identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C587E2FFD9FF98FDD1FCC2FE03F98D.text	03C587E2FFD9FF98FDD1FCC2FE03F98D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela Ashmead in Dyar 1898	<div><p>Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898</p><p>Megaxyela Ashmead in Dyar, 1898a [May]: 214 (nec Ashmead in Dyar 1898b [July]: 174),</p><p>type species: Xyela major Cresson, 1880 (now Megaxyela major), by original designation.</p><p>Odontophyes Konow, 1899: 42, type species: Pleroneura avingrata Konow, 1899 (unjustified emendation and homonym of Pleuroneura [sic!] aviingrata Dyar, 1898; now Megaxyela aviingrata), by monotypy.</p><p>Megaloxyela Schulz, 1906: 88, unjustified emendation of Megaxyela Ashmead, 1898 .</p><p>Paraxyela MacGillivray, 1912: 294, type species: Xyela tricolor Norton, 1862 (now Megaxyela tricolor), by original designation.</p><p>Odontophyes – Ross 1932: 161 (synonymy with Megaxyela).</p><p>Paraxyela – Ross 1932: 161 (synonymy with Megaxyela).</p><p>Megaloxyela – Smith 1978: 24 (listed in synonymy with Megaxyela).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Megaxyela species differ from other extant xyelids by the following characters: carina along inner orbit present (e.g., Figs 3F–G, 4G), sometimes obscured by other surface sculpture (e.g., Figs 6C, 8F); vein Sc2 of fore wing joining R at 0.25–0.50 of distance between separation of Rs from R and pterostigma (Fig. 1A–B); hind legs extended, about 1.5–2.0 × as long as body (e.g., Fig. 3A–B, 3D–E). The taxonomic recognition of Megaxyela from other extant Xyelidae is possible with the keys of Ross (1937), Benson (1945) and Blank (2002).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFD9FF98FDD1FCC2FE03F98D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFD9FF99FD9AF980FB7FFECA.text	03C587E2FFD9FF99FD9AF980FB7FFECA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela bicoloripes (Rohwer 1924)	<div><p>Megaxyela bicoloripes (Rohwer, 1924)</p><p>Odontophyes bicoloripes Rohwer, 1924: 215 (♀, type locality: USA, Mississippi, Agricultural College).</p><p>Megaxyela bicoloripes – Ross 1932: 162–164 (combination). ― Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: 639–640 (key), 642 (description, distribution, references), figs 10, 14, 26–29, 34.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>USA: 1 ♀, West Virginia, Pocahontas County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.63" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.83/lat 38.63)">Monongahela National Forest</a>, ca 38.63° N, 79.83° W, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.63" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.83/lat 38.63)">Plot 17, lower Site</a>, 7 May 2001, Malaise trap, L. Butler &amp; J. Strazanac leg., DEI-GISHym 30766 (USNM).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The above data from West Virginia represent a new state record. Among others, the species has been found in the neighboring states of Pennsylvania and Virginia (Smith &amp; Schiff 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFD9FF99FD9AF980FB7FFECA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFD8FF9CFE7BFE78FBADFABE.text	03C587E2FFD8FF9CFE7BFE78FBADFABE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela euchroma Stephan M. Blank & Katja Kramp & David R. Smith & Yuri N. Sundukov & Meicai Wei & Akihiko Shinohara 2017	<div><p>Megaxyela euchroma Blank, Shinohara &amp; Wei sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:63EF6069-E728-4107-8DC2-F02C9081880A</p><p>Figs 1F, 3A–3K, 11A, 12A, 13A</p><p>Megaxyela sp. 3 – Shinohara et al. 2017: fig. 15 (phylogenetic analysis).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is unique upon the black head bearing narrow yellow lines along inner and outer orbits and a linear yellow spot on vertex (Fig. 3A–B, D, F–G), and the presence of ctenidia along the annuli of the ovipositor (Figs 1F, 12A). It is separated from other Eurasian species by the metallic blue shine of dark colored body parts (Fig. 3A–G), the laterally black terga 2–4 (Fig. 3A–E; only the ventral margins of the terga bear a narrow longitudinal white line ventrally, Fig. 3C, E), the almost completely black valvula 3 of the ovipositor sheath (Fig. 11A), the black hypopygium of the male (Fig. 3E), and the large and irregular teeth of the upper edge of the valviceps (Fig. 13A).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The species name is a noun derived from ancient Greek ευ- (eu-, beautiful) and χρωμα (chroma, color).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA: ♀: “CSCS14007 [..., Chinese characters for <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.43472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.3425" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.43472/lat 30.3425)">Kaishan Laodian, Mt. Tianmushan, Linan</a>, Zhejiang Province], E119°26′05″ N30°20′33″ 1142 m 2014.IV.8 [..., Chinese characters for the collectors Nie Haiyan &amp; Hu Ping] CH3COOC2H5”, [red:] “Holotype Megaxyela euchroma sp.n. det. SMBlank &amp; AShinohara 2015”; “ DEI-DISHym 22554 ” (CSCS) .</p><p>Paratypes CHINA: 2 ♀♀, same site as holotype, 4–5 Apr. 2015, Li Zejian leg. (LSAF); 1 ♀, same site as holotype, 8 Apr. 2014, Liu Ting and Yu Xingjie leg., CSCS14008 / DEI-DISHym 22555 (CSCS); 1 ♀, same site, 9 Apr. 2014, Liu Ting and Yu Xingjie leg., CSCS14010 / DEI-DISHym 22556 (CSCS); 1 ♂, same site, 10 Apr. 2014, Liu Ting and Yu Xingjie leg., CSCS14012 / DEI-DISHym 22557 (CSCS); 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂, same site as holotype, 11 Apr. 2015, Li Zejian leg., CSCS); 3 ♀♀, same site, 16 Apr. 2014, Nie Haiyan and Hu Ping leg., CSCS14026 / DEI-DISHym 22558–22560 (CSCS, SDEI, YUIC); 1 ♀, 1 ♂, same site, 16 Apr. 2014, Liu Ting and Yu Xingjie leg., CSCS14027 / DEI-DISHym 22561–22562, (CSCS); 1 ♂, same site, 1150 m, 4 Apr. 2015, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-DISHym 22515 (SDEI) (specimen used for barcoding); 1 ♀, same site, 8 Apr. 2014, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-DISHym 22512 (NSMT); 1 ♂, same site, 9 Apr. 2014, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-DISHym 22513 (NSMT) (specimen used for barcoding); 1 ♂, 1 ♀, same site, 11 Apr. 2015, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-DISHym 22514, DEI-DISHym 22516 (NSMT); 1 ♀, same site, 15 Apr. 2014, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-DISHym 22511 (NSMT); 3 ♀♀, same site, 16 Apr. 2014, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-DISHym 22509–22510 and 22355 (latter specimen used for barcoding) (NSMT, SDEI).</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>COLOR. Body black with white, yellow white and red brown pattern, black parts with blue tinge (Fig. 3A– B). Head black with three yellow white lines, one on vertex posterior of eye, one along dorsal half of inner orbits, one along ventral half of outer orbits and along ventral edge of eye; clypeus along anterior margin, labrum, mandibles and most of other mouthparts red brown to white (similar to Fig. 3F–G).Antenna black. Tegula, dorsolateral corner and narrow lateroventral margin of pronotum yellow white. Abdominal terga 1–8 with narrowly white distal margins, lateroventral portions of terga 2–7 with continuous 50–100 µm wide white stripe along ventral margin (Fig. 3C). Abdominal sterna 2–7 broadly white along lateral and distal margins (Fig. 3C). Valvifer 2 of ovipositor red brown in basal half, black in distal half, valvula 3 black with brown tip, membrane in between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white (Fig. 11A). Fore and mid legs red brown, coxae predominantly black from bases, trochanters partly white. On hind leg, basal third of coxa laterally black, distal portion red brown, trochanter and trochantellus white, femur predominantly red brown in basal half, predominantly black in distal half, tibia black, tarsus white, tarsomere 1 weakly infuscate in basal third (Fig. 3A–C, H–I). Wings weakly brown stained, venation brown, pterostigma black (Fig. 3D–E), sometimes brown (Fig. 3A–B, immature specimens?).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Body 11.3–13.1 mm, fore wing 14.1–14.6 mm long. POL: OOL: OCL = 1.0: 1.6–1.8: 1.8–2.0. Interantennal distance 0.9–1.0 × as wide as distance between torulus and eye margin, malar space 0.4–0.5 × as wide as interantennal distance. Eye 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide, frons at dorsal edge of antennal toruli 1.6 × as wide as maximum diameter of eye. Synantennomere 3 (4.0–) 4.5–4.9 mm, filament 0.9–1.1 mm, with 7–8 articles (9 in one specimen). Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.5–0.6 mm. Ovipositor sheath 2.5–2.7 mm, valvula 3 1.4–1.6 × as long as valvifer 2, valvula 3 2.0–2.1(–2.2) × as long as wide. On hind leg, femur (4.5–) 4.9–5.2 mm, tibia (5.4–) 5.9–6.5 mm, tarsus (4.3–) 4.6–5.2 mm, tarsomere 1 4.2–4.4 × as long as wide, longer distal spur of tibia 0.4–0.5 × as long as tarsomere 1, subapical tooth of claw stout and little shorter than apical tooth. Head dull, medial part of frons and vertex minutely areolate, lateral parts of frons rugose, gena minutely areolate (Fig. 3F and 3G). Inner orbit and ventral half of gena with carina, on inner orbit partly obscured by generally rugose structure. Mesonotum minutely areolate, posterio-medial part of medial lobes of mesoscutum and lateral parts of mesoscutellum rugulose. Mesepisternum minutely areolate, dull, with scattered 20 µm large pits. Metatarsomere 1 dorsally almost glabrous, laterally sparsely setose, lateroventrally with some stout setae up to 150 µm, ventrally densely setose, setae about 100 µm long (Fig. 3H–I). Pulvilli present on metatarsomeres 1–4, on tarsomere 1 pulvillus 70–100 µm long, on tarsomere 4 200–230 µm (Fig. 3H– J). Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath convex dorsally and ventrally in basal and medial sections, preapically weakly concave, setae up to 250 μm long scattered mainly along dorsal and ventral margins (Fig. 11A). Ovipositor about 2.1 mm long, weakly curved ventrally, valvula 1 and valvula 2 without bulbous areas (Fig. 12A). Valvula 1 in distal 0.6 with annuli, basal annuli sigmoid, distal annuli weakly oblique, annuli with ctenidia composed of minute denticles, ventral edge in distal 0.3 bearing serrulae, cypsellae between distal 6 serrulae deep (Figs 1F, 11A). Valvula 2 in distal 0.4 with annuli, basal annuli weakly curved, distal annuli straight, annuli with ctenidia, denticles larger than those on valvula 1, dorsal edge of valvula 2 indented between annuli.