taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C287EA5620470BFF26E0B2FAB7CBC1.taxon	description	Cauloramphus ‘ Korea Baeng. sp. 1 ’: Dick et al. 2013: 33, 40, 41.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5620470BFF26E0B2FAB7CBC1.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Honorific for Dr Matthew H. Dick, Hokkaido University, Japan, who has greatly advanced knowledge of bryozoans in the North Pacific, especially the genus Cauloramphus.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5620470BFF26E0B2FAB7CBC1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIBRIV 0000325931, Yeonhwa-ri, 37.9378 ° N, 124.6233 ° E, Baengnyeong Island, 27 November 2007, low tide, collected by B. S. Min and A. V. Grischenko. Paratypes: NIBRIV 0000711262, same collection data as for the holotype. Other material: Woosuk University collection — Baengnyeong Island: Dumujin (27 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (21 colonies), mostly on rocky substrata, but also on plastic debris, shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum).	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5620470BFF26E0B2FAB7CBC1.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 20 mm in diameter, brownish when dried. Autozooids contiguous, arranged in quincunx, more or less elongate-oval and tending to be widest in proximal half; interzooidal boundaries clearly defined by furrows. Gymnocyst very narrow laterally or not evident in frontal view, slightly developed proximally or not at all, smooth, bearing 10 – 16 periopesial spines; these more or less straight, obliquely angled part way across opesia; distalmost 3 – 5 spines stouter and more vertical; spine bases not dark. Cryptocystal rim inside and between periopesial spine bases, coarsely granular-tubercular except in distal quarter, of same width throughout except distally where it is narrowed to the point of absence. Opesia large, oval. Operculum comprising a transversely D-shaped flap, somewhat high-arched, at distal end of membranous frontal wall. Avicularia single or paired, fusiform in frontal view, asymmetrically clavate in lateral view, placed between the 2 nd and 3 rd, or 3 rd and 4 th, periopesial spines on either side, the mandibular-opesial surface steeply slanted, facing proximolaterally; rostrum and mandible acute; basal stalk of avicularium cuticular. Ooecium vestigial, comprising a small transversely arcuate structure with a flattened area of interior wall and a tiny pore, having 1 – 4 short distal lobes between spine bases. Communication pore areas in open-fronted pore-chambers along the base of the distolateral walls, with 1 – 2 such chambers mid-distally and 2 – 3 on each side distolaterally. Ancestrula not seen. Measurements. ZL, 358 – 474 (410) µm; ZW, 230 – 313 (276) µm; OpL, 279 – 341 (301) µm; OpW, 144 – 198 (174) µm.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5620470BFF26E0B2FAB7CBC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Cauloramphus dicki n. sp. is very similar to material from Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan, attributed by Grischenko et al. (2007) to Cauloramphus spinifer (Johnston, 1832), a species first described from Britain that is nominally widespread in the northern Pacific (Dick & Ross 1998; Grischenko et al. 2007). The specimens from Japan have the same total number of spines, similar avicularia (though less elongate), and the same relative proportions of gymnocyst and gymnocyst, but the vestigial ooecium is different. Whereas it is smooth and concave with a crest in putative C. spinifer from Hokkaido (Ostrovsky et al. 2007), that in C. dicki is flattened, with lobes extending between spine bases. Furthermore, in a study comparing morphological divergence with genetic distance using cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequences, Dick et al. (2013) showed that material from Baengnyeong Island here named as C. dicki was isolated from C. spinifer in the gene tree. It should be noted that the vestigial ooecium of C. spinifer from Europe has not been described, nor have COI sequences been obtained, so it remains to be demonstrated that this species really is in the North Pacific. [In passing, it should be noted that the specific epithet is sometimes rendered spiniferum (e. g. Hayward & Ryland 1998), but, whereas rhamphos (Greek, curved beak or bill) is neuter in gender, the Latinized form of the noun is masculine, hence spinifer is the correct spelling, as in several authors from O’Donoghue & O’Donoghue (1926) to Grischenko et al. (2007).]	