identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C5BF3CC016FFB14136FCBCD3C4FE4B.text	03C5BF3CC016FFB14136FCBCD3C4FE4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Izithunzi Labarque & Pérez-González & Griswold 2018	<div><p>GENUS IZITHUNZI GEN. NOV.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 250052B4-E682-4C4C-A0B5- 463F34C3FBC1</p><p>Type species: Drymusa capensis Simon, 1893 .</p><p>S p e c i e s i n c l u d e d: I z i t h u n z i c a p e n s e (S i m o n, 1893) comb. nov., I. lina sp. nov., I. productum (Purcell, 1904) comb. nov., I. silvicola (Purcell, 1904) comb. nov. and I. zondii sp. nov.</p><p>Etymology: The generic name means shadows ( Izithunzi) in Xhosa, a South African Nguni language of Bantu People. It refers to the retiring nature and cryptic environments (i.e. hidden in caves’ crevices or under dense vegetation) where the members of this genus live. The name is neuter in gender.</p><p>Remarks: Lehtinen (1967) and Platnick et al. (1991) predicted the non-monotypy of Drymusidae . Lehtinen (1967: 301) compared the Neotropical Drymusa nubila Simon, 1892 with the South African D. capensis (= I. capense comb. nov.) and considered that they were not congeneric (although he took no formal action).</p><p>Monophyly: Putative synapomorphies include (1) cheliceral promargin with ‘rubble teeth’ that are massive, blunt and boulder shaped (Fig. 3D); (2) female with two sclerotized plates on the vulva, anterior and posterior to the uterus externus (Fig. 7A, B); and (3) male with anterior stridulatory ridge plate on opisthosoma (Fig. 7C, D).</p><p>Diagnosis: Izithunzi gen. nov. can be distinguished from Drymusa by the boulder-shaped cheliceral promarginal rubble teeth, the female genitalia having two sclerotized plates anterior and posterior to the uterus externus and the male opisthosoma having an anterior stridulatory ridge plate.</p><p>Description: Female total length between 5.65 and 15.03 and male total length between 4.95 and 12.27. Carapace reddish with distinguished dun pattern forming two central large patches making a backward-pointing V-shaped mark, each anteriorly prolonged in three longitudinal lines surrounding the eyes and laterally extending in three wavy lines; clypeus with cross-linked pattern. Cephalic area slightly more than one-half width of thoracic area. Chelicerae promargin with two massive and blunt teeth, the rubble teeth, usually dark under the microscope, a triangular lamina contiguous with the paturon margin with a row of several macrosetae against it and a fleshy lobe apically blunt with a basal row of several long and filiform setae, the bracket setae (Figs 3D, 8A). Cheliceral retromargin with two rubble teeth, rarely three (see I. silvicola comb. nov.), forming a row perpendicular to the fang furrow, apical tooth large and proximal small (Fig. 4A). Chelicerae ectal margin stridulatory ridge formed by multiple shallow scales (Fig. 3E). Fang venom gland outlet distal, facing anteriorly (Fig. 3D). Cheliceral bases articulated with a small, sclerotized, posterior intercheliceral sclerite (Fig. 8B). Venom gland extending into carapace (Fig. 8C). Endites longer than wide, bending prolaterally and converging in front of the labium, fleshy apical profiles almost touching each other (Fig. 8D). Labium trapezoidal, longer than wide, narrowed close to the acute apical margin and partially separated from sternum by a membranous suture (Figs 8, 9). Maxillary gland pore field clumped (Fig. 8). Labral tongue apically concave, with dorsal setae (Fig. 8). Pedipalpal claw reduced to a nubbin, distal tarsus with four prolateral macrosetae curved distally, and basal femur with prolateral thorn that might be distally acute or blunt (Fig. 3F). Sternum oval, longer than wide, bordered (Fig. 9). Precoxal triangles fused to sternum (Fig. 9). Legs tan dappled with dun. Proclaws I–II clearly bipectinate with longer teeth on the prolateral row; retroclaws I–II with prolateral tooth row (Fig. 3A). Foot articulated, closed podotarsite with one subdivision, distal hood covering the base of the superior claws, with distal-ventral frictional setae (Fig. 3A, B). Tarsal organ exposed, ovoid and with three receptor-cell dendrite terminals (sensilla) (Fig. 9). Metatarsal trichobothria opening distal margin entire; proximal and distal plates of trichobothria smooth, not well differentiated, distal plate contiguous with the surrounding cuticle; sculpture on basal expansion of trichobothrial setae smooth (Fig. 9). Metatarsi III– IV with dense brush of apical ventral setae (Fig. 4B). Pedicel lorum triangular, not transversely divided, narrowed posteriorly to a pointed end, without slit sensilla stripes (Fig. 9). Pedicel sternites and pleurites separated. Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown with or without chevrons. Epigastrium posterior border with two small, lateral, sclerotized grooves, which seemingly provide a guide for the copulatory bulb apex (see at end of paragraph) to enter into the vulva. Epigastrium and postepigastrium on the external genital area may be heavily sclerotized, forming the epigastrium plate and the postepigastrium plate, respectively (see I. silvicola comb. nov.). Postepigastric foveae absent from abdominal venter (present in many Scytodes and some Neotropical Drymusa). Vulva with an anterior pair of spermathecae (inner), each connected to the uterus externus through a duct (Figs 4D, 7, 10A–C), an anterior sclerotized plate with a second pair of spermathecae (outer) and a posterior sclerotized plate with two dorsal receptacula (Figs 7, 10A–C). Inner spermatheca larger than outer, its duct may open far from (separated, Figs 10A, B) or directly next to the latter (clustered, Figs 4D, 10C). Outer spermathecae and dorsal receptaculum may provide opisthosomal muscle insertions (Fig. 10C). Spermathecae and dorsal receptaculum with ductless glands well spaced or in patches of two to many glands (Figs 4D, 7, 10A–C). Sclerotized plates may be separated from each other surrounding the uterus externus (Figs 7A, 10A), pressed together anteriorly squeezing the uterus externus (Figs 7B, 10B) or completely integrated with the uterus externus forming a unit, the integrated plate (Figs 10). Integrated plate may present a conspicuous or diffuse anterior longitudinal middle ridge (Fig. 10C) forming a sort of crest, which extends across the plate. Uterus externus may or may not extend beyond the vulval plate anterior borders (compare I. capense comb. nov. against I. zondii sp. nov.). Tracheal spiracle wide, separated