</p><p>Male</p><p>COLOR. Similar to female (Fig. 3D–G, K). Subgenital plate and genitalia black.</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Body 9.4–10.2 mm, fore wing 11.9–12.3 mm long. POL: OOL: OCL = 1.0: 1.5–1.8: 1.6–1.9. Interantennal distance 0.9–1.0 × as wide as distance between torulus and eye margin, malar space 0.4–0.5 × as wide as interantennal distance. Eye 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide, frons at dorsal edge of antennal toruli 1.6–1.7 × as wide as maximum diameter of eye. Synantennomere 3 4.0– 4.4 mm, filament (0.8–) 0.9–1.1 mm, with 7–8 articles. Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.5 mm long. On hind leg, femur 4.1–4.4 mm, tibia 5.1–5.3 mm, tarsus 4.2–4.5 mm, tarsomere 1 4.7–5.3 × as long as wide, longer distal spur of tibia 0.40 × as long as tarsomere 1. Claws and microsculpture similar to female. Setation of metatarsus less dense than in female (Fig. 3K). Subgenital plate bluntly pointed at apex. Valviceps of penis valve distally evenly rounded, basal 0.4 of upper side expanded to a roundly angular lobe, upper edge of valviceps distal of lobe weakly concave, with large, irregular teeth. Distal half of valviceps in upper and medial portion with long setae, distal of middle in lower portion with dense assemblage of short, conical setae (Fig. 13A).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Megaxyela euchroma sp. nov. is characterized by a number of unique characters (see Diagnosis). All other East Asian species are completely white on the ventral portion and partly on the dorsolateral portion of terga 2–3 or 2–4. In these cases, the white band on terga 2–3 or 2–4 is much wider than on the subsequent terga. The head is more extensively yellow or red brown, at least on the gena in M. gigantea, M. pulchra sp. nov. and M. togashii, or the eye is completely surrounded by black except for the malar space in M. parki . Megaxyela euchroma sp. nov. and M. parki share the white metatarsus, which is black in the other East Asian species.</p><p>With respect to the white pattern of the terga, M. euchroma sp. nov. is similar to the North American M. alisonae, M. bicoloripes, M. inversa sp. nov. and M. tricolor (Smith &amp; Schiff 1998) . Megaxyela alisonae and M. bicoloripes have a white metatarsus similar to M. euchroma sp. nov., while M. tricolor has a black metatarsus. In the Nearctic species, a yellow white pattern on the orbits and the vertex, similar to that of M. euchroma sp. nov., is absent. Megaxyela alisonae and M. bicoloripes bear an extensive red brown pattern on thorax and abdomen, which is absent in M. euchroma sp. nov. Megaxyela inversa sp. nov. differs in the shape of the ovipositor sheath, which is straight dorsally in the basal and the medial sections, vs convex in M. euchroma sp. nov.</p><p>The analysis of the COI sequences supports the monophyly of the studied specimens by a bootstrap of 100%. The maximum intraspecific variation is 0.3%. The nearest neighbor, M. fulvago sp. nov., is placed at a distance of 12.7% (Fig. 2).</p><p>All the available adults were found on the undergrowth of open forests during cloudy weather. There were Juglans trees nearby and new shoots of leaflets were beginning to grow.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFD8FF9CFE7BFE78FBADFABE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFDDFF9FFE4AFAABFCF2F8B5.text	03C587E2FFDDFF9FFE4AFAABFCF2F8B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela fulvago Stephan M. Blank & Katja Kramp & David R. Smith & Yuri N. Sundukov & Meicai Wei & Akihiko Shinohara 2017	<div><p>Megaxyela fulvago Blank, Shinohara &amp; Wei sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DF04584F-B33D-42A7-836D-E758A66F4081</p><p>Figs 4A–G, 11B, 12B–C, 13B</p><p>Megaxyela gigantea – Takeuchi 1940: 484 (misidentification). ― Maa 1949: 30 (misidentification). Megaxyela sp. 2 – Shinohara et al. 2017: fig. 15 (phylogenetic analysis). — Blank et al. 2017: 115.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>The red brown head, prothorax and mesothorax are unique to this species.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The Latin noun fulvago indicates the predominantly pale brown color of this species.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype CHINA: ♂: “[CHINA: Hunan] <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=26.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.61667/lat 26.65)">Mt. Yunshan</a> 1250 m [alt.] 26°39′ N, 110°37′ E nr. Wugang 12.IV.2012 [leg.] A. Shinohara ”; “ DEI-GISHym 5236 ”; [red:] “Holotype Megaxyela fulvago det. SMBlank &amp; AShinohara 2015” (CSCS).</p><p>Paratypes (6 ♀♀, 6 ♂♂) CHINA: 1 ♀, 5 ♂♂, same collecting data as holotype, DEI-GISHym 5235, 5237–5239, 5751–5752 (5237, 5239, 5751–5752 used for barcoding) (SDEI, NSMT); 1 ♀, Jiangsu Sheng, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.78&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.06" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.78/lat 32.06)">Nanjing</a>, 32.06° N, 118.78° E, 1 May 1985, Jinniang leg. (CSCS); 2 ♀♀, 1 ♂, Jiangsu Sheng [“Prov. Kiangsu”], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=32.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.43/lat 32.2)">Zhenjiang</a> [“Chinkiang”], 32.20° N, 119.43° E, 24 Apr.–1 May 1918 (IZCAS) (Takeuchi 1940; Maa 1949; images for re-identification provided by Yang Ganyan); 1 ♀, Zhejiang Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.435&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.343" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.435/lat 30.343)">Kaishan Laodian, Tianmushan, Lin’an</a>, 30.343° N, 119.435° E, 1140 m alt., 10 Apr. 2014, Liu Ting and Yu Xinjie leg., CSCS14012, DEIGISHym 30882 (specimen used for barcoding) (CSCS); 1 ♀, same locality, 1110 m alt., 14 Apr. 2016, Li Zejian, Liu Mengmeng and Chen Zhiwei leg., CSCS16143, DEI-GISHym 30883 (specimen used for barcoding) (CSCS).</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>COLOR. Body red brown with black-and-white pattern, black parts partly with bronze tinge (Fig. 4A). Head and thorax red brown (specimen 30882 with diffuse transverse stripe on vertex – artifact?), posterior half of metanotum and ventral half of metepisternum infuscate. Scape red brown, pedicel black, flagellum dark brown. Abdomen in dorsal view black with continuous white bands laterally on terga 2–4, each 0.15–0.20 × as wide as tergal width, tergum 8 with narrower lateral white band, ventral portions of terga 2–4 and 8 completely white, terga 5–6 narrowly and tergum 7 broadly white along ventral margin, terga 9+10 brown with small dark spot dorsolaterally. Sterna white. Valvifer 2 and valvula 3 red brown, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 pale (Fig. 11B). Fore and mid legs pale red brown. On hind leg, coxa red brown, infuscated laterally in middle and dorsally, trochanter and trochantellus pale red brown, femur brown dorsally and red brown ventrally, tibia and tarsus brown. Wings weakly yellow stained, venation and pterostigma yellow brown.</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Body 11.4–13.0 mm, fore wing 14.9–15.4 mm long. POL: OOL: OCL = 1.0: 2.2–2.4: 2.2–2.3. Interantennal distance 1.0–1.1 × as wide as distance between torulus and eye margin, malar space 0.4–0.5 × as wide as interantennal distance. Eye 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide, frons at dorsal edge of antennal toruli 1.7–1.8 × as wide as maximum diameter of eye. Synantennomere 3 4.5–4.9 mm, filament 1.1 mm, with 8–9 articles.Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.5–0.6 mm long. Ovipositor sheath 3.30–3.50 mm long, valvula 3 1.9–2.3 × as long as wide. On hind leg, femur 4.9–5.0 mm, tibia 5.6–6.0 mm, tarsus 4.1–4.3 mm, tarsomere 1 4.5–5.1 × as long as wide, longer distal spur of tibia 0.70 × as long as tarsomere 1, subapical tooth of claw stout and little shorter than apical tooth (Fig. 4B; similar to Shinohara 1992: fig. 4D). Face and vertex with areolate surface microsculpture, dull, interantennal area and frons above antennal toruli with scattered, shallow, 50 µm large pits (similar to Fig. 4G), gena weakly coriarious, shining. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum homogeneously areolate. Mesepisternum weakly coriarious and shining, with scattered pits. Metatarsomere 1 dorsally and dorsolaterally very sparsely setose, ventrally and ventrolaterally densely setose, setae 150–200 µm long ventrally (Fig. 4B). Pulvilli absent on article 1 of metatarsus, present on articles 3–4, presence ambiguous for article 2, on article 4 pulvillus 50 µm long. Basal and medial sections of valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath convex dorsally, almost straight ventrally, preapical section concave on dorsal and ventral edge, medial to preapical section of dorsal margin with setae up to 200 µm long, ventral margin with setae up to 100 μm long (Fig. 11B). Ovipositor about 2.4 mm long, weakly curved ventrally, valvula 1 and valvula 2 with bulbous areas in middle, without ctenidia (Fig. 12B–C). Valvula 1 in distal 0.7 with very narrowly spaced, subparallel, straight, vertical annuli, ventral margin in distal 0.3 bearing small serrulae. Valvula 2 in distal 0.6 with narrowly spaced annuli, distal 0.3 of dorsal edge of valvula 1 with small denticles.</p><p>Male</p><p>COLOR. Similar to female (Fig. 4E–G). Metepimeron red brown or predominantly infuscate. Ventral portions of terga 5–7 predominantly white. Subgenital plate and genitalia red brown. On hind leg, coxa sometimes completely black laterally, trochanter and trochantellus red brown, femur black dorsally and medially, dark red brown ventrally and laterally, tibia and tarsus black (Fig. 4C–D).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Body 8.8–10.7 mm, fore wing 11.3–12.8 mm long. POL: OOL: OCL = 1.0: 1.6–1.7(– 1.9): 1.7–1.9(–2.0). Interantennal distance 0.9–1.1 × as long as distance between torulus and eye margin, malar space 0.5 × as wide as interantennal distance. Eye 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide, frons at dorsal edge of antennal toruli 1.6–1.8 × as wide as maximum diameter of eye. Synantennomere 3 (3.6–)4.0– 4.6 mm, filament 1.0– 1.1 mm and with 8–9 articles (one male with left filament 0.8 mm long, 6 articles, right filament 1.0 mm long, 8 articles). Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.4–0.5 μm long. On hind leg, femur 3.7–4.2 mm, tibia 4.5–5.2 mm, tarsus (3.8–) 4.1–4.4 mm, tarsomere 1 4.9–5.5 × as long as wide, longer distal spur of tibia 0.60 × as long as tarsomere 1. Claws and microsculpture similar to female (Fig. 4D).