taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C48794FFF5FFA16818734D392DF946.taxon	description	(Figures 1 and 2; Table 1) Description Female. Medium-sized nematodes, curved ventrad upon fixation; tapering gradually towards both extremities but more so towards the anterior end. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5 μm thick at anterior region, 2.0 μm at midbody and 3.0 – 4.0 μm at tail. Outer cuticle thin, with transverse striations; inner layer thick, finely striated. Lateral chords 7.0 – 10 μm at midbody, occupying about one-fifth to one-fourth (19 – 24 %) of corresponding body diameter. Lateral, dorsal and ventral body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by slight depression, 2.0 – 2.5 times as wide as high or about one-third of the body diameter at neck base. Under SEM (Figure 2 (a) and (b )), lips rounded, low, amalgamated; labial and cephalic papillae button-like, slightly protruding over the lip surface; oral aperture slit-like. Amphids large, cup-shaped, with large slit-like aperture (Figure 2 (b )), occupying an area about one-half to three-fifths as wide as lip region diameter. Odontostyle long, asymmetrical, 1.2 – 1.3 times as long as the lip region diameter; ventral arm 7.5 – 8.5 μm long; dorsal arm 9.0 – 9.5 μm long, its aperture about one-fourth of the odontostyle length. Odontophore arcuate, about 1.2 – 1.4 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.8 – 0.9 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a short, cylindrical basal bulb, 2.9 – 4.2 times as long as wide, 1.6 – 2.0 times corresponding body diameter, occupying about 24 – 27 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei hardly visible. Nerve ring located at 46 – 48 % of neck length from anterior end. Cardia short, rounded to conoid, about one-sixth to one-fourth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 92 – 169 μm (anterior) and 106 – 196 μm (posterior) long; oocytes arranged in a single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 57 – 87 μm (anterior) and 69 – 106 μm (posterior), consisting of a slender distal portion and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus long and tubular, measuring 71 – 130 μm (anterior) and 64 – 87 μm (posterior). Sperm cells present throughout the genital tract, rarely absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, length 19.5 – 20.5 μm or about one-half to three-fifths (48 – 58 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 11 – 15 × 9 – 11 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 5.0 – 6.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 6.0 – 7.1 and rectum 1.0 – 1.2 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, cylindrical, convex-conoid to rounded, 1.1 – 1.2 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male. General morphology similar to that of female but body slightly shorter than female, 1.3 – 1.4 mm long, posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindle-shaped, 5.0 – 6.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 6.0 – 7.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are four to six irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, first ventromedian supplement located within the range of spicules, 23 – 25 μm from adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 5.0 – 6.0 times as long as wide and 1.5 times as long as cloacal body diameter, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 128 – 132 °, head occupying 15 – 18 % of total spicules’ length, median pieces 15 – 16 times as long as wide, occupying 28 – 33 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicules’ tip, posterior end 3.5 – 4.0 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 4.7 – 6.0 times as long as wide or about onefourth of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 7.5 – 8.5 and rectum 1.4 – 1.6 times cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, cylindrical, convex-conoid to rounded, 1.0 – 1.1 times the cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Habitat and locality. Soil sample collected around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from Thirtha, Shivamoga district, Karnataka State, India; coordinates 14.123389 ° N, 75.056611 ° E.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFF5FFA16818734D392DF946.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Thorne and Swanger (1936) proposed the genus Dorylaimoides with D. teres as its type species from the USA. Altherr (1953) and Thorne (1974) reported it from Switzerland and the USA, respectively. Goseco, Ferris and Ferris (1976), in their revision of the genus Dorylaimoides, made a detailed study of the type population as well as two other populations from the USA (Missouri and Arizona). They (1976) differentiated this species from D. indicus Jairajpuri, 1965 by the presence of a more conoid tail, from D. parateres Siddiqi, 1964 by having a longer pharyngeal bulb, and from D. thecolaimus Heyns, 1963 by a more anterior vulva position. Peralta and Peña-Santiago (1995) also redescribed this species, with four different populations from Spain. The morphometrics of the present population conforms well with the type population except in having a longer ventral arm of the odontostyle (7.5 – 8.5 vs 6 μm) and a slightly longer tail (29 – 32 vs 21 – 29 μm). The present population conforms well with Altherr’s (1953) population but slightly differs from Thorne’s (1974) population in having higher b (6.9 – 7.8 vs 5.6 – 5.9) and c (47 – 55 vs 31 – 43) ratios. The present specimens also conform well with Goseco et al. ’ s (1976) specimens; however, they slightly differ from the Spanish population described by Peralta and Peña-Santiago (1995) in having a long and slender body (L = 1.5 – 1.6 vs 1.1 – 1.4 mm, a = 39 – 43 vs 29 – 39) and differently shaped tail (rounded to convex-conoid, its terminal part not dorsally bent, vs rounded to convex-conoid, sometimes terminal part bent dorsally). These slight variations should be considered intraspecific as well as geographical variability. This species is reported here for the first time from India.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFF1FFAD699275D83C70FF11.taxon	description	(Figure 3; Table 2) Description Female. Small-sized nematodes, slightly curved ventrad to open C-shaped upon fixation; tapering gradually towards the anterior end and posteriorly narrowing to form an elongate tail. