taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C5BF3CC016FFB14136FCBCD3C4FE4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species: Drymusa capensis Simon, 1893. S p e c i e s i n c l u d e d: I z i t h u n z i c a p e n s e (S i m o n, 1893) comb. nov., I. lina sp. nov., I. productum (Purcell, 1904) comb. nov., I. silvicola (Purcell, 1904) comb. nov. and I. zondii sp. nov. Etymology: The generic name means shadows (Izithunzi) in Xhosa, a South African Nguni language of Bantu People. It refers to the retiring nature and cryptic environments (i. e. hidden in caves’ crevices or under dense vegetation) where the members of this genus live. The name is neuter in gender. Remarks: Lehtinen (1967) and Platnick et al. (1991) predicted the non-monotypy of Drymusidae. Lehtinen (1967: 301) compared the Neotropical Drymusa nubila Simon, 1892 with the South African D. capensis (= I. capense comb. nov.) and considered that they were not congeneric (although he took no formal action). Monophyly: Putative synapomorphies include (1) cheliceral promargin with ‘ rubble teeth’ that are massive, blunt and boulder shaped (Fig. 3 D); (2) female with two sclerotized plates on the vulva, anterior and posterior to the uterus externus (Fig. 7 A, B); and (3) male with anterior stridulatory ridge plate on opisthosoma (Fig. 7 C, D). Diagnosis: Izithunzi gen. nov. can be distinguished from Drymusa by the boulder-shaped cheliceral promarginal rubble teeth, the female genitalia having two sclerotized plates anterior and posterior to the uterus externus and the male opisthosoma having an anterior stridulatory ridge plate. Description: Female total length between 5.65 and 15.03 and male total length between 4.95 and 12.27. Carapace reddish with distinguished dun pattern forming two central large patches making a backward-pointing V-shaped mark, each anteriorly prolonged in three longitudinal lines surrounding the eyes and laterally extending in three wavy lines; clypeus with cross-linked pattern. Cephalic area slightly more than one-half width of thoracic area. Chelicerae promargin with two massive and blunt teeth, the rubble teeth, usually dark under the microscope, a triangular lamina contiguous with the paturon margin with a row of several macrosetae against it and a fleshy lobe apically blunt with a basal row of several long and filiform setae, the bracket setae (Figs 3 D, 8 A). Cheliceral retromargin with two rubble teeth, rarely three (see I. silvicola comb. nov.), forming a row perpendicular to the fang furrow, apical tooth large and proximal small (Fig. 4 A). Chelicerae ectal margin stridulatory ridge formed by multiple shallow scales (Fig. 3 E). Fang venom gland outlet distal, facing anteriorly (Fig. 3 D). Cheliceral bases articulated with a small, sclerotized, posterior intercheliceral sclerite (Fig. 8 B). Venom gland extending into carapace (Fig. 8 C). Endites longer than wide, bending prolaterally and converging in front of the labium, fleshy apical profiles almost touching each other (Fig. 8 D). Labium trapezoidal, longer than wide, narrowed close to the acute apical margin and partially separated from sternum by a membranous suture (Figs 8, 9). Maxillary gland pore field clumped (Fig. 8). Labral tongue apically concave, with dorsal setae (Fig. 8). Pedipalpal claw reduced to a nubbin, distal tarsus with four prolateral macrosetae curved distally, and basal femur with prolateral thorn that might be distally acute or blunt (Fig. 3 F). Sternum oval, longer than wide, bordered (Fig. 9). Precoxal triangles fused to sternum (Fig. 9). Legs tan dappled with dun. Proclaws I – II clearly bipectinate with longer teeth on the prolateral row; retroclaws I – II with prolateral tooth row (Fig. 3 A). Foot articulated, closed podotarsite with one subdivision, distal hood covering the base of the superior claws, with distal-ventral frictional setae (Fig. 3 A, B). Tarsal organ exposed, ovoid and with three receptor-cell dendrite terminals (sensilla) (Fig. 9). Metatarsal trichobothria opening distal margin entire; proximal and distal plates of trichobothria smooth, not well differentiated, distal plate contiguous with the surrounding cuticle; sculpture on basal expansion of trichobothrial setae smooth (Fig. 9). Metatarsi III – IV with dense brush of apical ventral setae (Fig. 4 B). Pedicel lorum triangular, not transversely divided, narrowed posteriorly to a pointed end, without slit sensilla stripes (Fig. 9). Pedicel sternites and pleurites separated. Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown with or without chevrons. Epigastrium posterior border with two small, lateral, sclerotized grooves, which seemingly provide a guide for the copulatory bulb apex (see at end of paragraph) to enter into the vulva. Epigastrium and postepigastrium on the external genital area may be heavily sclerotized, forming the epigastrium plate and the postepigastrium plate, respectively (see I. silvicola comb. nov.). Postepigastric foveae absent from abdominal venter (present in many Scytodes and some Neotropical Drymusa). Vulva with an anterior pair of spermathecae (inner), each connected to the uterus externus through a duct (Figs 4 D, 7, 10 A – C), an anterior sclerotized plate with a second pair of spermathecae (outer) and a posterior sclerotized plate with two dorsal receptacula (Figs 7, 10 A – C). Inner spermatheca larger than outer, its duct may open far from (separated, Figs 10 A, B) or directly next to the latter (clustered, Figs 4 D, 10 C). Outer spermathecae and dorsal receptaculum may provide opisthosomal muscle insertions (Fig. 10 C). Spermathecae and dorsal receptaculum with ductless glands well spaced or in patches of two to many glands (Figs 4 D, 7, 10 A – C). Sclerotized plates may be separated from each other surrounding the uterus externus (Figs 7 A, 10 A), pressed together anteriorly squeezing the uterus externus (Figs 7 B, 10 B) or completely integrated with the uterus externus forming a unit, the integrated plate (Figs 10). Integrated plate may present a conspicuous or diffuse anterior longitudinal middle ridge (Fig. 10 C) forming a sort of crest, which extends across the plate. Uterus externus may or may not extend beyond the vulval plate anterior borders (compare I. capense comb. nov. against I. zondii sp. nov.). Tracheal spiracle wide, separated from spinnerets (Fig. 11). Third opisthosomal entapophyses fused, forming a long median trachea (Fig. 3 C). Colulus well defined, ovoid and posteriorly narrowed (Fig. 11). Anterior lateral spinnerets (ALS) with three articles (Fig. 11). ALS with two major ampullate gland spigots (MaAm) and a separated field of several piriform (Pi) gland spigots (Fig. 11). Posterior median spinnerets (PMS) tetrahedral with basal straight and plumose setae on anteromedian surface, a single aciniform gland spigot (Ac), and a field of spicules on mesal surface Fig. 11. Posterior lateral spinnerets (PLS) conical, with several aciniform gland spigots (Fig. 11). Male markings as in female. Opisthosoma with an anterior sclerotized plate with stridulatory ridge, dorsally facing posterior prosoma (Fig. 7). Epiandrous spigots arising in several bunches from isolated pits (Fig. 12). Male with spinnerets as in female but differs in having the PLS with one aciniform gland spigot instead of several spigots (Fig. 11). Male pedipalp with prolateral femoral thorns as in females (Fig. 13). Patella-tibia joint dicondylic, ventral condyle heavily sclerotized, projecting prolaterally, arthrodial membrane broad prolaterally, occupying one third of patella (Figs 12, 13); these modifications on the articulation seem to allow a prolateral movement to the tibia. Femora narrow (L ≤ 3.5 × W) to elongated (L> 4 × W). Tibiae swollen (L <2 × W) to thin (L> 2.5 × W) (compare I. capense comb. nov. against I. silvicola comb. nov.). Cymbium as long as wide to swollen (L ≤ 1.5 × W), apically blunt, and as long as or 1.5 times longer than the copulatory bulb base (compare I. capense comb. nov. against I. silvicola comb. nov.). Copulatory bulb presenting one non-expandable piriform sclerite (subtegulum, tegulum and embolus fused). Base (subtegulum + tegulum) showing the sperm duct. Apex (embolus) as long as to more than three times longer than the base, laminated, slightly curved and implanted prolaterally (compare I. productum comb. nov. against I. silvicola comb. nov.).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC00AFFB1409CFDDAD707FF62.taxon	description	(FIGS 1 A – C, 3 A – C, 4 A, 5, 7 A, 8 C, 9 B, C, 10 A, 13 A – C, 14, 15)	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC00AFFBA4303FED7D790F8E7.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Whereas we have not examined the type specimens of other Izithunzi species and L. valida, we believe that species attribution is unproblematic. Purcell (1904: 154) reported that the type of D. capensis is very immature and that the adults of this species are much larger than the other species from South Africa. Here, we reconfirm his assessment: the type specimen is very immature (Fig. 13 E, F), and the total length of females (14.30) and males (12.80) that we identify as this species fits Purcell’s suggestion of the large size of this species. Purcell (1904: 154) also provided a key to females of the African species using characters that match those that we use here to diagnose I. capense comb. nov. Regarding L. valida, we think the evidence for synonymy with I. capense comb. nov. is convincing. Lawrence (1964: 61) described a row of several macrosetae against the triangular lamina on the chelicerae promargin of L. valida, a character absent in Loxosceles but present in Drymusidae. Brignoli (1976: 147) suggested that L. valida might be a D. capensis based on their similar geographical distribution. The presence of three pretarsal claws in L. valida was brought to Norman Larsen’s attention by Vince Roth during a visit to the South African Museum in Cape Town (Larsen, 1994). This feature contrasts to the two claws of Loxosceles and