identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C4DA1FFF969857FF5AF8BDFD18FB0A.text	03C4DA1FFF969857FF5AF8BDFD18FB0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Delomys altimontanus	<div><p>Delomys altimontanus, new species</p><p>Delomys collinus: Bonvicino &amp; Geise 1995 (not collinus Thomas 1917) Delomys dorsalis: Hershkovitz 1998 (not dorsalis Hensel 1972)</p><p>Delomys sublineatus: Hershkovitz 1998 (not sublineatus Thomas 1903)</p><p>Type material. The holotype, MN69746, is an adult male collected by Pablo R. Gonçalves, João A. Oliveira, Cibele R. Bonvicino and Maria Olímpia G. Lopes on 28 November 2004 (field number JAO 1558). The specimen was collected in a Sherman™ trap placed in a montane shrub dominated by bamboo at the margin of the Campo Belo stream, close to the Abrigo Rebouças. The specimen consists of a skin, skull and postcranial skeleton accompanied by a liver tissue sample preserved in ethanol and femoral medullar cells preserved in methanol/acetic acid solution. We designate as paratypes seven specimens collected in the localities of Abrigo Rebouças (MN69712, male) at Itatiaia -, Rio de Janeiro state, and Brejo da Lapa (MN60573-60576, 60584, 60585), municipality of Itamonte, Minas Gerais state.</p><p>Type locality. Campos do Itatiaia, (22°23’26”S, 44°40’14”W, 2450m altitude), near Abrigo Rebouças, Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, municipality of Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (locality 21, Figs. 1 and 12 a).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet altimontanus refers to the restricted altitudinal distribution of the species, exclusively inhabiting the forested altiplano of the Mantiqueira mountain range in southeastern Brazil (from the Latin altus = high + montanus = mountain inhabitant).</p><p>Distribution. This species exhibits a disjunct distribution with reported populations apparently restricted to the highest altitudinal forested zones of 1800 to 2500 m in the Itatiaia and Caparaó mountain ranges, which are two different offshoots of the Mantiqueira mountain complex. Populations of Delomys that have been sampled in the intervening mountain chains that are part of the coastal Serra do Mar mountain complex, such as the Serra da Bocaina, Serra dos Órgãos and Serra do Desengano (in Rio de Janeiro state), or even in lower mountains of the Mantiqueira complex (Serra do Brigadeiro in Minas Gerais state), have been identified as either D. dorsalis or D. sublineatus (Delciellos et al. 2012; Modesto et al. 2008; Moreira et al. 2009; Olifiers et al. 2007). These facts suggest that the current disjunct distribution of Delomys altimontanus sp. nov. is a relict of a formerly wider distribution rather than a sampling artifact across Southeastern Brazil.</p><p>It is probable that additional populations of D. altimontanus occur throughout the Mantiqueira range, especially in the mountains adjacent to Itatiaia that extend to the southwestern into São Paulo state (Campos do Jordão, Piquete) and Minas Gerais (e.g., Itamonte, Delfim Moreira, Passa Quatro). Nevertheless, available samples from these localities do not show the diagnostic morphological or genetic characters of D. altimontanus, rather representing D. dorsalis populations.</p><p>Karyotype. The karyotype of Delomys altimontanus (Fig. 9) exhibits 2n = 82 and FN=86, with an autosomal complement constituted by 3 pairs of biarmed chromosomes, 27 pairs of acrocentrics, a large-sized submetacentric X chromosome and a small metacentric Y chromosome, as previously described by Bonvicino &amp; Geise (1995). Delomys altimontanus diverges from D. sublineatus (2n=72, FN=90) in both diploid and fundamental numbers, but shares the same diploid number with D. dorsalis (2n=82), from which it can be distinguished by the morphology of three small-sized biarmed pairs of autosomes. This karyological difference between Delomys altimontanus and D. dorsalis probably evolved through pericentric inversions involving the smallest pairs of autosomes.