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 – 1.5 μm thick at anterior region, 2.0 μm at midbody and 3.5 – 4.0 μm at tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, finely striated. Lateral chords 6.0 – 7.5 μm at midbody, occupying about onefifth (21 – 23 %) of corresponding body diameter. Lateral, ventral and dorsal body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by depression, twice as wide as high or about onethird of the body diameter at neck base. Under SEM (Figure 3 (c )), lips rounded, low, amalgamated; labial and cephalic papillae button-like, but not protruding over the lip surface; oral aperture small slit-like. Amphids large, cup-shaped, with slit-like aperture, occupying an area about two-thirds as wide as lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle asymmetrical, 1.1 – 1.2 times the lip region diameter long, ventral arm 6.0 – 6.5 μm, dorsal arm 6.5 – 7.5 μm, its aperture about one-fifth to one-fourth of the odontostyle length. Odontophore arcuate, about 1.3 – 1.4 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.8 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a short, cylindrical basal bulb, 4.2 – 4.8 times as long as wide, 2.0 – 2.3 times as long as corresponding body diameter, occupying about 29 – 30 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei barely visible. Nerve ring located at 44 – 46 % of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about one-fourth to one-third of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 59 – 63 μm (anterior) and 56 – 70 μm (posterior) long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 55 – 88 μm (anterior) and 46 – 68 μm (posterior), consisting of a slender distal part and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus long and tubular with wide lumen, filled with sperm cells, measuring 42 – 69 μm (anterior) and 45 – 71 μm (posterior). Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 16.5 – 17.5 μm or about one-half (52 – 57 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 11 – 12 × 8.0 – 9.0 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 5.0 – 6.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 5.3 – 6.0 and rectum 1.2 – 1.3 times anal body diameter long. Tail elongate, tapering gradually to a subacute terminus, its distal part slightly bent dorsally, 2.8 – 2.9 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male. General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindleshaped, 4.0 – 5.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 6.0 – 8.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are seven to eight irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, first ventromedian supplement located within the range of spicules, 13 – 15 μm from adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.0 – 4.1 times as long as wide and 1.3 – 1.4 times as long as body diameter at level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 126 – 130 °, head occupying 13 – 18 % of total spicule length, median pieces 8.3 – 10.4 times as long as wide or occupying about 31 – 42 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicule tip, posterior end 3 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 6.0 – 6.5 times as long as wide or about one-third of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 5.0 – 5.3 and rectum 1.3 – 1.4 cloacal body diameter long. Tail elongate with subacute terminus, tapering gradually, its distal end slightly bent dorsally, 1.8 times cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Habitat and locality. Soil sample collected around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from Yaraganalu, Shivamoga district, Karnataka State, India; coordinates 13.801208 ° N, 75.573151 ° E.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFF1FFAD699275D83C70FF11.taxon	discussion	Remarks. De Man (1921) described Dorylaimus micoletzkyi from the Netherlands, which was later transferred to Dorylaimoides by Thorne and Swanger (1936) in their monograph when they proposed the genus Dorylaimoides. Thorne (1974) redescribed this species from the USA. Goseco et al. (1976) made a detailed study of this species based on the type population as well as specimens from several localities in the USA. They also synonymised Dorylaimoides pakistanensis Siddiqi, 1964 with this species. Dorylaimoides micoletzkyi has a wide distribution and has been redescribed from India (Ahmad and Jairajpuri 1979; Jana and Baqri 1981; Baqri 1991), Hungary (Andrássy 1991) and Spain (Peralta and Peña-Santiago 1995). The morphometrics of the present population conforms well with the type population except in having a shorter body (L = 1.0 – 1.1 vs 1.2 – 1.4 mm) and slightly lower c ratio (18.1 – 18.8 vs 19 – 26). It also conforms well with the USA populations described by Thorne (1974) and Goseco et al. (1976). The present specimens conform well with all the Indian populations except for differing from Ahmad and Jairajpuri’s (1979) population in having a slightly less slender body (a = 32 – 36 vs 38 – 41) and a lower c ratio (18 vs 20 – 22); from Jana and Baqri’s (1981) population in having a slightly shorter body (L = 1.0 – 1.1 vs 1.2 – 1.3 mm), lower c ratio (18 vs 21 – 23), slightly smaller spicules (29 – 32 vs 36 μm) and more ventromedian supplements (7 – 8 vs 5); and from Baqri’s (1991) population in having an anterior vulva position (V = 40 – 41 vs 44 – 46), lower c’ ratio (2.8 – 2.9 vs 3.5 – 4.0), smaller spicules (29 – 32 vs 36 μm) and more ventromedian supplements (7.0 – 8.0 vs 5.0). The present population also conforms well with the Hungarian population except in having a slightly shorter body (L = 1.0 – 1.1 vs 1.1 – 1.4 mm), and differs from the Spanish population in having a slightly less slender body (a = 32 – 36 vs 37 – 45). The present population conforms well with all the earlier described populations, except for differing from the Pakistan population described by Siddiqi (1964) in having a slightly less slender body (a = 32 – 36 vs 36 – 46); shorter tail (56 – 59 vs 80); higher c (18.1 – 18.8 vs 12.5 – 16) and lower c’ (2.8 – 2.9 vs 4.5) ratios and more ventromedian supplements (7 – 8 vs 5 – 6). Peña-Santiago and Peralta (1997) did not consider the Siddiqi (1964) population similar to D. micoletzkyi due to the presence of a longer tail (84 vs 48 – 80) lower c ratio (12.5 – 16 vs 16 – 29) and shorter spicules (29 – 30 vs 32 – 38). These differences are also distinct in the present specimens; hence we agree with Peña-Santiago and Peralta (1997) and do not consider the Pakistan population conspecific with D. micoletzkyi.