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5620470BFF26E0B2FAB7CBC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Korea: Baengnyeong Island. Japan: Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido; low intertidal on hard substrata.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5627470AFF26E41DFBDECF3A.taxon	description	Cauloramphus ‘ Korea Baeng. sp. 2 ’: Dick et al. 2013: 33, 40, 41.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5627470AFF26E41DFBDECF3A.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Honorific for Ms Mary Spencer Jones, Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK), in recognition of her unfailing helpfulness to bryozoologists in providing information and images of bryozoans in the NHMUK collection.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5627470AFF26E41DFBDECF3A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIBRIV 0000325932, Yeonhwa-ri, 37.9378 ° N, 124.6233 ° E, Baengnyeong Island, 27 November 2007, low tide, collected by B. S. Min and A. V. Grischenko. Paratypes: NIBRIV 0000711263, same collection data as for holotype. Other material: Woosuk University collection — Baengnyeong Island: Hwadong (11 colonies), Junghwadong (65 colonies), Dumujin (110 colonies), Jinchon-ri (28 colonies), Gobongpo (1 colony), Yeonhwa-ri (173 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, but also on plastic debris, shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum).	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5627470AFF26E41DFBDECF3A.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 22 mm in diameter, brownish when dried. Zooids more or less elongate-oval, contiguous, arranged regularly in quincunx, the interzooidal boundaries well-defined by deep furrows. Gymnocyst confined to the steeply sloping sides and usually a slightly larger area proximally, smooth, often somewhat irregular in outline, bearing 12 – 20 periopesial spines; the distalmost 4 – 5 spines more or less erect, the remaining spines slightly curved, angled part way across opesia; bases dark. Cryptocystal rim coarsely granular inside and between the periopesial spine bases, of same width throughout. Opesia large, oval. Operculum comprising a transversely D-shaped flap at distal end of membranous frontal wall. Avicularia typically paired, fusiform in frontal view, clavate in lateral view, sometimes only one present, placed between the 2 nd and 3 rd, or 3 rd and 4 th periopesial spines on each side, the mandibular-opesial surface steeply slanted, facing laterally or proximolaterally; rostrum and mandible acute; short basal stalk of avicularium cuticular. Ooecium vestigial, comprising a small transversely arcuate structure at the distal end of maternal zooids, displacing the distal spines such that a distolateral pair is wider apart and a mid-distal one is obliterated or indents the distal margin. Communication pore areas in many small chamber-like recesses along the base of the lateral and distal walls. Measurements. ZL, 398 – 569 (459) µm; ZW, 224 – 350 (283) µm; OpL, 300 – 407 (334) µm; OpW, 157 – 220 (191) µm.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5627470AFF26E41DFBDECF3A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Cauloramphus spencerjonesae n. sp. is the second of two species from Baengnyeong Island analyzed genetically and morphologically by Dick et al. (2013). Initially, the identity of this species was unclear and it was compared with Cauloramphus variegatus (Hincks, 1881), which has been recorded from the northeastern Pacific from California to Alaska. Whereas Osburn (1950) considered C. variegatus probably to be synonymous with C. spinifer, Dick & Ross (1988) considered the two species to be distinct, and considered that while Osburn's description and illustration of C. spinifer appeared instead to represent C. variegatus, various previous northeastern Pacific records that Osburn listed in his synonymy of C. spinifer were either not C. spinifer or were questionably C. spinifer, but also were not C. variegatus. Dick and Ross (1988) noted that their own material from Kodiak Island, Alaska differed from Hincks’s (1881) description and illustration. Thanks to the courtesy of Mary Spencer Jones, we have been able to examine SEM images of unbleached C. variegatus from Santa Cruz, California, the type locality. Unlike both C. spinifer and the material from Baengnyeong Island here described as new, C. variegatus has a conspicuously pustulose cryptocyst and no gymnocyst, total spine number is 8 – 13, and the palate of the claviform avicularium is much less oblique, thus facing more frontally. Ooecia were not discernible in the images, in which skeletal details of most zooids were concealed by membranes. None of the three slides of specimens from Santa Cruz had been designated as the holotype, so we here select NHMUK 1899.5. 