other Sicariidae. Finally, Lotz (2012: 37) transferred L. valida to Drymusa (and to Drymusidae) based on the presence of an articulated podotarsite (‘ long and clear onicium’) and three pretarsal claws. The opisthosomal coloration pattern and male pedipalpal configuration of L. valida resemble those of I. capense comb. nov. (compare Figs 13, 15 against Lawrence, 1964: figs 3, 4). The examination of a female topotype (i. e. South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, Kalk Bay, Echo Valley, Echo Halt Cave [− 34.116667, 18.433333]), further corroborates our new synonymy. Material examined: ♀ from South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, Table Mountain National Park, Newlands Forest Preserve, − 33.973999, 18.444133, 25 February 2006, elev. 145 m, J. Miller, H. Wood, N. Larsen cols., preparation codes FML- 00435 - 00444 [♀], deposited in CAS (CASENT 9023625); ♂, ♀ and three immatures, same data, preparation codes FML- 01010, FML- 01108 and FML- 01118 [♂], and FML- 01107 [♀], CAS (CASENT 9026022); 4 ♂, 3 ♀ and four immatures, same locality, 4 October 2001, N. Larsen, K. Muller, S. Prinsloo, D. Ubick, S. Ubick cols., CAS (CASENT 9048605); ♀ and two immatures, same data, 4 November 1925, Lang col., AMNH; ♀ and one immature, same locality, 18 December 1996, elev. 150 m, indigenous forest at night, P. Sierwald col., FMNH; three immatures, same data, FMNH; one immature, same data, elev. 120 m, during the day, FMNH; two immatures, same data, FMNH; two immatures, same data, FMNH; three immatures, same data, FMNH; seven immatures, same data, C. Griswold col., CAS (CASENT 9053375); one immature, same locality, 15 January 2009, pine plantation decayed log, site 2, C. Uys col., NCP (2010 / 1949); two immatures, same data, 23 May 2008, afrotemperate forest decayed log, NCP (2010 / 1922); ♂, same locality, March 1993, S. Muller col., NCP; ♀, same data, NCP; ♀, same locality, − 33.977317, 18.439783, 4 October 2011, elev. 195 m, L. Almeida, C. Griswold, T. Meikle, N. Larsen cols., CAS (CASENT 9042516); 2 ♀ and two immatures, same data, CAS (CASENT 9043287); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9043286); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9043173); ♀ and one immature, same data, CAS (CASENT 9043171); 5 ♀ and nine immatures, same locality, Fernwood Gully, − 33.966667, 18.450000, 18 December 1996, elev. 120 – 150 m, indigenous forest, C. E. Griswold col., preparation code FML- 01151 [♀], CAS (CASENT 9048602); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9048603); 2 ♂ and 2 ♀, same locality, Kirstenbosch Botanic Garden, Skeleton Gorge Forest, − 33.983333, 18.433333, 7 January 1985, elev. 700 ft, webs beneath logs, C. Griswold, T. Meikle Griswold cols., preparation codes APG- 00055 [♀], FML- 00546 - 00547 [♂] and FML- 00705 [♀], CAS (CASENT 9021768); 2 ♀ and three immatures, same data, NMSA; five immatures, same data, AMNH; 3 ♂ and one immature, same data, moulted in captivity, NMSA; ♂ and 2 ♀, same data, C. Griswold col., NMSA; ♀, same locality, October 1985, 800 ft, C. Griswold col., CAS (CASENT 9021767); 3 ♀ and three immatures, same locality, 26 – 29 October 1985, elev. 700 – 1000 ft, C. Griswold, J. Doyen, T. Meikle Griswold cols. NMSA; 4 ♀ and nine immatures, same data, NMSA; four immatures, same locality, 5 February 2009, afrotemperate forest decayed log, site 5, C. Uys col., NCP (2010 / 1950); one immature, same locality, Nursery Ravine, Wynberg Caves, [− 33.986430, 18.403772], 13 February 1991, cave entrance, V. D. Roth, B. Roth cols., CAS (CASENT 9048604); one immature, same locality, Orange Kloof, [− 33.998611, 18.392778], 28 January 2009, afrotemperate forest, sugar-baited ant trap, C. Uys col., NCP (2010 / 1952); ♀, same city, Kalk Bay, Echo Valley, Echo Halt Cave [− 34.116667, 18.433333], December 1987, A. le. Roy col., NCP. Further material examined by Lotz (2012): ♀ from South Africa, Western Cape Province, Cape Town, Kalk Bay, Echo Valley, Devil’s Pit, [− 34.117942, 18.436667], June 1954, J. Grindley col., SAM (B 010015); one immature, same locality, Tartarus Cave, [− 34.113647, 18.441556], July 1961, J. Grindley col., SAM (B 10013); ♀, same city, Table Mountain National Park, Nursery Ravine, Wynberg Caves, Powder Room, [− 33.986430, 18.403772], March 1956, South African Speleological Association, SAM (B 10018); ♀, same data, February 1956, SAM (B 10016); one immature, same data, March 1931, R. Lawrence, SAM (B 7892); one immature, same locality, Giants Workshop, [− 33.989180, 18.407553], July 1956, J. Grindley col., SAM (B 10017); ♀, same locality, Bats Cave, [− 33.988569, 18.406797], September 1960, J. Grindley col., SAM (B 10014). Diagnosis: Females of I. capense comb. nov. resemble those of I. lina sp. nov. by the epigastrium protruded ventro-anteriorly, the inner and outer spermathecae separated and the uterus externus exceeding beyond the vulval plate anterior borders (Figs 7, 10, 13, 16), but it can be distinguished by the epigastrium covered with long and thin