</p><p>Diagnosis. A medium-sized species of the genus Delomys with soft and long dorsal pelage, predominantly cinnamon-brown grizzled with yellow, but becoming brighter orange along the flanks; tail as long as head-andbody length and strongly bicolor throughout most of its length; skull with pronounced rostrum and elongated nasal tube projecting beyond the gnathic process; relatively longer and wider molar series than in other congeneric taxa; relatively narrow interorbit; supraorbital region exhibiting the fronto-parietal (coronal) suture collinear with the fronto-squamosal suture, without an area of dorsal contact between squamosal and frontal; incisive foramina with straight margins along the maxillary; mesopterygoid fossa equally wide at its anterior and posterior portions; mandible with wide, shallow and symmetrically excavated sigmoid notch, delicate coronoid process and reduced angular process; karyotype with 2n=82 and FN=86.</p><p>Description. Body pelage soft, dense and long, with guard hairs along the cervical region of the dorsum varying in length from 15 to 20 mm. General dorsal color is cinnamon-brown in adults, brighter and orangish along the laterals and gradually darker towards the mid-dorsum, generally forming a ill-defined median stripe in most specimens, which extends from the nape to the base of tail (Fig. 10). In old adults the sides of body are more rusty colored due to the presence of bright orange bands on hairs, while young specimens generally display a duller and grayer dorsal and lateral color with few traces of yellowish tone. Ventral pelage predominantly white, covered by whitish hairs with wide dark-gray bases frequently showing through. Head similar in coloration to the mid-dorsum, becoming brighter at the cheeks. Neck and chin region covered by smaller bicolored hairs, similar in coloration to those of the ventral region. Eyes large and surrounded by short dark hairs, forming a narrow eye-ring. Mystacial, superciliary, genal, submental, interramal and carpal vibrissae present. Mystacial vibrissae long, with the two longest reaching the distal tip of the pinnae when laid back. Pinnae large (Table 4) and sparsely covered with short hairs on its internal surface, but more densely furred on its dorsal surface.</p><p>Cheiridia dorsally covered by short whitish hairs, most of them with dark bases, specially at the proximal metacarpal and metatarsal regions, giving a general soiled or gray aspect to the dorsal surfaces of manus and pes. Hindfoot long and narrow. Ungual tufts long and conspicuous, completely enclosing the claws on digits I–IV, but reduced or vestigial on digit V. Middle digits (II–IV) are longer than the outer digits (I and V), with digit III slightly longer than digits II and IV. Digit I is longer than digit V, with its claw extending to the middle of the first phalange of digit II, while the claw of digit V reaches the first interphalangeal joint of digit IV. Plantar surface naked over the heel and much of the metatarsal region, being more squamate over the digits surface. Six fleshy plantar pads present (hypothenar, thenar and four interdigital pads).</p><p>Tail slightly longer to, or as long as, the head and body length (Table 4), sparsely covered by short hairs, and displaying a bicolor pattern throughout more than half of its length. The tail color is predominantly dark brown throughout its entire dorsum, but markedly whitish to buffy in the venter, throughout its first two proximal thirds, gradually intergrading to dark-brown towards the distal third. The brighter ventral color of the tail is provided by entirely whitish short hairs, which in the base of the tail span two to three scales in length. Towards the tail dorsum and the distal third of the tail venter, hairs with wide dark brown basal bands become more common, providing darker tones.</p><p>Six mammae present in lactating females, distributed in inguinal, abdominal and postaxial pairs (pectoral pair lacking), displaying the mammary formula of 0/2/2/2.