</p><p>Subgenital plate bluntly pointed at apex. Valviceps of penis valve distally parabolically rounded, basal 0.3 of upper side expanded to a round lobe coiled laterally, medial 0.3–0.8 of upper edge shallowly convex, with numerous small teeth. Distal 0.7 of valviceps with long setae, most dense in medial lower portion of valviceps (Fig. 13B).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Megaxyela fulvago sp. nov. is most similar to M. gigantea regarding color and structure. In both species, terga 2–4 are extensively white on the dorsolateral and ventral portion. This pattern is absent in M. euchroma sp. nov. and in most of the Nearctic species. White is present on the dorsal side of only terga 2–3 in M. parki, M. pulchra sp. nov. and M. togashii, as well as in the Nearctic M. major . Megaxyela fulvago sp. nov. and M. gigantea share the dull, minutely areolate and shallowly pitted face. A rugose surface structure is absent from the frons, which has been observed in the other East Asian species. Megaxyela fulvago sp. nov. and M. gigantea are primarily discriminated by color: head, prothorax and mesothorax are completely red brown in M. fulvago sp. nov., but these parts bear an extensive dark brown to black pattern in M. gigantea . The antennal filament of females is longer in M. fulvago sp. nov. (1.1 mm) than in M. gigantea (0.8 mm), and sometimes it is subdivided into fewer articles in M. fulvago sp. nov. (♀: 8–9; ♂: usually 8–9) than in M. gigantea (♀: 9; ♂: 9–10). The relative distance of POL: OOL: OCL differs weakly in males (1.0: 1.6–1.7[–1.9]: 1.7–1.9[–2.0] and 1.0: 1.8–2.0: 2.0–2.2, respectively). The metatarsomere 1 of males is 4.9–5.5 × as long as wide in M. fulvago sp. nov. but 4.6–5.0 × in M. gigantea . The female of M. fulvago sp. nov. falls into the range of variability of M. gigantea regarding these two characters.</p><p>The COI sequences group the specimens identified as M. fulvago sp. nov. by morphology into a clade which is supported by a bootstrap of 97%. This clade additionally includes a specimen of M. gigantea . Supposedly this placement is an artefact caused by the short sequence length (261 bp) of this specimen. The maximum intraspecific variation within M. fulvago sp. nov. is 0.8%. Megaxyela togashii is placed at a minimum pairwise distance of 7.6% (Fig. 2).</p><p>The specimens from Mount Yunshan were collected on a sunny day flying around birch trees with lots of catkins shedding pollen. Pollen feeding of adults is well known for Xyela species, which bear distally modified and usually extended maxillary palps (Burdick 1961). A similar behavior is unknown for adult Macroxyelinae . Although M. major has been caught from catkins of willow (Bridwell 1906) and pollen has been identified from the intestine of two fossil Macroxyelinae species (Krasilov &amp; Rasnitsyn 1982), Megaxyela is not specialized in pollen feeding but is facultatively palynivorous, because the labiomaxillar complex exhibits no particular modifications for the uptake of pollen as in Xyelinae .</p><p>Takeuchi (1940) and Maa (1949) referred to the specimens of M. gigantea collected in “Chinkiang [= Zhenjiang], Prov. Kiangsu [= Jangsu Sheng]” deposited in the collection of the Musée Heude, Shanghai at that time. Major parts of this collection have been incorporated into IZCAS, Beijing (Yang Ganyan, personal communication). The two females and one male collected in “Chinkiang” in 1918 could be identified as M. fulvago sp. nov. with help of photos kindly provided by Yang Ganyan. An additional female from “Chinkian” (3 May 1936, E. Suenson leg.), which we identified as M. gigantea prior to the recognition of M. fulvago sp. nov., is kept at INHS.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFDDFF9FFE4AFAABFCF2F8B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFDEFF82FDEDF8A1FBCBFCCD.text	03C587E2FFDEFF82FDEDF8A1FBCBFCCD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela gigantea Mocsary 1909	<div><p>Megaxyela gigantea Mocsáry, 1909</p><p>Figs 5A–H, 11C, 12E, 13C, G–H</p><p>Megaxyela gigantea Mocsáry, 1909: 39 (♀, type locality: Russia, Khabarovskiy Kray, Kazakevichevo). Megaxyela mikado Sato, 1930: 4–5, figs a–b (♀, type locality: South Korea, Suwon, Kazan).</p><p>Megaxyela mikado – Takeuchi 1937: 25 (synonymy with M. gigantea).</p><p>Megaxyela gigantea – Shinohara 1992: 785–789 (description, distribution, hosts, references), 794–795 (key), figs 1A–B, 2A–B, 2E, 3A–C, 4A, 4F–G.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype (here designated) RUSSIA: ♀, lectotype of Megaxyela gigantea, “Ussuri Kasakewitsh [= Khabarovskiy Kray, Kazakevichevo, 48.27° N, 134.77° E] 1907 Korb”; “ Megaxyela gigantea det. Mocsáry”; [rectangular red label without inscription]; “ Megaxyela gigantea Mocs. ”; [red:] “Lectotype Megaxyela gigantea Mocsáry, 1909 Det. A. Shinohara 1997 ”, in perfect condition (HNHM). The lectotype corresponds well with Shinohara’s (1992) characterization of the species .</p><p>Paralectotypes RUSSIA: 1 ♀, same collecting data as lectotype (HNHM), Mocsáry (1909) described M. gigantea from an unknown number of females.</p><p>SOUTH KOREA: 1 ♀, holotype of Megaxyela mikado, “Suigen [= <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.02/lat 37.28)">Suwon</a>, 37.28° N, 127.02° E], Chosen [= Korea], Apr. 24., 1927, coll. K. Sato ”; “ 270”, “Type of Megaxyela mikado Sato”, “ Megaxyela gigantea Mocs. det. K. Sato, XI–1957 ”, “ DEI-GISHym 22350 ”, left wings missing (NSMT) . The holotype of M. mikado is a comparatively dark female of M. gigantea with a large dark brown spot on ocellar area and vertex. Terga 2–4 bear white stripes laterally, which are of equal width (see figure in Sato 1930; Shinohara &amp; Smith 1979: fig. 13, in synonymy with M. gigantea). The synonymy first proposed by Takeuchi (1937) is here confirmed.</p><p>Additional material examined or reported in literature</p><p>NORTH KOREA: 1 ♀, P’yŏngan-pukto [“Pyongah Prov. N”], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=126.33&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 126.33/lat 40.02)">Mt. Myohyang</a>, 40.02° N, 126.33° E, 23 May 1985, Vojnits &amp; Zombori leg. (HNHM).</p><p>RUSSIA: 1 ♀, Primorskiy Kray, Voroshilovskiy rayon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.9/lat 43.77)">southern slopes of Sikhote Alin, on river Suputinka</a> [“Fluss Suputinka, S. Abhänge von Sichota-Alin”], 43.77° N, 131.90° E, 20 Jun. 1937, T. Samoylov leg. (NHRS).</p><p>SOUTH KOREA: 4 ♀♀, 51 ♂♂ (including DEI-GISHym 708), Chollanam-do, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.53&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.53/lat 35.3)">Mt. Nogodan, Mts. Chirisan</a>, 35.30° N, 127.53° E, 1220 m alt., 4–5 Jun. 1996, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT) ; 1 ♀, Kangwondo, Mirugam (Pugdaesa), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.57/lat 37.8)">Mt. Odaesan</a>, 37.80° N, 128.57° E, 1300 m alt., 30 May 1991, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT) (Shinohara 1992) ; 1 ♀, same locality, 27 May 1998, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT); 1 ♂ (specimen DEI-GISHym 18507 used for barcoding), same locality, collected from Juglans ? mandshurica, 1 Jun. 2002, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT) ; 5 ♀♀, 5 ♂♂, Kyonggi-do, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.283" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.017/lat 37.283)">Suwon</a> [“Suigen”], 37.283° N, 127.017° E, 12 May 1932, S. Fujii leg. (CIS, NSMT, USNM) (Shinohara 1992) ; 2 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂, same locality, 14 May 1932, S. Fujii leg. (NSMT, USNM) (Shinohara 1992); 5 ♀♀, Seoul [“Keijo”], 37.57° N, 127.00° E, 11 May 1935, K. Sato leg. (NSMT) (Shinohara 1992); 2 ♀♀, Seoul, Ch’ongnyangni [“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.58" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.05/lat 37.58)">Seiryori</a> ”], 37.58° N, 127.05° E, 6 May 1934, H. Doi leg. (UOP) (Shinohara 1992).</p><p>Description</p><p>See Shinohara (1992) and Figs 5A–B, E, 11C (ovipositor sheath).</p><p>Female</p><p>Ovipositor about 2.7 mm long, weakly curved ventrally, valvula 1 and valvula 2 bulbous distal of middle, without ctenidia (Fig. 12E). Pulvilli absent on article 1 of metatarsus, present on article 4 and 50 µm long, presence ambiguous for articles 2–3 (Fig. 5F–G).</p><p>Male</p><p>See Figs 5C–D, H, 13G–H. Valviceps of penis valve distally parabolically rounded, basal quarter of upper side expanded to a round lobe coiled laterally, medial 0.3–0.8 of upper edge with one or two shallow elevations and numerous small teeth. Distal 0.7 of valviceps with long setae, most dense in medial lower portion (Fig. 13C).</p><p>Host plant</p><p>Saito (1941), Ko (1969) and Xiao (2006) reported Juglans ailanthifolia Carrière (cited as J. sieboldiana Maxim.), J. mandshurica Maxim., J. regia L. (including the synonym J. sinensis [C. DC.] Dode), Pterocarya rhoifolia Sieb. &amp; Zucc., and P. stenoptera C. DC. All recorded hostplant associations of M. gigantea need confirmation, because they can also refer to the new species M. pulchra sp. nov.</p><p>In South Korea, A. Shinohara captured a male of M. gigantea together with 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂ M. pulchra sp. nov. from the same J.? mandshurica tree at end of May and beginning of June 2002.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Megaxyela gigantea is similar to species with the terga 2–3 or 2–4 laterally extensively white (dorsally black in M. euchroma sp. nov. and in the Nearctic species except for M. major). It is unique among the East Asian species in the predominantly red brown head (predominantly black in M. parki, pale yellow color and less extensive in M. togashii) bearing a large infuscate spot on face and vertex (completely red brown in M. fulvago sp. nov.), which does not extend to the antennal toruli ventrally (spot extending to toruli in M. pulchra sp. nov.). As in M. fulvago sp. nov., the surface of the face is minutely areolate and bears scattered, shallow, 50 µm large pits (face rugose in other East Asian species at least laterally). The dorsal side of terga 2–4 is white laterally for 0.15–0.20 × the tergal width in M. gigantea and M. fulvago sp. nov., whereas the white marks are generally narrower in M. parki or narrower at least on tergum 4 in M. pulchra sp. nov. and M. togashii .