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFFDFFAA682F73153B18F964.taxon	description	(Figure 4; Table 3) Description Female. Small, slender nematode, slightly ventrally curved upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards the anterior end, posteriorly narrowing into an elongate to long filiform tail. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 – 1.5 µm thick at anterior region, 1.5 – 2.0 µm at midbody and 3.0 – 5.0 μm at tail. Outer cuticle thin, smooth; inner layer thick, finely striated. Lateral chords 4.0 – 6.0 µm at midbody, occupying about one-seventh to one-fifth (13 – 19 %) of corresponding body diameter. Lateral, ventral and dorsal body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, slightly offset by depression, 1.7 – 2.2 times as wide as high or about one-fourth of the body diameter at neck base. Lips, rounded, amalgamated. Amphids cup-shaped, their aperture occupying an area about two-thirds to fourfifths as wide as lip region diameter. Odontostyle long, slender, asymmetrical, 1.1 – 1.5 times the lip region diameter long, ventral arm 6.0 – 6.5 µm, dorsal arm 7.0 – 8.5 µm, its aperture about one-fourth of the odontostyle length. Odontophore arcuate, about 1.2 – 1.7 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.8 – 1.0 times the lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short, cylindrical basal bulb, separated by slight constriction, 3.3 – 4.3 times as long as wide, 1.6 – 1.8 times corresponding body diameter long, occupying about 23 – 28 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei visible. Nerve ring located at 46 – 51 % of neck length from anterior end. Cardia short, rounded to conoid, about one-sixth to one-fourth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 39 – 85 μm (anterior) and 41 – 93 μm (posterior) long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 38 – 78 μm (anterior) and 40 – 83 μm (posterior), consisting of a slender distal part and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus slightly long and tubular, measuring 45 – 63 μm (anterior) and 41 – 61 μm (posterior). Sperm cells usually present throughout the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 14 – 18 μm or less than one-half to three-fifths (45 – 63 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 9.0 – 12.0 × 6.0 – 10 μm, its wall encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae long, 6.0 – 8.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 3.7 – 6.7 and rectum 1.0 – 1.5 times anal body diameter long. Tail elongated to long filiform with rounded tip, tapering gradually, its distal part bent dorsally, 5.6 – 6.9 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male. General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindleshaped, 5.0 – 6.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 7.0 – 9.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are three to four irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, located outside the range of spicules; first ventromedian supplement located 25 – 29 μm from adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively slender, 5.8 – 7.3 times as long as wide and 1.3 – 1.6 times as long as cloacal body diameter, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 130 – 136 °, head occupying 12 – 16 % of total spicules’ length, median pieces 12.5 – 16.5 times as long as wide, occupying 37 – 50 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicules’ tip, posterior end 2.0 – 2.5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, 4.7 – 6.0 times as long as wide or about one-fourth of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 5.0 – 6.6 and rectum 1.3 – 1.6 cloacal body diameter long. Tail elongated to long filiform with rounded tip, tapering gradually, its distal part bent dorsally, 5.1 – 5.8 times cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Habitat and locality. Soil sample collected around the roots of forest trees (unidentified) from Silent Valley National Park, Mukkali, Palakkad district, Kerala State, India; coordinates; 11.063778 ° N, 76.538167 ° E.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFFDFFAA682F73153B18F964.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Thorne and Swanger (1936) described Dorylaimoides parvus based on eight females and three males from Brazil. Loof (1964) redescribed this species from Venezuela. Goseco et al. (1976), in their revision of the genus Dorylaimoides, restudied the type specimens as well as the Venezuelan specimens. Jana and Baqri (1981) reported it from India. The morphometrics of the present population conforms well with the type population except in having a slightly less slender body (a = 32 – 37 vs 37 – 58) and lower b (5.3 – 6.1 vs 6.1 – 7.5) and c (7.9 – 9.7 vs 10 – 13) ratios. The present specimens also conform well with the Venezuela specimens except in having smaller spicules (28 – 32 vs 34 – 36 µm). The present population also conforms well with the Indian population except in having a slightly shorter body (L = 0.9 – 1.2 vs 1.2 – 1.5 mm) and lower b (5.3 – 6.1 vs 6.7 – 8.0) and c (7.9 – 9.7 vs 11 – 14) ratios. These differences are considered intraspecific variability. In the presence of an elongated tail, Dorylaimoides parvus resembles D. elaboratus Siddiqi, 1965 and D. paulbuchneri Meyl, 1956, but it differs from the former in having differently shaped spicules (slender, slightly curved ventrally vs robust, more curved ventrally) and first ventromedian supplements located beyond the range of the spicules (vs first ventromedian supplements located within the range of the spicules). From D. paulbuchneri, it differs in having labial papillae indistinct (vs distinct); differently shaped odontostyle (slender vs robust) and differently shaped spicules (slender, slightly curved ventrally vs robust, more ventrally curved).	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFFAFFB768C375FA3CB7FBF4.taxon	description	(Figure 5; Table 4) Description Female. Slender, large nematode, 2.1 mm long, slightly curved ventrad to open C-shaped upon fixation; tapering gradually towards anterior end, posteriorly narrowing to form a long filiform tail. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 – 1.5 μm thick at anterior region, 2.5 – 3.0 μm at midbody and 3.5 – 4.0 μm at tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, distinctly striated. Lateral chords 10 μm at midbody, occupying about one-fourth (23 – 25 %) of corresponding body diameter. Lateral, ventral and dorsal body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, offset by constriction, 2.0 – 2.2 times as wide as high or about one-fourth of the body diameter at neck base. Lips slightly projected, amalgamated, labial and cephalic papillae slightly protruding. Amphids cupshaped, their aperture occupying about one-half to two-thirds of lip region diameter. Odontostyle short, robust, asymmetrical, anterior tip acute, beak-like, 1.1 – 1.2 times the lip region diameter long, ventral arm 5.5 – 6.0 μm and dorsal arm 7.5 – 8.0 μm, its aperture about one-fourth of the odontostyle length. Odontophore arcuate, about 1.5 – 1.6 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.7 – 0.8 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a cylindrical basal bulb, 5.3 – 6.1 times as long as wide, 2.1 – 2.2 times corresponding body diameter long, occupying about 28 – 29 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei barely visible. Nerve ring located at 40 – 43 % of neck length from anterior end. Cardia short, conoid, about one-fourth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 44 – 55 μm (anterior) and 53 μm (posterior) long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 79 – 97 μm (anterior) and 69 – 78 μm (posterior), consisting of a slender distal part and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus long and tubular, measuring 98 – 132 μm (anterior) and 121 – 130 μm (posterior). Sperm cells absent. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 22.5 – 24.5 μm or about one-half to three-fifths (52 – 63 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 14 – 15 × 9.0 – 10 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae long 9.0 – 10 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 12.9 – 14.1 and rectum 1.5 – 1.7 times anal body diameter long. Tail long filiform, tapering gradually, its distal part dorsally bent, 9.4 – 10.7 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male. General morphology similar to that of female but body slightly longer than female and posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindle-shaped 8.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 8.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are eight regularly spaced ventromedian supplements, first one located within the range of spicules, 16 μm from adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.3 times as long as wide and 1.6 times as long as body diameter at level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 124 °, head occupying 17 % of total spicules’ length, median pieces 13 times as long as wide, occupying 37 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicules’ tip, posterior end 3.5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 8.6 times as long as wide or one-third of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 13.3 and rectum 1.5 cloacal body diameter long. Tail long filiform, tapers gradually, its distal part slightly dorsally bent, 6.0 times cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Habitat and locality. Soil sample collected around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from forest near Kaas Pond, Satara district, Maharashtra State, India; coordinates 17.722361 ° N, 73.811639 ° E.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFFAFFB768C375FA3CB7FBF4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Siddiqi (1965) described Dorylaimoides leptura based on seven females from Maharashtra, India. Goseco et al. (1976), in their revision of the genus Dorylaimoides, made a detailed study of the type population as well as one population comprising three females and one male from Venezuela. Jana and Baqri (1981) reported this species from West Bengal, India. The morphometrics of the present population conforms well with the type population except in having a slightly longer and less slender body (L = 2.1 vs 1.9 – 2.0, a = 48 – 55 vs 59 – 65), slightly higher b value (7.2 – 7.6 vs 6.8 – 7.2), slightly more anterior vulva position (V = 37 – 39 vs 40 – 42), longer prerectum (12 – 14 vs 8.7 times anal body diameter), longer tail (213 – 220 vs 175 μm) and presence of male (vs male absent). The morphometrics of the present population also conforms well with the West Bengal population described by Jana and Baqri (1981) except in having a longer body (L = 2.1 vs 1.7 – 1.8), slightly posterior vulva position (V = 37 – 39 vs 35 – 36), slightly longer tail (213 – 220 vs 180 – 198 μm) and presence of male (vs absent). The present population also conforms well with the Venezuela population except in having a lower b value (7.2 – 7.6 vs 8.3 – 9.3), more anterior vulva position (V = 37 – 39 vs 42 – 45), longer pharyngeal bulb (78 – 83 vs 70 μm), longer tail (213 – 220 vs 147 – 188) and longer spicules (46 vs 35 μm). The morphometrics of the present population completely overlapped the type population as well as those of other Indian populations described by Jana and Baqri (1981), but it cannot be conspecific with the Venezuelan population because of its lower b (6.8 – 7.6 vs 8.3 – 9.3) and c (9.0 – 11.0 vs 11 – 15) ratios, more anterior vulva position (V = 35 – 42 vs 42 – 45) and longer spicules (46 vs 35). These significant differences can support a separate species, and as a consequence, further study of the Venezuelan population is necessary.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFE6FFB3684671F93A36FFC1.taxon	description	(Figure 6, Table 5) Description Female. Slender nematode, small to medium sized, slightly ventrally curved upon fixation; body tapering gradually towards anterior end, posteriorly narrowing to form a long filiform tail. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 – 1.5 μm thick at anterior region, 1.5 – 2.0 μm at midbody and 2.5 – 3.5 μm at tail. Outer cuticle thin, smooth; inner layer thick, finely striated. Lateral chords 6.0 – 8.0 μm at midbody, occupying about one-fifth to one-fourth (17 – 23 %) of corresponding body diameter. Lateral, ventral and dorsal body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, continuous with body, 2.0 – 2.5 times as wide as high or about one-third of body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated; inner part slightly raised. Amphids cup-shaped, their aperture occupying an area about three-fifths to twothirds as wide as lip region diameter. Odontostyle short, asymmetrical, 0.7 – 0.9 times the lip region diameter long, ventral arm 4.5 – 5.5 μm, dorsal arm 5.5 – 6.5 μm, its aperture about one-fourth to one-third of the odontostyle length. Odontophore arcuate, about 1.5 – 1.9 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6 – 0.9 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short, cylindrical basal bulb, separated by distinct constriction, 3.1 – 4.1 times as long as wide, 1.5 – 1.9 times corresponding body diameter, occupying about 23 – 27 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei often visible. Nerve ring located at 42 – 48 % of neck length from anterior end. Cardia short, conoid, about one-sixth to one-fourth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 37 – 74 μm (anterior) and 52 – 80 μm (posterior) long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 45 – 74 μm (anterior) and 37 – 96 μm (posterior), consisting of a slender distal part and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 41 – 76 μm (anterior) and 34 – 76 μm (posterior). Sperm cells usually present in the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 16.0 – 21.5 μm or about one-half to three-fifths (47 – 63 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 10 – 12 × 7.0 – 12 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 5.0 – 9.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 7.4 – 10.8 and rectum 1.1 – 1.5 times anal body diameter long. Tail long filiform, tapering gradually, its distal part bent dorsally, 10.1 – 13.7 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male. General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindleshaped, 5.0 – 6.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 9.0 – 12 µm from cloacal aperture, there are five to seven irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, first one located at the level of the anterior end of the spicules, 23 – 30 μm from adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.1 – 4.5 times as long as wide and 1.4 – 1.6 times as long as body diameter at level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 134 – 138 °, head occupying 11 – 12 % of total spicules’ length, median pieces about 10 times as long as wide, occupying 35 – 37 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicules’ tip, posterior end 3.5 – 4.0 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 7.3 times as long as wide or one-third of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 7.8 – 9.5 and rectum 1.7 – 2.0 cloacal body diameter long. Tail long filiform, tapering gradually, its distal part slightly bent dorsally, 9.7 – 10.6 times cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Habitats and localities. Soil samples collected around the roots of (i) long grasses (unidentified) from Nagorcem, Canacona, South Goa district, Goa State, India; coordinates 15.007361 ° N, 74.041083 ° E; (ii) grasses (unidentified) from Chungathara forest, Malappuram district, Kerala State, India; coordinates 11.200111 ° N, 76.163250 ° E; (iii) bushes (unidentified) from Mudumalai National Park, Gudalur, Nilgiris district, Tamil Nadu State, India; coordinates 11.543167 ° N, 76.523361 ° E.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFE6FFB3684671F93A36FFC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Ahmad and Jairajpuri (1982) described Dorylaimoides malabaricus based on one female and three males from Kerala, India. The morphometrics of the present population conform well with the type population except in having a slightly shorter odontostyle (8.0 – 9.0 vs 11 μm).	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFE3FFBF687672223C58FC61.taxon	description	(Figure 7; Table 6) Description Female. Small nematode, slightly curved ventrad to open C-shaped upon fixation; body cylindrical, tapering gradually towards anterior end, posteriorly narrowing into an elongate ventrally arcuate tail. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 – 1.5 μm thick at anterior to midbody and 2.0 – 2.5 μm at tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, distinctly striated. Lateral chords 4.5 – 5.5 μm at midbody, occupying about one-fifth (17 – 22 %) of corresponding body diameter. Lateral, ventral and dorsal body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, slightly offset by depression, 1.7 – 2.2 times as wide as high or about one-third of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, with inner part slightly raised. Amphids cup-shaped, their aperture occupying about two-thirds to fourth-fifths of the lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle long, slender, asymmetrical, 1.1 – 1.4 times the lip region diameter long, ventral arm 5.5 – 6.0 μm, dorsal arm 7.0 – 7.5 μm, its aperture about one-fourth of the odontostyle length. Odontophore arcuate, about 1.2 – 1.5 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6 – 0.8 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, 3.0 – 4.1 times as long as wide, 1.4 – 1.9 times corresponding body diameter, expanding gradually into a short, cylindrical basal bulb, occupying about 26 – 31 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei hardly visible. Nerve ring located at 45 – 55 % of neck length from anterior region. Cardia short, rounded to conoid, about one-sixth to one-fourth of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 37 – 54 μm (anterior) and 49 – 58 μm (posterior) long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 34 – 50 μm (anterior) and 33 – 56 μm (posterior) long, consisting of a slender distal part and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 33 – 49 μm (anterior) and 40 – 57 μm (posterior). Sperm cells present throughout the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 12 – 15 μm or about two-fifths to one-half (42 – 49 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 7.0 – 10 × 5.0 – 7.0 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 4.0 – 6.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 3.6 – 5.2 and rectum 0.8 – 1.2 times anal body diameter long. Tail elongate, conoid ventrally arcuate, 2.0 – 2.6 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male. General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindleshaped, 5.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 6.