</p><p>Cranium large and wide (CIL = 31.4– 27mm, BB = 12.73– 11.7mm, Table 4), with a narrow and elongated rostrum, biconcave and narrow interorbit and globular braincase with smooth edges (Fig. 11). Nasals long (NL = 14.65– 11.75mm) and narrow, extending posteriorly beyond the fronto-premaxillary suture. The nasals taper more abruptly at their anterior midlength and then more subtly before converging at the fronto-nasal suture. Lacrimals squared and relatively large, contacting both the frontal and maxillary bones. Interorbital region relatively narrow and biconcave, exhibiting the typical “hourglass” morphology (Voss 1993) with smooth edges and without supraorbital crested margins, even in older adults. Fronto-nasal suture slightly depressed, with frontal sinuses dorsally prominent. Fronto-parietal (=coronal) suture U-shaped, generally open angled in most specimens, but also sharply angled in some older adults, especially towards its lateral limits. Fronto-parietal and fronto-squamosal sutures collinear, as both the parietal and squamosal bones contact the frontal nearly at the same level along the postorbital wall, leaving no area for a contact between the squamosal and the dorsal surface of the frontal. Parietals wide and slightly expanded onto the lateral surface of the braincase near the squamosal root of the zygomatic arch. Interparietal moderately wide and semicircular, not contacting the squamosal laterally. Zygomatic plate broad and projected anteriorly to the base of the lacrimal capsule, forming a conspicuous zygomatic notch; its anterodorsal margin smoothly rounded. Posterior margin of the zygomatic plate situated anterior to the alveolus of M1.</p><p>Zygomatic arch laterally expanded, formed by a large jugal and non-overlapping maxillary and squamosal branches. Postorbital wall with small ridges near the squamosal root of the zygomatic arch, and a conspicuous buccinator-masticatory trough. Incisive foramina wide, with an inflated and expanded palatine process and reduced maxillary septum; lateral outlines of the incisive foramina are straight lined along their maxillary portions, being sharply bent only at their caudal ends, where they terminate anterior to the M1 alveolus. Palate surface flat, without expressive lateral troughs or posterolateral pits. Bony palate short, with the mesopterygoid fossa extending anteriorly between the molar rows; anterior margin of the mesopterygoid fossa biconcave in most specimens due to the presence of a sharp median process, but flat in a few specimens lacking this process, being equally wide at its anterior (near the level of sphenopalatine vacuities) and caudal portions (along the pterygoid processes) in specimens with intact pterygoids. Parapterygoid fossae shallow, at about the same level as the palate. Sphenopalatine vacuities reduced to narrow slits restricted to the presphenoid or completely ossified in a few specimens. Posterior opening of the alisphenoid canal and stapedial foramen large, sphenofrontal foramen and alisphenoid-squamosal groove conspicuous, conforming to the primitive carotid circulation pattern (Weksler 2006) or pattern 1 of Voss (1988). Alisphenoid strut absent, and buccinator-masticatory and accessory oval foramina confluent. Hamular process slender, delimiting a larger subsquamosal fenestra and smaller postglenoid foramen. Tegmen tympani present and connected to the posterior suspensory process of squamosal. Bullae globular, constituted by a large ectotympanic, which contributes to the wall of the carotid canal and restricts the exposed ventral surface of the periotic to a narrow lip. Mastoid completely ossified or with a narrow perforation on its posterodorsal limit.</p><p>Mandible high and without conspicuous masseteric crests (Fig. 11). Capsular process of lower incisive alveolus reduced to a slight elevation. Sigmoid notch wide, shallow and symmetrically incised; coronoid process reduced, not projecting beyond the dorsal limit of the condyloid process; coronoid and condyloid process connected by an elevated bony ridge that has about the same height as the coronoid process. Angular process reduced and not projected posteriorly beyond the limit of the condyloid process.</p><p>Incisors ungrooved, with yellow enamel bands. Upper incisors strongly opisthodont. Molars pentalophodont. Upper molar rows parallel sided, long (LM = 4.53–5.2 mm) and wide (BM1 = 1.34–1.64 mm) (Table 4). M1 with anterocone very asymmetrically divided by an anteromedian flexus, which penetrates the anterior margin of the procingulum at a point more lingually displaced in relation to the labial limit of the protoflexus, resulting in a much narrower anterolingual conule and a much wider anterolabial conule (Fig. 7 a). Anteroloph well developed and connected to the anterolabial conule in worn molars, forming an anterofossete which is confluent with the anteromedian flexus. Paraflexus and metaflexus deeply incised into the occlusal surface, penetrating beyond the medial limit