identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C44804FFA60C0FFFF597342A28DF8E.text	03C44804FFA60C0FFFF597342A28DF8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Decoritheca Sysoyev 1972	<div><p>Genus Decoritheca Sysoyev, 1972</p><p>Type species: Hyolithus (Orthotheca) excavatus Holm, 1893; middle Cambrian, Sweden .</p><p>Diagnosis. —See Berg-Madsen and Malinky (1999). Remarks.— Decoritheca is morphologically similar to Contitheca Sysoyev, 1958, but they are separated by the prominent ridge present on the dorsum of the latter, giving rise to a heart-shaped cross section. The former possesses a rounded dorsum and lacks the middle dorsal ridge, creating a reniform cross section. Specimens described herein match well the traits of Decoritheca and are therefore assigned to that genus. Decoritheca also resembles Nephrotheca Marek, 1966 in cross section, but differs from the latter in solely having transverse lines (Malinky 1987), although, to some degree, ornamentation may not be the best criterion to differentiate taxon ranking above species. So far no operculum for Decoritheca has been documented. Decoritheca cyrene was described from the “middle Cambrian” (Cambrian Series 3) Changhsia Formation and the “upper Cambrian” (Cambrian Furongian) Chaomitien Formation (Walcott 1905; Malinky 1987); the long span of the species may also reflect a taxonomic problem. Until better fossil material is available to address the relationship between Nephrotheca, Decoritheca, and some other similar taxa, specimens described below are provisionally placed under Decoritheca .</p><p>Stratigraphic and geographic range.—Cambrian Series 2 Stage 3 to Furongian Stage 10. Distributed in China, Greenland, Sweden, British Columbia, Texas, Montana, possibly South Dakota, and New York State (Malinky 1987; 1990; 2014; see also SOM 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C44804FFA60C0FFFF597342A28DF8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sun, Haijing;Malinky, John M.;Zhu, Maoyan;Huang, Diying	Sun, Haijing, Malinky, John M., Zhu, Maoyan, Huang, Diying (2018): Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 87-101, DOI: 10.4202/app.00413.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/636609ea-fda7-3272-a3e6-ee40ec7fbc8c/
03C44804FFA60C09FCBF93D52C59D83E.text	03C44804FFA60C09FCBF93D52C59D83E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott 1905)	<div><p>Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905)</p><p>Fig. 3.</p><p>1905 Orthotheca cyrene sp. nov.; Walcott 1905: 19. 1905 Orthotheca cyrene dryas sp. nov.; Walcott 1905: 19. 1913 Orthotheca cyrene Walcott, 1905; Walcott 1913: 94, pl. 5: 21, 21a. 1913 Orthotheca cyrene dryas Walcott, 1905; Walcott 1913: 93, pl. 5:</p><p>22, 22a–c. 1946 Hyolithes (Orthotheca) cyrene (Walcott), 1905; Sinclair 1946: 75. 1946 Hyolithes (Orthotheca) dryas (Walcott), 1905; Sinclair 1946: 75. 1987 Decoritheca cyrene (Walcott, 1905); Malinky 1987: 948–951,</p><p>figs. 2.4, 6.1–6.6, 6.14.</p><p>Material. — Thirty-seven specimens (NIGPAS 166329–35, 166337, 166338, 166341, 166344, 166349–74) preserved as internal moulds of conchs.</p><p>Diagnosis. —See Malinky (1987: 948).</p><p>Description. —Conch straight with a planar (orthogonal) aperture, length of conchs ranges from 7.1–20.1 mm, and apertural width ranges from 2.9–5.5 mm. The dorsum is broadly rounded and covered with rows of tubercles (Fig. 3C), with diameters of 6–10 μm. Venter developed with a prominent longitudinal median concavity, becoming shallower from aperture to apex. Sub-rounded ridges adjacent to the concavity grade into narrowly rounded lateral margins (Fig. 3B 1, B 3, D, F, H) and lateral margins are straight in dorsal view. Ventral external surface is covered with closely spaced transverse lines (Fig. 3B 2). The morphology of dorsum and venter gives rise to a reniform cross section, but only one specimen displays the full image of transverse section (Fig. 3E), the apertural height is 0.7 mm, apertural width is 1.4 mm, and apertural width/height ratio is 2. Conchs terminate in pointed apex, and angle of divergence at apex ranges from 15–18°. Operculum and helens unknown.