taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C63D4456417658FCD24360FBBBFC87.taxon	description	Pseudophilautus stuarti. Cophotis dumbara Endemic and Critically Endangered species recorded from outside of the transect. Restricted to the Knuckles range; there are only a few records of this enigmatic species. First documentation of this species from Kalupahana mountain area. Only one specimen was recorded basking 1.5 m above ground.	en	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D445642765AFCD247A7FF0FF963.taxon	description	This survey is indicative of the importance of Knuckles range in providing refuge to a large number of amphibian and reptile species. These species are facing habitat loss, mainlY due to anthropogenic activities. Forest encroach- ment, seasonal fires on the drY phase of the Knuckles range, illegal felling of trees, occasional gem mining, and cardamom plantations are among the threats faced by the diverse species in the Knuckles. Over several decades, the forests in the Knuckles have degraded due to cardamom planting, and to a lesser extent, by shifting cultivation and potato growing (Kariyawasam 1991). Cardamom plants thrive in shady, cool, and humid conditions at high elevations, so cardamom planters remove part of Chalcidoseps thwaitesi. the canopy and clear understory of the forest. These activities may be extremely detrimental to some species. In addition, similar to what is observed in the Horton Plains National Park in Sri Lanka, forest dieback also occurs in large tracts of forest in the Knuckles range. Causes of this dieback are uncertain. The resulting forest destruction and fragmentation will certainly have an adverse effect on its inhabitants. Herpetofauna in particular are extremely vulnerable to habitat changes (Pierce 1985; WYman 1990; Blaustein et al. 1998). Furthermore, habitat loss and fragmentation due to any number of reasons will be especially detrimental to species restricted to the Knuckles. Further studies and strict conservation mea- sures are necessary to help safeguard the herpetofauna and all the flora and fauna, that are maintaining a delicate balance in this ecosystem. Acknowledgments. — The authors thank Anura Bandara and Prasad Wijesekara for their valuable field as- sistance. Also, we would like to thank Craig Hassapakis, Rohan Pethiyagoda, Suranjan Karunarathna, and anonymous reviewers who helped in diverse ways to enrich this work.	en	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
03C63D4456437655FCD24066FB4DFDC4.taxon	description	BLAUSTEIN AR, KIESECKER JM, CHIVERS DP, HOKIT DG, MARCO A, BELDEN LK, HATCH A. 1998. Effects of ultraviolet light on amphibians: Field experiments. American Zoologist 38 (6): 799 - 812. CHANDRAJITH R, KORALEGEDARA N, RANAWANA KB, TOB- SCHALL HJ, DISSANAYAKE CB. 2009. Major and trace elements in plants and soils in Horton Plains National Park, Sri Lanka: An approach to explain forest die back. Environmental Geology 57 (1): 17 - 28. COORAY PG. 1998. The Knuckles Massif. A Portfolio, Forest Department, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka. 76 p. DE ROSAYRO RA. 1958. The climate and vegetation of the Knuckles region of Ceylon. The Ceylon Forester 3 (3 - 4): 210 - 260. DERANIYAGALA PEP. 1953. A Colored Atlas of Some Vertebrates from Ceylon. Tetrapod Reptila Volume 2. Ceylon National Museums publication, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 101 p. DE SILVA PHDH. 1980. Snake Fauna of Sri Lanka with Special Reference to Skull, Dentition and Venom in Snakes. National Museums of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 472 p. DUTTA SK, MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI K. 1996. The Amphibian Fauna of Sri Lanka. The Wildlife Heritage Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 230 p. FERNANDO SS, WICKRAMASINGHA LJM, RODIRIGO RK. 2007. A new species of endemic frog belonging to genus Nannophrys Gunther, 1869 (Anura: Dicroglossinae) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1403: 55 - 68. GUNATILLEKE IAUN, GUNATILLEKE CVS. 1990. Distribution of floristic richness and its conservation in Sri Lanka. Conservation Biology 4 (1): 21 - 31. IUCN-SL, MENR-SL. 2007. The 2007 List of Threatened Fauna and Flora of Sri Lanka. IUCN Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. xiii + 148 p. KARIYAWASAM D. 1991. Resource use and settlement in the forests of the Knuckles Range. The Sri Lanka Forester 20 (New series; 1 & 2): 3 - 13. KARUNARATHNA, DMSS, BANDARA IN, CHANAKA AWA. 2009. The ovipositional behavior of the endemic lizard Calotes liolepis Boulenger, 1885 (Reptilia: Agamidae) in the Knuckles forest region of Sri Lanka. Acta Herpetologica 4 (1): 47 - 56. MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI K, PETHIYAGODA R. 2006. Sri Lankawe Ubaya jeeween (Amphibians of Sri Lanka) Colombo, Sri Lanka. 440 p. (Text in Sinhala). MEEGASKUMBURA M, MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI K. 2011. Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 2747: 1 - 18. PIERCE BA. 1985. Acid tolerance in amphibians. BioScience 35 (4): 239 - 243. RAJAPAKSHADRNS, SAMARAWICKRMAVAMPK, RANAWA- NA KB. 2006. Herpetofaunal diversity in Dothalugala MAB Reserve, of the Knuckles forest range, Sri Lanka. Russian Journal of Herpetology 13 (2): 120 - 134. SMITH EN, MANAMENDRA-ARACHCHI K, SOMAWEERA R. 2008. A new species of coralsnake of the genus Calliophis (Squamata: Elaphidae) from the Central Province of Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 1847: 19 - 33. SOMAWEERA R. 2006. Sri Lankawe Sarpayan (The Snakes of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka. 270 p. (Text in Sinhala). TAYLOR EH. 1953. A review of the lizards of Ceylon. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 35 (Part 11, no. 12): 1525 - 1585. WICKRAMASINGHE LJM, WICKRAMASINGHE N, KARIYA- WASAM L. 2011. Taxonomic status of the arboreal Skink Lizard Dasia halianus (Haly & Nevill, 1887) in Sri Lanka and the redescription of Dasia subcaeruleum (Boulenger, 1891) from India. Journal of Threatened Taxa 3 (8): 1961 - 1974. WYMAN RL. 1990. What’s happening to the amphibians? Conservation Biology 4 (4): 350 - 352.	en	Samarawickrama, V. A. M. P. K., Samarawickrama, D. R. N. S., Kumburegama, Shalika (2012): Herpetofauna in the Kaluganga upper catchment of the Knuckles Forest Reserve, Sri Lanka. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 5 (2): 81-89, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13712239