of the protoflexus and hypoflexus. Median mure connected to the protocone. Mesoloph well developed, stemming from the median mure and reaching the labial cingulum. Paracone with a reduced paralophule contacting the mesoloph in older adults and delimiting a large medial enamel fossete and a shallow mesoflexus in older adults. Posteroflexus conspicuous, but frequently reduced to an enamel island in most adults or completely lost in older individuals. M2 squared and with narrow anteroloph and shallow protoflexus. M2 mesoloph as developed as in M1, also contacting the paralophule and delimiting a large medial enamel fossete. Median mure similar to that of M1. M3 small and triangular, with deep paraflexus and narrow anteroloph present. Mesoflexus and metaflexus reduced to enamel islands in adult individuals. Mesoloph present, but fully coalesced to the paracone at the labial margin. Hypocone reduced and hypoflexus shallow. Metacone, posteroloph and posteroflexus not identifiable in adult specimens.</p><p>Lower molar series longer and narrower than the upper series (length = 5.3–5.47 mm; width of m1 = 1.24–1.36 mm). Procingulum of m1 narrow, with anteroconid asymmetrically divided by a shallow anteromedian flexid (Fig. 7 d); anteromedian fossetid wide and fused to anteromedian flexid in younger individuals; anterolophid absent; protolophid well developed and diagonally projected to the labial margin, contacting the anterolabial conulid at its medial portion; protoflexid deeply incised into the occlusal surface; metaflexid subdivided into a shallow lingual fold and a small enamel island, which is separated from the protoflexid by the anterior murid; mesolophid well developed and projected lingually, isolated from the metaconid by a deep mesoflexid and connected to the entoconid by a lophulid; ectostylid present and well developed in most specimens, and in older adults resembling an ectolophid; posteroflexid deep and posterolophid wide; m2 similar to m1, with a variably present ectolophid; reduced anterolabial cingulum and shallow protoflexid as sole remnant structures of the procingulum; m3 about the same size as m2; anterolabial cingulum and protoflexid absent; mesolophid barely distinguishable in adult molars; entoflexid and posteroflexid as enamel islands; hypoflexid deep; ectostylid reduced and ectolophid usually absent.</p><p>Variation in Delomys altimontanus . Nine cytb haplotypes were identified among the 15 sequenced D. altimontanus specimens from Caparaó Mt. (locality 6) and from two high-elevation localities in Itatiaia (localities 18 and 21) (Fig. 12 a). The genealogical relationships portrayed by the statistical parsimony network do not support the haplotypes from Itatiaia and Caparaó as two exclusive genetic groups, in spite of the large distributional gap (ca. 300 km) between these two populations (Fig. 12 b). Haplotype 8 from Caparaó, for instance, is connected to haplotype 3 from Itatiaia by three mutational steps rather than to the other two most frequent haplotypes from Caparaó (haplotypes 1 and 7), from which it differs by eight mutational steps. The six Itatiaia haplotypes are positioned in the center of the network, differing from one another by just a few mutational steps (one to six). The most frequent of these haplotypes (haplotype 4) is shared between two adjacent collecting sites (localities 18 and 21, Fig. 12 b). The quantitative results of the AMOVA analysis show that most variation among haplotypes (69.3%) is due to differentiation within populations or within collecting localities rather than among the two disjunct populations (30.7%). Fixation indexes are also not statistically different from zero (Φ SC= 0.4861, p=0.1212; Φ CT= 0.3069, p=0.3118), suggesting a low level of geographic differentiation in D. altimontanus .