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are two irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, located outside the range of spicules; first ventromedian supplement located at the level of anterior end of the spicules, 19 μm from adcloacal pair, second at 10 μm from first ventromedian supplement. Spicules typical dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.5 times as long as wide and 1.4 times as long as body diameter at level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 128 °, head occupying 11 % of total spicules’ length, median pieces 12 times as long as wide, occupying 40 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicules’ tip, posterior end 3.0 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 4.3 times as long as wide or one-fourth of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 5.0 and rectum 1.4 cloacal body diameter long. Tail elongate, conoid, ventrally arcuate, 2.0 times the cloacal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Habitat and locality. Soil sample collected around the roots of shrubs (unidentified) from Ottakal, Kollam district, Kerala State, India; coordinates 8.988 ° N, 77.016 ° E.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFE3FFBF687672223C58FC61.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Baqri (1991) described D. mujtabai from Sikkim, India. The morphometrics of the present specimens conform well with the type specimens except in having a slightly shorter male body (L = 0.64 vs 0.75 mm) and shorter odontophore (12 – 14 vs 15 – 16 µm). Gambhir et al. (1997) described two new species, D. musasus and D. microspicoides, from Manipur, India. Some doubts persist regarding the true identity of these species, because the original description lacks some relevant details. They (l. c.) differentiated D. microspicoides from D. musasus based only on the shorter odontostyle (ventral arm 6.0 – 7.0 vs 8.0 – 10 µm, dorsal arm 8.0 – 9.0 vs 8.0 – 10 µm) and odontophore (8.0 – 10 vs 11 – 13 µm), smaller b (4.5 – 4.7 vs 4.9 – 6.6) and c (19 – 23 vs 18 – 20) ratios, shorter rectum (9.0 – 13 vs 16 µm) and presence of male (vs male absent). According to Gambhir et al. (1997), the two arms of the odontostyle are equal (9.0 – 10 µm, 8.0 – 10 µm) in D. musasus, and both arms of the odontostyle are almost the same length in the two species (8.0 – 10 vs 8.0 – 9.0 µm) whereas they differ slightly in the length of the ventral arm (6.0 – 7.0 vs 8.0 – 10 µm). These unusual differences create some doubts about the validity of these species, because the dorsal arm is always longer than the ventral arm in all Dorylaimoides species. The figures (figs 1 (b) and 2 (b) of Gambhir et al. 1997) do not correspond with the morphometric values given in their paper, and there seem to be some errors either in their measurements or in the scales used. Morphometrically as well as morphologically, D. musasus and D. microspicoides appear very close to D. mujtabai Baqri, 1991, their morphometric values widely overlapping with the latter. It is interesting to note that these species were not compared with D. mujtabai in the original description. There is every possibility that they are conspecific to D. mujtabai. Baqri and Jairajpuri (1969) described a new species, D. arcuicaudatus, from Uttar Pradesh, India. Jana and Baqri (1981) redescribed this species based on two female specimens from West Bengal, India. Some doubts exist about the correct identity of the West Bengal population as it shows some major morphometric differences including a shorter and robust body (L = 0.68 – 0.75 vs 1.2 – 1.4 mm, a = 25 – 27 vs 31 – 36), shorter odontophore (12 – 14 vs 15 – 16 µm), lower b (4.7 – 5.2 vs 7.1 – 8.4) and c (18 – 20 vs 27 – 29) ratios and shorter prerectum (49 – 55 vs 110 – 117 µm). Peralta and Peña-Santiago (1997) also commented on the Jana and Baqri (1981) population and did not consider the West Bengal population conspecific with D. arcuicaudatus. The morphometrics of this population is quite comparable to that of D. mujtabai Baqri (1991). Taking into account this evidence, D. arcuicaudatus apud Jana and Baqri, 1981 is considered identical to D. mujtabai. The present population also conforms well with the West Bengal population described by Jana and Baqri 1981 except in having a slightly longer prerectum (62 – 84 vs 49 – 55).	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFEFFFBB68D870E53956FBBC.taxon	description	(Figures 8 and 9; Table 7) Description Female. Slender nematode of small to medium size, 0.99 – 1.1 mm long, slightly ventrally curved to open C-shaped upon fixation; tapering gradually towards both extremities. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.5 – 2.0 μm thick at anterior to midbody and 2.0 – 3.0 μm at tail. Outer cuticle thin, with fine transverse striations; inner layer thick, distinctly striated. Lateral chords 5.0 – 7.0 μm at midbody, occupying about onefifth (17 – 21 %) of corresponding body diameter. Lateral, ventral and dorsal body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, narrow, almost continuous or offset by slight depression, 1.5 – 1.8 times as wide as high or about one-fourth of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly raised. Amphids cupshaped, their aperture occupying about two-thirds to three-fourths of lip region diameter. Stoma a truncate cone. Odontostyle short, asymmetrical, 0.85 – 1.1 times the lip region diameter long, ventral arm 5.0 – 5.5 µm, dorsal arm 6.0 – 6.5 µm, its aperture small, about one-seventh to one-fifth of the odontostyle length. Odontophore arcuate, about 1.3 – 1.6 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.6 – 0.7 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually, into a short, cylindrical basal bulb, 3.2 – 4.2 times as long as wide, 1.4 – 1.7 times corresponding body diameter, occupying about 24 – 28 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei visible. Nerve ring at 43 – 53 % of neck length from anterior end. Cardia rounded to conoid, about one-fourth to one-third of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 69 – 89 μm (anterior) and 68 – 89 μm (posterior) long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 53 – 88 μm (anterior) and 56 – 75 μm (posterior), consisting of a slender distal part and a welldeveloped pars dilatata. Oviduct-uterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus short and tubular, measuring 39 – 81 μm (anterior) and 39 – 70 μm (posterior). Sperm cells present throughout the genital tract. Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 14.0 – 17.0 μm or about one-half to three-fifths (47 – 59 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 9.0 – 11.5 × 7.0 – 9.0 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae short, 3.0 – 4.