from spinnerets (Fig. 11). Third opisthosomal entapophyses fused, forming a long median trachea (Fig. 3C). Colulus well defined, ovoid and posteriorly narrowed (Fig. 11). Anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS) with three articles (Fig. 11). ALS with two major ampullate gland spigots (MaAm) and a separated field of several piriform (Pi) gland spigots (Fig. 11). Posterior median spinnerets (PMS) tetrahedral with basal straight and plumose setae on anteromedian surface, a single aciniform gland spigot (Ac), and a field of spicules on mesal surface Fig. 11. Posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) conical, with several aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 11). Male markings as in female. Opisthosoma with an anterior sclerotized plate with stridulatory ridge, dorsally facing posterior prosoma (Fig. 7). Epiandrous spigots arising in several bunches from isolated pits (Fig. 12). Male with spinnerets as in female but differs in having the PLS with one aciniform gland spigot instead of several spigots (Fig. 11). Male pedipalp with prolateral femoral thorns as in females (Fig. 13). Patella-tibia joint dicondylic, ventral condyle heavily sclerotized, projecting prolaterally, arthrodial membrane broad prolaterally, occupying one third of patella (Figs 12, 13); these modifications on the articulation seem to allow a prolateral movement to the tibia. Femora narrow (L ≤ 3.5× W) to elongated (L&gt; 4× W). Tibiae swollen (L &lt;2× W) to thin (L&gt; 2.5× W) (compare I. capense comb. nov. against I. silvicola comb. nov.). Cymbium as long as wide to swollen (L ≤ 1.5× W), apically blunt, and as long as or 1.5 times longer than the copulatory bulb base (compare I. capense comb. nov. against I.silvicola comb. nov.). Copulatory bulb presenting one non-expandable piriform sclerite (subtegulum, tegulum and embolus fused). Base (subtegulum + tegulum) showing the sperm duct. Apex (embolus) as long as to more than three times longer than the base, laminated, slightly curved and implanted prolaterally (compare I. productum comb. nov. against I. silvicola comb. nov.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5BF3CC016FFB14136FCBCD3C4FE4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Pérez-González, Abel;Griswold, Charles E.	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC00AFFB1409CFDDAD707FF62.text	03C5BF3CC00AFFB1409CFDDAD707FF62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Izithunzi capense (Simon 1893) Labarque & Pérez-González & Griswold 2018	<div><p>IZITHUNZI CAPENSE (SIMON, 1893) COMB. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 1 A–C, 3 A–C, 4 A, 5, 7A, 8C, 9B, C, 10A, 13A–C, 14, 15)</p><p>Drymusa capensis Simon, 1893: 278; Purcell, 1904: 154; Filmer, 1991: 80; Filmer, 2010: 71; Labarque &amp; Ramírez, 2012: 3, figs 2B, 3C–D, 6C–D, 9B, 10B, 11B, 12B, 13B, 14B, 15B, 16B, 17B, 18B, 19A, 23A–F, 29C, D, 31B [one immature holotype (MNHN AR-1326) from South Africa, Western Cape, examined.]</p><p>Loxosceles valida Lawrence, 1964: 61, figs 3, 4; Newlands, 1975: 146, fig. 7; 1986: 80, figs 55–57; Brignoli, 1976: 147. [one ♂ holotype (SAM-ENW B010012) from South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, Kalk Bay, Echo Valley, Echo Halt Cave,</p><p>[−34.116667, 18.433333], Apr.1954, J. Grindley col., not examined.] syn. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5BF3CC00AFFB1409CFDDAD707FF62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Pérez-González, Abel;Griswold, Charles E.	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC00AFFBA4303FED7D790F8E7.text	03C5BF3CC00AFFBA4303FED7D790F8E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drymusa valida (Lawrence 1964)	<div><p>Drymusa valida – Lotz, 2012: 37, fig. 18A, B.</p><p>Remarks: Whereas we have not examined the type specimens of other Izithunzi species and L. valida, we believe that species attribution is unproblematic. Purcell (1904: 154) reported that the type of D. capensis is very immature and that the adults of this species are much larger than the other species from South Africa. Here, we reconfirm his assessment: the type specimen is very immature (Fig. 13E, F), and the total length of females (14.30) and males (12.80) that we identify as this species fits Purcell’s suggestion of the large size of this species. Purcell (1904: 154) also provided a key to females of the African species using characters that match those that we use here to diagnose I. capense comb. nov. Regarding L. valida, we think the evidence for synonymy with I. capense comb. nov. is convincing. Lawrence (1964: 61) described a row of several macrosetae against the triangular lamina on the chelicerae promargin of L. valida, a character absent in Loxosceles but present in Drymusidae . Brignoli (1976: 147) suggested that L. valida might be a D. capensis based on their similar geographical distribution. The presence of three pretarsal claws in L. valida was brought to Norman Larsen’s attention by Vince Roth during a visit to the South African Museum in Cape Town (Larsen, 1994). This feature contrasts to the two claws of Loxosceles and other Sicariidae . Finally, Lotz (2012: 37) transferred L. valida to Drymusa (and to Drymusidae) based on the presence of an articulated podotarsite (‘long and clear onicium’) and three pretarsal claws. The opisthosomal coloration pattern and male pedipalpal configuration of L. valida resemble those of I. capense comb. nov. (compare Figs 13, 15 against Lawrence, 1964: figs 3, 4). The examination of a female topotype (i.e. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, Kalk Bay, Echo Valley, Echo Halt Cave [−34.116667, 18.433333]), further corroborates our new synonymy.</p>1–2(1)–3(2)–4(2) – 5(3) – 6(1) – 7(6)– 8(7) – KEY TO SPECIES OF IZITHUNZI GEN. NOV. Females 2 Males ........................................................................................................................................................ 6 Small, prosoma length less than 4.0 mm ................................................................................................ 3 Large, prosoma length greater than 5.0 mm .......................................................................................... 4 Spermathecae clustered .......................................................................................................................... 