taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C587D32242FFFBE4D32AD67687FC07.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Raphidrilus nemasoma Monticelli, 1910 a Type locality. Gulf of Naples in the Mediterranean Sea.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32242FFFBE4D32AD67687FC07.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (emended after Monticelli, 1910 a). Raphidrilinae with peristomium obviously delimited from prostomium and first achaetous segment both dorsally and ventrally; nuchal organs shallow depressions with cilia; 1 – 2 dorsally biannulated achaetous segments between peristomium and first chaetiger; posterior end indistinct from posterior segments. Heart body always present from chaetiger 4. Serrate capillaries throughout; more abundant anteriorly. Reproduction sexual and asexual.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32242FFFBE4D32AD67687FC07.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The presence of at least one dorsally biannulated achaetous segment between the peristomium and chaetiger 1 is constant in R. harperi sp. nov., R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma, and has not been described from other ctenodrilid species. Dean (1995) points out that the origin of the heart body should not be used as a diagnostic character for the genera Raphidrilus and Raricirrus, because in Raricirrus variabilis it begins at chaetiger 4 (4 – 6) as well as in all Raphidrilus species. The position and extent of the heart body in the three described species of Raphidrilus seems to be a species level character given that the heart body begins at chaetiger 4 in all three but differs in how the heart body projects anteriorly or posteriorly to one or more chaetigers. Monticelli’s description of Raphidrilus nemasoma reports a male phase with distinctive smooth curved spines in segments 5 – 8. All incomplete specimens from the Mediterranean that were examined under SEM do not bear such spines. Petersen and George (1991) pointed out that the possible undescribed Raphidrilus described by Qian and Chia (1989) as having short genital spines, may in fact have normal neurochaetae. Because such genital spines have not been found in any specimen examined of R. harperi sp. nov., or R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., we believe this feature should be species specific (if truly present), rather than being generic in diagnosis. The morphological characters useful in differentiating species within the genus Raphidrilus, not in order of importance, are: 1) Shape of prostomium; 2) Presence / distribution of short sensory cilia in addition to the nuchal organs on the prostomium; 3) Number of dorsally biannulated anterior achaetous segments; 4) Shape of thoracic and abdominal segments; 5) Position and extent of the heart body; 6) General shape of the digestive tube; 7) Presence of sensorial tufts on parapodia (Qian & Chia 1989); 8) Number, length and distribution throughout the body of the capillary chaetae; 9) Arrangement of the capillary fibrils seen under SEM; and 10) Position of the anal aperture and presence of fields of cilia.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32240FFFDE4D32C87779AFDD7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Croatia: Vrsar Harbor, northern Adriatic Sea, 45 ° 08,989 ʹ N 13 ° 35,776 ʹ E, collected from the thallus of Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskål) J. Agardh, coll. Barbara Mikac, 08 / 12 / 2008 (9 anterior fragments mounted on stub, USNM 1150464).	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32240FFFDE4D32C87779AFDD7.taxon	description	Description. Small and incomplete specimens, 1 – 2.5 mm long, 0.05 – 0.1 mm wide with 5 – 11 anterior chaetigers. First four chaetigers (thorax) wider than long; abdominal chaetigers twice longer than wide with sub – annulations. Prostomium short, broadly round; peristomium single achaetous annulation followed by one dorsally biannulated achaetous segment (Fig. 1 A, B). Parapodia with serrated capillaries throughout (Fig. 1 C, D). Anterior chaetigers with 4 serrated capillaries in each noto – and neuropodia; number of chaetae reduces from chaetiger 5 – 6 to 1 – 2 serrated capillaries in posterior chaetigers. Distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils along the capillary chaetae approximately the same as the width of a single fibril (Fig. 1 C, D). Branchial filaments arising posterodorsal to notochaetae. Posterior end and pygidium not observed.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32240FFFDE4D32C87779AFDD7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Raphidrilus nemasoma seems to be widely distributed in the Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas (Castelli et al. 1995) and the northern Adriatic Sea.