</p><p>The single specimen studied genetically is placed within the group, which otherwise comprises M. fulvago sp. nov., but we interpret this placement as an artefact caused by the very short sequence length of M. gigantea . Morphological results indicate two separate species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFDEFF82FDEDF8A1FBCBFCCD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFC3FF84FE53FC5BFC9CF859.text	03C587E2FFC3FF84FE53FC5BFC9CF859.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela inversa Stephan M. Blank & Katja Kramp & David R. Smith & Yuri N. Sundukov & Meicai Wei & Akihiko Shinohara 2017	<div><p>Megaxyela inversa Blank &amp; D.R. Smith sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5BA86B4F-CFAC-42E0-A2B8-BC81E1C0B517</p><p>Figs 6A–G, 11D, 12D</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>This species is unique by the very long ovipositor sheath with the dorsal outline of valvula 3 straight and the ventral outline convex, and the ovipositor curved dorsally along its longitudinal axis.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The Latin adjective inversus (fem. inversa) indicates the shape of the ovipositor, that, in contrast to other Megaxyela species, is dorsally curved.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype USA: ♀: “USA West Virginia, Randolph Co., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.5293&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=38.8528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.5293/lat 38.8528)">Job</a>, 38.8528 N, 79.5293 W, 1-20 April 2012, J. Whitaker 10067, USGS-DRO 292937 ”, [red:] “Holotype Megaxyela inversa det. S.M. Blank &amp; D.R. Smith 2017”, “ DEI-GISHym 32152 ” (USNM) .</p><p>Paratype UNKNOWN: 1 ♀, “ 4/22/91 ” [supposed collection date: 22. Apr. 1891, no collecting locality given, see insertion in Fig. 6A for original labels], DEI-GISHym 22356 (USNM).</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>COLOR. Black with white pattern, black parts with bronze to blue tinge (Fig. 6A, C). Head below toruli brown, clypeus and labrum white, preapical region of labrum and mandibles brown white, labial palpomeres 1–2 white (Fig. 6C). Antenna black with basal ¾ of scape in inner surface light orange. Pronotum and metanotum with bronze tinge, mesonotum and mesepisternum with blue tinge. Tegula basally brown, distally white. Abdominal terga and sterna black, terga 1–8 and sterna with white distal margins, ventral part of terga laterally with 100 µm wide white stripe, sterna 5–7 with 40–50 µm wide lateral white stripe (Fig. 6A). Valvifer 2 red brown, valvula 3 black except for narrow brown tip, membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 white (Fig. 11D). Legs orange, procoxa and mesocoxa basally infuscate, distal 0.20 of metafemur, complete metatibia and metatarsus black. Wing subhyaline, venation and pterostigma black (Fig. 6F–G).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Body 10.2 mm, fore wing 11.2 mm long. POL: OOL: OCL = 1.0: 1.3: 1.5. Interantennal distance 1.3 × as wide as distance between torulus and eye margin, malar space 0.4 × as wide as interantennal distance. Eye 1.5 × as long as wide, frons at dorsal edge of antennal toruli 1.4 × as wide as maximum diameter of eye. Synantennomere 3 3.1 mm, filament 0.9 mm, with 9 articles. Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.4 μm. Ovipositor sheath 5.1 mm, 3.8 × as long as metatarsomere 1, valvula 3 1.3 × as long as valvifer 2, valvula 3 3.3 × as long as wide. On hind leg, femur 3.1 mm, tibia 4.5 mm, tarsus 3.6 mm, tarsomere 1 5.8 × as long as wide, longer distal spur of tibia 0.3 × as long as tarsomere 1, claws cleft, subapical tooth of claw little smaller at base than apical tooth. Head dull, lateral part of frons rugose, medial part minutely areolate with some 50 µm large pits, vertex and postocellar area mostly minutely areolate to rugulose, gena rugulose (Fig. 6C). Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum homogeneously minutely areolate. Mesepisternum medially coriarious and shining, with 20 µm large pits. Metatarsomere 1 dorsally and laterally almost glabrous, ventrally densely setose, setae 70–100 µm long (Fig. 6D). Pulvilli present on metatarsomeres 1–4, on article 1 pulvillus 150 µm long, on article 4 230 µm (Fig. 6E). Basal and medial sections of valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath straight dorsally, convex ventrally, preapical section almost straight on dorsal and ventral edge, with dense pattern of up to 200 μm long setae (Figs 6A, 11D). Ovipositor 4.6 mm long, weakly curved dorsally, without bulbous areas in middle, without ctenidia (Fig. 12D). Valvula 1 in distal 0.6 with annuli, basal annuli much more widely spaced then medial and distal annuli, medial annuli very narrowly spaced, subparallel, straight, vertical, ventral edge in distal 0.2 bearing small serrulae. Valvula 2 in distal 0.3 with widely spaced annuli, annuli not extending to ventral edge of valvula, distal 0.3 of dorsal edge of valvula 1 with partly prominent, rounded denticles.</p><p>Male</p><p>Unknown.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The ovipositor is curved dorsally in Megaxyela inversa sp. nov. (Fig. 12D), which is an unusual condition in sawflies and unique in Macroxyelinae (Fig. 12A–B, E–H; Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: figs 16–21). The predominant number of sawflies and woodwasps have the ovipositor curved ventrally or the ovipositor is straight (see, e.g., figures in Weltz &amp; Vilhelmsen 2014). Among Xyelidae, the sheath is curved dorsally to a various degree in species of Pleroneura Konow, 1897 (e.g., Smith et al. 1977; Shinohara 1995, 2016) and in Xyela concava Burdick, 1961 (Burdick 1961) .</p><p>Among Nearctic Megaxyela this species is most similar to M. bicoloripes and M. tricolor by the slender metatarsus and the red brown metafemur bearing an extensively infuscate apex. It is readily distinguished from all other Megaxyela species by the outline of the basal and medial portion of valvula 3, which in lateral view is straight dorsally and evenly curved ventrally. The remaining Megaxyela species have either both the dorsal and the ventral outlines of valvula 3 curved, or the dorsal outline is curved and the ventral straight (Fig. 11A–C, 11E–H; Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: figs 7–11).</p><p>The paratype is presumably from North America because of its discovery in a US collection and the holotype is from West Virginia. Morphometry and figures are from the paratype since the specimen used as holotype was discovered too late to include in this paper.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFC3FF84FE53FC5BFC9CF859	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFC4FF87FD81FEECFCEFFCBB.text	03C587E2FFC4FF87FD81FEECFCEFFCBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela langstoni Ross 1936	<div><p>Megaxyela langstoni Ross, 1936 sp. rev.</p><p>Figs 7A–F, 11E</p><p>Megaxyela langstoni Ross, 1936: 131–132 (♀ ♂, type locality: USA, Mississippi, Starkville, Mississippi State University).</p><p>Megaxyela langstoni – Smith 1978: 25 (listed in synonymy with M. major). ― Smith 1979: 10 (synonymized with M. major).</p><p>Megaxyela major – Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: 644–648 (misidentification, partim). ― Ree 2012: [1] (damage to pecan). ― Ree 2014: [2] (damage to pecan). ― Ree 2016: [2] (damage to pecan).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype USA: ♀: “ State College Miss . 4/7/32 ”; “ J. M. Langston Collector”; “ Pecan 283813 ”; [red:] “Holotype Megaxyela langstoni Ross ♀ ”; “ INHS Type #1071”; “ DEI-GISHym 30821 ” (INHS), left posterior leg missing. The locality data correspond with the present-day Mississippi State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in Starkville.</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>USA: 1 ♀, Mississippi, Starkville [“ Ag. Coll. Miss. ”], 10 Apr. 1915, C.C. Greer leg., DEI-GISHym 30822 (USNM) ; 1 ♀, Oklahoma, Pawnee County, Pawnee, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.292" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.716/lat 36.292)">352736 East Hwy 64</a>, 36.292° N, 96.716° W, Malaise trap, 9–23 Apr. 2016, C. Apgar leg., DEI-GISHym 30796 (specimen used for barcoding) (USNM) ; 1 ♀, 1 ♂, Texas (USNM) .</p><p>Supplementary description</p><p>Female</p><p>Synantennomere 3 3.8 mm, filament 0.8 mm, with (6–)8–9 articles. Pulvilli present on metatarsomeres 1–4, on article 1 pulvillus 100 µm long, on article 4 170 µm (Fig. 7D–E). See key for additional characters.</p><p>Host plant</p><p>Pecan ( Carya illinoinensis; cited as “ Carya pecan A. &amp; G.” by Ross 1936) and possibly additional species of Carya (Dyar 1898b as M. major; Yuasa 1923 as Megaxyela sp. 1). Supposedly also the photo by Ree (2014) of gregarious larvae of M. ‘ major ’ feeding on pecan refers here.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Smith (1978, 1979) treated Megaxyela langstoni as a synonym of M. major . With some reservation, Smith &amp; Schiff (1998) discussed differences in behavior, color and morphology as possible intraspecific variation. Here we reinstate M. langstoni sp. rev. as a valid species. The analysis of the barcoding region of three females, all originating from a collection site in Oklahoma, resulted in two clades (DEI-GISHym 30796 and 30767 + 30797, respectively) separated by a minimum pairwise distance of 13.5%, while the two specimens included in the clade 30767 + 30797 are separated by a mimimum pairwise distance of only 0.3% (Fig. 2). This observation is paralleled by different coloration of the adults corresponding with the type material and the descriptions of M. langstoni and M. major: Specimen 30796 agrees with M. langstoni in the predominantly red brown terga and the basally black pterostigma (Fig. 7A), while the specimens 30767 + 30797 agree with M. major in the dorsally predominantly black terga and the unicolorous yellow pterostigma (Fig. 7G).</p><p>Several specimens included in the type series of M. langstoni were reared from the pecan Carya illinoinensis (Ross 1936). Ross (1936) also referred to the descriptions of larvae of M. major by Dyar (1898b) and Yuasa (1923). Dyar described the larvae as “gregarious on the young leaves of hickory” [= Carya spec.]