</p><p>G</p><p>Remarks. —This species bears resemblance to D. lineatula Holm, 1893) from Sweden, but the presence of only longitudinal sculpture on the latter serves to distinguish it from the former. D. cyrene also bears limited resemblance to the Swedish D. excavata (Holm, 1893), but the two species can be differentiated by the absence of rounded ridges at the ventral lateral margins in the latter.</p><p>One specimen of this species (Fig. 3C 1) appears to preserve a conch with an unattached operculum near the aperture. Given that the operculum is nearly circular but the cross section of D. cyrene is reniform, it is unlikely that the conch and operculum represent the same taxon. It is more likely that these specimens are coincidentally located next to each other as result of movement by currents or perhaps bioturbation. Circular opercula such as these are usually found in clusters of C. convexa sp. nov. shells, and therefore we suggest that these circular or oval opercula more reasonably belong to C. convexa sp. nov.</p><p>Stratigraphic and geographic range.—Cambrian Series 3 Stage 5 to Furongian Stage 10. The Manto Formation of Tangshan, Hebei Province (herein), the Chaomitien and Changhsia formations of Yantai, Shandong Province (Walcott 1905), and the Changhsia Formation in Anhui Province, China (Qian and Xiao 1995); Snowy Range Formation of Gallatin, Montana; Wilberns Formation of Burnet County, Texas (Malinky 1987; see also SOM 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C44804FFA60C09FCBF93D52C59D83E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sun, Haijing;Malinky, John M.;Zhu, Maoyan;Huang, Diying	Sun, Haijing, Malinky, John M., Zhu, Maoyan, Huang, Diying (2018): Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 87-101, DOI: 10.4202/app.00413.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/636609ea-fda7-3272-a3e6-ee40ec7fbc8c/
03C44804FFA00C09FFF5948A2C31DB6F.text	03C44804FFA00C09FFF5948A2C31DB6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cupitheca Duan 1984	<div><p>Genus Cupitheca Duan in Xing et al., 1984</p><p>Type species: Cupitheca brevituba Duan in Xing et al., 1984, lower Cambrian, South China .</p><p>Diagnosis. —See Bengtson et al. (1990: 203).</p><p>Remarks.—For detailed discussion and taxonomic history see Malinky and Skovsted (2004: 568–569), Pan et al. (2015: 388) and Skovsted et al. (2016: 125).</p><p>Stratigraphic and geographic range.—Cambrian; Terreneuvian Fortunian to Series 3 Stage 5; since the biostratigraphic correlation of “Lower Limestone” (= Maseong Formation) is not clear (Lee 2008), the age of C. cf. mira reported by Lee (2008) should be questioned. Distributed in China (Pan et al. 2015), Korea (Lee 2008), Australia (Kruse et al. 2004; Skovsted et al. 2016), Antarctica (Wrona 2003), Greenland Malinky and Skovsted 2004), Newfoundland (Skovsted and Peel 2007), Spain (Jensen et al. 2010), India (Gilbert et al. 2016; Hughes 2016), possibly Kazakhstan and England Malinky and Skovsted 2004; see also SOM 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C44804FFA00C09FFF5948A2C31DB6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sun, Haijing;Malinky, John M.;Zhu, Maoyan;Huang, Diying	Sun, Haijing, Malinky, John M., Zhu, Maoyan, Huang, Diying (2018): Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 87-101, DOI: 10.4202/app.00413.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/636609ea-fda7-3272-a3e6-ee40ec7fbc8c/