5 Spermathecae separated ................................................................................................ I. zondii sp. nov. Vulval plates separated; posterior plate nearly straight.......................................................................... ................................................................................................................................... I. capense comb. nov. Vulval plates pressed together anteriorly; posterior plate curved anteriorly .......................................... ............................................................................................................................................... I. lina sp. nov. Epigastrium posterior border with dark, small, thick setae; epigastrium not forming an elongated plate...................................................................................................................... I. productum comb. nov. Epigastrium posterior border lacking those setae; epigastrium forming a plate, heavily sclerotized and posteriorly elongated to the median point of the opisthosoma .................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... I. silvicola comb. nov. Pedipalp short, femur length less than 3.5 times its width; tibia length less than 2 times its width ........................................................................................................................................................ 7 Pedipalp elongated, femur length more than four times its width; tibia length more than 2.5 times its width ......................................................................................................................... I. silvicola comb. nov. Copulatory bulb base and apex transition smooth; apex distally dark ................................................ 8 Copulatory bulb base and apex transition indented; apex mostly dark .......................... I. lina sp. nov. Copulatory bulb apex 1½ times longer than its base, with an acute and slightly curved tip .............................................................................................................................. I. capense comb. nov. Copulatory bulb apex no longer than its base, with laminar truncated tip ............................................. .............................................................................................................................. I. productum comb. nov.<p>Material examined: ♀ from South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, Table Mountain National Park, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.444134&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.974" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.444134/lat -33.974)">Newlands Forest</a> Preserve, −33.973999, 18.444133, 25 February 2006, elev. 145 m, J. Miller, H. Wood, N. Larsen cols., preparation codes FML-00435-00444 [♀], deposited in CAS (CASENT9023625) ; ♂, ♀ and three immatures, same data, preparation codes FML-01010, FML-01108 and FML-01118 [♂], and FML-01107 [♀], CAS (CASENT9026022); 4♂, 3♀ and four immatures, same locality, 4 October 2001, N. Larsen, K. Muller, S. Prinsloo, D. Ubick, S. Ubick cols., CAS (CASENT9048605); ♀ and two immatures, same data, 4 November 1925, Lang col., AMNH; ♀ and one immature, same locality, 18 December 1996, elev. 150 m, indigenous forest at night, P. Sierwald col., FMNH; three immatures, same data, FMNH; one immature, same data, elev. 120 m, during the day, FMNH; two immatures, same data, FMNH; two immatures, same data, FMNH; three immatures, same data, FMNH; seven immatures, same data, C. Griswold col., CAS (CASENT9053375); one immature, same locality, 15 January 2009, pine plantation decayed log, site 2, C. Uys col., NCP (2010/1949); two immatures, same data, 23 May 2008, afrotemperate forest decayed log, NCP (2010/1922); ♂, same locality, March 1993, S. Muller col., NCP; ♀, same data, NCP; ♀, same locality, −33.977317, 18.439783, 4 October 2011, elev. 195 m, L. Almeida, C. Griswold, T . Meikle, N. Larsen cols., CAS (CASENT9042516) ; 2♀ and two immatures, same data, CAS (CASENT9043287); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT9043286); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT9043173); ♀ and one immature, same data, CAS (CASENT9043171); 5♀ and nine immatures, same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.45/lat -33.966667)">Fernwood Gully</a>, −33.966667, 18.450000, 18 December 1996, elev. 120–150 m, indigenous forest, C. E. Griswold col., preparation code FML-01151 [♀], CAS (CASENT9048602) ; ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT9048603); 2♂ and 2♀, same locality, Kirstenbosch Botanic Garden, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.433332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.433332/lat -33.983334)">Skeleton Gorge Forest</a>, −33.983333, 18.433333, 7 January 1985, elev. 700 ft, webs beneath logs, C. Griswold, T . Meikle Griswold cols., preparation codes APG-00055 [♀], FML-00546-00547 [♂] and FML-00705 [♀], CAS (CASENT9021768); 2♀ and three immatures, same data, NMSA; five immatures, same data, AMNH; 3♂ and one immature, same data, moulted in captivity, NMSA; ♂ and 2♀, same data, C. Griswold col., NMSA; ♀, same locality, October 1985, 800 ft, C. Griswold col., CAS (CASENT9021767); 3♀ and three immatures, same locality, 26–29 October 1985, elev. 700–1000 ft, C. Griswold, J. Doyen, T . Meikle Griswold cols. NMSA ; 4♀ and nine immatures, same data, NMSA; four immatures, same locality, 5 February 2009, afrotemperate forest decayed log, site 5, C. Uys col., NCP (2010/1950); one immature, same locality, Nursery Ravine, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.403772&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98643" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.403772/lat -33.98643)">Wynberg Caves</a>, [−33.986430, 18.403772], 13 February 1991, cave entrance, V . D. Roth, B. Roth cols., CAS (CASENT9048604); one immature, same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.392778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.99861" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.392778/lat -33.99861)">Orange Kloof</a>, [−33.998611, 18.392778], 28 January 2009, afrotemperate forest, sugar-baited ant trap, C. Uys col., NCP (2010/1952) ; ♀, same city, Kalk Bay, Echo Valley, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.433332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.11667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.433332/lat -34.11667)">Echo Halt Cave</a> [−34.116667, 18.433333], December 1987, A. le. Roy col., NCP .