. Yuasa (1923) noted “on hickory and pecan”. If the association of larvae described by Yuasa as “ Megaxyela sp. 1” with M. major by J.M. Langston and H.H. Ross is correct, M. major is a “solitary feeder on pecan and some other hickories” (Ross 1936). Citing M. major, M. langstoni has been listed as a pest of pecan in Texas, but “in most cases sawfly damage is just ‘visual discomfort’ where the larvae have damaged some of the new foliage” (Ree 2012, 2014). Significant defoliations, which might justify a treatment, obviously are rare (Ree 2016).</p><p>Smith &amp; Schiff (1998) recorded Megaxyela major from 14 states of the eastern US. Collection data from Mississippi completely refer to M. langstoni (type material and additional specimens). We identified additional material from Oklahoma and Texas. For the distribution of M. major, we confirm Kansas (holotype of Odontophyes ferruginea), Texas (lectotype of Xyela major) and, upon additional specimens studied, also Oklahoma and Pennsylvania. Adults from Florida, Iowa, Missouri, New York and South Carolina need to be re-identified. The state records for Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Tennessee and Virginia are based on larvae solely. Since the larvae of four of seven Nearctic Megaxyela are unknown, and Megaxyela larvae generally display only vague specific differences according to our experience with East Asian taxa, these records require scrutiny. Ross (1936) discriminated the larvae of M. langstoni and M. major by the presence of a single large dark area vs pairs of black spots on the pronotum and the penultimate abdominal segment. But these character states might also apply to those Nearctic species of Megaxyela for which the larvae are still unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFC4FF87FD81FEECFCEFFCBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFC6FF88FDE7FCA4FE0FFE75.text	03C587E2FFC6FF88FDE7FCA4FE0FFE75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela major (Cresson 1880) Det. D. Burdick 1880	<div><p>Megaxyela major (Cresson, 1880)</p><p>Fig. 7G–K</p><p>Xyela major Cresson, 1880: 34 (♀, type locality: USA, Texas).</p><p>Odontophyes ferruginea Bridwell, 1906: 94 (♀, type locality: USA, Kansas, Baldwin).</p><p>Megaxyela major – Ashmead in Dyar 1898a: 214 (combination). ― Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: 638–639 (key), 644–648 (description, distribution, hosts, references; including data of M. langstoni), figs 4, 7, 18–19, 33.</p><p>Odontophyes ferruginea – Ross 1932: 162 (synonymy with M. major).</p><p>Type material</p><p>USA: ♀, lectotype of Xyela major (designated by Cresson 1916): “ Texas, (Belfrage)” (Cresson 1880) (ANSP, Type No. 330), studied by Smith &amp; Schiff (1998: 646). Cresson (1880) described the abdomen as “blackish-brown above”. He did not refer to the pterostigma but noted “nervures ferruginous” . Paralectotype ♂ (here studied): “Tex.”; “12.”; [blue:] “Para-Type 530.2”; “ Megaxyela major (Cresson) Det. D. Burdick ‘54”; “ DEI-GISHYM 30823 ”; ANSP. Fragments of fore legs glued to label, head glued to specimen, left antennal filament missing (Fig. 7G–H).</p><p>USA: ♀, holotype of Odontophyes ferruginea: [red:] “Type ♀ Odontophyes ferruginea J. C. Bridwell”; [red:] “ Odontophyes ferruginea Brid., ♀ TYPE”; “Baldwin Kansas ”; “Bridwell Apr.”; [handwritten:] “ on Salix shrub willow ”; “ USNM Ent 00778020 ” (USNM). Good shape; left antenna missing beyond scape; right hind tarsus missing. The synonymy with M. major by Ross (1932) is here confirmed .</p><p>Additional material examined</p><p>USA: 1 ♀, Oklahoma, Pawnee County, Pawnee, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.292" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.716/lat 36.292)">352736 East Hwy 64</a>, 36.292° N, 96.716° W, Malaise trap, 23 Apr.–3 May 2011, C. Apgar leg., DEI-GISHym 30767 (specimen used for barcoding) (USNM) ; 1 ♀, same locality, Malaise trap, 9–23 Apr. 2016, C. Apgar leg., DEI-GISHym 30797 (specimen used for barcoding) (USNM); 1 ♀, Pennsylvania, Huntington, 3 Jun. 1934 (USNM) .</p><p>Supplementary description</p><p>Male</p><p>Synantennomere 3 3.7 mm, filament 0.7 mm, with 7 articles. Pulvilli present on metatarsomeres 1–4, on article 1 pulvillus 80 µm long, on article 4 120 µm (Fig. 7J–K). See key for additional characters.</p><p>Host plant</p><p>Supposedly pecan ( Carya illinoinensis) and possibly additional Carya species (Ross 1936).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>See Megaxyela langstoni .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFC6FF88FDE7FCA4FE0FFE75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFC9FF89FDF8FDE1FADDF926.text	03C587E2FFC9FF89FDF8FDE1FADDF926.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela parki Shinohara 1992	<div><p>Megaxyela parki Shinohara, 1992</p><p>Figs 1D, 8A–H, 11F, 12F, 13D</p><p>Megaxyela parki Shinohara, 1992: 792–794, figs 4C, 4E, 6A–B (♀, type locality: South Korea, Kangwondo, Mt. Samagsan near Chuncheon).</p><p>Material examined or reported in literature</p><p>SOUTH KOREA: 1 ♂, Chollanam-do, Sonamsa, 34.98° N, 127.33° E, 19 Apr. 1990, H.-J. Choe leg., DEI-GISHym 710 (CALS); 1 ♀ (holotype, CIS), 4 ♀♀ (paratypes, NSMT), Kangwon-do, Chuncheon, 7.5 km SW, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=127.68&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 127.68/lat 37.8)">Mt. Samagsan</a>, 37.80° N, 127.68° E, 650 m alt., 9 May 1990, A. Shinohara leg. (Shinohara 1992) ; 1 ♀, Kangwon-do, Mirugam (Pugdaesa), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.57/lat 37.8)">Mt. Odaesan</a>, 37.80° N, 128.57° E, 1300 m alt., 24 May 1989, A. Shinohara leg. (paratype, USNM) (Shinohara 1992) ; 1 ♀, same locality, 27 May 1989, A. Shinohara leg., (paratype, NSMT) (Shinohara 1992); 3 ♀♀, same locality, 29 May 1993, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-GISHym 18510 (NSMT); 1 ♀, same locality, 30 May 1993, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT); 1 ♀, same locality, 31 May 1993, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-GISHym 18509 (NSMT); 1 ♀, same locality, 1 Jun. 1993, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT) .</p><p>Description</p><p>See Shinohara (1992) and Figs 8A–B, 11F.</p><p>Female</p><p>Ovipositor about 2.6 mm long, weakly curved ventrally, valvula 1 and valvula 2 without bulbous zone, without ctenidia (Fig. 12F). Pulvilli present on metatarsomeres 1–4, on article 1 pulvillus 130–150 µm long, on article 4 150–180 µm (Fig. 8G–H).</p><p>Male</p><p>COLOR. Similar to female (Figs 1D, 8D–E, H). Tergum 8, sterna 4–6, subgenital plate and genitalia red brown, sterna 1–3 black with red brown mark medially.</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Body 9.8 mm, fore wing 11.5 mm long. POL: OOL: OCL = 1.0: 1.8: 1.8. Interantennal distance 1.2 × as wide as distance between torulus and eye margin, malar space 0.4 × as wide as interantennal distance. Eye 1.4 × as long as wide, frons 1.5 × as wide as maximum diameter of eye. Synantennomere 3 4.0 mm, antennal filament 0.8 mm, with 7 articles. Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.5 mm. On hind leg, femur 3.8 mm, tibia 5.1 mm, tarsus 4.3 mm, tarsomere 1 4.5 × as long as wide, longer distal spur of tibia 0.5 × as long as tarsomere 1. Claws and microsculpture similar to female. Subgenital plate bluntly pointed at apex. Valviceps of penis valve distally evenly rounded, basal third of upper side expanded to a round lobe coiled laterally, medial 0.4–0.7 of upper edge with irregular teeth. Distal 0.4 of valviceps with long setae, lower portion of medial 0.4–0.7 with short setae (Fig. 13D).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Megaxyela parki belongs to the group of East Asian species with extensively white terga 2–4. Among these species, it is unique in the completely red brown tergum 7 (black and laterally/ventrally white in other species). It is also easily identified by its comparatively short antennae with the antennal filament comprising 6–7 articles, long valvula 3 of the ovipositor sheath, almost completely black head, red brown antennae, and yellow white metatarsus.</p><p>The previously unknown male is similar to the female in color. Both male and female bear a much less dense hair cover on the posterior tarsi than other East Asian taxa. The larval host is still unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFC9FF89FDF8FDE1FADDF926	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFC8FF8DFE14F933FD62F911.text	03C587E2FFC8FF8DFE14F933FD62F911.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela pulchra Stephan M. Blank & Katja Kramp & David R. Smith & Yuri N. Sundukov & Meicai Wei & Akihiko Shinohara 2017	<div><p>Megaxyela pulchra Blank, Shinohara &amp; Sundukov sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1079C626-6C18-4EC2-86DB-863D9F49E768</p><p>Figs 9A–I, 11G, 12G, 13E, I</p><p>Megaxyela gigantea – Zhelochovtsev &amp; Zinovjev 1995: 396 (misidentification, partim). ― Lelej &amp; Taeger 2007: 933 (misidentification, partim). ― Lelej 2012: 62 (misidentification, partim).</p><p>Megaxyela aff. gigantea – Sundukov 2009: 213 (record from Russia, Primorskiy Kray).</p><p>Megaxyela sp. 1 – Shinohara et al. 2017: fig. 15 (phylogenetic analysis). — Blank et al. 2017: 115</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Megaxyela pulchra sp. nov. is characterized by the following unique combination of characters: frons above the antennal toruli rugulose, head with black spot extending from postocellar area and vertex to the antennal toruli, pterostigma yellow brown and infuscate basally and anteriorly, pectus red brown, hypopygium of male red brown.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>The Latin adjective pulcher (fem. pulchra) indicates the beauty of this species.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype RUSSIA: ♀: “[vertically:] RU012 [horizontally:] RU [= Russia]: Primorskij Kraj: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.346&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.644" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.346/lat 43.644)">Ussuri Nature Reserve</a> 43.644°N 132.346°E 150 m [alt.] 23. May 2016 leg. Kramp, Prous &amp; Taeger ”; [red:] “Holotype Megaxyela pulchra sp.n. det. SM Blank 2016”; “ DEI-GISHym 86249 (see ethanol coll.)”, specimen used for barcoding (pinned specimen in ZIN, right midleg in ethanol collection of SDEI) .