identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C63D445646765FFCD24700FAFAF9A7.text	03C63D445646765FFCD24700FAFAF9A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Adenomus kelaartii (Gunther 1858)	<div><p>Adenomus kelaartii</p> <p>Endemic species to the island and found in lowland semi-evergreen forests of Knuckles forest range, primarily in riverine forests and wet patana grasslands. Species commonly observed on leaf litter and rarely recorded in semi-arboreal habitats 1.5 m above ground. Species recorded from Rambukoluwa and Manigala patana area.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D445646765FFCD24700FAFAF9A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D445647765EFF484523FAA1F9E6.text	03C63D445647765EFF484523FAA1F9E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nannophrys marmorata Kirtisinghe 1946	<div><p>Nannophrys marmorata</p> <p>Endemic, Critically Endangered species restricted to the Knuckles. Only recorded in Patana grasslands found within sub-montane and lowland semi-evergreen forests and in moist rock crevices. There are two other species recorded in this genus: N. ceylonensis found in the lowland wet zone and N. naeyakai restricted to the Uva and eastern provinces of Sri Lanka (Fernando et al. 2007).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D445647765EFF484523FAA1F9E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D445647765EFCD244A3FC62F806.text	03C63D445647765EFCD244A3FC62F806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudophilautus cavirostris	<div><p>Pseudophilautus cavirostris</p> <p>Endemic, Endangered species recorded from lowland semi-evergreen forests and Kaluganga riverine forests on tree trunks about 1.5-2 m above ground. Prefers to remain under thick, moist moss on tree trunks. Primarily found from Pallegama to Rambukoluwa (Kaluganga river bank).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D445647765EFCD244A3FC62F806	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456407659FCD24442FC0BF8A5.text	03C63D4456407659FCD24442FC0BF8A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hylarana gracilis (Gravenhorst 1829)	<div><p>Hylarana gracilis</p> <p>Endemic species primarily recorded from riverbanks of lowland semi-evergreen forests. Ground-living species, recorded from banks of the Kaluganga Pallegama to Rambukoluwa rivers.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456407659FCD24442FC0BF8A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456407659FCD242A2FB39FEE5.text	03C63D4456407659FCD242A2FB39FEE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudophilautus fergusonianus (Ahl 1927)	<div><p>Pseudophilautus fergusonianus</p> <p>Pseudophilautus fergusonianus was recorded from lowland semi-evergreen forests in the study area. Endemic species primarily found on moist rock surfaces near streams during the day and on shrubs at night. Recorded in Walpalamulla and Rambukoluwa area.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456407659FCD242A2FB39FEE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456407659FCD243A2FC69FD05.text	03C63D4456407659FCD243A2FC69FD05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudophilautus fulvus (Manamendra-Arachchi & Pethiyagoda 2005)	<div><p>Pseudophilautus fulvus</p> <p>Endemic and Endangered species primarily found in sub-montane and lowland semi-evergreen forests. They occupy small tree holes during day and at night were observed on tree bark. Species recorded from Bambarakanda (near Walpalamulla). Only a single specimen was documented in this study.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456407659FCD243A2FC69FD05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456407659FCD24082FBA7FBC6.text	03C63D4456407659FCD24082FBA7FBC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudophilautus hankeni Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi 2011	<div><p>Pseudophilautus hankeni</p> <p>Psuedophilautus hankeni a recently described species (Meegaskumbura and Manamendra-Arachchi 2011); conservation status not assessed yet. Species only recorded from the Knuckles range and was previously recorded only in Dothalugala Man and Biosphere Reserve within the Knuckles conservation forest (Rajapaksha et al. 2006). Uncommon, arboreal species. Major habitat is montane forests living on mossy tree bark; occasionally recorded on ground. Documented from Kalupahana mountain range, Gomabaniya, and Yakungehela areas, expanding its previous range.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456407659FCD24082FBA7FBC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456407659FCD24642FC49FAC5.text	03C63D4456407659FCD24642FC49FAC5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudophilautus macropus (Gunther 1869)	<div><p>Pseudophilautus macropus</p> <p>Endemic, Critically Endangered amphibian primarily found near streams in sub-montane forest habitats. Only one specimen was recorded during the study, collected on mossy bark, about 1.5 m from the ground in the Bambarakanda area.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456407659FCD24642FC49FAC5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456407659FCD24742FC48F9C5.text	03C63D4456407659FCD24742FC48F9C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudophilautus stuarti (Meegaskumbura & Manamendra-Arachchi 2005)	<div><p>Pseudophilautus stuarti</p> <p>Endemic and Endangered species restricted to the Knuckles forest range found in understory of montane and sub-montane forest habitats, mostly in shrub layer. Recorded in Kalupahana peak, Gombaniya northern slope, and Bambarakanda.