</p><p>Despite the low level of geographic structure suggested by molecular variation in D. altimontanus, a Canonical Variates analysis of craniometric characters revealed that the Caparaó population differs from Itatiaia by having a somewhat longer rostrum (LD) and wider interorbit (LIB), whereas the Itatiaia population has slightly wider molars (BM1) and longer incisive foramina (LIF) (Fig. 12 c). All specimens from Caparaó could be correctly reclassified into their respective group, while 91.7% of the specimens from Itatiaia were correctly reallocated by minimum Mahalanobis distances. However, a bivariate plot combining the incisive foramina and diastema lengths shows that the segregation between the two samples is much more subtle, with at least four specimens completely overlapped (Fig. 12 d). The dorsal pelage of Caparaó specimens also tend to be more orangish along the flanks than in Itatiaia specimens. Nevertheless, the Caparaó sample we examined has a larger number of old adult individuals. Given that rostral length and brightness of the lateral pelage are both correlated with age, the age bias could not be discarded as a putative cause of these differences between samples.</p><p>Natural history. Little is known about life history aspects of D. altimontanus, most observations being based on habitat descriptions by collectors. At the Caparaó mountain range, Bonvicino et al. (1997) described the variation in small mammal species composition and abundance along the elevational gradient of 1000 to 2700 m. Delomys altimontanus (therein identified as D. collinus) was trapped at elevations higher than 1800 m, where it was frequently associated with humid montane forests and shrubs, and corresponded to 14.3 to 27.1% of the small mammals captured at these high altitude habitats. No captures were recorded at lower altitudinal zones (1400 to 1000 m), where submontane secondary forests predominated. Bonvicino et al. (1997) did not report any other species of Delomys at the Caparaó mountain range. Nevertheless, nearby records at lower elevations throughout Espírito Santo (localities 5 and 7) and Minas Gerais states (localities 9 and 10) suggest that D. sublineatus may occur sympatrically with D. altimontanus in the Caparaó region, but probably occupying the lower altitudinal zones and exhibiting limited syntopy with its mountaintop congener.</p><p>At the Itatiaia mountain range, Delomys altimontanus appears to be the only Delomys species recorded above 2100 m, on the altiplano dominated by campos de altitude vegetation (locality 21, Campos do Itatiaia) and scattered high-montane forests and shrubs. At these high elevations, however, we captured specimens of D. altimontanus solely in forested habitats near streams and never on the open campos de altitude formation. At lower elevations on Itatiaia (2000– 1800 m), D. altimontanus is recorded in sympatry and syntopy with D. dorsalis (at localities 18 and 23, Brejo da Lapa and Abrigo Macieiras), where both species inhabit the humid montane forests characterized by the presence of the conifer Araucaria angustifolia and other cool-humid adapted austral plant taxa (Brade 1956). No specimens of D. altimontanus have been genetically or morphologically identified at elevations lower than 1800 m, so the altitudinal intervals occupied by this species in the two mountain ranges are apparently similar.</p><p>Remarks. The holotype of D. dorsalis collinus Thomas, 1917 (BMNH 14.2.22.12, skin and skull) was collected in 1913 by James Peter Hill at about 1470 m in the Itatiaia mountain range. Two other specimens of Delomys were also collected by Hill at Itatiaia: an adult female of D. dorsalis (BMNH 14.2.22.13, skin and skull) with 6 mammae and without altitude information, and an adult male of D. altimontanus (BMNH 14.2.22.11, skull only) with the specific locality of “Maceiro” (=Macieiras) written in the label. This last locality refers to an old resting place (former “Abrigo Macieiras”), located at approximately 1880 m altitude along the dirt road (“travessia Ruy Braga”) that crossed the Itatiaia mountain range from the city of Itatiaia, in Rio de Janeiro state, to the city of Itamonte, in Minas Gerais state (Brade 1956). As this road was the main travelling route between the southern Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais states in this region during the beginning of the 20th century, it is probable that J. P. Hill obtained the three specimens of Delomys along its margins. The road originally traversed the Itatiaia range along the Maromba valley, where many rural properties and (later in 1937) the administrative base of the National Park of Itatiaia were established at lower elevations (900–1200 m).