</p><p>Paratypes (11 ♀♀, 4 ♂♂) CHINA: 1 ♂, Hubei Sheng, Guanmenshan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.36&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.36/lat 31.43)">Shennongjia</a>, 31.43° N, 110.36° E, 21 May2010, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT) (specimen DEI-GISHym 18504 used for barcoding) ; 1 ♂, Jilin Sheng, 43.00° N, 126.00° E, Jul. 1987 (CSCS); 1 ♀, Liaoning Sheng, 41.00° N, 123.00° E, 8 May 1958 (CSCS); 1 ♀, Shaanxi Sheng, Foping County, Daguping, 33.58° N, 107.77° E, 1320 m alt., 28. Apr. 2006, Mojun He leg. DEI-GISHym 22563 (CSCS); 1 ♀, Tibet Autonomous Region, Metok [“Motuo”, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=95.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 95.32/lat 29.32)">Mêdok</a>], 29.32° N, 95.32° E, 1050 m alt., 9 Apr. 1980, Yingtao Jin leg. (CSCS) .</p><p>RUSSIA: 1 ♀, Primorskiy Kray, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.8/lat 43.17)">Anisimovka</a>, 43.17° N, 132.80° E, 26 May 1974, Berezantsev leg. (IBSS) ; 1 ♀, Primorskiy Kray, Lazovskiy Rayon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=43.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=134.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 43.2/lat 134.15)">Lazo</a>, 43.20° E, 134.15° N, 21–24 May 2008, V. Shokhrin leg. (IBSS) ; 1 ♀, Primorskiy Kray, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.3/lat 43.67)">Ussuri Nature Reserve</a>, 43.67° N, 132.30° E, 23 May 1994, A. Lelej leg., DEI-GISHym 18501 (NSMT) ; 1 ♀, Primorskiy Kray, Voroshilovskiy Rayon, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.63" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.1/lat 43.63)">Suputinka River</a>, 43.63° N, 132.10° E, 11 Jun. 1935, T. Samoylov leg. (ZIN) .</p><p>SOUTH KOREA: 3 ♀♀, 2 ♂♂, Kangwon-do, Mirugam (Pugdaesa), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=128.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 128.57/lat 37.8)">Mt. Odaesan</a>, 37.80° N, 128.57° E, 1300 m alt., collected from Juglans ? mandshurica, 1 Jun. 2002, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT) (including 1 ♀, 2 ♂♂ DEI-GISHym 18503, 22347, 22349 used for barcoding, also including DEI-GISHym 22346, 22348 illustrated in figures) ; 1 ♀, same locality, 31 May 1998, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT) .</p><p>Description</p><p>Female</p><p>COLOR. Body red brown with black and white pattern, black parts with bronze to blue tinge (Fig. 9A–C). Head brown, black spot of frons and vertex ventrally extending to toruli and leaving narrow stripe along inner orbits brown (Fig. 9F). Antenna black, narrow base of scape brown. Thorax with following parts black: Large medial spot on pronotum, complete dorsal side of mesothorax and metathorax, variable marks on dorsal corner of mesepisternum, metepimeron and metepisternum; mesopostnotum posteriorly and lateral mesonotal lobes with shared small brown spot laterally extending to mesoscutellum. Abdomen in dorsal view with continuous white bands laterally on terga 2–3 (each about 0.1 × as wide as tergal width), tergum 4 and 8 with narrower band or inconspicuously white, ventral portions of terga 2–4 and 8 completely white, of terga 5–7 black in dorsal half and white in ventral half, of tergum 9+10 brown (Fig. 9B–C). Sterna white, in two specimens on anterior margin of sterna 1–5 with pairs of black marks each about as wide as ocellar diameter (Fig. 9C), valvifer 2 and valvula 3 brown (tip of valvula 3 black only in holotype, Fig. 11G), membrane between valvifer 2 and valvula 3 pale. Legs brown with following black pattern: stripe on posterolateral margin of mesocoxa, dorsal, lateral and lateral third of ventral side of metacoxa, metafemur except for narrow base and fading stripe from base to middle along ventral side, metatibia and metatarsus. Wing hyaline and weakly brown stained, venation brown, pterostigma yellow brown with narrow base and anterior margin infuscate (Fig. 9A–B).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Body 10.8–13.4 mm, fore wing 14.9–16.0 mm long. POL: OOL: OCL = 1.0: 1.9–2.1: 1.9–2.0. Interantennal distance 1.0–1.1 × as wide as distance between torulus and eye, malar space 0.6–0.7 × as wide as interantennal distance. Eye 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide, frons at dorsal edge of antennal toruli 1.7–1.8 × as wide as maximum diameter of eye. Synantennomere 3 3.8–4.9 mm, filament 1.2–1.3 mm, with (8–)9–10 articles. Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.4–0.5 mm long. Ovipositor sheath 3.1–3.4 mm, valvula 3 1.5–1.6 × as long as valvifer 2, valvula 3 2.0–2.2 × as long as wide (Fig. 11G). On hind leg, femur 4.6–5.4, tibia 5.3–6.2 mm, tarsus 3.7–4.4 mm, tarsomere 1 4.0–4.3 × as long as wide, longer distal spur of tibia 0.6–0.7 times as long as tarsomere 1, subapical tooth of claw stout and slightly shorter than apical tooth (Fig. 9G–H). Head dull, medial part of frons and vertex minutely areolate, frons above toruli rugulose, gena coriarious. Inner and outer orbits with continuous carina, on inner orbit separating red brown stripe along eye from black spot of frons (Fig. 9F). Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum homogeneously, minutely areolate. Mesepisternum coriarious, shining, with shallow pits. Metatarsomere 1 sparsely setose dorsally and dorsolaterally, densely setose lateroventrally and ventrally, setae up to 200 µm long ventrally. Pulvilli absent on article 1 of metatarsus, present on articles 2–4, on article 4 pulvillus 70 µm long (Fig. 9G–H). Basal and medial sections of valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath convex dorsally, almost straight ventrally, preapical section concave on dorsal and ventral edge, medial to preapical section of dorsal margin and ventral margin with up to 150 μm long setae (Fig. 11G). Ovipositor about 2.8 mm long, weakly curved ventrally, valvula 1 and valvula 2 with bulbous areas close to middle, without ctenidia (Fig. 12G). Valvula 1 in distal 0.6 with very narrowly spaced, subparallel, straight, vertical annuli, ventral edge in distal 0.3 bearing very small serrulae. Valvula 2 in distal 0.6 with narrowly spaced annuli, distal 0.4 of dorsal edge of valvula 1 with small denticles.</p><p>Male</p><p>COLOR. Similar to female (Fig. 9D–E). Subgenital plate and genitalia red brown (Fig. 13I).</p><p>MORPHOLOGY. Body 10.2–10.9 mm, fore wing 12.7–13.4 mm long. POL: OOL: OCL = 1.0: 1.9–2.2: 1.8–2.0. Interantennal distance 1.0–1.1 × as wide as distance between torulus and eye margin, malar space 0.5–0.6 × as wide as interantennal distance. Eye 1.3–1.4 × as long as wide, frons at dorsal edge of antennal toruli 1.7–1.8 × as wide as maximum diameter of eye. Synantennomere 3 4.4–4.8 mm, filament (1.0–) 1.2–1.4 mm, with 9–11 articles (one male with left filament 1.2 mm long, 9 articles, right filament 1.0 mm long, 7 articles). Article 3 of maxillary palp 0.4–0.5 mm. On hind leg, femur 4.3–4.6 mm, tibia 5.2–5.5 mm, tarsus 4.4–4.6 mm, tarsomere 1 4.2–4.8 × as long as wide, longer distal spur of tibia 0.5 × as long as tarsomere 1. Claws, pulvilli and microsculpture similar to female (Fig. 9I). Subgenital plate bluntly pointed at apex. Valviceps of penis valve distally evenly rounded, basal 0.4 of upper side expanded to a round lobe coiled laterally (Fig. 13E), medial 0.4–0.8 of upper margin almost straight, with numerous small teeth. Distal 0.8 of valviceps with long setae, most dense on lower portion in medial 0.2–0.5 (Fig. 13E).</p><p>Host plant</p><p>In South Korea, A. Shinohara captured two females and three males from Juglans ? mandshurica. Host records of J. ailanthifolia (cited as J. sieboldiana), J. mandshurica, J. regia (including the synonym J. sinensis), Pterocarya rhoifolia and P. stenoptera stated for Megaxyela gigantea by Saito (1941), Ko (1969) and Xiao (2006) might also contain the new species M. pulchra sp. nov.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Among East Asian Megaxyela, this species is morphologically close to M. togashii . Both species have the frons above the antennal toruli rugulose (frons microareolate throughout in M. fulvago sp. nov. and M. gigantea) and extensively black (completely or largely red brown in M. fulvago sp. nov. and M. gigantea), valvula 3 2.0–2.2 × as long as wide (2.8–3.0 in M. parki), pterostigma infuscate basally and anteriorly (unicolorous yellow brown in M. fulvago sp. nov., M. gigantea and M. parki, completely black in M. euchroma sp. nov.), basal lobe of valviceps small and distally truncate, upper edge medially almost straight and lacking large teeth, long setae present on the lower portion in the medial 0.2–0.5 (basal lobe more prominent in M. euchroma sp. nov., M. fulvago sp. nov., M. gigantea and M. parki sp. nov., upper edge raised medially in M. gigantea, large teeth on the upper edge present particularly in M. euchroma sp. nov., long setae absent in medial portion of valviceps in M. euchroma sp. nov. and M. parki sp. nov.).</p><p>Megaxyela pulchra sp. nov. differs from the Nearctic species of Megaxyela, except for M. langstoni and M. major, and from the East Asian M. euchroma sp. nov. in the presence of a broad, continuous white band dorsolaterally and ventrally on terga 2–3. Such extensive white pattern on the basal terga is absent in most North American species, which at most bear a narrow white stripe along the ventral margin of the terga as observed in M. alisonae, M. bicoloripes and M. tricolor (Smith &amp; Schiff 1998; Blank, unpublished data). Megaxyela pulchra sp. nov. differs from M. langstoni and M. major, for example, in the black metatarsus (yellow white in M. major) and in the stout valvula 3 of the ovipositor sheath (Fig. 11G; slender in M. major, see Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: fig. 7).</p><p>Morphological differences between M. pulchra sp. nov. and M. togashii are faint: the mesoscutellum is homogeneously areolate and flat in M. pulchra sp. nov., but areolate in the middle, with a wide stripe along lateral and anterior margin rugose with areolate microsculpture in M. togashii; the distance between the toruli is 0.95–1.05 × as wide as the distance between torulus and eye margin in M. pulchra sp. nov. ♀ but 1.20 × in M. togashii ♀; the malar space is 0.6–0.7 × as wide as the distance between toruli in M. pulchra sp. nov. but 0.4 in M. togashii . The two species exhibit different tendencies of coloration: the face, ventral part of mesepisternum and mesosternum, and dorsal portion of tergum 4 are paler in M. pulchra sp. nov., while the posteriolateral ridge of the mesoscutal lateral lobe is paler in M. togashii . The subgenital plate of the male M. pulchra sp. nov. is red brown as in M. gigantea, whereas it is white in the male M. togashii .