichomes; petals five, full spreading, cymbiform, 7–14 mm long, white or very light greyish, tinged greenish on the abaxial surface with abundant scabrid, glochidiate, glandular and rarely weak stinging trichomes adaxially, margins slightly undulate; nectar scales five, 3–4 mm long, white (not contrasting with petal color), concave, slightly bulging, apex weakly bilobate, neck with a weak rim, rudimentary apical wings. Dorsal threads, three, filiform, of about the same length, to ca. 3 mm long, attached to the tip of the scale. Staminodes 2 per scale, to ca. 10 mm long, S-shaped, the distal 2/3rds filiform and glabrous, the proximal third abruptly thickened, flattened and papillose. Stamens 30–50, filaments 5–10 mm long. Style 10 mm long, straight, but twisting after fertilization, persistent in fruit, the basal portion with scabrid trichomes; ovary inferior, with a densely pubescent roof with scabrid trichomes, outer wall with abundant scabrid and stinging trichomes, placentae 2. Fruit a 2 locule capsule 5–6 × 3 mm (not counting the persistent sepals), obovoid, apprently indehiscent; seeds (3–)4(–6), two per locule, 3–4 mm × 1 mm, narrowly ovoid, testa tan brown, darker towards hilar end, with 12–18 transversal constrictions. Seed testa cells tetragonal, periclinal walls with undulate sculpturing.</p> <p>Notes:— The name Loasa longiseta has been often misapplied to this species (Weigend et al. 2008). Urban &amp; Gilg (1900) knew about this species and considered it possibly related to Loasa longiseta, but they were unable to examine the only specimen known at the time (the holotype). Its taxonomic status has been clarified only recently (Acuña et al. 2017). The dimerous gynoecia and two-seeded locules observed in this species are rare in the tribe Loaseae.</p> <p>Etymology:— The epithet refers to the short-pedicellate to subsessile flowers of this species.</p> <p>Illustrations:— Inflorescence architecture: Weigend et al. (2004b: Fig.6A incorrectly called “ Loasa longiseta ”). Floral diagram: Grau (1997: Ab. 3).</p> <p>Distribution:— Endemic to Chile. Presliophytum sessiliflorum grows only in scattered localities in coastal mountain ranges of the Región de Antofagasta and possibly northernmost Región de Atacama, Chile, at elevations under 1000 masl, and less than 20 km inland from the Pacific Ocean (Fig. 4).</p> <p>Phenology:— Known to flower between October and April.</p> <p>Ecology:— This plant seems to be restricted to habitats with oceanic influence. The capsules are apparently indehiscent and thus the fruit and the seeds are expected to be dispersed as a single unit.</p> <p>Conservation status:— It has been reported by Johnston (1929) and by Jiles, in a specimen label, that this species could be common locally [Jiles 5343 (CONC)], and may occur in disturbed habitats, e.g., La Chimba NE of Antofagasta [(Luebert et al. 3405 (BONN)]. Marticorena et al. (1998) recorded this species for Región de Antofagasta, but its conservation status was not analyzed. Due to our rudimentary knowledge of its abundance and distribution we consider Presliophytum sessiliflorum as DD.</p> <p>Additional specimens examined:— CHILE. Antofagasta: Prov. Tocopilla, La Carmelita, 750 m, 8 November 1969; Jiles 5343 (CONC); Prov. Antofagasta: Quebrada La Chimba, 340 m, 18 October 2016, Luebert et al. 3405 (BONN); bare rocky canyon, 200 m, 3 April 1925, Pennell 13026 (F); Quebrada de Botija, al norte de Paposo, 400 m, 29 November 1988, Hoffmann 187 (CONC); Sierra Esmeralda, along trail between Posada de los Hidalgos and Quebrada Cachina via Portezuelo de Mina Carola. 1.5 Km N, 14 December 1925, Johnston 5674 (F).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687E8FF82FFC7FF5CFBA13D975212	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Acuña, Rafael;Weigend, Maximilian	Acuña, Rafael, Weigend, Maximilian (2017): A taxonomic revision of the western South American genus Presliophytum (Loasaceae). Phytotaxa 329 (1): 51-68, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.3