</p><p>Hershkovitz (1998) identified both Delomys sublineatus and D. dorsalis collinus amongst the specimens from Caparaó that Bonvicino et al. (1997) previously identified as “ D. collinus ”. Nevertheless, the direct examination of this series and the inspection of the skulls and mandibles plates published in Hershkovitz (1998), confirms that all of Hershkovitz’ specimens represent D. altimontanus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4DA1FFF969857FF5AF8BDFD18FB0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gonçalves, Pablo Rodrigues;Oliveira, João Alves De	Gonçalves, Pablo Rodrigues, Oliveira, João Alves De (2014): An integrative appraisal of the diversification in the Atlantic forest genus Delomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 3760 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3760.1.1
03C4DA1FFF9E9853FF5AFA97FB5AFE67.text	03C4DA1FFF9E9853FF5AFA97FB5AFE67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Delomys dorsalis (Hensel 1872) Hensel 1872	<div><p>Delomys dorsalis (Hensel 1872)</p><p>Hesperomys dorsalis Hensel (1872): 42</p><p>Hesperomys dorsalis obscura Leche (1886): 696</p><p>Akodon dorsalis: Trouessart (1898): 537 (new name combination) Akodon dorsalis obscura: Trouessart (1898): 537 (new name combination) Akodon dorsalis lechei Trouessart (1904): 434</p><p>Hesperomys (Oryzomys) dorsalis: Miranda-Ribeiro (1905): 187 (new name combination) Thomasomys dorsalis: Thomas (1906): 443 (new name combination) Delomys dorsalis: Thomas (1917): 196 (new name combination) Delomys dorsalis collinus Thomas (1917): 197</p><p>Delomys dorsalis dorsalis: Gyldenstolpe (1932): 60 (new name combination) Delomys dorsalis lechei: Gyldenstolpe (1932): 61 (new name combination) Thomasomys dorsalis dorsalis: Ellerman (1941): 368 (new name combination) Thomasomys dorsalis collinus: Ellerman (1941): 369 (new name combination) Thomasomys dorsalis lechei: Ellerman (1941): 369 (new name combination) Thomasomys lechei: Moojen (1952): 59</p><p>Thomasomys collinus: Moojen (1952): 60</p><p>Delomys collinus: Avila-Pires (1960): 32 (new name combination)</p><p>Emended diagnosis. A medium-sized species of the genus Delomys with soft and dense dorsal pelage, predominantly dark cinnamon-brown in color and without a bright yellow lateral line or patch; tail as long as head and body; skull with pronounced rostrum and elongated nasal tube, formed by most of premaxillary length and projected beyond the gnathic process; supraorbital region exhibiting the fronto-parietal (coronal) suture discontinuous with the fronto-squamosal suture, forming an area of dorsal contact between the squamosal and the frontal; mandible with wide, deep, and asymmetrically excavated sigmoid notch, robust coronoid process and wellpronounced angular process; karyotype with 2n=82 and FN=80.</p><p>Distribution. The samples recognized here as D. dorsalis are distributed from the southernmost limits of the Brazilian Atlantic forest to the northernmost limits of the Serra do Mar, at the center of the Rio de Janeiro state. The distribution of D. dorsalis extends westward to the Misiones province in Argentina, but few records are available in the interior parts of Paraná and São Paulo states. Most collecting localities are situated along the coastal mountains covered by extensive humid montane and submontane forests, which in the Southern Highlands are frequently associated with the austral conifer Araucaria angustifolia . The submontane and montane forests in coastal Brazil occur at elevations of 30 to 1000 m between latitudes of 24°S and 32°S in the southernmost limit of the Brazilian Atlantic forest, but tend to occupy higher elevational intervals of 50 to 1500 m between the latitudes of 24°S and 14°S in Southeastern Brazil (Veloso et al. 1992). Likewise, the altitudinal distribution recorded for D. dorsalis in Southern Brazil varies from 57 m (locality 66) to 1700 m (locality 63), while in Southeastern Brazil, northern to the latitude of 24°S it varies from 650 (locality 44) to 1950 m (locality 27).