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 2.0 – 4.0 and rectum 0.9 – 1.0 times anal body diameter long. Tail short, cylindrical, convex-conoid with rounded terminus, 0.7 – 0.8 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male. General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindleshaped, 6.0 – 8.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 7.0 – 9.0 µm from cloacal aperture, there are five to eight irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, first ventromedian beginning at level with the head of spicules. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, slender, 5.4 – 7.7 times as long as wide and 1.4 – 1.7 times as long as cloacal body diameter, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 128 – 135 °, head occupying 9 – 10 % of total spicules’ length, median pieces 16 – 20 times as long as wide, occupying about 30 – 37 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicules’ tip, posterior end 2.0 – 2.5 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, about 4.6 – 5.3 times as long as wide or about onefourth of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 2.9 – 5.1 and rectum 1.3 – 1.7 cloacal body diameter long. Tail short, cylindrical, convex-conoid with rounded terminus, 0.8 – 0.9 times the cloacal body diameter, with a pair of distinct caudal pores on each side.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFEFFFBB68D870E53956FBBC.taxon	materials_examined	Type habitat and locality Soil around the roots of grasses (unidentified) from Verna, South Goa district, Goa State, India; coordinates 15.353583 ° N, 73.922278 ° E. Type specimens Holotype female on slide Dorylaimoides brevicaudatus sp. nov. / 1; paratype females on slides Dorylaimoides brevicaudatus sp. nov. / 2 – 4; paratype males on slides Dorylaimoides brevicaudatus sp. nov. / 5 – 7; deposited with nematode collection of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFEFFFBB68D870E53956FBBC.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named Dorylaimoides brevicaudatus because of its short tail.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFEFFFBB68D870E53956FBBC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships Dorylaimoides brevicaudatus sp. nov. is characterised by having a slender body, 0.99 – 1.1 mm long; lip region cap-like, almost continuous or offset by slight depression; odontostyle 7.5 – 8.5 μm, ventral arm 5.0 – 5.5 µm, dorsal arm 6.0 – 6.5 µm; odontophore 10.5 – 12.5 μm long, arcuate; total stylet length 18.5 – 20.0 μm; pharynx slender with slightly muscular anterior part, expanding gradually into a short, cylindrical basal bulb occupying about 25 – 30 % of total neck length; female genital system didelphic-amphidelphic; tail short, convex-conoid with rounded terminus, males with 24.5 – 30 µm long spicules, lateral guiding pieces and 5 – 7 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements. In the presence of short expanded part of pharynx and short, rounded to conoid tail, the new species resembles D. cameroonensis Ahmad et al., 2003 and D. parateres Siddiqi, 1964 but differs from the former in having a long and slender body (L = 0.91 – 1.1 vs 0.76 – 0.87 mm, a = 33 – 39 vs 25 – 29), narrower lip region (7.0 – 8.0 vs 9.0 – 11 μm), shorter odontostyle (7.5 – 8.5 vs 10 – 11 μm) and higher b (5.7 – 6.9 vs 4.6 – 5.5) and c (64 – 79 vs 43 – 60) ratios. The new species differs from D. parateres in having a shorter body (L = 0.9 – 1.1 vs 1.2 – 1.6 mm), slightly posterior vulva position (V = 47 – 51 vs 39 – 48), lower c’ ratio (0.7 – 0.9 vs 1.0 – 1.5), shorter and differently shaped tail (15 – 17 vs 27 – 29 μm long, convex-conoid to rounded vs rounded to hemispheroid) and smaller spicules (24.5 – 30 vs 35 – 36 μm). In the presence of amphidelphic gonads and a short tail, the new species also resembles D. indicus Jairajpuri, 1965 and D. teres Thorne and Swanger, 1936, but differs from the former in having a shorter body (L = 0.9 – 1.1 vs 1.1 – 1.8 mm), shorter pharyngeal expansion (41 – 50 vs 64 μm or 24 – 30 vs 31 % of total neck length), slightly posterior vulva position (V = 47 – 51 vs 39 – 47), shorter tail (15 – 17 vs 18 – 26 μm) and smaller spicules (24.5 – 30 vs 38 μm). The new species differs from D. teres in having a comparatively shorter body (0.9 – 1.1 vs 1.1 – 1.6 mm), differently shaped and narrower lip region (conoid vs rounded, 7.0 – 8.0 vs 9.0 – 10 μm), shorter pharyngeal expansion (41 – 50 vs 51 – 63 μm), slightly posterior vulva position (V = 47 – 51 vs 40 – 48), shorter tail (15 – 17 vs 21 – 30 μm) and smaller spicules (24.5 – 30 vs 35 – 38 μm).	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFEAFF8668A271F93A89FB4C.taxon	description	(Figures 10 and 11; Table 8) Description Female. Slender nematode, medium sized, 1.3 – 1.4 mm long, slightly ventrally curved upon fixation; body tapering gradually towards anterior end, posteriorly narrowing to form a long filiform tail. Cuticle with two distinct layers, 1.0 – 1.5 µm thick at anterior region, 1.5 – 2.0 µm at midbody and 3.5 – 4.0 μm at tail. Outer cuticle thick, smooth; inner layer thick, finely striated. Lateral chords 5.0 – 6.0 μm at midbody, occupying about oneseventh to one sixth (13 – 18 %) of corresponding body diameter. Lateral, ventral and dorsal body pores indistinct. Lip region cap-like, continuous with body, 2.0 – 2.3 times as wide as high or about one-fourth of the body diameter at neck base. Lips rounded, amalgamated, inner part slightly raised. Amphids cup-shaped, duplex, their aperture occupying about three-fifths to two-thirds of lip region diameter. Odontostyle long, slender, asymmetrical, 1.4 – 1.7 times the lip region diameter long, ventral arm 8.5 – 9.0 μm, dorsal arm 9.5 – 10.5 μm, its aperture about one-fourth to one third of the odontostyle length. Odontophore arcuate, about 1.1 – 1.3 times the odontostyle length. Guiding ring simple, refractive, at 0.8 – 0.9 times lip region diameter from anterior end. Pharynx consisting of a slender and slightly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short, cylindrical basal bulb, separated by a depression, 4.1 – 5.3 times as long as wide or 1.7 – 2.4 times corresponding body diameter, occupying about 31 – 35 % of total neck length. Pharyngeal gland nuclei visible. Nerve ring located at 44 – 47 % of neck length from anterior region. Cardia short, conoid, about one-seventh to one-third of the