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32240FFFDE4D32C87779AFDD7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens analyzed from the northern Adriatic Sea agree well with the description of R. nemasoma by Monticelli (1910 a, b). Monticelli (1910 b) reported an achaetous segment before chaetiger 1, but referred to it as the peristomium; however, SEM analysis of R. nemasoma specimens newly collected showed an additional achaetous segment posterior to the peristomium. The dorsal distinction between prostomium and peristomium, however, is not easily seen using light microscopy, even at 1000 x magnification. The type series of R. nemasoma are believed to be lost or never kept (see discussion in Petersen & George 1991) but the specimens newly collected from the northern Adriatic Sea are not well enough preserved to be assigned as neotypes and were not collected near the type locality (Naples Gulf, Italy). More complete and well preserved specimens are necessary to better assess the external morphology of this species, even though detailed descriptions of the external morphology and internal anatomy are available in Monticelli (1910 b) and Sokolow (1911 a).	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: GIWW at Venice, Florida, USA, 27 º 06 ’ 01.3 ” N, 82 º 26 ’ 08.5 ” W, Station 5 NB, coll. D. Seagle, August 28, 2009 (USNM 1150467). Paratypes: same location, date and collector as holotype, Station 5 NB (9, USNM 1150469); Stations 5 NB and 5 NC (4, FSBC I 072250); Station 5 NB (4, MAGNT W 23467 – W 23470); Station 5 NB (1 mounted on stub, BMNH 2011.7); Station 5 NB (2 mounted on stub, USNM 1150468). Non – type material: same location, date and collector as type – series, Station 5 NB (3); Station 5 NC (1).	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68.taxon	description	Description. Complete specimens ranged from 3.1 – 5.8 mm in length, 0.1 – 0.25 mm in width and possessed between 17 – 27 chaetigers. Body thin, cylindrical, and elongated. First four chaetigers (thorax) and last few wider than long; abdominal chaetigers vary from 1.5 – 4 times longer than wide (Fig. 2 A). Color in alcohol light yellow to brown. Prostomium short, broadly rounded with pair of postero – lateral nuchal organs (Fig. 3 C). Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches (~ 7 µm) with long cilia, situated in a shallow depression (Fig. 3 D). Distinction between prostomium and peristomium inconspicuous laterally; peristomium single achaetous segment, appearing pear – shaped together with the prostomium; a single biannulated achaetous segment following the peristomium (Fig. 3 B). Heart body usually begins in chaetiger 4, but sometimes projects anteriorly into the posterior region of chaetiger 3; usually extends to chaetiger 7, but occasionally continues to chaetiger 9 in the material examined (Fig. 2 A). Branchial filaments postero – dorsal to notochaetae, easily broken and occurring in pairs or singly from chaetigers 3 through 11 (Fig. 3 A, B). Anterior chaetigers with 3 – 6 serrated capillaries in both noto – and neurochaetal fascicles; posterior chaetigers with 1 – 4 capillaries per fascicle. Serrations of some capillaries evident using phase contrast microscopy with oil immersion at 1000 x magnification; SEM revealed fibrils along capillary edge with distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril (Fig. 3 E). Pygidium elongated segment with dorsal anal aperture; fields of cilia not observed (Fig. 3 F).	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor of the third author’s graduate advisor, Dr. Donald E. Harper, Jr., Professor Emeritus of Texas A & M University at Galveston. Dr. Harper graciously introduced me to the world of polychaetes and has provided valuable guidance and encouragement over the years.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., was collected just north of a reverse osmosis plant outfall. Water quality data is typical for a shallow, estuarine waterbody during late summer in southwest Florida (Table 1). All specimens were sexually immature and regenerating specimens were not observed. Segmented worms were observed, however, in the coelom of several specimens and were oriented in both directions along the anterior – posterior axis of the host (Fig. 2 B, C). Segmented worms were dissected out of the host and neither chaetae nor branchiae were observed. These segmented worms may be an intracoelomic parasite or gestational larvae resulting from sexual reproduction. Petersen and George (1991) indicated protandric hermaphroditism with internal gestation for R. nemasoma. Additionally, Sokolow (1911 a, fig. 77) illustrated juveniles emerging from the coelom of a parent, which appear quite similar to the segmented worms observed in R. harperi sp. nov. (Fig. 2 A – C). Future in vivo investigations would help resolve the unknown reproductive processes of R. harperi sp. nov.