1.666 from the Hincks Collection as the lectotype, and designate specimens NHMUK 1899.5. 1.665 and 667 as paralectotypes.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA5627470AFF26E41DFBDECF3A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Korea: Baengnyeong Island; low intertidal on hard substrata.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56254709FF26E0F8FD44CC5C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MBRBKSP 029 — Dumujin, Baengnyeong Island. Other material: Woosuk University collection — Baengnyeong Island: Dumujin (7 colonies), on rocky substrata; Wan Island (1 colony), on a dead bivalve shell.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56254709FF26E0F8FD44CC5C.taxon	description	Description. Colony uniserial, ramifying, up to 25 mm in overall colony spread. Autozooids very elongated, comprising an elongate-oval dilatation and long filiform cauda that is stolon-like and of variable length, from 0.7 to 3 or more times dilatation length. Gymnocystal frontal shield smooth, convex but with no carina, often with fine longitudinal and transverse striae. Budding of daughter zooids generally more or less cruciform, with a pair of zooids budded laterally from narrow triangular pore-chambers, within the lateral walls, distal to the midpoint of the dilatation; budding also mid-distally. Orifice at highest point of zooid, anter high-arched, with a broad, deep, rounded V-shaped sinus one fifth of orifice length, a pair of short rounded condyles in the corners between anter and sinus. Measurements. ZL 231 – 288, (260) µm; ZW, 128 – 156 (142) µm; OrL, 47 – 70 (59) µm; OrW, 42 – 54 (48) µm.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56254709FF26E0F8FD44CC5C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Female zooids were seen but inadvertently lost during preparation for SEM; they were noted by light microscopy as having an imperforate apex. Ancestrulae were not encountered. Liu et al. (2001) noted the similarity of this species with cosmopolitan Hippothoa flagellum Manzoni, 1870 and concluded that previous records of H. flagellum in the region pertained to H. imperforata. He noted that, whereas the ancestrula of H. flagellum is kenozooidal, that in H. imperforata is tatiform. Further, H. flagellum has a narrower V-shaped sinus (Morris 1980) and a single mid-distal communication pore (Gordon 1984), whereas the sinus of H. imperforata is more rounded and there are two distal communication pores (Liu et al. 2001).	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56254709FF26E0F8FD44CC5C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China: Southeast of Hainan to the East China Sea southwest of Kyushu, Japan, 4 – 139 m. Korea: Baengnyeong Island to south coast, 0 – 80 m.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56254707FF26E4D8FDB1CC53.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NIBRIV 0000325933, Jinchon-ri, Baengnyeong Island. Other material: Woosuk University collection — Baengnyeong Island: Hwadong (11 colonies), Junghwadong (3 colonies), Dumujin (24 colonies), Jinchon-ri (51 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (21 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, plus shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum). East Sea: Namae port (1 colony), on the basal side of a bryozoan.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56254707FF26E4D8FDB1CC53.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, initially unilaminar, up to 15 mm in diameter, developing additional autozooids and reproductive zooids at a later stage, which increases the thickness of the crust; these frontally budded zooids are orientated irregularly. Autozooids more or less elongate-oval, the gymnocystal frontal shield highly convex, highest suborally where there may be an umbo, typically with weaker transverse ridges across other parts of the shield. Orifice evenly rounded, the near-circular shape interrupted by a stout, slightly upturned pair of condyles that mark the entrance to the sinus; distal rim of orifice somewhat cowl-like, rising up behind the operculum, which is more or less flat; sinus occupying c. 60 % of the proximal rim at the level of the condyles regardless of variability in orifice width. Typically 1 – 3 holes in the interzooidal furrows