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456407659FCD24742FC48F9C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456417658FCD242A0FC69FEA7.text	03C63D4456417658FCD242A0FC69FEA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calotes liocephalus	<div><p>Calotes liocephalus</p> <p>Endemic, Endangered, and arboreal, found in the Kalupahana peaks. Only a single specimen was documented in this study.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456417658FCD242A0FC69FEA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456417658FCD24360FBBBFC87.text	03C63D4456417658FCD24360FBBBFC87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calotes liolepis Boulenger 1885	<div><p>Calotes liolepis</p> <p>Endemic arboreal species found on tree branches four m above ground in the Walpallamulla area. Agile and fastmoving.</p> <p>Pseudophilautus stuarti. Cophotis dumbara</p> <p>Endemic and Critically Endangered species recorded from outside of the transect. Restricted to the Knuckles range; there are only a few records of this enigmatic species. First documentation of this species from Kalupahana mountain area. Only one specimen was recorded basking 1.5 m above ground.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456417658FCD24360FBBBFC87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456417658FCD24100FAC4FB87.text	03C63D4456417658FCD24100FAC4FB87.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceratophora tennentii Gunther 1861	<div><p>Ceratophora tennentii</p> <p>Ceratophora tennentii is an endemic, Endangered species, restricted to the Knuckles range. Species found in montane and sub-montane forest habitats. Semi-arboreal, found both on and above ground. Species recorded from Kalupahana, Bambaragala, and Gombaniya peaks.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456417658FCD24100FAC4FB87	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456417658FCD247E0FB8FF907.text	03C63D4456417658FCD247E0FB8FF907.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chalcidoseps thwaitesi (Gunther 1872)	<div><p>Chalcidoseps thwaitesi</p> <p>Endemic and Critically Endangered species only previously recorded in a few localities in Knuckles range in lowland semi-evergreen forests. Fossorial species found under rocks in Yakungehela area.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456417658FCD247E0FB8FF907	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456417658FCD24720FB31FA27.text	03C63D4456417658FCD24720FB31FA27.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyrtodactylus soba Batuwita & Bahir 2005	<div><p>Cyrtodactylus soba</p> <p>Endemic and Endangered species restricted to the Knuckles forest. Species recorded in montane forest habitats and rock crevices in Yakungehela peaks.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456417658FCD24720FB31FA27	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456417658FCD24480FBD7F8C7.text	03C63D4456417658FCD24480FBD7F8C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dasia halianus (Nevill 1887)	<div><p>Dasia halianus</p> <p>Endemic species (Wickramasinghe et al. 2011) observed basking on tree bark in lowland semi-evergreen forests near Rambukoluwa area.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456417658FCD24480FBD7F8C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456417658FCD24600FB73FB67.text	03C63D4456417658FCD24600FB73FB67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyriocephalus scutatus (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Lyriocephalus scutatus</p> <p>Endemic species with its major habitat in lowland semi-evergreen forests. Species found 1.5 m above ground, close to Yakungehela area. Display of deep red color is a defensive behavior in this species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456417658FCD24600FB73FB67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D445642765BFF4847E0FE8EF927.text	03C63D445642765BFF4847E0FE8EF927.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calliophis haematoetron Smith, Manamendra-Arachchi & Somaweera 2008	<div><p>Calliophis haematoetron</p> <p>Endemic, recently described species (Smith et al. 2008), and one of two species of coral snakes found in the country. Species recorded only from a few localities and Pallegama semi-evergreen forest. Fossorial form found on thick leaf litter layers.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D445642765BFF4847E0FE8EF927	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D445642765BFF4844E0FDBFF807.text	03C63D445642765BFF4844E0FDBFF807.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trimeresurus trigonocephalus (Latreille 1801)	<div><p>Trimeresurus trigonocephalus</p> <p>Endemic species exhibiting different color morphs and found in lowland semi-evergreen and sub-montane forests (plain green variation found). Nocturnal species, mostly found on bushes and in tree holes.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D445642765BFF4844E0FDBFF807	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D445642765AFCD247A7FF0FF963.text	03C63D445642765AFCD247A7FF0FF963.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calliophis haematoetron Smith, Manamendra-Arachchi & Somaweera 2008	<div><p>Calliophis haematoetron.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This survey is indicative of the importance of Knuckles range in providing refuge to a large number of amphibian and reptile species. These species are facing habitat loss, mainlY due to anthropogenic activities. Forest encroach- ment, seasonal fires on the drY phase of the Knuckles range, illegal felling of trees, occasional gem mining, and cardamom plantations are among the threats faced by the diverse species in the Knuckles. Over several decades, the forests in the Knuckles have degraded due to cardamom planting, and to a lesser extent, by shifting cultivation and potato growing (Kariyawasam 1991). Cardamom plants thrive in shady, cool, and humid conditions at high elevations, so cardamom planters remove part of Chalcidoseps thwaitesi.