identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C587D32242FFFBE4D32AD67687FC07.text	03C587D32242FFFBE4D32AD67687FC07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphidrilus Monticelli 1910	<div><p>Genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910a</p><p>Type species: Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910a</p><p>Type locality. Gulf of Naples in the Mediterranean Sea.</p><p>Diagnosis (emended after Monticelli, 1910a). Raphidrilinae with peristomium obviously delimited from prostomium and first achaetous segment both dorsally and ventrally; nuchal organs shallow depressions with cilia; 1–2 dorsally biannulated achaetous segments between peristomium and first chaetiger; posterior end indistinct from posterior segments. Heart body always present from chaetiger 4. Serrate capillaries throughout; more abundant anteriorly. Reproduction sexual and asexual.</p><p>Remarks. The presence of at least one dorsally biannulated achaetous segment between the peristomium and chaetiger 1 is constant in R. harperi sp. nov., R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma, and has not been described from other ctenodrilid species.</p><p>Dean (1995) points out that the origin of the heart body should not be used as a diagnostic character for the genera Raphidrilus and Raricirrus, because in Raricirrus variabilis it begins at chaetiger 4 (4–6) as well as in all Raphidrilus species. The position and extent of the heart body in the three described species of Raphidrilus seems to be a species level character given that the heart body begins at chaetiger 4 in all three but differs in how the heart body projects anteriorly or posteriorly to one or more chaetigers.</p><p>Monticelli’s description of Raphidrilus nemasoma reports a male phase with distinctive smooth curved spines in segments 5–8. All incomplete specimens from the Mediterranean that were examined under SEM do not bear such spines. Petersen and George (1991) pointed out that the possible undescribed Raphidrilus described by Qian and Chia (1989) as having short genital spines, may in fact have normal neurochaetae. Because such genital spines have not been found in any specimen examined of R. harperi sp. nov., or R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., we believe this feature should be species specific (if truly present), rather than being generic in diagnosis.</p><p>The morphological characters useful in differentiating species within the genus Raphidrilus, not in order of importance, are: 1) Shape of prostomium; 2) Presence/distribution of short sensory cilia in addition to the nuchal organs on the prostomium; 3) Number of dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segments; 4) Shape of thoracic and abdominal segments; 5) Position and extent of the heart body; 6) General shape of the digestive tube; 7) Presence of sensorial tufts on parapodia (Qian &amp; Chia 1989); 8) Number, length and distribution throughout the body of the capillary chaetae; 9) Arrangement of the capillary fibrils seen under SEM; and 10) Position of the anal aperture and presence of fields of cilia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587D32242FFFBE4D32AD67687FC07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Magalhães, Wagner F.;Bailey, Julie H.;Brock, -;Davenport, Jennifer S.	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32241FFFBE4D3280B72F5FA85.text	03C587D32241FFFBE4D3280B72F5FA85.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenodrilidae	<div><p>Key to genera of Ctenodrilidae (After Petersen &amp; George 1991 and Dean 1995)</p><p>1A With long bodies (up to c. 35 segments); with filamentous branchiae (subfamily Raphidrilinae)...................... 2A</p><p>1B With short bodies (up to c. 15 segments); without branchiae (subfamily Ctenodrilinae)............................. 3A</p><p>2A Anterior segments distinct dorsally; 1–2 anterior and dorsally biannulate achaetous segments; indistinct posterior end; serrated capillaries throughout.......................................................................... Raphidrilus</p><p>2B Anterior segments indistinct dorsally; distinct posterior end with 1–2 modified posterior segments; chaetae may include serrate and coarsely serrate capillaries, pectinate falcigers, and simple curved spines............................... Raricirrus</p><p>3A All chaetae coarsely serrate..................................................................... Ctenodrilus</p><p>3B With capillaries in addition to serrate forms...................................................... Aphropharynx</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587D32241FFFBE4D3280B72F5FA85	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Magalhães, Wagner F.;Bailey, Julie H.;Brock, -;Davenport, Jennifer S.	