</p><p>The anterior margins of the sterna always bear a pair of large black marks in M. togashii . Such marks are absent in other Megaxyela (see Smith &amp; Schiff 1998 for Nearctic species) except for M. pulchra sp. nov., whose female rarely bears small marks on the sterna. These spots are a putative apomorphy of the vicariant species M. pulchra sp. nov. from the East Asian mainland and M. togashii from Japan. Among Xyelidae, similar pairs of sibling species (or at least morphologically very similar species) with East-Asian mainland / Japanese vicariance have been observed among Xyela species associated with Japanese red pine, Pinus densiflora Siebold &amp; Zuccarini (Blank et al. 2005).</p><p>The specimens studied genetically are supported by a bootstrap of 100%. The maximum intraspecific variation is 3.1%. The nearest neighbor, M. togashii, is placed at a minimum pairwise distance of 8.0%.</p><p>Zhelochovtsev &amp; Zinovjev (1995), Lelej &amp; Taeger (2007) and Lelej (2012) listed M. gigantea for the Russian Far East, but at least the female from Voroshilovskiy Rayon identified by A. Zinovjev refers to M. pulchra sp. nov. Sundukov (2009) noted a specimen from Lazo differing from M. gigantea, which is included as a paratype of M. pulchra sp. nov. here. The specimens published by Shinohara (1992) for South Korea all belong to M. gigantea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFC8FF8DFE14F933FD62F911	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFCCFFB0FDE8F906FC15FD3E.text	03C587E2FFCCFFB0FDE8F906FC15FD3E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela togashii Shinohara 1992	<div><p>Megaxyela togashii Shinohara, 1992</p><p>Figs 10A–J, 11H, 12H, 13F</p><p>Megaxyela togashii Shinohara, 1992: 789–792, 794, figs 1C–D, 2C–D, 2F–G, 4B, 4D, 5A–C (♀ ♂, type locality: Japan, Honshu, Ishikawa Prefecture, Yoshinodani-mura, Senami).</p><p>Megaxyela togashii – Tanaka 1999: 57 (record from Japan, Honshu, Yamaguchi Prefecture). ― Yamada 2000: 53 (record from Japan, Honshu, Aomori Prefecture). ― Naito et al. 2004: 6 (record from Japan, Honshu, Hyogo Prefecture). ― Shinohara 2006: 157 (record from Japan, Shikoku, Ehime Prefecture). ― Shinohara et al. 2017: 222–230 (record from Japan, Hokkaido, larva, life history).</p><p>Megaxyela gigantea – Watanabe 1992: 8 (record from Japan, Honshu, Okayama Prefecture). [See Ko (1969), Smith (1978) and Shinohara (1992) for numerous additional references].</p><p>Material examined or reported in literature</p><p>JAPAN: 6 larvae, Hokkaido, Ashoro town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.233" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.5/lat 43.233)">Asahi</a>, 43.233° N, 143.500° E, 100 m alt., 30 Jun. 2010, A. Shinohara and H. Hara leg., on Juglans ailanthifolia, including DEI-GISHym 30805–30807 (NSMT) (Shinohara et al. 2017) ; 2 larvae, Hokkaido, Ashoro town, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.367/lat 43.383)">Nishikitoushi</a>, 43.383° N, 143.367° E, 345 m alt., 1 Jul. 2010, A. Shinohara and H. Hara leg., on Juglans ailanthifolia,including DEI-GISHym 30804 (NSMT) (Shinohara et al. 2017); 1 larva, Hokkaido, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.367/lat 43.383)">Shintoku town</a>, 43.083° N, 142.817° E, 200 m alt., 26 Jun. 2011, H. Hara leg. (Shinohara et al. 2017); 1 larva, Hokkaido, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.367/lat 43.383)">Sapporo city, Misumai</a>, 42.950° N, 141.250° E, 160 m alt., 19 Jun. 2013, H. Hara leg. (Shinohara et al. 2017); 1 larva, Hokkaido, Sapporo city, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.367/lat 43.383)">Koganeyu</a>, 42.967° N, 141.200° E, 250 m alt., 19 Jun. 2013, H. Hara leg. (not preserved) (Shinohara et al. 2017); 1 ♀, Honshu, Aomori Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.367&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.383" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.367/lat 43.383)">Minami-Hakkoda</a>, 40.60° N, 140.84° E, 30 May 1999, M. Yamada leg., M. Yamada coll. (Yamada 2000; reliable record, not re-examined); 1 ♂, paratype, Honshu, Hiroshima Prefecture, Kamiyama, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.57/lat 34.28)">Kure</a>, 34.28° N, 132.57° E, 7 May 1933, coll. Nakanishi (UOP) (Shinohara 1992); 1 ♀, Honshu, Hyogo Prefecture, Sayo-gun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.42/lat 34.95)">Mikazuki-cho</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.42/lat 34.95)">Mihara</a>, 34.95° N, 134.42° E, 18 May 1995, T. Sasai leg., DEI-GISHym 22353 (KUEL) (Naito 2004) ; 1 ♀, Honshu, Hyogo Prefecture, Shiso-gun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.48/lat 35.23)">Haga-cho</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.23" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.48/lat 35.23)">Akasai-keikoku</a>, 35.23° N, 134.48° E, 680 m alt., 8 Jun. 1986, T. Morita leg., T. Morita coll. (Naito et al. 2004; reliable record, not re-examined); 1 ♀, holotype, Honshu, Ishikawa Prefecture, Yoshinodani-mura, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.65/lat 36.32)">Senami</a>, 36.32° N, 136.65° E, 29 Jun. 1964, I. Togashi leg., DEI-GISHym 22352 (NSMT) (distal articles of right antenna glued to collecting label; Shinohara 1992); 5 larvae, 1 egg, Honshu, Hyogo prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.567&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.867" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.567/lat 34.867)">Tatsuno city, Shingu town</a>, 34.867° N, 134.567° E, 35 m alt., 30 Apr. 2016, on Juglans ailanthifolia, A. Shinohara leg., including Shinohara’s sample numbers 761–764 (NSMT) (Shinohara et al. 2017) ; 1 ♀, Honshu, Okayama Prefecture, Kawakami-gun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.47&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.47/lat 34.8)">Bichu-cho</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.47&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.47/lat 34.8)">Nishiyuno</a>, 34.80° N, 133.47° E, 5 May 1986, A. Watanabe leg.,A. Watanabe coll. (Watanabe 1992, misidentified as M. gigantea); 1 ♂, Honshu, Okayama Prefecture, Tamagashi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=133.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.72" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 133.97/lat 34.72)">Okayama-shi</a>, 34.72° N, 133.97° E, 10 m alt., 3 May 2005, A. Shinohara leg., DEI-GISHym 22354, used for barcoding (NSMT) (Shinohara 2006); 1 ♂, as preceding, except 2 May 2006, DEI-GISHym 22521 used for barcoding (NSMT) (Shinohara 2006); 1 specimen, Honshu, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Kuga-gun, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.47" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.05/lat 34.47)">Nishiki-machi, Mt. Jakuchi-san, Sancho [= summit]</a>, 34.47° N, 132.05° E, 1337 m alt., 6 Jun. 1993, K. Tanaka leg., K. Tanaka coll. (Tanaka 1999, reliable record, not re-examined); 2 larvae, Shikoku, Ehime prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.617&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.617/lat 33.2)">Kihoku town</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.617&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.617/lat 33.2)">Narukawa-keikoku</a>, 33.200° N, 132.617° E, 650 m alt., 5 May 2016, on Juglans ailanthifolia, A. Shinohara leg., Shinohara’s sample numbers 765–766 (NSMT) (Shinohara et al. 2017) ; 1 ♀, Shikoku, Ehime Prefecture, Narukawa-keikoku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.62&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.62/lat 33.2)">Kihoku-cho</a>, 33.20° N, 132.62° E, 550 m alt., 8 May 2006, A. Shinohara leg. (NSMT) (Shinohara 2006).</p><p>Description</p><p>See Shinohara (1992) and Figs 10A–C, G–H, 11H (ovipositor sheath).</p><p>Female</p><p>Ovipositor about 2.4 mm long, weakly curved ventrally, valvula 1 and 2 with bulbous areas close to middle, without ctenidia (Fig. 12H). Body 12.6 mm, fore wing 15.4 mm long. Black spot on face extending lateroventrally to mid-level of toruli, medially continuous with predominantly black subantennal area (holotype with two small brown spots) or subantennal area yellow (specimen from Mihara). Pulvilli absent on article 1 of metatarsus, present on articles 3–4, presence ambiguous for article 2, on article 4 pulvillus 70 µm long.</p><p>Male (specimen from Tamagashi, DEI-GISHym 22354, Fig. 10D–F, I–J)</p><p>Body 12.0 mm, fore wing 13.4 mm. Antennal filament 1.3 mm long, with 8–9 articles. Valviceps distally parabolically rounded, basal quarter of upper side expanded to a round lobe weakly coiled laterally, section of upper edge distal of lobe straight or with shallow elevations, close to the lobe with irregular teeth, in medial 0.3–0.8 with numerous small teeth. Distal 0.7 of valviceps with long setae, dense in medial and lower portion of middle (Fig. 13F).</p><p>Host plant</p><p>Ten larvae identified by their COI sequences as M. togashii were found feeding on Juglans ailanthifolia (Shinohara et al. 2017). In addition, three adults were collected from trees of this walnut species (Shinohara 2006, citing the synonym J. mandshurica Maxim. ssp. sieboldiana [Maxim.] Kitamura). Japanese Wingnut, Pterocarya rhoifolia Sieb. &amp; Zucc., possibly represents an additional larval host (Shinohara et al. 2017). Takeuchi’s (1949) record of Juglans for M. ‘ gigantea ’ (= M. togashii) in a checklist of the host plants of Japanese sawflies most likely concerns Saito’s (1941) rearing record for M. gigantea from Korea (see also Takeuchi 1938).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Megaxyela togashii is the correct name for the Japanese species, which has been called M. gigantea by Takeuchi (1937), Togashi (1965) and subsequent authors up to Shinohara (1992). This species is most similar to M. pulchra sp. nov. in structure and color. See Remarks there for differentiation of these two species.</p><p>The clade including two genetically studied adults from Honshu, which were collected on the same site, is supported by a bootstrap of 100%. The maximum intraspecific variation is 1.4%. Under a wider geographical scope, Shinohara et al. (2017) observed a variation of 4.3% after inclusion of ten larvae from Hokkaido, Honshu and Shikoku. Even then the intraspecific variation is smaller than the minimum pairwise distance of 8.0% to the nearest neighbor, M. pulchra sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFCCFFB0FDE8F906FC15FD3E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFF1FFB0FDE4FD55FCB5FA9E.text	03C587E2FFF1FFB0FDE4FD55FCB5FA9E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela tricolor (Norton 1862)	<div><p>Megaxyela tricolor (Norton, 1862)</p><p>Xyela tricolor Norton, 1862: 144 (♂, type locality: USA, Kansas).</p><p>Megaxyela tricolor – Ross 1932: 162–163 (combination, description, key, distribution). ― Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: 638–639 (key), 648 (description, distribution, references), figs 11, 22–25, 35.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>USA: 1 ♀, West Virginia, Upshur County, Ruraldale, 12 Apr. 2014, photographed by S. Cresswell (Cresswell 2014).</p><p>Supplementary description</p><p>See Smith &amp; Schiff (1998). Female. Antenna black. Metafemur orange with extreme apex on outer surface black (1 ♀ studied by Smith &amp; Schiff 1998) or distal 0.4 black (Cresswell 2014).</p><p>Remarks</p><p>This is the first state record for West Virginia. The species has been found in Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri and in Ontario (Smith &amp; Schiff 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFF1FFB0FDE4FD55FCB5FA9E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