03C44804FFA00C04FFF597352B06DD2D.text	03C44804FFA00C04FFF597352B06DD2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cupitheca convexa Sun & Malinky & Zhu & Huang 2018	<div><p>Cupitheca convexa sp. nov.</p><p>Figs. 4–8.</p><p>Etymology: From Latin convexus, in reference to the convex nature of the interior of the operculum at the cardinal process area.</p><p>Type material: Holotype NIGPAS 166339a (Fig. 6D); Paratypes NIGPAS 166334, 166336–43 (Figs. 4, 6A–C) from the type locality.</p><p>Type locality: Zuojiawu section, Fengrun District of Tangshan City, Hebei Province, North China .</p><p>Type horizon: The purplish-red shales of the Manto Formation, Cambrian Stage 4/5.</p><p>Material. — Thirteen specimens in total, preserved as clusters of moulds of conchs and opercula (NIGPAS 166336– 39a, b, 166340, 166341a, b, 166342–47), and 3 specimens (NIGPAS 166375–77) preserved as inarticulate shells. All are decalcified.</p><p>Diagnosis.— Cupitheca with interior surface of operculum convex near cardinal processes; cardinal processes are moderately well-developed and bilobate; conch cyrtoconic; ornamentation on conch is merely transverse lines, and both interior and exterior surfaces of operculum covered by concentric ribs.</p><p>Description. —Conchs cyrtoconic with pronounced curvature, degree of curvature slightly varies in different specimens (Fig. 4A, C–E); transverse lines on exterior surface (Figs. 4A 3, 5A 7) with intervening spaces 2–15 μm wide; cross section circular to oval (Fig. 4B); apical angle of divergence small (14–16°); sculpture at apical termination varies (Fig. 5A 4, A 5, B), with some having radial lines that probably represent the original microstructure of the shell (Fig. 5A 4, A 5), while others possess a smooth terminus with no lines or other features (Fig. 5A 1 –A 3, A 6, A 7, C 3); and still others have irregularly radiating, branching ornamentation (Fig. 5B), which may be an artefact of preservation. A circumferential furrow separates the apical region from the remainder of the shell.</p><p>Operculum circular to sub-circular or slightly oval (opercular width and length are subequal, Fig. 7A); protooperculum nearly flat (Fig. 6A 2, A 3) and circular (Fig. 6A, B 1, B 3), 250–530 μm in diameter (Fig. 7A), with a location toward the dorsal margin. Bilobate cardinal process can be observed near the dorsal margin of the operculum on the interior surface, forming a convex area and grading downward into a flattened marginal area (Fig. 6B 4, C, D 1, D 3), impressions of cardinal processes can also be observed on the exterior of the operculum (Fig. 6A, B 1 –B 3), which may be the result of high compression; these structures are generally rectangular in shape, and terminate at the distal end in a bluntly rounded surface. Angles of divergence of cardinal processes are 99–113° and 100° on average. Cardinal processes are Fig. 4. Cupithecid hyolith Cupitheca convexa sp. nov. from the Manto For- → mation (Cambrian Stage 4/5) in the Zuojiawu section of Tangshan, China.</p><p>A. NIGPAS 166334, accumulation of conchs and opercula (A 1), white arrows suggest discarded cylindrical segments, black arrows indicate opercula; three almost complete shells with apical parts buried in the matrix (A 2); transverse lines on the dorsal surface of conch (A 3); aggregation of skeletal parts with chaotic orientation (A 4). B. NIGPAS 166336, incomplete conch shows full aperture. C–E. More or less complete conchs. C. NIGPAS 166338.</p><p>D. NIGPAS 166340, two adjacent shells, the left one displays full apex (D 1); single conch with partial broken aperture (D 2). E. NIGPAS 166341b. Scale bars: A 1, 5 mm; A 2, C, 1 mm; A 3, 5 μm; B, 100 μm; A 4, D, E, 2 mm.</p><p>covered from proximal to distal terminations with scattered sub-circular pits (shown as tubercles on the counterparts; e.g., Fig. 6D), 4–9 μm in diameter. Exterior of operculum is covered by a series of concentric lamellae or ribs (Fig. 6A 1, A 3, B 1 –B 3). Interior also covered with concentric lines or ribs (Fig. 6B 4, D 1, D 3) that correspond to those on the exterior.