</p><p>Further material examined by Lotz (2012): ♀ from South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, Kalk Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.436666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.117943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.436666/lat -34.117943)">Echo Valley</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.436666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.117943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.436666/lat -34.117943)">Devil’s Pit</a>, [−34.117942, 18.436667], June 1954, J. Grindley col., SAM (B010015) ; one immature, same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.441557&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.113647" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.441557/lat -34.113647)">Tartarus Cave</a>, [−34.113647, 18.441556], July 1961, J. Grindley col., SAM (B10013) ; ♀, same city, Table Mountain National Park, Nursery Ravine, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.403772&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98643" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.403772/lat -33.98643)">Wynberg Caves</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.403772&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98643" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.403772/lat -33.98643)">Powder Room</a>, [−33.986430, 18.403772], March 1956, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.403772&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98643" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.403772/lat -33.98643)">South African Speleological Association</a>, SAM (B10018) ; ♀, same data, February 1956, SAM (B10016); one immature, same data, March 1931, R . Lawrence, SAM (B7892) ; one immature, same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.407553&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98918" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.407553/lat -33.98918)">Giants Workshop</a>, [−33.989180, 18.407553], July 1956, J. Grindley col., SAM (B10017) ; ♀, same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.406797&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.988567" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.406797/lat -33.988567)">Bats Cave</a>, [−33.988569, 18.406797], September 1960, J. Grindley col., SAM (B10014) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Females of I. capense comb. nov. resemble those of I. lina sp. nov. by the epigastrium protruded ventro-anteriorly, the inner and outer spermathecae separated and the uterus externus exceeding beyond the vulval plate anterior borders (Figs 7, 10, 13, 16), but it can be distinguished by the epigastrium covered with long and thin setae, the postepigastrium with an anterior lip covering the epigastric furrow and the vulval plates separated (Figs 7, 10, 13), whereas I. lina sp. nov. presents long, thick and dark setae on the epigastrium, lacks the anterior lip on the postepigastrium and has pressed vulval plates (Figs 7, 10, 16). Males of I. capense comb. nov. resemble those of I. lina sp. nov. by having the cheliceral fang promarginally and distally excavated, and the pro- and retromarginal cheliceral teeth close to the base of the fang extremely modified, enlarged and flattened, which fit in the fang’s excavation (Fig. 14); but it can be distinguished by presenting a smooth transition between the base and apex of the copulatory bulb, and the apex 1½ times longer than the base with an acute and slightly curved tip (Fig. 13), whereas I. lina sp. nov. has an indented transition, and the apex two times longer than the base, heavily sclerotized (dark) and a broad tip (Fig. 16).</p><p>Redescription female (Table Mountain National Park, Newlands Forest Preserve: Images CASENT 9023625; Measurements CASENT 9048605): Total length 15.03. Prosoma: length 5.7, width 3.96, height 2.77. Sternum: length 2.93, width 2.2. Leg measurements: femur: I: 15.15, II: 13.53, III: 11.02, IV: 13.78; patella: I: 1.71, II: 1.68, III: 1.59, IV: 1.72; tibia: I 14.78, II: 12.4, III: 9.2, IV: 12.27; metatarsus: I: 15.15, II: 13.4, III: 10.5, IV: 13.4; tarsus: I: 2.14, II: 2.02, III: 2.09, IV: 2.89;</p><p>podotarsite: I: 0.22, II: 0.24, III: 0.28, IV: 0.22. Total: I: 49.15, II: 43.27, III: 34.68, IV: 44.27. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 8.72, width 4, height 4.65. Thoracic area lateral margins and central V-shaped pattern darkish, forming a continuum (Fig. 15). Chelicerae promargin with five bracket setae, and a row of seven to eight macrosetae against the triangular lamina. Labium dun, reddish at narrow area and white at apex (Figs 8, 15). Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn distally acute. Sternum dun (Figs 8, 15). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan (Fig. 15). Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown forming thick chevrons extending anteriorly (Fig. 15). Chevrons well-spaced anteriorly, clustered posteriorly, the first two forming a continuum (Fig. 15). Anterior vulval plate slightly sclerotized, and posterior plate nearly rectangular and slightly curved anteriorly (Figs 7, 10, 13). Both spermathecae oval (Figs 7, 10, 13).</p><p>Redescription male (Table Mountain National Park, Newlands Forest Preserve: Habitus CASENT 9021768; SEM CASENT 9026022; Measurements CASENT 9048605): Total length 12.27. Prosoma: length 5.6, width 4.12, height 2.8. Sternum: length 2.67, width 2.02. Leg measurements: femur: I: 17.1, II: 16.5, III: 13.02, IV: 14.9; patella: I: 1.74, II: 1.78, III: 1.68, IV: 1.7; tibia: I 16.5, II: 14.65, III: 10.4, IV: 12.77; metatarsus: I: 18.0, II: 16.1, III: 12.27, IV: 14.9; tarsus: I: 2.37, II: 2.37, III: 2.35, IV: 3.14; podotarsite: I: 0.27, II: 0.21, III: 0.32, IV: 0.33; total: I: 55.98, II: 51.61, III: 40.04, IV: 47.74. Leg formula: 1243. Opisthosoma: length 6.3, width 3.76, height 3.76. Male pedipalp: femur: 2.06, patella: 0.75, tibia: 1.5, tarsus: 0.59. Coloration as female (Fig. 15). Chelicerae promargin also with five bracket setae (Fig. 14). Epiandrous spigots arising in seven bunches from isolated pits. Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn also distally acute but longer than in females (Fig. 13); femora narrow (L ≤ 3.5× W); tibiae swollen, longer than width (L &lt;2× W) (Fig. 13). Copulatory bulb apex elongated and acute distally. In addition, the copulatory bulb apex looks slightly curved in lateral view (both pro- and prolateral) and straight in apical view (i.e. apical view of the cymbium) (Fig. 13).