03C587E2FFF1FFB3FF15FAB0FA92FC29.text	03C587E2FFF1FFB3FF15FAB0FA92FC29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megaxyela Ashmead in Dyar 1898	<div><p>Identification key to the species of Megaxyela</p><p>1 a Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath dorsally straight, ventrally evenly convex in basal and medial portion Fig. 11D). b Ovipositor curved dorsally (Fig. 12D). Male unknown. USA (West Virginia) ……………… M. inversa Blank &amp; D.R. Smith sp. nov.</p><p>– aa Valvula 3 of ovipositor sheath dorsally convex, ventrally various in shape (Fig. 11A–C, E–H; Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: figs 7–11). bb Ovipositor curved ventrally (Fig. 12A–B, E–H, Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: figs 16–23, 26–27) ……2</p><p>2(1) a East Palaearctic and Oriental species …………………………………………………………3</p><p>– aa Nearctic species ………………………………………………………………………………8</p><p>3(2) a Tergum 8 red brown (Fig. 8A, D). b Eye surrounded by black except for red brown malar space (Fig. 8F). c Antenna red brown (Figs 1D, 8A–D). d Claw of hind leg with large subapical tooth (Fig. 8F–G). South Korea (Fig. 14) ……………………………………………… M. parki Shinohara, 1992</p><p>– aa Tergum 8 black (e.g., Fig. 3A, D), sometimes laterally and ventrally white (e.g., Figs 4A, 5A–D, 9C). bb Eye at least narrowly lined with yellow or red brown on inner and outer orbits (Figs 3F, 9F, 10C–D) or face predominantly pale (Figs 4G, 5E). cc Dorsal side of antenna black. dd Claws bifid (e.g., Figs 3H–I, 4D, 5G) ………………………………………………………4</p><p>4(3) a Metatarsus white, base of metatarsomere 1 black (Fig. 3A–B, D–E, H–I, K). b Terga 2–6 with narrow, evenly wide line along ventral margin (Fig. 3C), terga 2–4 laterally black in dorsal view (Fig. 3A, D). c Head black, inner and outer orbits with narrow yellow lines, vertex with linear yellow spot (Fig. 3F–G). d Pulvillus present on metatarsomere 1 (Fig. 3I –K). e Mesepisternum with indistinct pits between minutely areolate microstructure, dull. f Antennal filament composed of 7–8 (rarely 9) articles. g ♀: Ovipositor sheath black except for brown basal half of valvifer 2 (Fig. 11A). h ♀: Ovipositor with ctenidia along annuli (Figs 1F, 12A). i ♂: Hypopygium black (Fig. 3E). China (Zhejiang) (Fig. 14) …………………… M. euchroma Blank, Shinohara &amp; Wei sp. nov.</p><p>– aa Metatarsus black (e.g., Figs 4A–F, 5C–H). bb Terga 2–3 or 2–4 with broad white band on dorsolateral and complete ventral portion, terga 3–5 or 4–5 less extensively white than preceding terga (Figs 4A, E–F, 5A–D, 9A–E, 10A–B, E–F). cc Head more extensively red brown or yellow, at least gena and face below antennal toruli pale (Figs 4G, 5E, 9F, 10C–D). dd Pulvillus absent on metatarsomere 1. ee Mesepisternum with distinct pits, smooth or with coriarious microstructure, more or less shining. ff Antennal filament composed of 9–10 articles (rarely fewer articles present on one antenna, check both antennae). gg ♀: Ovipositor sheath red brown, valvifer 2 sometimes white, valvula 3 sometimes infuscated along dorsal margin (Fig. 11C, G–H). hh ♀: Ovipositor without ctenidia along annuli (Fig. 12B–C, G–H). ii ♂: Hypopygium red brown (Figs 4F, 5D, 9E) or white (Fig. 10F) ……………………………5</p><p>5(4) a Head, prothorax and mesothorax red brown, without black (Fig. 4A, E–G). China (Hunan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang) (Fig. 14) … M. fulvago Blank, Shinohara &amp; Wei sp. nov.</p><p>– aa At least mesoscutum and usually vertex partly black (e.g., Figs 5A, C, 10A, E) ……6</p><p>6(5) a At least ventral half of frons red brown (Fig. 5E). b Pterostigma unicolorous yellow brown (Fig. 5A, C). c Upper part of gena weakly imbricate, almost smooth, shining (Fig. 5B). d Microsculpture of frons above antennal toruli minutely areolate, similar to microsculpture of vertex, with few shallow pits (Fig. 5E). e Dorsal side of terga 2–4 with evenly wide, white lateral margins (Fig. 5A, C). North and South Korea, Russia (Primorskiy Kray) (Fig. 14) …… M. gigantea Mocsáry, 1909</p><p>– aa Black spot of frons ventrally extending to antennal toruli (Figs 9F, 10C–D). bb Pterostigma yellow brown, narrow at base and anterior margin infuscate (e.g., Figs 9A, 10A). cc Upper part of gena strongly imbricate, dull. dd Microsculpture of frons above antennal toruli rugulose, different from areolate microsculpture of vertex (Figs 9F, 10C–D). ee White lateral margin on dorsal side of tergum 4 narrower than on terga 2–3 or absent (e.g., Figs 9A–E, 10E) ……………………………………………………………………………7</p><p>7(6) a Mesonotum black or with a small brown spot lateral to mesoscutellum (Fig. 9A, D). b Preapical sterna white (Fig. 9B, E), sometimes with pair of small black marks on anterior margin (Fig. 9C). c ♀: Thorax ventrally red brown (Fig. 9B, E). d ♀: Ovipositor sheath red brown, sometimes tip of valvula 3 black (Fig. 11G). e ♂: Hypopygium red brown (Fig. 9E). China (Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Tibet), South Korea, Russia (Primorskiy Kray) (Fig. 14) …………………………………………… M. pulchra Blank, Shinohara &amp; Sundukov sp. nov.</p><p>– aa Mesonotum black with yellow stripes along posterolateral ridge on mesoscutal lateral lobe (Fig. 10A, E). bb Sterna red brown to white, preapical sterna with pair of large black marks on anterior margin (Fig. 10B, F). cc ♀: Mesepisternum red brown, black spot in dorsal corner, black stripe along pectus, pectus largely black medially (Fig. 10B). dd ♀: Ovipositor sheath red brown with valvifer 2 ventrally yellow white, and valvula 3 with black stripe along dorsal margin (Fig. 11H). ee ♂: Hypopygium white (Fig. 10F). Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku) (Fig. 14) ……………… M. togashii Shinohara, 1992</p><p>8(2) a Metafemur, tegula and abdomen black, sterna with indistinctly pale posterior margins. b Tarsomeres (2–)3–5 of hind legs white. Canada (Ontario), USA (Indiana, Kansas, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania) ………………………………………… M. aviingrata (Dyar, 1898)</p><p>– aa Metafemur red brown, sometimes apex narrowly black (e.g., Smith &amp; Schiff 1998, fig. 3). Tegula white. Sterna red brown and/or posterior margins of terga and sterna white. bb Metatarsus sometimes completely black (e.g., Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: figs 14 and 15) ……9</p><p>9(8) a Head yellow and red brown, pronotum red brown (Fig. 7A–C, G–I). b Metatibia red brown or black, basal 0.2–0.4 white (Fig. 7A–B, F–H) ………………………10</p><p>– aa Head (except for clypeus, labrum, mouthparts, mandible) and pronotum black (e.g., Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: fig. 3). bb Metatibia entirely black (e.g., Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: fig. 3) ……………………………11</p><p>10(9) a Basal 0.3–0.5 of pterostigma black, distal portion red brown (Fig. 7A–B). b Dorsal side of terga red brown, terga 1(–2) medially more or less infuscate (Fig. 7A). c Basal 0.05–0.10 of metafemur yellow white (Fig. 7B, F). d Distal preapical metatibial spur reaches apex of metatibia (Fig. 7B), inner apical metatibial spur 0.5 × as long as metatarsomere 1 or longer (Fig. 7D–E). USA (Mississippi, Oklahoma, Texas) ……………………… M. langstoni Ross, 1936 sp. rev.</p><p>– aa Pterostigma uniformly red brown (Fig 7G). bb Dorsal side of terga 1–7 predominantly black (Fig. 7G). cc Basal 0.30–0.35 of metafemur yellow white (Fig. 7H). dd Distal preapical metatibial spur not reaching apex of metatibia (Fig. 7H), inner apical metatibial spur about 0.4 × as long as metatarsomere 1 (Fig. 7J–K). USA (Kansas, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas) ………………… M. major (Cresson, 1880)</p><p>11(9) a Terga 1–7(–8) red brown, distal margins narrowly infuscate (Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: fig. 3). b Metatarsomere 1 stout, 4 × as long as wide, pilosity dorsally and ventrally dense (Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: fig. 15). USA (New York, Ohio) …………………………… M. alisonae D.R. Smith &amp; Schiff, 1998</p><p>– aa Terga black, distal margins narrowly white. bb Metatarsomere 1 slender, 6–7 × as long as wide, pilosity dorsally sparse and ventrally dense (e.g., Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: fig. 14) …………………………………………………………12</p><p>12(11) a Metatarsomeres (2–)3–5 white. b Ventral side of thorax and sterna red brown. c Alvula 2 less than 3.0 × as long as wide, 0.6 × as long as metatarsus (Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: fig. 10). USA (Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania,Virginia,West Virginia)……………… ……………………………………………………………… M. bicoloripes (Rohwer, 1924)</p><p>– aa Metatarsus black. bb Ventral side of thorax and sterna black, sterna with white distal margins. cc Valvula 2 4.5 × as long as wide, about as long as metatarsus (Smith &amp; Schiff 1998: fig. 11). Canada (Ontario), USA (Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, West Virginia) ………… …………………………………………………………………… M. tricolor (Norton, 1862)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C587E2FFF1FFB3FF15FAB0FA92FC29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Stephan M. Blank;Katja Kramp;David R. Smith;Yuri N. Sundukov;Meicai Wei;Akihiko Shinohara	Stephan M. Blank, Katja Kramp, David R. Smith, Yuri N. Sundukov, Meicai Wei, Akihiko Shinohara (2017): Big and beautiful: the Megaxyela species (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae) of East Asia and North America. European Journal of Taxonomy 348: 1-46, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2017.348