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32241FFFBE4D3298572F5F891.text	03C587D32241FFFBE4D3298572F5F891.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphidrilus	<div><p>Key to species of Raphidrilus (After Monticelli, 1910b)</p><p>1A Prostomium with a pair of nuchal organs only; parapodia without sensorial tufts; dorsal anal aperture.................. 2</p><p>1B Prostomium with scattered sensorial tufts in addition to a pair of nuchal organs; parapodia with sensorial tufts; terminal anal aperture............................................................. Raphidrilus sp. sensu Qian &amp; Chia, 1989</p><p>2A Three to six capillaries in thoracic chaetigers; abdominal chaetigers 1.5–4 times longer than wide and without sub–annulations; heart body extends posteriorly more than one chaetiger.................................. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov.</p><p>2B No more than four capillaries in thoracic chaetigers; abdominal chaetigers 1–2 times as long as wide; heart body extends anteriorly or restricted to one chaetiger........................................................................ 3</p><p>3A One or two dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segment; heart body anteriorly directed to the middle of chaetiger 3; distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril............................................................ .. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov.</p><p>3B Only one dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segment; heart body restricted to chaetiger 4; distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as the width of a single fibril................................................................................. Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910a</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587D32241FFFBE4D3298572F5F891	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Magalhães, Wagner F.;Bailey, Julie H.;Brock, -;Davenport, Jennifer S.	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32240FFFDE4D32C87779AFDD7.text	03C587D32240FFFDE4D32C87779AFDD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli 1910	<div><p>Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910a</p><p>Figure 1 (A–D)</p><p>Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910a: p. 61–64.</p><p>Raphidrilus nemasoma; Monticelli, 1910b: p. 403–406, pls. 12–13; Banse, 1959a: p. 307; possibly Banse, 1959b: p. 170–171, fig. 2; possibly Bellan, 1964; not Harris, 1971: p. 706, fig. 14; Katzmann, 1972: p. 136; not Qian &amp; Chia, 1989: p. 2350, figs. 1–18.</p><p>Ctenodrilus branchiatus Sokolow, 1911a: p. 548–565, plates XXVII–XXIX.</p><p>Material examined. Croatia: Vrsar Harbor, northern Adriatic Sea, 45°08,989ʹ N 13°35,776ʹ E, collected from the thallus of Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh, coll. Barbara Mikac, 08/12/2008 (9 anterior fragments mounted on stub, USNM 1150464).</p><p>Description. Small and incomplete specimens, 1–2.5 mm long, 0.05–0.1 mm wide with 5–11 anterior chaetigers. First four chaetigers (thorax) wider than long; abdominal chaetigers twice longer than wide with sub–annulations.</p><p>Prostomium short, broadly round; peristomium single achaetous annulation followed by one dorsally biannulated achaetous segment (Fig. 1 A, B). Parapodia with serrated capillaries throughout (Fig. 1 C, D). Anterior chaetigers with 4 serrated capillaries in each noto– and neuropodia; number of chaetae reduces from chaetiger 5–6 to 1– 2 serrated capillaries in posterior chaetigers. Distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as the width of a single fibril (Fig. 1 C, D). Branchial filaments arising posterodorsal to notochaetae. Posterior end and pygidium not observed.</p><p>Distribution. Raphidrilus nemasoma seems to be widely distributed in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas (Castelli et al. 1995) and the northern Adriatic Sea.</p><p>Remarks. The specimens analyzed from the northern Adriatic Sea agree well with the description of R. nemasoma by Monticelli (1910a, b). Monticelli (1910b) reported an achaetous segment before chaetiger 1, but referred to it as the peristomium; however, SEM analysis of R. nemasoma specimens newly collected showed an additional achaetous segment posterior to the peristomium. The dorsal distinction between prostomium and peristomium, however, is not easily seen using light microscopy, even at 1000x magnification.