</p><p>Distribution: Western Cape Province, South Africa, from Table Mountain National Park to Kalk Bay and surroundings (Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S1).</p><p>Natural history: According to Larsen (1994), I. capense comb. nov. specimens are found under exfoliated bark or in crevices between boulders, always in cool shaded areas and hanging beneath loose space webs (Fig. 1A–C). Izithunzi capense comb. nov. individuals are sensitive to the light, and they quickly retreat to the darkness after a minute of exposure with an unfiltered electric torch (flashlight) (Larsen, 1994). Our own observations match these.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5BF3CC00AFFBA4303FED7D790F8E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Pérez-González, Abel;Griswold, Charles E.	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC000FFBE4118FA9BD681FABB.text	03C5BF3CC000FFBE4118FA9BD681FABB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Izithunzi lina Labarque & Pérez-González & Griswold 2018	<div><p>IZITHUNZI LINA SP. NOV.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 269AB044-0E94-4F7A- 9A18-CEEA44D74686</p><p>(FIGS 5, 7, 10–12, 14, 16, 17)</p><p>Type material: Holotype: ♀ from South Africa, Western Cape Province, Overberg DC, Fernkloof Nature Reserve, 3.98 km 90° E <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.28835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.41268" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.28835/lat -34.41268)">Hermanus</a>, −34.412683, 19.288350, 13 October 2011, elev. 14 m, general collecting at wet, mossy cliff and caves, L. Almeida, C. Griswold cols., preparation codes FML-01103 and FML-01351-01352 [♀], deposited in NMBA . Paratypes: ♂, same data as the type, preparation codes FML-01152 and FML-01353 [♂], NMBA; 2♀, same data, CAS (CASENT9043225); ♂ and three immatures, same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.266117&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.394615" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.266117/lat -34.394615)">2.81 km 43° NE Hermanus</a>, −34.394617, 19.266117, 12 October 2011, elev. 97 m, general collecting at night in riparian vegetation, L. Almeida, C. Griswold, T . Meikle, V . Hamilton-Attwell cols., CAS (CASENT9043181) .</p><p>Further material examined: One immature, same city, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.91939&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.2924" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.91939/lat -34.2924)">Kogelberg Nature Reserve</a>, [−34.292400, 18.919390], 5 July 2007, UGB Forest, ‘banc hand’, technician students cols., NCP (2008/4425) .</p><p>Etymology: The specific name is a name in apposition to honour our friend and fellow arachnologist Lina Maria Almeida-Silva, who collected part of the type series.</p><p>Diagnosis: Females of I. lina sp. nov. resemble those of I. capense comb. nov. by the epigastrium protruded, the inner and outer spermathecae separated and the uterus externus extending beyond the vulval plates anterior borders (Figs 7, 10, 13, 16), but it can be distinguished by the epigastrium densely covered with long, thick and dark setae, and the vulval plates pressed together anteriorly squeezing the uterus externus (Figs 7, 10, 16), whereas I. capense comb. nov. has thin setae on the epigastrium and separated vulval plates (Figs 7, 10, 13). Males of I. lina sp. nov. resemble those of I. capense comb. nov. by having the cheliceral fang promarginally and distally excavated, and the pro- and retromarginal cheliceral teeth close to the base of the fang extremely modified, enlarged and flattened, which fit in the fang’s excavation (Fig. 14), but it can be distinguished by having an indented transition between the base and apex of the copulatory bulb, and the apex two times longer than the base, heavily sclerotized, and with a broad tip (Fig. 16), whereas I. capense comb. nov. presents a smooth transition between the base and apex, and the apex 1½ times longer than the base with an acute and slightly curved tip (Fig. 13).</p><p>Description female (Fernkloof Nature Reserve: Habitus and measurements NMBA): Total length 12.4. Prosoma: length 5.2, width 3.36, height 3.08. Sternum: length 2.6, width 1.79. Leg measurements: femur: I: 13.65, II: 11.7, III: 9.4, IV: 12.02; patella: I: 1.4, II: 1.48, III: 1.48, IV: 1.41; tibia: I: 12.65, II: 10.3, III: 7.76, IV: 10.3; metatarsus: I: 13.15, II: 10.9, III: 8.64, IV: 10.9; tarsus: I: 1.88, II: 1.76, III: 1.76, IV: 2.37; podotarsite: I: 0.21, II: 0.22, III: 0.19, IV: 0.25; total: I: 42.94, II: 36.36, III: 29.23, IV: 37.25. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: Length 7.6, width 3.46, height 3.02. Thoracic area lateral margins and central V-shaped pattern darkish, forming a continuum (Fig. 17). Chelicerae promargin with five bracket setae and a row of seven macrosetae against the triangular lamina. Labium dun, reddish at narrow area and white at apex (Fig. 17). Sternum dun (Fig. 17). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan (Fig. 17). Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown forming thick chevrons extending anteriorly (Fig. 17). Chevrons well-spaced anteriorly, clustered posteriorly, the first two forming a continuum (Fig. 17). Anterior plate heavily sclerotized, and both vulval plates curved anteriorly (Fig. 16). Both spermathecae oval (Fig. 16).</p><p>Description male (Fernkloof Nature Reserve: Habitus and measurements NMBA): Total length 8.56. Prosoma: length 4.2, width 3.14, height 2.27. Sternum: length 2.22, width 1.59. Leg measurements: femur: I: 12.52, II: 11.2, III: 8.96, IV: 11.0; patella: I: 1.23, II: 1.16, III: 1.16, IV: 1.18; tibia: I: 11.2, II: 9.44, III: 7.52, IV: 9.5; metatarsus: I: 12.0, II: 9.1, III: 8.32, IV: 10.5; tarsus: I: 1.84, II: 1.73, III: lost, IV: 2.22; podotarsite: I: 0.16, II: 0.23, III: lost, IV: 0.16; total: I: 38.9, II: 32.86, III: 25.96 (without tarsus-podotarsite), IV: 34.56. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 4.2, width 2.32, height 2.06. Male pedipalp: femur: 1.1, patella: 0.37, tibia: 0.89, tarsus: 0.44. Coloration as in female (Fig. 17). Chelicerae promargin with four bracket setae, and a row of six to seven macrosetae against the triangular lamina (Fig. 15). Epiandrous spigots arising in five bunches from isolated pits (Fig. 17). Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn distally acute (Fig. 16); femora narrow (L ≤ 3.5× W); tibiae swollen, longer than width (L &lt;2× W) (Fig. 16). Copulatory bulb apex elongated and broad distally (Fig. 16). In addition, the copulatory bulb apex appears straight in lateral view (both pro- and prolateral) and slightly curved in apical view (i.e. of the cymbium) (Fig. 16).</p><p>Distribution: Western Cape Province, South Africa, Fernkloof Nature Reserve, from Fernkloof east to Hermanus (Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5BF3CC000FFBE4118FA9BD681FABB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Pérez-González, Abel;Griswold, Charles E.	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC005FFBD4311FAAFD7ABF9BC.text	03C5BF3CC005FFBD4311FAAFD7ABF9BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Izithunzi productum (Purcell 1904) Labarque & Pérez-González & Griswold 2018	<div><p>IZITHUNZI PRODUCTUM (PURCELL, 1904) COMB. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 5, 9, 11, 18–20)</p><p>Drymusa producta Purcell, 1904: 153, pl. 11, fig. 26 [♀] [3♀ syntypes (SAMC 7905) from South Africa, Western Cape Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.438126&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.025707" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.438126/lat -34.025707)">Swellendam</a>, mountainside forest, [−34.025708, 20.438125], August 1900, W. Purcell col., not examined].</p><p>Remarks: Whereas we have not examined the syntypes of this species, the key, description and illustrations provided by Purcell (1904: 152–154) leave no doubt as to the species identity. Unfortunately, no topotypes were available either.</p><p>Materialexamined: ♀ and ♂,fromSouthAfrica, Western Cape Province, South Cape DC, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.831966&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.983734" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.831966/lat -33.983734)">Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve</a>, 14.97 km 316° NE Heidelberg, −33.983733, 20.831967, 17 October 2011, elev. 338 m, indigenous forest, general collecting, L. Almeida, C. Griswold, T . Meikle cols., preparation codes FML-01090, FML-01101-01102 and FML-01109-01115 [♀] and FML-01091-01092 and FML-01116 [♂], deposited in CAS (CASENT9043066) ; ♂ and ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT9043050); 2♂, 2♀ and one immature, same data, CAS (CASENT9043067); ♀ and ♂, same data, CAS (CASENT9053373); ♂, same locality, Bushbuck Trail (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.808332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.985" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.808332/lat -33.985)">Fonteintjiesbos</a>), −33.985000, 20.808333, 26 January–February 2004, elev. 370 m, young afromontane forest, flight intercept trap, N. Solodovnikov et al. cols., FMNH (2004/011) ; 2♀, same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.783333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.783333/lat -34.0)">20 km WNW Heidelberg</a>, −33.999999, 20.783333, 8–10 November 1985, elev. 1600 ft, indigenous forest, C. Griswold, J. Doyen, T . Meikle Griswold cols., NMSA ; 2♂, 4♀ and three immatures, same data, NMSA .</p><p>Diagnosis: Females of I. productum comb. nov. resemble those of I. silvicola comb. nov. by the inner and outer spermathecae clustered, and the integrated plate (Figs 4D, 18, 19, 21), but can be distinguished by the epigastrium posterior border covered with small, dark, thick setae, the lateral sclerotized grooves almost touching each other, the dorsal receptaculum lacking muscle insertions and completely integrated to the (posterior) plate and the anterior ridge conspicuous (Figs 18, 19), whereas I. silvicola comb. nov. lacks the thick setae on the epigastrium, has separated lateral grooves, partially integrated dorsal receptaculum that present muscle insertions and diffused anterior ridge (Figs 4D, 10, 21). Males of I. productum comb. nov. can be distinguished from other Izithunzi by the apex of the copulatory bulb as long as the base (1:1) with a laminar truncated tip (Fig. 18).</p><p>Redescription female (Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve: Habitus, SEM CASENT 9043066; Measurements CASENT 9053373): Total length 5.65. Prosoma: length 2.75, width 1.82, height 1.81. Sternum: length 1.42, width 1.03. Leg measurements: femur: I: 4.85, II: 4.08, III: 3.39, IV: 4.68; patella: I: 0.72, II: 0.8, III: 0.68, IV: 0.73; tibia: I: 5.0, II: 3.88, III: 2.9, IV: 4.36; metatarsus: I: 4.28, II: 3.56, III: 3.0, IV: 4.12; tarsus: I: 1.14, II: 1.05, III: 1.0, IV: 1.26; podotarsite: I: 0.09, II: 0.09, III: 0.11, IV: 0.08; total: I: 16.08, II: 13.46, III: 11.08, IV: 15.23. Leg formula: 1243. Opisthosoma: length 4.0, width 2.7, height 2.57. Chelicerae promargin with four bracket setae, and a row of six macrosetae against the triangular lamina. Labium dun, reddish at narrow area and white at apex (Fig. 20). Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn thick, distally blunt. Sternum dun (Fig. 20). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan (Fig. 20). Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown, smooth, without chevrons (Fig. 20). Inner spermathecae oval, basally sclerotized (Figs 18, 19). Outer spermathecae tetrahedral (Figs 18, 19). Inner spermathecae duct opening to the integrated plate anteriorly, next to the outer spermathecae (Figs 18, 19).</p><p>Description male (Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve: Habitus, SEM CASENT 9043066; Measurements CASENT 9053373): (Note: Here, we provide the first description of the male of this species.) Total length 4.95. Prosoma: length 2.26, width 1.7, height 1.2. Sternum: length 1.14, width 0.9. Leg measurements: femur: I: 5.05, II: 4.32, III: 3.44, IV: 4.65; patella: I: 0.6, II: 0.62, III: 0.59, IV: 0.62; tibia: I 5.3, II: 4.12, III: 3.11, IV: 4.45; metatarsus: I: 4.75, II: 3.8, III: 3.11, IV: 4.3; tarsus: I: 1.2, II: 1.15, III: 1.04, IV: 1.32; podotarsite: I: 0.07, II: 0.09, III: 0.1, IV: 0.11; total: I: 16.97, II: 14.1, III: 11.39, IV: 15.45. Leg formula: 1243. Opisthosoma: length 2.52, width 1.46, height 1.41. Male pedipalp: femur: 0.74, patella: 0.22, tibia: 0.57, tarsus: 0.27. Coloration lighter than in female, V-shaped pattern reduced (Fig. 20). Chelicerae promargin also with four bracket setae. Epiandrous spigots arising in four bunches from isolated pits. Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn also thick and distally blunt as in females (Fig. 18); femora narrow (L ≤ 3.5× W); tibiae swollen, longer than width (L &lt;2× W) (Fig. 18). Copulatory bulb apex short and truncated distally (Fig. 18). In addition, the copulatory bulb apex appears slightly curved in lateral (both pro- and prolateral) and apical views (Fig. 18).