</p><p>Variation in Delomys dorsalis . As previously evidenced by the molecular phylogenetic analyses, D. dorsalis exhibits an extensive molecular variation in relation to both D. altimontanus and D. sublineatus . Sixty-five haplotypes were identified among the 78 sequenced individuals of D. dorsalis sampled from 18 collecting localities, and their relationships suggest the recognition of three geographically defined intraspecific clades concordant with the distribution of the Mantiqueira, Serra do Mar and Southern mountain ranges in coastal Brazil (Fig. 13 a). The quantitative results of the AMOVA analysis add further support to this spatial structure, indicating that a substantial component of the variation among haplotypes in D. dorsalis (80.9%; Φ CT= 0.8091, p&lt;0.001) is due to differentiation among the three regions rather than within these regions or within populations (7.64% and 11.45%, respectively; Φ SC= 0.4002, p&lt;0.001), with a significantly large fixation index among populations (Φ ST= 0.8855, p&lt;0.001).</p><p>The molecular diversity in the Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar clades is relatively reduced, as haplotypes within these regions average 0.45% and 0.64% pairwise genetic distance, respectively. The Southern clade, on the other hand, exhibits larger polymorphism, with haplotypes averaging 0.91% of pairwise genetic distance. The larger intraclade genetic distance in the Southern group is due to comparisons between haplotypes from the northernmost (states of São Paulo and Paraná) and southernmost localities (states of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul), which diverge by 1.47% pairwise genetic distance in average. However, the positive and significant correlations between genetic and geographic distances of populations assessed by a Mantel test (r = 0.91, p = 0.025) suggest that the artifactual sampling gap of collecting localities cannot be ruled out as the main cause of the genetic discontinuity between northernmost and southernmost populations in the Southern clade (de Queiroz &amp; Good 1997).</p><p>Delomys dorsalis is also morphologically variable and, as previously mentioned, the number of mammary pairs does exhibit a discrete pattern of geographic variation within the species (Fig. 13 b). The adult females examined from the Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar clades (n = 35) exhibit six mammae, while those from the Southern clade exhibit eight mammae (n = 19, including the Argentinean sample from Misiones), corroborating the pattern of variation described by Thomas (1917) and Voss (1993). The geographic transition between the two mammary conditions occurs around 23°50’S latitude, in the São Paulo state, and no population sampled in this region exhibits polymorphism of this trait (localities 36, 37 and 48). This transition is coincident with the latitudinal location of populations, but not fully congruent with the phylogenetic hierarchy within D. dorsalis, as the 6-mammae and 8-mammae lineages are not recovered as reciprocally monophyletic groups (Fig. 13 c). A parsimony optimization (accelerated transformation) of mammary variation onto the molecular phylogeny of the genus, assuming the 8-mammae condition as primitive (Jansa &amp; Weksler 2004; Weksler 2006), suggests two mammary number transformations along the evolutionary diversification of Delomys . The first would involve a loss of the pectoral pair in the ancestor of D. altimontanus and D. dorsalis, and the second would consist in a unique reacquisition of the pectoral pair (reversal) in the Southern clade of D. dorsalis . Nevertheless, since the close relationship between D. altimontanus and D. dorsalis has weak statistical support (&lt;50% bootstrap values and 0.69 posterior probability), the mammary number transformations in Delomys are still uncertain and a better resolved phylogeny of the three species is needed for more conclusive character reconstructions.</p><p>A CVA including representatives of the Mantiqueira, Serra do Mar and Southern clades of D. dorsalis, including topotypes of D. dorsalis and the holotype of D. d. collinus, was carried out to test whether the craniometric variation among these three clades was congruent with their molecular or mammae number variation patterns. The three clades are depicted as three broadly overlapping clusters segregating along both CV1 and CV2, which account, respectively, for 70.2% and 29.8% of the among-group variation (Fig. 14 a). The Mantiqueira clade diverges from Serra do Mar and Southern clades along CV2 by exhibiting longer molar toothrows (LM) and larger zygomatic plates (BZP) (Fig. 14 b). Serra do Mar and Southern clades diverge along CV1 mostly due to variations in the interobital breadth (LIB), which is relatively wider in the Serra