corresponding body diameter long. Genital system didelphic-amphidelphic. Ovaries reflexed, measuring 49 – 79 μm (anterior) and 50 – 99 μm (posterior) long; oocytes arranged in single row except near tip. Oviduct joining the ovary subterminally, measuring 48 – 82 μm (anterior) and 49 – 88 μm (posterior), consisting of a slender part and a well-developed pars dilatata. Oviductuterus junction marked by well-developed sphincter. Uterus long and tubular, filled with sperm cells, measuring 48 – 78 μm (anterior) and 42 – 78 μm (posterior). Vagina cylindrical, extending inwards, 17.5 – 21.5 μm or about two-fifths to one-half (45 – 54 %) of midbody diameter; pars proximalis vaginae 9.0 – 13 × 8.0 – 10 μm, encircled by circular muscles; pars distalis vaginae 3.0 – 4.0 μm with slightly curved walls; pars refringens absent. Vulva apparently a transverse slit. Prerectum 6.2 – 8.6 and rectum 1.1 – 1.3 times anal body diameter long. Tail long filiform with finely rounded terminus, tapering gradually, its distal part always curved ventrally, 8.6 – 9.7 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side. Male. General morphology similar to that of female except for posterior region being more ventrally curved. Genital system diorchic, testes opposed, sperm cells spindleshaped, 5.0 – 6.0 μm long. In addition to adcloacal pair, situated at 7.0 – 10 µm from cloacal aperture, there are four to five irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements, located outside the range of spicules; first ventromedian supplement located 27 – 29 μm from adcloacal pair. Spicules typically dorylaimoid, curved ventrad, relatively robust, 4.6 – 5.3 times as long as wide and 1.2 – 1.4 times as long as body diameter at level of cloacal aperture, dorsal contour regularly convex, ventral contour bearing a moderately developed hump and hollow, curvature 130 – 133 °, head occupying 14 – 18 % of total spicules’ length, median pieces 12.7 – 14.0 times as long as wide, occupying 28 – 33 % of the spicules’ maximum width, reaching the spicules’ tip, posterior end 3.0 μm wide. Lateral guiding pieces distinct, rod-like, 6.0 – 6.7 times as long as wide or about onefourth of the spicules’ length. Prerectum 5.0 – 7.9 and rectum 1.3 – 1.6 times anal body diameter long. Tail long filiform with finely rounded terminus, tapering gradually, its distal part curved ventrally, 7.2 – 8.8 times anal body diameter long, with a pair of caudal pores on each side.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFEAFF8668A271F93A89FB4C.taxon	materials_examined	Type habitat and locality Soil sample collected around the roots of forest trees (unidentified) from Silent Valley National Park, Mukkali, Palakkad district, Kerala State, India; coordinates 11.063778 ° N, 76.538167 ° E. Type specimens Holotype female on slide Dorylaimoides silvallis sp. nov. / 1; paratype females on slides Dorylaimoides silvallis sp. nov. / 2 – 4; paratype males on slide Dorylaimoides silvallis sp. nov. / 5 & 6; deposited with nematode collection of the Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, India.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFEAFF8668A271F93A89FB4C.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named Dorylaimoides silvallis after its type locality, Silent Valley National Park.	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
03C48794FFEAFF8668A271F93A89FB4C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and relationships Dorylaimoides sivallis sp. nov. is characterised by having a slender body, 1.3 – 1.4 mm long; lip region continuous; odontostyle 12.5 – 13.5 μm long, ventral arm 8.5 – 9.0 µm, dorsal arm 9.5 – 10.5 µm; odontophore arcuate, 14.5 – 16.5 μm long, total stylet length 27.5 – 29.5 μm; pharynx slender with slightly muscular anterior part, expanding abruptly into a short, cylindrical basal bulb occupying about 31 – 35 % of total neck length; female genital system didelphic-amphidelphic; tail long filiform with ventrally bent tip, 8.6 – 9.7 times anal body diameter long, males with 31 – 33 µm long spicules, lateral guiding pieces and 4 – 5 irregularly spaced ventromedian supplements. In its medium-sized body and long filiform tail the new species resembles D. malabaricus Ahmad and Jairajpuri, 1982 and D. filicaudatus Jana and Baqri, 1981, but it differs from the former in having differently shaped amphids (duplex, cup-shaped vs simple, cup-shaped), a slightly longer odontostyle (12.5 – 13.5 vs 8.0 – 11 µm), longer pharyngeal expansion (66 – 78 vs 47 – 58 µm or 31 – 35 vs 23 – 27 % of total neck length), lower c’ ratio (8.6 – 9.7 vs 10.1 – 13.7), differently shaped tail (tail filiform, its tip always bent ventrally vs tail very long filiform, its tip bent dorsally) and slightly smaller spicules (31 – 33 vs 34 – 36 µm). The new species differs from D. filicaudatus in having duplex amphids (vs simple), a longer odontostyle (ventral arm 8.5 – 9.5 vs 4.0 – 5.0, dorsal arm 9.5 – 10.5 vs 6.0 – 7.0 µm), longer pharyngeal expansion (66 – 78 vs 50 µm or 31 – 35 vs 25 – 29 % of total neck length), higher c (6.2 – 7.1 vs 4.1 – 5.5) and lower c’ (8.6 – 9.7 vs 13 – 15) ratios, shorter tail (200 – 215 vs 214 – 251 µm) and slightly longer spicules (31 – 33 vs 24 – 29 µm). The new species also resembles D. elaborates Siddiqi, 1965 and D. lepidus Timm, 1964, but differs from the former in having a longer body (L = 1.3 – 1.4 vs 0.9 – 1.2 mm), amphids duplex (vs simple), longer odontostyle (12.5 – 13.5 vs 10 – 11 µm), lower c (6.2 – 7.1 vs 7.0 – 8.0) and higher c’ (8.6 – 9.7 vs 6.0 – 8.0) ratios, longer tail (200 – 215 vs 145 – 150 µm), slightly longer spicules (31 – 33 vs 28 – - 31 µm) and differently shaped tail, its distal part always ventrally bent (vs dorsally). The new species differs from D. lepidus in having a narrower lip region (8.0 – 9.0 vs 11 µm), amphids duplex (vs simple), longer odontostyle (12.5 – 13.5 vs 8 µm) and odontophore (14.5 – 16.5 vs 14 µm), lower c (6.2 – 7.1 vs 9 – 12) and higher c’ (8.6 – 9.7 vs 5.5 – 7.8) ratios, longer tail (200 – 215 vs 145 – 150 µm), smaller spicules (31 – 33 vs 35 – 42 µm) and fewer ventromedian supplements (4 – 5 vs 9 – 11).	en	Islam, Md Niraul, Ahmad, Wasim (2022): Description of two new and six known amphidelphic species of the genus Dorylaimoides Thorne and Swanger, 1936 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Tropical Rainforest, Western Ghats, India. Journal of Natural History 56 (5 - 8): 311-347, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2049390