between zooids, these representing the frontal expressions of pore-chambers from which additional zooids, mainly reproductive, will be budded. Male zooids produced adventitiously, shorter and narrower than autozooids; orifice about half the width of autozooidal orifices but otherwise similar. Female zooids also budded adventitiously, these short, more or less triangular, the frontal shield rising to the suboral region; orifice mostly concealed by ooecium, but much wider than in autozooids, with a broad shallow poster; ectooecium more or less smoothly calcified, with 13 – 19 funnel-like pseudopores, sometimes ringed. Ancestrula oval, smooth, with a sinusoid orifice; early astogeny asymmetrical, with a daughter zooid arising on one side distolaterally, in turn giving rise to a daughter from a proximolateral position. Measurements. ZL, 357 – 442 (392) µm; ZW, 195 – 241 (215) µm; OrL, 93 – 109 (99) µm; OrW 84 – 106, (93) µm; ♂ OrL, 49 – 76 (62) µm; ♂ OrW, 52 – 66 (58) µm; OoL, 130 – 157 (141) µm; OoW, 202 – 234 (216) µm; AnL, 280 µm; AnW, 220 µm; AnOrL, 87 µm; AnOrW, 77 µm.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56254707FF26E4D8FDB1CC53.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The synonymy given above is restricted to the North Pacific and is not exhaustive. Dick et al. (2005) and Grischenko et al. (2007) have suggested that C. hyalina in the North Pacific may both be a species complex inasmuch as there is some morphological variation (see Morris 1976, 1980). The ancestrula and early astogeny in the present material match what Cancino & Hughes (1988) have described for C. hyalina from Britain, which is generally consistently unilateral (although occasional deviations may occur from the standard pattern at the same locality). This concordance in early astogeny between the material from Britain and Korea could support conspecificity inasmuch as early astogeny of multiserial hippothoids has been regarded as species-specific (e. g. Ryland & Gordon 1977); as noted above, however, molecular evidence points to a complex of cryptic species (see also Gómez et al. 2007).	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56254707FF26E4D8FDB1CC53.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The nominal species was first described from Western European seas (Linnaeus 1767) and has subsequently been accorded a near-cosmopolitan distribution. In the northeastern Pacific, material attributed to C. hyalina has been recorded from Alaska to California (Soule et al. 1995), while in the northwestern Pacific the species has been accorded a distribution from the Arctic (Kluge 1962; Androsova 1977), Sea of Okhotsk (Kubanin 1976), Kurile Islands (Gontar 1978), Sakhalin and the Japan Sea (Androsova 1958). More recently, with the integration of micromorphological (SEM) and molecular characters, additional species have been recognized from different parts of the Northern Hemisphere that were (or would have been) once attributed to C. hyalina, e. g. Celleporella angusta Álvarez, 1991, Celleporella reflexa Dick & Ross, 1988 and Celleporella osiani Hughes & Wright, 2014. Grischenko et al. (2007) noted differences in the numbers of ooecial pseudopores in populations in Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido. Further studies are needed on northern Pacific populations to determine the extent and geographical distribution of morphological variation. Published depth ranges are from 0 – 55 m (e. g. Hayward & Ryland 1999). Korea: Baengnyeong Island.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562B4706FF26E4EAFD62C96E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NIBRIV 0000325935, Dumujin, Baengnyeong Island. Other material: Woosuk University collection — Baengnyeong Island: Hwadong (8 colonies), Junghwadong (1 colony), Dumujin (96 colonies), Jinchon-ri (4 colonies); also Ui Island (1 colony). All colonies on rocky substrata.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562B4706FF26E4EAFD62C96E.