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., is known only from the type locality, the GIWW in Venice, Florida. The distribution of this species is suspected to extend further south into the Florida Keys (T. H. Perkins, pers. comm.) if it is the same species that Petersen and George (1991) referred to in their study. Unfortunately, those specimens have been lost (T. H. Perkins, pers. comm.), and could not be observed for comparison. Based upon correspondence and associated drawings between T. H. Perkins and M. E. Petersen specimens from the Florida Keys superficially appear to be R. harperi sp. nov. The general body shape, number of chaetae per fascicle and the description of chaetae all match R. harperi sp. nov. The only difference is that no branchiae or scars of branchiae were observed in the specimens from the Florida Keys, whereas almost all specimens from Venice have at least a stub, a single branchial filament or multiple branchial filaments. Additional specimens from the FSBC I collections labeled as “ Raphidrilus sp. ” were examined for comparison (FSBC I 45229 and FSBC I 45230). These specimens were collected from Broward County along the east coast of Florida and are not R. harperi sp. nov. They possess pectinate falcigers in the middle and posterior chaetigers and are most likely an undescribed species of Raricirrus. Future collection efforts along the Gulf coast of Florida would help determine the geographical distribution of R. harperi sp. nov.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D32247FFFEE4D32E7C766CFB68.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Table 2 summarizes the morphological characters useful to separate species in the genus Raphidrilus. Raphidrilus harperi sp. nov., differs from R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma by the presence of 3 – 6 capillary chaetae per fascicle in anterior chaetigers, while in both R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma the number of capillaries per fascicle is never greater than 4. The elongated mid – body and posterior segments in R. harperi sp. nov., is also very distinct and lack sub – annulations present in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma. The heart body in R. harperi sp. nov., extends posteriorly to chaetigers 7 – 9, while in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., the heart body projects anteriorly to the middle of chaetiger 3 and in R. nemasoma the heart body is restricted to the extension of chaetiger 4 (Monticelli 1910 b). The species of Raphidrilus referred to by Qian and Chia (1989) as Raphidrilus nemasoma, and later considered to be undescribed by Petersen and George (1991), is distinct from R. harperi sp. nov., R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., and R. nemasoma. Even though adult worms of Raphidrilus sensu Qian and Chia (1989) were not described by these authors, the many scattered short sensory cilia in addition to the nuchal organs present on the prostomium and peristomium, the sensory tufts postero – dorsal to notochaetae, the short serrate neurochaetae (reported as being genital spines), and the terminal anus of juveniles worms (8 – 11 chaetigers) are unique characteristics not observed in the species from Florida, Hawaii, or the Mediterranean Sea. Adult specimens from the same locality sampled by Qian and Chia (1989) need to be examined to confirm the status of a new species. * based on juveniles with 8 – 11 chaetigers. continued.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: Kaimana Beach, Waikiki, south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 21 ° 15 ʹ 45 ʹ 157 ° 49 ʹ 19 ʹ, collected from mud adhering to branches of the brown alga Gracilaria salicornia (C. Agardh), coll. W. Magalhães, Oct / 09 (USNM 1150465); Paratypes: same location, date and collector as holotype (8, BPBM-R 3434; 5, USNM 1150466; 5, BMNH 2011.2 – 6). Non – type material: Kaimana Beach, Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii, on Gracilaria salicornia 21 ° 15 ʹ 50 ʹ 157 ° 49 ʹ 21 ʹ, coll. C. Moody, Jan / 09 (42); July / 2008 (8); coll. W. Magalhães, Oct / 09 (10); Sand Island outfall, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, station D 6 R 1, 2004, 50 m (9); Barbers Point outfall, off Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii, 66 m, station HB 1 R 5, 2004 (6), station HB 3 R 5, Jan / 10 (1); Sand beach 1000 m west from Paiko Lagoon Sanctuary, south shore of Oahu, Hawaii, 21 ° 16 ʹ 47 ʹ 157 ° 43 ʹ 45 ʹ, collected on Avrainvillea amadelpha (Mont.) A. Gepp & E. Gepp, station A 7 R 3, coll. W. Magalhães, Mar / 10 (4).	