setae, the postepigastrium with an anterior lip covering the epigastric furrow and the vulval plates separated (Figs 7, 10, 13), whereas I. lina sp. nov. presents long, thick and dark setae on the epigastrium, lacks the anterior lip on the postepigastrium and has pressed vulval plates (Figs 7, 10, 16). Males of I. capense comb. nov. resemble those of I. lina sp. nov. by having the cheliceral fang promarginally and distally excavated, and the pro- and retromarginal cheliceral teeth close to the base of the fang extremely modified, enlarged and flattened, which fit in the fang’s excavation (Fig. 14); but it can be distinguished by presenting a smooth transition between the base and apex of the copulatory bulb, and the apex 1 ½ times longer than the base with an acute and slightly curved tip (Fig. 13), whereas I. lina sp. nov. has an indented transition, and the apex two times longer than the base, heavily sclerotized (dark) and a broad tip (Fig. 16). Redescription female (Table Mountain National Park, Newlands Forest Preserve: Images CASENT 9023625; Measurements CASENT 9048605): Total length 15.03. Prosoma: length 5.7, width 3.96, height 2.77. Sternum: length 2.93, width 2.2. Leg measurements: femur: I: 15.15, II: 13.53, III: 11.02, IV: 13.78; patella: I: 1.71, II: 1.68, III: 1.59, IV: 1.72; tibia: I 14.78, II: 12.4, III: 9.2, IV: 12.27; metatarsus: I: 15.15, II: 13.4, III: 10.5, IV: 13.4; tarsus: I: 2.14, II: 2.02, III: 2.09, IV: 2.89; podotarsite: I: 0.22, II: 0.24, III: 0.28, IV: 0.22. Total: I: 49.15, II: 43.27, III: 34.68, IV: 44.27. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 8.72, width 4, height 4.65. Thoracic area lateral margins and central V-shaped pattern darkish, forming a continuum (Fig. 15). Chelicerae promargin with five bracket setae, and a row of seven to eight macrosetae against the triangular lamina. Labium dun, reddish at narrow area and white at apex (Figs 8, 15). Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn distally acute. Sternum dun (Figs 8, 15). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan (Fig. 15). Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown forming thick chevrons extending anteriorly (Fig. 15). Chevrons well-spaced anteriorly, clustered posteriorly, the first two forming a continuum (Fig. 15). Anterior vulval plate slightly sclerotized, and posterior plate nearly rectangular and slightly curved anteriorly (Figs 7, 10, 13). Both spermathecae oval (Figs 7, 10, 13). Redescription male (Table Mountain National Park, Newlands Forest Preserve: Habitus CASENT 9021768; SEM CASENT 9026022; Measurements CASENT 9048605): Total length 12.27. Prosoma: length 5.6, width 4.12, height 2.8. Sternum: length 2.67, width 2.02. Leg measurements: femur: I: 17.1, II: 16.5, III: 13.02, IV: 14.9; patella: I: 1.74, II: 1.78, III: 1.68, IV: 1.7; tibia: I 16.5, II: 14.65, III: 10.4, IV: 12.77; metatarsus: I: 18.0, II: 16.1, III: 12.27, IV: 14.9; tarsus: I: 2.37, II: 2.37, III: 2.35, IV: 3.14; podotarsite: I: 0.27, II: 0.21, III: 0.32, IV: 0.33; total: I: 55.98, II: 51.61, III: 40.04, IV: 47.74. Leg formula: 1243. Opisthosoma: length 6.3, width 3.76, height 3.76. Male pedipalp: femur: 2.06, patella: 0.75, tibia: 1.5, tarsus: 0.59. Coloration as female (Fig. 15). Chelicerae promargin also with five bracket setae (Fig. 14). Epiandrous spigots arising in seven bunches from isolated pits. Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn also distally acute but longer than in females (Fig. 13); femora narrow (L ≤ 3.5 × W); tibiae swollen, longer than width (L <2 × W) (Fig. 13). Copulatory bulb apex elongated and acute distally. In addition, the copulatory bulb apex looks slightly curved in lateral view (both pro- and prolateral) and straight in apical view (i. e. apical view of the cymbium) (Fig. 13). Distribution: Western Cape Province, South Africa, from Table Mountain National Park to Kalk Bay and surroundings (Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1). Natural history: According to Larsen (1994), I. capense comb. nov. specimens are found under exfoliated bark or in crevices between boulders, always in cool shaded areas and hanging beneath loose space webs (Fig. 1 A – C). Izithunzi capense comb. nov. individuals are sensitive to the light, and they quickly retreat to the darkness after a minute of exposure with an unfiltered electric torch (flashlight) (Larsen, 1994). Our own observations match these.	