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, mostly unilaminar, up to 15 mm in maximum spread. Zooids more or less regularly to irregularly disposed on the substratum, occasionally overgrowing neighboring zooids; slightly disjunct, with 2 – 5 small interzooidal spaces along each side of the zooid, depending on whether it is an autozooid or a sexual polymorph. Gymnocystal frontal shield with a series of weak transverse striae or ridges. Autozooids more or less elongate-oval to subclavate, highest suborally, widest just distal to midlength. Orificial sinus deep, U- to roundly Vshaped, with small triangular to peg-like condyles on the ‘ shoulders’ of the orifice. Female zooids more or less conical, whether longer than wide or wider than long, smaller than the ooecium; female orifice wider than long, with a distinctive frontal profile deriving from the short, rounded sinus and the shoulders that slope obliquely to the proximal corners. Ooecium prominent, more or less smooth, with mostly 4 pseudopores in a distal arc, sometimes 1 – 2 additional smaller pores mid-distally. Skeletally distinct male zooids not seen. Tubular lateral pore-chambers present. Ancestrula and early astogeny not seen. Measurements. ZL, 324 – 374 (348) µm; ZW, 144 – 177 (160) µm; OrL, 68 – 86 (75) µm; OrW, 62 – 69 (64) µm; OoL, 136 – 146 (141) µm; OoW, 161 – 165 (163) µm.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562B4706FF26E4EAFD62C96E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The material from South Korea accords well with the description of the species given by Dick et al. (2005), in particular the disjunct nature of the zooids, the distinctive female orifice, and the absence of skeletally distinct male zooids. The autozooidal orifice in the type material appears to be a little wider, with slightly stouter condyles, however.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562B4706FF26E4EAFD62C96E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Celleporella nodasakae was previously known only from Ketchikan, Alaska, where it also occurs intertidally. Korea: Baengnyeong Island.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56294705FF26E0B2FDBCCFF8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. NIBRIV 0000325937, Yeonhwa-ri, Baengnyeong Island. Other material: Woosuk University collction — Baengnyeong Island: Junghwadong (3 colonies), Dumujin (6 colonies), Jinchon-ri (9 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (50 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, but also on shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum).	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56294705FF26E0B2FDBCCFF8.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 10 mm in diameter, whitish. Zooids contiguous, arranged regularly in quincunx, more or less rounded-hexagonal, squat or only slightly elongate. Frontal shield more or less smooth, convex, rising to suboral umbonate area associated with avicularian chamber. Internal umbonuloid area of shield occupying about half shield length. Up to 8 – 9 relatively large areolar pores occur around the margin, fewer, larger pores apparent in older zooids. Primary orifice somewhat sunken below peristomial rim, its proximal margin with a relatively broad short, truncate convexity that simulates a lyrula but lacks alae; a short condyle evident in each proximolateral corner. Oral spines 4, relatively short, in developing zooids at colony margin, mostly becoming immersed in calcification. Median suboral avicularium set in proximal peristomial rim, rostrum rounded-triangular, with relatively large palatal foramen; crossbar complete. Avicularian chamber originating from an areolar pore on each side, the cystid with a proximal pair of pores that are retained as further calcification merges the cystid into the zooidal frontal shield. Occasional additional frontal avicularia in older part of colony. Ooecium recumbent, with membranous ectooecium and smooth skeletal endooecium, occupying about half the frontal area of the distal zooid; proximal rim of ooecium continuous with peristome as a combined secondary orifice; ooecium opening into space above primary orifice, below level of peristome. A well-developed pair of distolateral pore-chambers present. Measurements. ZL, 297 – 391 (332) µm; ZW, 180 – 260 (220) µm; OrL, 63 – 76 (71) µm; OrW, 113 – 126 (120) µm; OoL, 101 – 142 (113) µm; OoW, 129 – 172 (152) µm.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56294705FF26E0B2FDBCCFF8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The species bears a striking resemblance to some species of Aimulosia Jullien, 1888 from the Australasian region, especially Aimulosia marsupium (MacGillivray, 1869) and Aimulosia costata (Powell, 1967). Prior to transferral to Aimulosia by Gordon (1989), these species had been included in Porella (Hamilton 1898; Brown 1952; Powell 1967; Gordon 1984). Gordon’s (1989) grounds for transferring MacGillivray’s species from Porella to Aimulosia were based on examination of the type species of Aimulosia, Aimulosia australis Jullien, 1888, from magellanic South America. It has a short, rounded projection in the