</p> <p>the canopy and clear understory of the forest. These activities may be extremely detrimental to some species. In addition, similar to what is observed in the Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka, forest dieback also occurs in large tracts of forest in the Knuckles range. Causes of this dieback are uncertain. The resulting forest destruction and fragmentation will certainly have an adverse effect on its inhabitants. Herpetofauna in particular are extremely vulnerable to habitat changes (Pierce 1985; WYman 1990; Blaustein et al. 1998). Furthermore, habitat loss and fragmentation due to any number of reasons will be especially detrimental to species restricted to the Knuckles. Further studies and strict conservation mea- sures are necessary to help safeguard the herpetofauna and all the flora and fauna, that are maintaining a delicate balance in this ecosystem.</p> <p>Acknowledgments. —The authors thank Anura Bandara and Prasad Wijesekara for their valuable field as- sistance. Also, we would like to thank Craig Hassapakis, Rohan Pethiyagoda, Suranjan Karunarathna, and anonymous reviewers who helped in diverse ways to enrich this work.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D445642765AFCD247A7FF0FF963	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456437655FCD24066FB4DFDC4.text	03C63D4456437655FCD24066FB4DFDC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trimeresurus trigonocephalus (Latreille 1801)	<div><p>Trimeresurus trigonocephalus.</p> <p>Colombo, Sri Lanka. 68 p.</p> <p>BLAUSTEIN AR, KIESECKER JM, CHIVERS DP, HOKIT DG, MARCO A, BELDEN LK, HATCH A. 1998. Effects of ultraviolet light on amphibians: Field experiments. American Zoologist 38 (6): 799-812.</p> <p>CHANDRAJITH R, KORALEGEDARA N, RANAWANA KB, TOB- SCHALL HJ, DISSANAYAKE CB. 2009. Major and trace elements in plants and soils in Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka: An approach to explain forest die back. Environmental Geology 57 (1): 17-28.</p> <p>COORAY PG. 1998. The Knuckles Massif. A Portfolio, Forest Department, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka. 76 p.</p> <p>DE ROSAYRO RA. 1958. The climate and vegetation of the Knuckles region of Ceylon. The Ceylon Forester 3 (3- 4): 210-260.</p> <p>DERANIYAGALA PEP. 1953. A Colored Atlas of Some Vertebrates from Ceylon. Tetrapod Reptila Volume 2. Ceylon National Museums publication, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 101 p.</p> <p>DE SILVA PHDH. 1980. Snake Fauna of Sri Lanka with Special Reference to Skull, Dentition and Venom in Snakes. National Museums of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 472 p.</p> <p>DUTTA SK, MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI K. 1996. The Amphibian Fauna of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 230 p.</p> <p>FERNANDO SS, WICKRAMASINGHA LJM, RODIRIGO RK. 2007. A new species of endemic frog belonging to genus Nannophrys Gunther, 1869 (Anura: Dicroglossinae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1403: 55-68.</p> <p>GUNATILLEKE IAUN, GUNATILLEKE CVS. 1990. Distribution of floristic richness and its conservation in Sri Lanka. Conservation Biology 4 (1): 21-31.</p> <p>IUCN-SL, MENR-SL. 2007. The 2007 List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka. IUCN Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. xiii + 148 p.</p> <p>KARIYAWASAM D. 1991. Resource use and settlement in the forests of the Knuckles Range. The Sri Lanka Forester 20 (New series; 1&amp;2): 3-13.</p> <p>KARUNARATHNA, DMSS, BANDARA IN, CHANAKA AWA. 2009. The ovipositional behavior of the endemic lizard Calotes liolepis Boulenger, 1885 (Reptilia: Agamidae) in the Knuckles forest region of Sri Lanka. Acta Herpetologica 4 (1): 47-56.</p> <p>MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI K, PETHIYAGODA R. 2006. Sri Lankawe Ubaya jeeween (Amphibians of Sri Lanka) Colombo, Sri Lanka. 440 p. (Text in Sinhala).</p> <p>MEEGASKUMBURA M, MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI K. 2011. Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 2747: 1- 18.</p> <p>PIERCE BA. 1985. Acid tolerance in amphibians. BioScience 35 (4): 239-243.</p> <p>RAJAPAKSHADRNS,SAMARAWICKRMAVAMPK,RANAWA- NA KB. 2006. Herpetofaunal diversity in Dothalugala MAB Reserve, of the Knuckles forest range, Sri Lanka. Russian Journal of Herpetology 13 (2): 120-134.</p> <p>SMITH EN, MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI K, SOMAWEERA R. 2008. A new species of coralsnake of the genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elaphidae) from the Central Province of Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1847: 19-33.</p> <p>SOMAWEERA R. 2006. Sri Lankawe Sarpayan (The Snakes of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 270 p. (Text in Sinhala).</p> <p>TAYLOR EH. 1953. A review of the lizards of Ceylon. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35 (Part 11, no. 12): 1525-1585.</p> <p>WICKRAMASINGHE LJM, WICKRAMASINGHE N, KARIYA- WASAM L. 2011. Taxonomic status of the arboreal Skink Lizard Dasia halianus (Haly &amp; Nevill, 1887) in Sri Lanka and the redescription of Dasia subcaeruleum (Boulenger, 1891) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3 (8): 1961-1974.</p> <p>WYMAN RL. 1990. What’s happening to the amphibians? Conservation Biology 4 (4): 350-352.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C63D4456437655FCD24066FB4DFDC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K.;Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S.;Kumburegama, Shalika	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