</p><p>The type series of R. nemasoma are believed to be lost or never kept (see discussion in Petersen &amp; George 1991) but the specimens newly collected from the northern Adriatic Sea are not well enough preserved to be assigned as neotypes and were not collected near the type locality (Naples Gulf, Italy). More complete and well preserved specimens are necessary to better assess the external morphology of this species, even though detailed descriptions of the external morphology and internal anatomy are available in Monticelli (1910b) and Sokolow (1911a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587D32240FFFDE4D32C87779AFDD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Magalhães, Wagner F.;Bailey, Julie H.;Brock, -;Davenport, Jennifer S.	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68.text	03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphidrilus harperi	<div><p>Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 2 (A–C) and 3 (A–F)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: GIWW at Venice, Florida, USA, 27º06’01.3” N, 82º26’08.5” W, Station 5NB, coll. D. Seagle, August 28, 2009 (USNM 1150467). Paratypes: same location, date and collector as holotype, Station 5NB (9, USNM 1150469); Stations 5NB and 5NC (4, FSBC I 072250); Station 5NB (4, MAGNT W23467– W23470); Station 5NB (1 mounted on stub, BMNH 2011.7); Station 5NB (2 mounted on stub, USNM 1150468). Non– type material: same location, date and collector as type –series, Station 5NB (3); Station 5NC (1).</p><p>Description. Complete specimens ranged from 3.1–5.8 mm in length, 0.1–0.25 mm in width and possessed between 17–27 chaetigers. Body thin, cylindrical, and elongated. First four chaetigers (thorax) and last few wider than long; abdominal chaetigers vary from 1.5–4 times longer than wide (Fig. 2 A). Color in alcohol light yellow to brown.</p><p>Prostomium short, broadly rounded with pair of postero–lateral nuchal organs (Fig. 3 C). Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches (~7 µm) with long cilia, situated in a shallow depression (Fig. 3 D). Distinction between prostomium and peristomium inconspicuous laterally; peristomium single achaetous segment, appearing pear–shaped together with the prostomium; a single biannulated achaetous segment following the peristomium (Fig. 3 B). Heart body usually begins in chaetiger 4, but sometimes projects anteriorly into the posterior region of chaetiger 3; usually extends to chaetiger 7, but occasionally continues to chaetiger 9 in the material examined (Fig. 2 A). Branchial filaments postero–dorsal to notochaetae, easily broken and occurring in pairs or singly from chaetigers 3 through 11 (Fig. 3 A, B).</p><p>Anterior chaetigers with 3–6 serrated capillaries in both noto– and neurochaetal fascicles; posterior chaetigers with 1–4 capillaries per fascicle. Serrations of some capillaries evident using phase contrast microscopy with oil immersion at 1000x magnification; SEM revealed fibrils along capillary edge with distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril (Fig. 3 E).</p><p>Pygidium elongated segment with dorsal anal aperture; fields of cilia not observed (Fig. 3 F).</p><p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of the third author’s graduate advisor, Dr. Donald E. Harper, Jr., Professor Emeritus of Texas A&amp;M University at Galveston. Dr. Harper graciously introduced me to the world of polychaetes and has provided valuable guidance and encouragement over the years.</p><p>Biology. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., was collected just north of a reverse osmosis plant outfall. Water quality data is typical for a shallow, estuarine waterbody during late summer in southwest Florida (Table 1). All specimens were sexually immature and regenerating specimens were not observed. Segmented worms were observed, however, in the coelom of several specimens and were oriented in both directions along the anterior–posterior axis of the host (Fig. 2 B, C). Segmented worms were dissected out of the host and neither chaetae nor branchiae were observed. These segmented worms may be an intracoelomic parasite or gestational larvae resulting from sexual reproduction. Petersen and George (1991) indicated protandric hermaphroditism with internal gestation for R. nemasoma . Additionally, Sokolow (1911a, fig. 77) illustrated juveniles emerging from the coelom of a parent, which appear quite similar to the segmented worms observed in R. harperi sp. nov. (Fig. 2 A–C). Future in vivo investigations would help resolve the unknown reproductive processes of R. harperi sp. nov.</p><p>Distribution. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., is known only from the type locality, the GIWW in Venice, Florida. The distribution of this species is suspected to extend further south into the Florida Keys (T. H. Perkins, pers. comm.) if it is the same species that Petersen and George (1991) referred to in their study. Unfortunately, those specimens have been lost (T. H. Perkins, pers. comm.), and could not be observed for comparison. Based upon correspondence and associated drawings between T. H. Perkins and M. E. Petersen specimens from the Florida Keys superficially appear to be R. harperi sp. nov. The general body shape, number of chaetae per fascicle and the description of chaetae all match R. harperi sp. nov. The only difference is that no branchiae or scars of branchiae were observed in the specimens from the Florida Keys, whereas almost all specimens from Venice have at least a stub, a single branchial filament or multiple branchial filaments. Additional specimens from the FSBC I collections labeled as “ Raphidrilus sp.” were examined for comparison (FSBC I 45229 and FSBC I 45230). These specimens were collected from Broward County along the east coast of Florida and are not R. harperi sp. nov. They possess pectinate falcigers in the middle and posterior chaetigers and are most likely an undescribed species of Raricirrus . Future collection efforts along the Gulf coast of Florida would help determine the geographical distribution of R. harperi sp. nov.</p><p>Remarks. Table 2 summarizes the morphological characters useful to separate species in the genus Raphidrilus . Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., differs from R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma by the presence of 3–6 capillary chaetae per fascicle in anterior chaetigers, while in both R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma the number of capillaries per fascicle is never greater than 4. The elongated mid–body and posterior segments in R. harperi sp. nov., is also very distinct and lack sub–annulations present in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma . The heart body in R. harperi sp. nov., extends posteriorly to chaetigers 7–9, while in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., the heart body projects anteriorly to the middle of chaetiger 3 and in R. nemasoma the heart body is restricted to the extension of chaetiger 4 (Monticelli 1910b).</p><p>The species of Raphidrilus referred to by Qian and Chia (1989) as Raphidrilus nemasoma, and later considered to be undescribed by Petersen and George (1991), is distinct from R. harperi sp. nov., R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma . Even though adult worms of Raphidrilus sensu Qian and Chia (1989) were not described by these authors, the many scattered short sensory cilia in addition to the nuchal organs present on the prostomium and peristomium, the sensory tufts postero–dorsal to notochaetae, the short serrate neurochaetae (reported as being genital spines), and the terminal anus of juveniles worms (8–11 chaetigers) are unique characteristics not observed in the species from Florida, Hawaii, or the Mediterranean Sea. Adult specimens from the same locality sampled by Qian and Chia (1989) need to be examined to confirm the status of a new species.</p><p>* based on juveniles with 8–11 chaetigers.</p><p>continued.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Magalhães, Wagner F.;Bailey, Julie H.;Brock, -;Davenport, Jennifer S.	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F.text	03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Raphidrilus hawaiiensis	<div><p>Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov.</p><p>Figures 4 (A–C), 5 (A–F), 6 (A–F) and 7 (A–F)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: Kaimana Beach, Waikiki, south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 21°15ʹ45ʹ 157°49ʹ19ʹ, collected from mud adhering to branches of the brown alga Gracilaria salicornia (C. Agardh), coll. W. Magalhães, Oct/09 (USNM 1150465); Paratypes: same location, date and collector as holotype (8, BPBM-R3434; 5, USNM 1150466; 5, BMNH 2011.2–6). Non– type material: Kaimana Beach, Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii, on Gracilaria salicornia 21°15ʹ50ʹ 157°49ʹ21ʹ, coll. C. Moody, Jan/09 (42); July/2008 (8); coll. W. Magalhães, Oct/09 (10); Sand Island outfall, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, station D6R1, 2004, 50 m (9); Barbers Point outfall, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, 66 m, station HB1R5, 2004 (6), station HB3R5, Jan/10 (1); Sand beach 1000 m west from Paiko Lagoon Sanctuary, south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 21°16ʹ47ʹ 157°43ʹ45ʹ, collected on Avrainvillea amadelpha (Mont.) A. Gepp &amp; E. Gepp, station A7R3, coll. W. Magalhães, Mar/10 (4).</p><p>Description. Specimens 2–3 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm wide for 12–26 chaetigers. Body elongated, cylindrical, and indistinct posteriorly (Fig. 4 A). First four chaetigers (thorax) and last few wider than long (Figs. 4 A; 5F); abdominal chaetigers as long as wide, sometimes sub–moniliform. From chaetiger 5 to posterior end 10–20 sub– annulations present per segment (Fig. 6 B). Branchiae scarce in adults, frequently broken off, present on variable number of anterior chaetigers. Color in alcohol light yellow; few specimens yellow to dark brown; internal structures observed through transparent body wall. Color in life not observed.