proximal margin of the orifice (Gordon 1989, pl. 25 F, G; Hayward 1995, p. 276). For this reason, Jullien (1888) included Aimulosia in the Smittinidae (as Smittidae), as did Gordon (1984, 1989). The species from the Australasian region also clearly resemble A. australis in the external appearance of the frontal shield and ooecium. Indeed, Waters (1904) believed MacGillivray’s species was identical. They are not, but they are clearly morphologically similar. Subsequently, Gordon et al. (2009) included Aimulosia in the Buffonellodidae Gordon & d’Hondt, 1997, characterized by a lepralioid frontal shield and the same external characters that are also seen in A. australis. Although Buffonellodes Strand, 1928 has a sinusoid orifice, the short rounded lyrulate structure in A. australis does not preclude a relationship with Buffonellodes and related genera — Berning et al. (2014) described how Pseudoflustra Bidenkap, 1898 includes both lyrulate and non-lyrulate species. The ooecium in both Porella and Aimulosia has the same structure, comprising a membranous ectooecium and a smooth imperforate endooecium, and the two genera are so close one must ask what separates them. The answer is, the frontal shield, which is lepralioid in Aimulosia (Buffonellodidae) and umbonuloid in Porella (Bryocryptellidae), the latter noted by (Hayward & Ryland 1999). The interior of the frontal shield in A. australis, A. marsupium and Buffonellodes rimosa Jullien, 1888 (the type species of Buffonellodes and Buffonellodidae) is lepralioid (D. Gordon, pers. observ.), whereas it is indeed umbonuloid in P. donoghueorum. But the question remains whether the type of frontal shield is adequate to separate Porella and Aimulosia, or even Bryocryptellidae and Buffonellodidae, as it is now known that some clades contain both types of frontal shield (e. g. Adeonidae and Smittinidae), with transitional forms between the two (e. g. Gordon 2000), in presumed ancestor-descendant relationships. Dick et al. (2005) described the ancestrula of P. donoghueorum, which is oval, with a transversely Dshaped orifice surrounded by eight spines.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56284702FF26E652FB42CCC6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name alludes to the cryptic, minutely toothed proximal margin of the primary orifice (Greek odon, tooth).	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56284702FF26E652FB42CCC6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype: NIBRIV 0000325941, Hwadong, Baengnyeong Island, 37.9192 ° N, 124.7002 ° E, southeastern coast, 24 November 2007, low tide, collected by B. S. Min and A. V. Grischenko. Paratype: NIBRIV 0000711264, Dumujin, 37.9738 ° N, 124.6170 ° E, northwestern coast, 25 November 2007, low tide, collected by B. S. Min and A. V. Grischenko. Other material: Woosuk University collection — Baengnyeong Island: Hwadong (47 colonies), Junghwadong (3 colonies), Dumujin (106 colonies), Jinchon-ri (7 colonies), Gobongpo (8 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (23 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, but also on plastic debris, shell and crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum). Cheongsan Island (1 colony) on a small rock.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56284702FF26E652FB42CCC6.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, small, to 40 mm in diameter. Autozooids at growing margin subhexagonal, with the angles rounded distally and proximally, and acute laterally; the overall shape less angular in older autozooids with heterozooids; arranged regularly in quincunx. Umbonuloid frontal shield not very convex, more or less smooth, with 5 – 7 conspicuous areolar pores along each margin. Primary orifice deep-set, proximal rim bearing 9 – 10 minute peg-like teeth along the proximal rim as seen from interior view. Oral spines usually 3, sometimes 4, on the distal rim of marginal zooids, proximal of which is a peristome that surrounds the rest of the orifice; middle part of peristome forming a bridge, creating a relatively large pseudospiramen, at the bottom of which the almost-concealed, minutely toothed border is just visible proximally; proximal margin of peristomial rim high, somewhat spout-like, sloping steeply to frontal shield. Oral spine bases mostly completely concealed in older or ovicellate zooids, although sometimes one can be seen adjacent to an avicularian rostrum projecting from a neighboring zooid. Avicularia paired or single, each budded from an areolar pore at widest part of zooid, the acute rostrum directed more or less laterally or slightly obliquely proximolaterally, the palatal foramen and avicularian opesia relatively large, separated by a complete crossbar. Ooecium recumbent on distal zooid, occupying much of its frontal shield, convex, smooth, subumbonate, forming a low arcuate rim around the distal margin of the maternal orifice, opening above secondary orifice. A pair of basal pore-chambers present in distal half of each zooid, with 1 – 2 mid-distally. Ancestrula not seen. Measurements. ZL, 276 – 427 (333) µm; ZW, 152 – 295 (235) µm; OrL, 80 – 91 (84) µm; OrW, 87 – 112 (99) µm; AvL, 75 – 101 (91) µm; AvW, 37 – 53 (45) µm; OoL, 142 – 169 (153) µm; Oo, W 149 – 180 (164) µm.