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC000FFBE4118FA9BD681FABB.taxon	description	(FIGS 5, 7, 10 – 12, 14, 16, 17) Type material: Holotype: ♀ from South Africa, Western Cape Province, Overberg DC, Fernkloof Nature Reserve, 3.98 km 90 ° E Hermanus, − 34.412683, 19.288350, 13 October 2011, elev. 14 m, general collecting at wet, mossy cliff and caves, L. Almeida, C. Griswold cols., preparation codes FML- 01103 and FML- 01351 - 01352 [♀], deposited in NMBA. Paratypes: ♂, same data as the type, preparation codes FML- 01152 and FML- 01353 [♂], NMBA; 2 ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9043225); ♂ and three immatures, same locality, 2.81 km 43 ° NE Hermanus, − 34.394617, 19.266117, 12 October 2011, elev. 97 m, general collecting at night in riparian vegetation, L. Almeida, C. Griswold, T. Meikle, V. Hamilton-Attwell cols., CAS (CASENT 9043181). Further material examined: One immature, same city, Kogelberg Nature Reserve, [− 34.292400, 18.919390], 5 July 2007, UGB Forest, ‘ banc hand’, technician students cols., NCP (2008 / 4425). Etymology: The specific name is a name in apposition to honour our friend and fellow arachnologist Lina Maria Almeida-Silva, who collected part of the type series. Diagnosis: Females of I. lina sp. nov. resemble those of I. capense comb. nov. by the epigastrium protruded, the inner and outer spermathecae separated and the uterus externus extending beyond the vulval plates anterior borders (Figs 7, 10, 13, 16), but it can be distinguished by the epigastrium densely covered with long, thick and dark setae, and the vulval plates pressed together anteriorly squeezing the uterus externus (Figs 7, 10, 16), whereas I. capense comb. nov. has thin setae on the epigastrium and separated vulval plates (Figs 7, 10, 13). Males of I. lina sp. nov. resemble those of I. capense comb. nov. by having the cheliceral fang promarginally and distally excavated, and the pro- and retromarginal cheliceral teeth close to the base of the fang extremely modified, enlarged and flattened, which fit in the fang’s excavation (Fig. 14), but it can be distinguished by having an indented transition between the base and apex of the copulatory bulb, and the apex two times longer than the base, heavily sclerotized, and with a broad tip (Fig. 16), whereas I. capense comb. nov. presents a smooth transition between the base and apex, and the apex 1 ½ times longer than the base with an acute and slightly curved tip (Fig. 13). Description female (Fernkloof Nature Reserve: Habitus and measurements NMBA): Total length 12.4. Prosoma: length 5.2, width 3.36, height 3.08. Sternum: length 2.6, width 1.79. Leg measurements: femur: I: 13.65, II: 11.7, III: 9.4, IV: 12.02; patella: I: 1.4, II: 1.48, III: 1.48, IV: 1.41; tibia: I: 12.65, II: 10.3, III: 7.76, IV: 10.3; metatarsus: I: 13.15, II: 10.9, III: 8.64, IV: 10.9; tarsus: I: 1.88, II: 1.76, III: 1.76, IV: 2.37; podotarsite: I: 0.21, II: 0.22, III: 0.19, IV: 0.25; total: I: 42.94, II: 36.36, III: 29.23, IV: 37.25. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: Length 7.6, width 3.46, height 3.02. Thoracic area lateral margins and central V-shaped pattern darkish, forming a continuum (Fig. 17). Chelicerae promargin with five bracket setae and a row of seven macrosetae against the triangular lamina. Labium dun, reddish at narrow area and white at apex (Fig. 17). Sternum dun (Fig. 17). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan (Fig. 17). Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown forming thick chevrons extending anteriorly (Fig. 17). Chevrons well-spaced anteriorly, clustered posteriorly, the first two forming a continuum (Fig. 17). Anterior plate heavily sclerotized, and both vulval plates curved anteriorly (Fig. 16). Both spermathecae oval (Fig. 16). Description male (Fernkloof Nature Reserve: Habitus and measurements NMBA): Total length 8.56. Prosoma: length 4.2, width 3.14, height 2.27. Sternum: length 2.22, width 1.59. Leg measurements: femur: I: 12.52, II: 11.2, III: 8.96, IV: 11.0; patella: I: 1.23, II: 1.16, III: 1.16, IV: 1.18; tibia: I: 11.2, II: 9.44, III: 7.52, IV: 9.5; metatarsus: I: 12.0, II: 9.1, III: 8.32, IV: 10.5; tarsus: I: 1.84, II: 1.73, III: lost, IV: 2.22; podotarsite: I: 0.16, II: 0.23, III: lost, IV: 0.16; total: I: 38.9, II: 32.86, III: 25.96 (without tarsus-podotarsite), IV: 34.56. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 4.2, width 2.32, height 2.06. Male pedipalp: femur: 1.1, patella: 0.37, tibia: 0.89, tarsus: 0.44. Coloration as in female (Fig. 17). Chelicerae promargin with four bracket setae, and a row of six to seven macrosetae against the triangular lamina (Fig. 15). Epiandrous spigots arising in five bunches from isolated pits (Fig. 17). Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn distally acute (Fig. 16); femora narrow (L ≤ 3.5 × W); tibiae swollen, longer than width (L <2 × W) (Fig. 16). Copulatory bulb apex elongated and broad distally (Fig. 16). In addition, the copulatory bulb apex appears straight in lateral view (both pro- and prolateral) and slightly curved in apical view (i. e. of the cymbium) (Fig. 16). Distribution: Western Cape Province, South Africa, Fernkloof Nature Reserve, from Fernkloof east to Hermanus (Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC005FFBD4311FAAFD7ABF9BC.taxon	description	(FIGS 5, 9, 11, 18 – 20)	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC005FFBD4311FAAFD7ABF9BC.