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F.taxon	description	Description. Specimens 2 – 3 mm long, 0.1 – 0.2 mm wide for 12 – 26 chaetigers. Body elongated, cylindrical, and indistinct posteriorly (Fig. 4 A). First four chaetigers (thorax) and last few wider than long (Figs. 4 A; 5 F); abdominal chaetigers as long as wide, sometimes sub – moniliform. From chaetiger 5 to posterior end 10 – 20 sub – annulations present per segment (Fig. 6 B). Branchiae scarce in adults, frequently broken off, present on variable number of anterior chaetigers. Color in alcohol light yellow; few specimens yellow to dark brown; internal structures observed through transparent body wall. Color in life not observed. Prostomium as long as two anterior chaetigers, pear – shaped, with pair of nuchal organs located near postero – lateral border (Fig. 5 A – C). Nuchal organs oval ciliary patches (8 – 10 µm wide) with long cilia, situated in a shallow pit (2 – 3 µm deep) (Fig. 5 D). Peristomium consisting of single achaetous segment not clearly distinct dorsally from prostomium (Fig. 5 A – C); ventral proboscis with numerous basal bar – like papillae (Fig. 5 E). One (N = 38) or two (N = 5) achaetous segments biannulated dorsally; one specimen with three achaetous segments but third one not biannulated. First four chaetigers short, with 4 notochaetae and 4 neurochaetae in each fascicle; subsequent chaetigers with 1 – 2 chaetae per fascicle. Heart body always on chaetiger 4; sac – like, anteriorly directed, extending to middle of chaetiger 3 (Fig. 4 B). Digestive tube divided in three parts; cylindrical esophagus enlarges at chaetiger 5 in all specimens where inflated stomach begins (Fig. 4 A, B); posterior third of the body with curled digestive tube (Fig. 4 A); number of segments with inflated stomach and curled intestine variable. Branchial filaments postero – dorsal to notochaetae (Fig. 6 A). Serrate capillary chaetae throughout (Fig. 6 C, D), emerging directly from the body wall (Fig. 6 A). Chaetae few or absent on far posterior chaetigers. Fibrils along the capillary edge with distance between the insertion point of two capillary fibrils approximately the same as half the width of a single fibril. Anal aperture dorsal on elongated pygidial segment, covered by fields of long cilia (Fig. 6 E, F).	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., is usually found in low abundance (10 – 70 ind. / m ², Ambrose et al. 2010) adjacent to ocean outfalls in sandy bottoms and in high abundance (1125 ind. / m ², C. Moody, unpublished data) on the invasive alga Gracilaria salicornia, which is a successful invader on Oahu’s south shore reef flats. Few specimens were found inhabiting branches of the green invasive alga Avrainvillea amadelpha. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., has been collected with a fine sediment coating of unknown function, but this sediment coat (mostly composed of fragments of diatoms, radiolarians, and clay particles) may protect the worms against the adhesive properties of algal mucilage and abrasion.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the type locality.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known from shallow subtidal to 66 m off south shore of Oahu Island, Hawaii; on shallow reefs they inhabit the invasive algae Gracilaria salicornia and Avrainvillea amadelpha.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
03C587D3224BFFF2E4D32C877603FD9F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Raphidrilus hawaiiensis sp. nov., differs from R. harperi sp. nov., and R. nemasoma by the presence of numerous bar – like papillae in the ventral proboscis, one or two dorsally biannulated achaetous segment between peristomium and chaetiger 1, and digestive tube clearly divided in three parts with a bottle – neck from chaetiger 4 to 5. The shape and arrangement of fibrils along the capillary chaetal blades in R. hawaiiensis sp. nov., is very similar to R. harperi sp. nov., by being thicker and having less space in between the fibrils in comparison with R. nemasoma.	en	Magalhães, Wagner F., Bailey, Julie H., Brock, -, Davenport, Jennifer S. (2011): On the genus Raphidrilus Monticelli, 1910 (Polychaeta: Ctenodrilidae) with description of two new species. Zootaxa 2804: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.277061