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA56284702FF26E652FB42CCC6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We found E. cryptodontia n. sp. not only at Baengnyeong Island but also at deeper localities (27 – 42 m) among the islands of the southwestern coast of South Korea. In both areas the species is relatively common and abundant, so it is surprising that it appears not to have been previously encountered. Four species names have been applied to Recent Exochella from northeast Asia and a median pseudospiramen is lacking in all four. Two of them are endemic to the region. These are Exochella japonica Ortmann, 1890, which has a median peristomial process flanked by a pair of pseudosinuses and what may be lateral linear ridges on the ooecium, and Exochella areolata Okada & Mawatari, 1937, which also has a median process, but this is not flanked by pseudosinuses (cf. Kubanin 1975). The other two species names — Exochella tricuspis (Hincks, 1881) and Exochella longirostris Jullien, 1888 — pertain to taxa first described from Bass Strait, Australia and Magellanic South America, respectively. Published illustrations of these species (not all using SEM) from the northeast Asian region (e. g. Mawatari 1965; Rho & Lee 1980; Seo & Min 2009) certainly closely resemble those based on topotypic material but subtle differences are evident. Since neither of these species has been noted as hull-fouling or invasive, it is possible, if not likely, that populations from northeast Asia may not be conspecific. Close comparison of Asian material from Asia and austral regions using SEM needs to be carried out. One useful character is the internal configuration of orificial structures, such as depicted by Levinsen (1909) and Gordon (1989). A fifth form from northeast Asia is Exochella longirostris var. quadricella Sakakura, 1935 from the Pleistocene Dizodo beds of Boso Peninsula, Honshu, Japan. Sakakura noted that the number of basal porechambers was four (hence var. quadricella) compared to three in E. longirostris; it remains to be determined whether var. quadricella should be raised to species rank.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562E4701FF26E5E3FDF7C983.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Hippothyris rubescentis Liu in Liu, Yin & Ma, 2001, by monotypy.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562E4701FF26E5E3FDF7C983.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Honorific for Dr Chang-Hoon Suh, chairman of Woosuk University, Korea, in recognition of his service to the university.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562E4701FF26E5E3FDF7C983.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Colony encrusting, unilaminar. Autozooids quincuncial with distinct margins. Orifice hoof-shaped, more or less parallel-sided, with broad, concave poster and stout condyles. No oral spines. Frontal shield nonpseudoporous, hummocky, with many marginal areolar pores. Ooecium acleithral, with fully calcified ectooecium and scattered ectooecial pseudopores; encroaching secondary calcification from neighbouring zooids forming low crests and nodules at fusion points, concealing pseudopores. Avicularia adventitious with complete crossbars, variable in size and disposition, typically lateral-oral in many younger zooids, larger and frontal in older zooids. Multiporous mural septula in lateral walls. Ancestrula tatiform.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562E4701FF26E5E3FDF7C983.