</p><p>Prostomium as long as two anterior chaetigers, pear–shaped, with pair of nuchal organs located near postero– lateral border (Fig. 5 A–C). Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches (8–10 µm wide) with long cilia, situated in a shallow pit (2–3 µm deep) (Fig. 5 D). Peristomium consisting of single achaetous segment not clearly distinct dorsally from prostomium (Fig. 5 A–C); ventral proboscis with numerous basal bar–like papillae (Fig. 5 E). One (N=38) or two (N=5) achaetous segments biannulated dorsally; one specimen with three achaetous segments but third one not biannulated. First four chaetigers short, with 4 notochaetae and 4 neurochaetae in each fascicle; subsequent chaetigers with 1–2 chaetae per fascicle. Heart body always on chaetiger 4; sac–like, anteriorly directed, extending to middle of chaetiger 3 (Fig. 4 B). Digestive tube divided in three parts; cylindrical esophagus enlarges at chaetiger 5 in all specimens where inflated stomach begins (Fig. 4 A, B); posterior third of the body with curled digestive tube (Fig. 4 A); number of segments with inflated stomach and curled intestine variable.</p><p>Branchial filaments postero–dorsal to notochaetae (Fig. 6 A). Serrate capillary chaetae throughout (Fig. 6 C, D), emerging directly from the body wall (Fig. 6 A). Chaetae few or absent on far posterior chaetigers. Fibrils along the capillary edge with distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril.</p><p>Anal aperture dorsal on elongated pygidial segment, covered by fields of long cilia (Fig. 6 E, F).</p><p>Biology. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., is usually found in low abundance (10–70 ind./m², Ambrose et al. 2010) adjacent to ocean outfalls in sandy bottoms and in high abundance (1125 ind./m², C. Moody, unpublished data) on the invasive alga Gracilaria salicornia, which is a successful invader on Oahu’s south shore reef flats. Few specimens were found inhabiting branches of the green invasive alga Avrainvillea amadelpha . Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., has been collected with a fine sediment coating of unknown function, but this sediment coat (mostly composed of fragments of diatoms, radiolarians, and clay particles) may protect the worms against the adhesive properties of algal mucilage and abrasion.</p><p>Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., reproduces asexually and maybe sexually. Some specimens, even one regenerating fragment (Fig. 7 F), had what may be larvae in the coelom, but no larval chaetae or segmentation were observed, so this might be intracoelomic parasites (Fig. 4 C). If these small worm–like individuals are indeed larvae, it might indicate that this species is a viviparous hermaphrodite with larvae exiting the body as juvenile worms as reported for R. nemasoma (Monticelli 1910b, Sokolow 1911a). Several specimens of R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., were found with regenerating anterior and/or posterior ends (Figs. 7 A–F). Worm fragments as small as four chaetigers seem to be capable of regenerating a whole worm. These regenerating fragments most likely belong to mid– body chaetigers due to the enlarged digestive tube seen through the transparent body wall. If the anterior and posterior ends begin regeneration simultaneously, the posterior end appears to regenerate faster than in the anterior end as there are a greater number of posterior segments. This could be due to the increment of new segments from the growing zone in the newly regenerated pygidium. Further experimental studies are necessary to fully understand the process of regeneration in this species.</p><p>Etymology. This species is named after the type locality.</p><p>Distribution. Known from shallow subtidal to 66 m off south shore of Oahu Island, Hawaii; on shallow reefs they inhabit the invasive algae Gracilaria salicornia and Avrainvillea amadelpha .</p><p>Remarks. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., differs from R. harperi sp. nov., and R. nemasoma by the presence of numerous bar–like papillae in the ventral proboscis, one or two dorsally biannulated achaetous segment between peristomium and chaetiger 1, and digestive tube clearly divided in three parts with a bottle–neck from chaetiger 4 to 5. The shape and arrangement of fibrils along the capillary chaetal blades in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., is very similar to R. harperi sp. nov., by being thicker and having less space in between the fibrils in comparison with R. nemasoma .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Magalhães, Wagner F.;Bailey, Julie H.;Brock, -;Davenport, Jennifer S.	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