</p><p>D i s t r i b u t i o n: We s t e r n C a p e P r o v i n c e, S o u t h Africa, Langeberg Mountains from Swellendam to Grootvadersbosch and surroundings (Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5BF3CC005FFBD4311FAAFD7ABF9BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Pérez-González, Abel;Griswold, Charles E.	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC006FF804319F9AFD601FABB.text	03C5BF3CC006FF804319F9AFD601FABB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Izithunzi silvicola (Purcell 1904) Labarque & Pérez-González & Griswold 2018	<div><p>IZITHUNZI SILVICOLA (PURCELL, 1904) COMB. NOV.</p><p>(FIGS 3D–F, 4D, 5, 7, 8–11, 21, 22)</p><p>Drymusa silvicola Purcell, 1904: 152, pl. 11, figs 24, 25 [♀] [♂, 2♀ and three immature syntypes (SAMC 871) from South Africa, Western Cape Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.046469&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.035088" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.046469/lat -34.035088)">Knysna</a>, [− 34.035086, 23.046469], March 1896, W. Purcell col., not examined].</p><p>Remarks: Whereas we have not examined the syntypes of this species, the key, description and illustrations provided by Purcell (1904: 152–154) and the examination of topotypes leave no doubt as to the species identity.</p><p>Material examined: 4♀ and eight immatures from South Africa, Western Cape Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.033333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.033333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.033333/lat -34.033333)">Knysna</a>, [− 34.033333, 23.033333], October 1946, Malkin col., preparation codes APG-00002 [♀] and APG-00063 [♀], CAS (CASENT9021765) ; two immatures, same locality, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.077147&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.044895" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.077147/lat -34.044895)">Industrial Area</a>, [− 34.044894, 23.077147]), 3 February 1991, collected in big tree, V . Roth col., CAS (CASENT9048598); 2♂ and 2♀, same province, Harkerville State Forest, 19 km E Knysna, −34.05, 23.233333, 11–13 December 1996, elev. 240 m, C. Griswold col., indigenous forest, preparation codes FML-00548-00549 [♂] and FML-00558 [♀], deposited in CAS (CASENT9021766) ; 2♂, 3♀ and 11 immatures, same data, CAS (CASENT9048601); ♂, same data, preparation codes FML-01008- 01009 and FML-01117, CAS (CASENT9048600); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053369); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT9053371); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053372); ♂, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053367); ♂, same data, CAS (CASENT9053370); one immature, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053368); one immature, same data, CAS (CASENT9053374); ten immature, same data, CAS (CASENT9048601); 2♀ and two immatures, same data, CAS (CASENT9021766); ♀ and two immatures, same data, forest, hand collecting, night, P. Sierwald col., FMNH; 5♀, same province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.2333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.0833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.2333/lat -34.0833)">Kranshoek</a>, 20 km E Knysna, −34.0833, 23.2333, 13 December 1996, elev. 180 m, indigenous forest, C. Griswold col., CAS (CASENT9021764) ; ♀, same data, forest, hand collecting, night, P. Sierwald col., FMNH; ♀, same province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.15737&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9486" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.15737/lat -33.9486)">Diepwalle Forest Station</a>, 22 km NE Knysna, −33.948599, 23.157369, 10–13 January 1985, elev. 1800 ft., indigenous forest in holes in tree trucks, C. Griswold, T . Meikle Griswold cols., preparation codes FML-01002- 01007 and FML-01011-01012, CAS (CASENT9048599) ; ♂, 5♀ and three immatures, same data, 11–13 November 1985, indigenous forest, C. Griswold, J. Doyen, T . Meikle Griswold cols., NMSA ; ♀, same data, NMSA; 4♀ and two immatures, same data, 10–13 November 1985, in holes tree trunks in indigenous forest, C. Griswold, T . Meikle Griswold cols., NMSA ; ♀ and two immatures, same data, 11–13 December 1996, elev. 540 m, C. Griswold col., CAS (CASENT9021761); three immatures, Eastern Cape Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.890333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.023483" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.890333/lat -34.023483)">Tsitsikamma National Park</a>, 78 km E Knysna, −34.023483, 23.890333, 17–18 February 2006, elev. 15 m, coastal forest, J. Miller, H. Wood cols., CAS (CASENT9023643) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Females of I. silvicola comb. nov. resemble those of I. productum comb. nov. by the inner and outer spermathecae clustered, and the integrated plate (Figs 10, 18, 19, 21), but can be distinguished by the epigastrium and postepigastrium plates, the dorsal receptaculum with muscle insertions and partially integrated to the (posterior) plate and the anterior ridge diffuse (Figs 4D, 21), while I. productum comb. nov. lacks both epigastrium and postepigastrium plates, has an integrated dorsal receptaculum without muscle insertions and conspicuous anterior ridge (Figs 18, 19). Males of I. silvicola comb. nov. can be distinguished from other Izithunzi by the pedipalp elongated, the ventral condyle of the patella-tibiae joint not projecting prolaterally, cymbium swollen (L ≤ 1.5× W) and 1.5 times longer than the base of the copulatory bulb, and the apex more than three times longer than the base (Fig. 21).</p><p>Redescription female (Harkerville State Forest: Habitus CASENT 9021766; SEM CASENT 9043066; Measurements CASENT 9053369): Total length 8.8. Prosoma: length 3.49, width 2.67, height 2.18. Sternum: length 1.76, width 1.45. Leg measurements: femur: I: 9.8, II: 8.0, III: 6.74, IV: 8.72; patella: I: 0.82, II: 0.93, III: 0.92, IV: 0.97; tibia: I 9.44, II: 7.12, III: 5.85, IV: 8.4; metatarsus: I: 9.36, II: 7.6, III: 5.61, IV: 8.24; tarsus: I: 1.54, II: 1.48, III: 1.46, IV: 1.92; podotarsite: I: 0.12, II: 0.15, III: 0.14, IV: 0.14; total: I: 31.08, II: 25.28, III: 20.72, IV: 28.39. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 5.25, width 2.42, height 2.95. Chelicerae promargin with six bracket setae (Fig. 3D), and a row of seven macrosetae against the triangular lamina. Cheliceral retromargin with an extra small tooth, next to the apical tooth on the cheliceral furrow. Labium dun, reddish at narrow area and white at apex (Figs 8, 22). Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn thick, distally blunt (Fig. 3F). Sternum dun (Fig. 22). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan (Fig. 22). Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown, smooth, without chevrons (Fig. 22). Epigastrium plate extending posteriorly beyond middle of opisthosoma, covered with thin setae (Fig. 21). Postepigastrium plate triangular, swollen, just below the epigastric furrow (Fig. 21). Lateral sclerotized grooves conspicuous, well defined, associated with the postepigastrium plate (Fig. 21). Inner spermathecae oval. Outer spermathecae tetrahedral (Fig. 21). Inner spermathecae duct opening to the integrated plate anteriorly, next to the outer spermathecae (Fig. 21).</p><p>Redescription male (Harkerville State Forest: Habitus CASENT 9021766; SEM and leg measurements CASENT 9048600; Body measurements CASENT 9053367): Total length 5.93. Prosoma: length 2.73, width 1.98, height 1.39. Sternum: length 1.48, width 1.2. Leg measurements: femur: I: 11.7, II: 9.7, III: 7.6, IV: 9.8; patella: I: 0.86, II: 0.89, III: 0.83, IV: 0.92; tibia: I 11.5, II: 9.12, III: 6.92, IV: 9.3; metatarsus: I: 12.65, II: 9.9, III: 7.6, IV: 9.9; tarsus: I: 1.67, II: 1.6, III: 1.59, IV: 2.2; podotarsite: I: 0.14, II: 0.12, III: 0.19, IV: 0.16; total: I: 38.52, II: 31.33, III: 24.73, IV: 32.28. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 3.3, width 1.43, height 1.31. Male pedipalp: femur: 2.02, patella: 0.69, tibia: 1.04, tarsus: 0.47. Coloration lighter than in female, thoracic area pattern reduced, V-shaped mark narrower (Fig. 21D–F). Epiandrous spigots arising in three bunches from isolated pits. Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn distally acute and longer than in females; femora elongated (L&gt; 4× W); tibiae thin (L&gt; 2.5× W) (Fig. 21). Copulatory bulb apex elongated (Fig. 21). In addition, the copulatory bulb apex appears slightly curved in lateral (both pro- and prolateral) and apical views (Fig. 21).</p><p>Distribution: Western and Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa, in Knysna-Amatola montane forests (Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5BF3CC006FF804319F9AFD601FABB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Pérez-González, Abel;Griswold, Charles E.	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC03BFF8643E4FA94D29EFC71.text	03C5BF3CC03BFF8643E4FA94D29EFC71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Izithunzi zondii Labarque & Pérez-González & Griswold 2018	<div><p>IZITHUNZI ZONDII SP. NOV.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 423DC628-2388-4C15-B69E- B020B1940BC6</p><p>(FIGS 6, 8, 11, 23, 24)</p><p>Type material: Holotype: ♀ from South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Indlovu DC, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.316668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.316668/lat -29.433332)">Natal Karkloof</a>, 50 km NNW Pietermaritzburg, −29.433333, 30.316667, 20 October 1985, elev. 4600 ft, forest, C. Griswold, J. Doyen, T. Meikle Griswold cols., preparation codes FML-01228-1231, 1247, 1354 [♀], deposited in NMSA.</p><p>Further material examined: 4♀, same province as the holotype, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.431442&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.112461" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.431442/lat -28.112461)">North Uthungulu</a>, iSimangaliso <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.431442&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.112461" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.431442/lat -28.112461)">Wetland Park</a> (label St. Lucia National Park), Fanieseiland, camp, [−28.112461, 32.431443], 24 January 1991, V . D. Roth, B. Roth cols., CAS (CASENT9021763) .</p><p>Etymology: The specific name is a patronym in honour of Mathew Sibusiso Zondi, who taught author Griswold to say ‘hello’, ‘thank you’ and ‘we are collecting spiders’ in Zulu.</p><p>Diagnosis: Females of I. zondii sp. nov. resemble those of I. lina sp. nov. by the inner and outer spermathecae separated, the vulval plates pressed together anteriorly, and the anterior plate heavily sclerotized (Figs 10, 16, 23), but can be distinguished by the anterior plate strongly curved anteriorly (inverted V shaped), the posterior plate straight and the dorsal receptaculum partially integrated to the posterior plate (Fig. 23), while I. lina sp. nov. has anteriorly curved vulval plates and integrated dorsal receptaculum (Figs 10, 16).</p><p>Description female (Natal Karkloof: habitus and measurements NMSA): Total length 9.04. Prosoma: length 3.84, width 2.77, height 2.2. Sternum: length 1.84, width 1.49. Leg measurements: femur: I: 10.8, II: 9.0, III: 7.52, IV: 9.4; patella: I: 1.0, II: 1.03, III: 0.99, IV: 1.02; tibia: I: 10.0, II: 7.92, III: 6.61, IV: 8.64; metatarsus: I: 9.7, II: 7.92, III: 6.74, IV: 8.64; tarsus: I: 2.02, II: 1.94, III: 1.92, IV: 2.65; podotarsite: I: 0.12, II: 0.13, III: 0.15, IV: 0.16; total: I: 33.64, II: 27.94, III: 23.93, IV: 30.51. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 5.75, width 3.65, height 3.84. Thoracic area lateral margins and central V-shaped pattern darkish dun, forming a continuum (Fig. 24). Chelicerae promargin with three bracket setae, and a row of seven macrosetae against the triangular lamina (Fig. 8). Labium dun, reddish at narrow area</p><p>426 F. M. LABARQUE ET AL .</p><p>and white at apex (Fig. 24). Sternum dun (Fig. 24). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan. Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown forming thick chevrons extending anteriorly (Fig. 24). Chevrons well-spaced anteriorly, clustered posteriorly, the first two forming a continuum (Fig. 24). Outer spermathecae minute (Fig. 23). Inner spermathecae oval (Fig. 24).</p><p>Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, from Natal midlands at Karkloof to coast at iSimangaliso Wetland Park and surroundings (Fig. 6; Supporting Information, Fig. S1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C5BF3CC03BFF8643E4FA94D29EFC71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Labarque, Facundo M.;Pérez-González, Abel;Griswold, Charles E.	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