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Whereas we have not examined the syntypes of this species, the key, description and illustrations provided by Purcell (1904: 152 – 154) leave no doubt as to the species identity. Unfortunately, no topotypes were available either. Materialexamined: ♀ and ♂, fromSouthAfrica, Western Cape Province, South Cape DC, Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve, 14.97 km 316 ° NE Heidelberg, − 33.983733, 20.831967, 17 October 2011, elev. 338 m, indigenous forest, general collecting, L. Almeida, C. Griswold, T. Meikle cols., preparation codes FML- 01090, FML- 01101 - 01102 and FML- 01109 - 01115 [♀] and FML- 01091 - 01092 and FML- 01116 [♂], deposited in CAS (CASENT 9043066); ♂ and ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9043050); 2 ♂, 2 ♀ and one immature, same data, CAS (CASENT 9043067); ♀ and ♂, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053373); ♂, same locality, Bushbuck Trail (Fonteintjiesbos), − 33.985000, 20.808333, 26 January – February 2004, elev. 370 m, young afromontane forest, flight intercept trap, N. Solodovnikov et al. cols., FMNH (2004 / 011); 2 ♀, same locality, 20 km WNW Heidelberg, − 33.999999, 20.783333, 8 – 10 November 1985, elev. 1600 ft, indigenous forest, C. Griswold, J. Doyen, T. Meikle Griswold cols., NMSA; 2 ♂, 4 ♀ and three immatures, same data, NMSA. Diagnosis: Females of I. productum comb. nov. resemble those of I. silvicola comb. nov. by the inner and outer spermathecae clustered, and the integrated plate (Figs 4 D, 18, 19, 21), but can be distinguished by the epigastrium posterior border covered with small, dark, thick setae, the lateral sclerotized grooves almost touching each other, the dorsal receptaculum lacking muscle insertions and completely integrated to the (posterior) plate and the anterior ridge conspicuous (Figs 18, 19), whereas I. silvicola comb. nov. lacks the thick setae on the epigastrium, has separated lateral grooves, partially integrated dorsal receptaculum that present muscle insertions and diffused anterior ridge (Figs 4 D, 10, 21). Males of I. productum comb. nov. can be distinguished from other Izithunzi by the apex of the copulatory bulb as long as the base (1: 1) with a laminar truncated tip (Fig. 18). Redescription female (Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve: Habitus, SEM CASENT 9043066; Measurements CASENT 9053373): Total length 5.65. Prosoma: length 2.75, width 1.82, height 1.81. Sternum: length 1.42, width 1.03. Leg measurements: femur: I: 4.85, II: 4.08, III: 3.39, IV: 4.68; patella: I: 0.72, II: 0.8, III: 0.68, IV: 0.73; tibia: I: 5.0, II: 3.88, III: 2.9, IV: 4.36; metatarsus: I: 4.28, II: 3.56, III: 3.0, IV: 4.12; tarsus: I: 1.14, II: 1.05, III: 1.0, IV: 1.26; podotarsite: I: 0.09, II: 0.09, III: 0.11, IV: 0.08; total: I: 16.08, II: 13.46, III: 11.08, IV: 15.23. Leg formula: 1243. Opisthosoma: length 4.0, width 2.7, height 2.57. Chelicerae promargin with four bracket setae, and a row of six macrosetae against the triangular lamina. Labium dun, reddish at narrow area and white at apex (Fig. 20). Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn thick, distally blunt. Sternum dun (Fig. 20). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan (Fig. 20). Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown, smooth, without chevrons (Fig. 20). Inner spermathecae oval, basally sclerotized (Figs 18, 19). Outer spermathecae tetrahedral (Figs 18, 19). Inner spermathecae duct opening to the integrated plate anteriorly, next to the outer spermathecae (Figs 18, 19). Description male (Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve: Habitus, SEM CASENT 9043066; Measurements CASENT 9053373): (Note: Here, we provide the first description of the male of this species.) Total length 4.95. Prosoma: length 2.26, width 1.7, height 1.2. Sternum: length 1.14, width 0.9. Leg measurements: femur: I: 5.05, II: 4.32, III: 3.44, IV: 4.65; patella: I: 0.6, II: 0.62, III: 0.59, IV: 0.62; tibia: I 5.3, II: 4.12, III: 3.11, IV: 4.45; metatarsus: I: 4.75, II: 3.8, III: 3.11, IV: 4.3; tarsus: I: 1.2, II: 1.15, III: 1.04, IV: 1.32; podotarsite: I: 0.07, II: 0.09, III: 0.1, IV: 0.11; total: I: 16.97, II: 14.1, III: 11.39, IV: 15.45. Leg formula: 1243. Opisthosoma: length 2.52, width 1.46, height 1.41. Male pedipalp: femur: 0.74, patella: 0.22, tibia: 0.57, tarsus: 0.27. Coloration lighter than in female, V-shaped pattern reduced (Fig. 20). Chelicerae promargin also with four bracket setae. Epiandrous spigots arising in four bunches from isolated pits. Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn also thick and distally blunt as in females (Fig. 18); femora narrow (L ≤ 3.5 × W); tibiae swollen, longer than width (L <2 × W) (Fig. 18). Copulatory bulb apex short and truncated distally (Fig. 18). In addition, the copulatory bulb apex appears slightly curved in lateral (both pro- and prolateral) and apical views (Fig. 18). D i s t r i b u t i o n: We s t e r n C a p e P r o v i n c e, S o u t h Africa, Langeberg Mountains from Swellendam to Grootvadersbosch and surroundings (Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC006FF804319F9AFD601FABB.taxon	description	(FIGS 3 D – F, 4 D, 5, 7, 8 – 11, 21, 22)	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC006FF804319F9AFD601FABB.