</p><p>Remarks. —Specimens of Cupitheca recovered from the Manto Formation on the North China Platform are distinctive from the more widely distributed and therefore better known C. holocyclata Bengtson in Bengtson et al., 1990 (Bengtson et al. 1990; Skovsted et al. 2016) in terms of ornamentation of the conch and overall shape of the operculum. C. holocyclata from Australia (Bengtson et al. 1990) and several individuals reported from North China from Cambrian Stage 4 (Skovsted et al. 2016) have a dominant transverse ornament, with minimal to subordinate longitudinal overprint. In addition, the interior of the operculum of C. holocyclata is concave, while that of C. convexa sp. nov. is convex, and cardinal processes seen in C. holocyclata appear to be more robust than those of C. convexa sp. nov .. The protooperculum of the former is a circular elevated platform with a concave base and marginal rim (Skovsted et al. 2016), which is different from the flattened and circular protooperculum in C. convexa sp. nov .. The new species is distinguished from C. costellata Xiao and Zhou, 1984 by possession of distinct longitudinal ornament in the latter. Our material also resembles C. manicae Duan, 1984 from the Lower Cambrian of Hubei Province, South China (Duan 1984) in general morphology and cross section of the shell, but the latter possesses no ornament on the conch (possibly a taphonomic bias) and no known operculum, which makes detailed comparison difficult. This is also the case with the similar taxa C. brevituba Duan in Xing et al., 1984, C. intermedia (Duan, 1984), and C. mira (He in Qian, 1977) from the lower Cambrian of South China (Xiao and Zhou 1984; Duan 1984). These previous identifications as Cupitheca were based mainly on the ornament on the conchs, here we highlight the importance of the operculum in the classification of this group. The occurrence of C. holocyclata without opercula preserved should be questioned (see SOM 2).</p><p>The conch of specimen NIGPAS 166334 (Fig. 8A) possesses two distinct zones that are separated by a transverse discontinuity. The adapertural portion is characterised by transverse lines (Fig. 8D), whereas the adapical tapering zone is covered by longitudinal to sub-radial ornament (Fig. 8C). Although the apical termination cannot be well separated from the matrix, based on the distinct ornamentation covering of the two zones, the adapertural region is regarded as early juvenile portion of the conch, whereas the adapical portion is the presumed protoconch. Therefore the transverse discontinuity or furrow is possible the site where the first septum-like structure developed (Bengtson et al. 1990). Furthermore, the diameter of the shell at the furrow is 450 μm, which overlaps with the ranges of diameters of the protoopercula in this collection (Fig. 7C). No weakening points or septum-like structures have been observed on the presumed protoconch. The ridge-like structure (Fig. 8C) seems to be deceptive, appearing as a biological structure, but in fact is most likely the result of mechanical damage because the outmost layer is squeezed to form an uneven ridge (Fig. 8C) rather than a dissolved groove (Fig. 8B). Although the apex is partially broken and peeled away, part of the lateral sub-radial lines could still be observed on the mould (Fig. 8E).</p><p>Stratigraphic and geographic range.—The Manto Formation, late Cambrian Series 2 Stage 4 or early Series 3 Stage 5, Hebei Province, North China (see SOM 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C44804FFA00C04FFF597352B06DD2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sun, Haijing;Malinky, John M.;Zhu, Maoyan;Huang, Diying	Sun, Haijing, Malinky, John M., Zhu, Maoyan, Huang, Diying (2018): Palaeobiology of orthothecide hyoliths from the Cambrian Manto Formation of Hebei Province, North China. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 63 (1): 87-101, DOI: 10.4202/app.00413.2017, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/636609ea-fda7-3272-a3e6-ee40ec7fbc8c/