do Mar clade. Unlike the among-species CVA (Fig. 8) or the molecular phylogenies, however, craniometric discrimination among the D. dorsalis clades is less clear cut, with discriminant functions correctly allocating respectively 84.1%, 90.7% and 77.6% of the Mantiqueira, Serra do Mar and Southern clades representatives. Indeed, bivariate plots combining the most discriminant craniometric characters confirm a large overlap between Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar clades and between Mantiqueira and Southern clades (Figs. 14 c–d). Therefore, craniometric variation among the three intraspecific lineages of D. dorsalis is too subtle to identify exclusive clusters in multivariate or bivariate analyses.</p><p>Despite the craniometric continuum among the three intraspecific clades, samples without genetic data could be allocated to one of the three geographic groups with moderate confidence levels. The D. dorsalis topotypes from Taquara (locality 66) were allocated to the Southern clade in 81% of the bootstrap iterations, while the holotype of D. dorsalis collinus and specimens from adjacent localities 20, 30 and 33 (Fig. 1) in Minas Gerais and São Paulo states were allocated to the Mantiqueira clade in all bootstrap iterations. Finally, a female of D. dorsalis with 8 mammae from a geographically distant locality in Argentina (locality 62) could also be confidently allocated to the Southern clade in all bootstrap iterations.</p><p>Thomas (1917) remarked on the length of upper molars as a distinctive trait for D. d. collinus (measured 5.0 mm by Thomas and 4.98 mm by us) in relation to Southern samples of D. dorsalis (measured 4.5–4.7 mm by Thomas). However, as shown in the bivariate plot (Fig. 14 d), the Southern samples of D. dorsalis display a wider variation than that portrayed by Thomas (1917), weakening the value of dental measurements to diagnose D. d. collinus . In general, the craniometric variation among the three clades is subtle and no exclusive clusters representing the three D. dorsalis clades could be identified in the multivariate and bivariate combinations of characters (Fig. 14).</p><p>In the light of the current molecular and morphological evidence, applying the name D. dorsalis collinus to the 6-mammate specimens from Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar, as originally envisioned by Thomas (1917) and Voss (1993), would render this subspecies paraphyletic or dyphyletic respective to 8-mammate D. dorsalis dorsalis . An alternative would be to restrict D. dorsalis collinus to the Mantiqueira clade and D. dorsalis dorsalis to the Southern clade, describing the Serra do Mar clade as a distinct subspecies. Although more congruent with the number of lineages in D. dorsalis, this last option does not seem practical, since the recognition of subspecies would be fully dependent on molecular data in the absence of diagnostic morphological characters between the Serra do Mar and Mantiqueira populations. Voss (1993) reported a high frequency of specimens from Boracéia and Casa Grande, in São Paulo state, with white tipped tails. This condition was not found in other samples from Serra do Mar examined by us, such as those from Teresópolis or Parati, in the Rio de Janeiro state, and may rather be a locally polymorphic character. The Serra do Mar clade is also polymorphic for tail color pattern, with a higher frequency (57%) of weakly bicolored tails in samples from Alto da Serra, Boracéia and Casa Grande, while other samples of this clade exhibit higher frequencies (&gt;60%) of strongly bicolored tails. Given the current uncertainty in the morphological discrimination among the three clades of D. dorsalis, we opted not to formally recognize subspecies based on them, and regard D. dorsalis collinus as a junior synonym of D. dorsalis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C4DA1FFF9E9853FF5AFA97FB5AFE67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gonçalves, Pablo Rodrigues;Oliveira, João Alves De	Gonçalves, Pablo Rodrigues, Oliveira, João Alves De (2014): An integrative appraisal of the diversification in the Atlantic forest genus Delomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae: Sigmodontinae) with the description of a new species. Zootaxa 3760 (1): 1-38, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3760.1.1