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Whereas we have not examined the syntypes of this species, the key, description and illustrations provided by Purcell (1904: 152 – 154) and the examination of topotypes leave no doubt as to the species identity. Material examined: 4 ♀ and eight immatures from South Africa, Western Cape Province, Knysna, [− 34.033333, 23.033333], October 1946, Malkin col., preparation codes APG- 00002 [♀] and APG- 00063 [♀], CAS (CASENT 9021765); two immatures, same locality, Industrial Area, [− 34.044894, 23.077147]), 3 February 1991, collected in big tree, V. Roth col., CAS (CASENT 9048598); 2 ♂ and 2 ♀, same province, Harkerville State Forest, 19 km E Knysna, − 34.05, 23.233333, 11 – 13 December 1996, elev. 240 m, C. Griswold col., indigenous forest, preparation codes FML- 00548 - 00549 [♂] and FML- 00558 [♀], deposited in CAS (CASENT 9021766); 2 ♂, 3 ♀ and 11 immatures, same data, CAS (CASENT 9048601); ♂, same data, preparation codes FML- 01008 - 01009 and FML- 01117, CAS (CASENT 9048600); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053369); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053371); ♀, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053372); ♂, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053367); ♂, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053370); one immature, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053368); one immature, same data, CAS (CASENT 9053374); ten immature, same data, CAS (CASENT 9048601); 2 ♀ and two immatures, same data, CAS (CASENT 9021766); ♀ and two immatures, same data, forest, hand collecting, night, P. Sierwald col., FMNH; 5 ♀, same province, Kranshoek, 20 km E Knysna, − 34.0833, 23.2333, 13 December 1996, elev. 180 m, indigenous forest, C. Griswold col., CAS (CASENT 9021764); ♀, same data, forest, hand collecting, night, P. Sierwald col., FMNH; ♀, same province, Diepwalle Forest Station, 22 km NE Knysna, − 33.948599, 23.157369, 10 – 13 January 1985, elev. 1800 ft., indigenous forest in holes in tree trucks, C. Griswold, T. Meikle Griswold cols., preparation codes FML- 01002 - 01007 and FML- 01011 - 01012, CAS (CASENT 9048599); ♂, 5 ♀ and three immatures, same data, 11 – 13 November 1985, indigenous forest, C. Griswold, J. Doyen, T. Meikle Griswold cols., NMSA; ♀, same data, NMSA; 4 ♀ and two immatures, same data, 10 – 13 November 1985, in holes tree trunks in indigenous forest, C. Griswold, T. Meikle Griswold cols., NMSA; ♀ and two immatures, same data, 11 – 13 December 1996, elev. 540 m, C. Griswold col., CAS (CASENT 9021761); three immatures, Eastern Cape Province, Tsitsikamma National Park, 78 km E Knysna, − 34.023483, 23.890333, 17 – 18 February 2006, elev. 15 m, coastal forest, J. Miller, H. Wood cols., CAS (CASENT 9023643). Diagnosis: Females of I. silvicola comb. nov. resemble those of I. productum comb. nov. by the inner and outer spermathecae clustered, and the integrated plate (Figs 10, 18, 19, 21), but can be distinguished by the epigastrium and postepigastrium plates, the dorsal receptaculum with muscle insertions and partially integrated to the (posterior) plate and the anterior ridge diffuse (Figs 4 D, 21), while I. productum comb. nov. lacks both epigastrium and postepigastrium plates, has an integrated dorsal receptaculum without muscle insertions and conspicuous anterior ridge (Figs 18, 19). Males of I. silvicola comb. nov. can be distinguished from other Izithunzi by the pedipalp elongated, the ventral condyle of the patella-tibiae joint not projecting prolaterally, cymbium swollen (L ≤ 1.5 × W) and 1.5 times longer than the base of the copulatory bulb, and the apex more than three times longer than the base (Fig. 21). Redescription female (Harkerville State Forest: Habitus CASENT 9021766; SEM CASENT 9043066; Measurements CASENT 9053369): Total length 8.8. Prosoma: length 3.49, width 2.67, height 2.18. Sternum: length 1.76, width 1.45. Leg measurements: femur: I: 9.8, II: 8.0, III: 6.74, IV: 8.72; patella: I: 0.82, II: 0.93, III: 0.92, IV: 0.97; tibia: I 9.44, II: 7.12, III: 5.85, IV: 8.4; metatarsus: I: 9.36, II: 7.6, III: 5.61, IV: 8.24; tarsus: I: 1.54, II: 1.48, III: 1.46, IV: 1.92; podotarsite: I: 0.12, II: 0.15, III: 0.14, IV: 0.14; total: I: 31.08, II: 25.28, III: 20.72, IV: 28.39. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 5.25, width 2.42, height 2.95. Chelicerae promargin with six bracket setae (Fig. 3 D), and a row of seven macrosetae against the triangular lamina. Cheliceral retromargin with an extra small tooth, next to the apical tooth on the cheliceral furrow. Labium dun, reddish at narrow area and white at apex (Figs 8, 22). Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn thick, distally blunt (Fig. 3 F). Sternum dun (Fig. 22). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan (Fig. 22). Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown, smooth, without chevrons (Fig. 22). Epigastrium plate extending posteriorly beyond middle of opisthosoma, covered with thin setae (Fig. 21). Postepigastrium plate triangular, swollen, just below the epigastric furrow (Fig. 21). Lateral sclerotized grooves conspicuous, well defined, associated with the postepigastrium plate (Fig. 21). Inner spermathecae oval. Outer spermathecae tetrahedral (Fig. 21). Inner spermathecae duct opening to the integrated plate anteriorly, next to the outer spermathecae (Fig. 21). Redescription male (Harkerville State Forest: Habitus CASENT 9021766; SEM and leg measurements CASENT 9048600; Body measurements CASENT 9053367): Total length 5.93. Prosoma: length 2.73, width 1.98, height 1.39. Sternum: length 1.48, width 1.2. Leg measurements: femur: I: 11.7, II: 9.7, III: 7.6, IV: 9.8; patella: I: 0.86, II: 0.89, III: 0.83, IV: 0.92; tibia: I 11.5, II: 9.12, III: 6.92, IV: 9.3; metatarsus: I: 12.65, II: 9.9, III: 7.6, IV: 9.9; tarsus: I: 1.67, II: 1.6, III: 1.59, IV: 2.2; podotarsite: I: 0.14, II: 0.12, III: 0.19, IV: 0.16; total: I: 38.52, II: 31.33, III: 24.73, IV: 32.28. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 3.3, width 1.43, height 1.31. Male pedipalp: femur: 2.02, patella: 0.69, tibia: 1.04, tarsus: 0.47. Coloration lighter than in female, thoracic area pattern reduced, V-shaped mark narrower (Fig. 21 D – F). Epiandrous spigots arising in three bunches from isolated pits. Pedipalpal prolateral femoral thorn distally acute and longer than in females; femora elongated (L> 4 × W); tibiae thin (L> 2.5 × W) (Fig. 21). Copulatory bulb apex elongated (Fig. 21). In addition, the copulatory bulb apex appears slightly curved in lateral (both pro- and prolateral) and apical views (Fig. 21). Distribution: Western and Eastern Cape Provinces, South Africa, in Knysna-Amatola montane forests (Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
03C5BF3CC03BFF8643E4FA94D29EFC71.taxon	description	(FIGS 6, 8, 11, 23, 24) Type material: Holotype: ♀ from South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal Province, Indlovu DC, Natal Karkloof, 50 km NNW Pietermaritzburg, − 29.433333, 30.316667, 20 October 1985, elev. 4600 ft, forest, C. Griswold, J. Doyen, T. Meikle Griswold cols., preparation codes FML- 01228 - 1231, 1247, 1354 [♀], deposited in NMSA. Further material examined: 4 ♀, same province as the holotype, North Uthungulu, iSimangaliso Wetland Park (label St. Lucia National Park), Fanieseiland, camp, [− 28.112461, 32.431443], 24 January 1991, V. D. Roth, B. Roth cols., CAS (CASENT 9021763). Etymology: The specific name is a patronym in honour of Mathew Sibusiso Zondi, who taught author Griswold to say ‘ hello’, ‘ thank you’ and ‘ we are collecting spiders’ in Zulu. Diagnosis: Females of I. zondii sp. nov. resemble those of I. lina sp. nov. by the inner and outer spermathecae separated, the vulval plates pressed together anteriorly, and the anterior plate heavily sclerotized (Figs 10, 16, 23), but can be distinguished by the anterior plate strongly curved anteriorly (inverted V shaped), the posterior plate straight and the dorsal receptaculum partially integrated to the posterior plate (Fig. 23), while I. lina sp. nov. has anteriorly curved vulval plates and integrated dorsal receptaculum (Figs 10, 16). Description female (Natal Karkloof: habitus and measurements NMSA): Total length 9.04. Prosoma: length 3.84, width 2.77, height 2.2. Sternum: length 1.84, width 1.49. Leg measurements: femur: I: 10.8, II: 9.0, III: 7.52, IV: 9.4; patella: I: 1.0, II: 1.03, III: 0.99, IV: 1.02; tibia: I: 10.0, II: 7.92, III: 6.61, IV: 8.64; metatarsus: I: 9.7, II: 7.92, III: 6.74, IV: 8.64; tarsus: I: 2.02, II: 1.94, III: 1.92, IV: 2.65; podotarsite: I: 0.12, II: 0.13, III: 0.15, IV: 0.16; total: I: 33.64, II: 27.94, III: 23.93, IV: 30.51. Leg formula: 1423. Opisthosoma: length 5.75, width 3.65, height 3.84. Thoracic area lateral margins and central V-shaped pattern darkish dun, forming a continuum (Fig. 24). Chelicerae promargin with three bracket setae, and a row of seven macrosetae against the triangular lamina (Fig. 8). Labium dun, reddish at narrow area 426 F. M. LABARQUE ET AL. and white at apex (Fig. 24). Sternum dun (Fig. 24). Femora and tibiae dun, patellae, metatarsi and tarsi tan. Opisthosoma colour overall dark brown forming thick chevrons extending anteriorly (Fig. 24). Chevrons well-spaced anteriorly, clustered posteriorly, the first two forming a continuum (Fig. 24). Outer spermathecae minute (Fig. 23). Inner spermathecae oval (Fig. 24). Distribution: KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, from Natal midlands at Karkloof to coast at iSimangaliso Wetland Park and surroundings (Fig. 6; Supporting Information, Fig. S 1).	en	Labarque, Facundo M., Pérez-González, Abel, Griswold, Charles E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny and revision of the false violin spiders (Araneae: Drymusidae) of Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 390-430