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The combination of characters in Suhius n. gen. is distinctive. On the one hand, the orifice is hoofshaped as in Hippoporella Canu, 1917 and some other genera of superfamily Celleporoidea, which explains why Androsova (1959) misattributed the type species to Hippoporella hippopus (Smitt, 1868 b). On the other hand, the ooecium when first formed is typical of genera of superfamily Smittinoidea, with a smoothly calcified perforated ectooecium. Accordingly, Liu et al. (2001) included the type species in the Bitectiporidae, a family of Smittinoidea in which the frontal shields and ooecia resemble those of many Smittinidae but the orifices are non-lyrulate (Gordon 1984). Liu et al. ’ s (2001) attribution of the species to Hippothyris Osburn, 1952 recognized the similarities between the two genera, but the type species of Hippothyris, Hippothyris emplastra Osburn, 1952 from deep water off Baja California, has only a small suboral avicularium, a discrete imperforate area of frontal shield surrounded by numerous pseudopores and an ectooecium with numerous pseudopores that never become wholly concealed by secondary calcification.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562D4701FF26E1DAFC0ACFDB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MBRBKSP 030 — Jinchon-ri, Baengnyeong Island. Other material: Woosuk University collection — Baengnyeong Island: Hwadong (2 colonies), Junghwadong (54 colonies), Dumujin (7 colonies), Jinchon-ri (69 colonies), Gobongpo (10 colonies), Yeonhwa-ri (53 colonies); mostly on rocky substrata, but also on crustose coralline algae (Clathromorphum).	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562D4701FF26E1DAFC0ACFDB.taxon	description	Description. Colony encrusting, unilaminar, up to 80 mm in maximum breadth, beige to orange in life. Autozooids more or less elongate-rectangular and somewhat parallel-sided to weakly elongate-pentagonal, arranged regularly in quincunx with distinct slightly raised margins. Orifice hoof-shaped, parallel-sided or nearly so, tending to be slightly wider proximad, the two parts of the orifice delimited by a pair of stout articular condyles that are slightly curved in a proximal direction. No oral spines. Frontal shield centrally imperforate, 6 – 10 areolar septular pores along each lateral margin, developing weak ribbing between the pores; this ribbing extending onto the frontal shield, converging near its center at one or more short tubercles or umbones that develop concurrently as loci of secondary calcification. Multiporous mural septula present in lateral walls. Ooecium relatively large and prominent, acleithral; the ectooecium initially smooth with 4 – 6 scattered pores, its surface rapidly becoming encroached upon by a thin layer of secondary calcification contributed by adjacent zooids, the boundaries between the contributions marked by thin raised lines; further calcification results in short tubercles and other irregularities. Avicularia adventitious, varying in shape, size and orientation. Autozooids in the zone of astogenetic repetition may lack avicularia or a lateral-oral avicularium may develop on one side of the orifice; this expands laterally away from the orifice to a thin, rounded rostral rim, the palatal foramen separated from the avicularian opesia by a very thin crossbar. In some zooids this avicularium may be replaced by a larger avicularium subjacent to the orifice; its rostrum is directed obliquely frontally and is acutely triangular with a slightly elevated tip; the crossbar is thin. In the zone of reproductive zooids, larger such avicularia develop on the frontal shield, proximal or centrally, and vary in orientation. Measurements. ZL, 398 – 496 (448) µm; ZW, 221 – 342 (276) µm; OrL, 115 – 130 (124) µm; OrW, 121 – 139 (128) µm; AvL, 59 – 69 (64) µm / AvW, 64 – 66 (65) µm (small rounded avicularium); AvL, 81 – 108 (95) µm / AvW, 62 – 85 (76) µm (larger acute avicularium); OoL, 202 – 214 (209) µm; OoW, 249 – 267 (275) µm.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562D4701FF26E1DAFC0ACFDB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Liu et al. (2001) described the ancestrula and early astogeny. The ancestrula is tatiform, with a subcircular opesia occupying two-thirds of the frontal area and surrounded by 10 marginal spines. Periancestrular zooids have 4 – 5 oral spines.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
03C287EA562D4701FF26E1DAFC0ACFDB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Liu et al. (2001) recorded this species from the coastal waters of China south of the city of Huangdao, north to the northern Yellow Sea (Korea Bay), from at least 5 m to 60 m depth. [One of their datum points seems to be in error as the coordinates, well within Korean waters, do not coincide with the stated depth of 4 m.] Androsova (1959) reported it (as Hippoporella hippopus) from the Qingdao area. It is not surprising that it should be found at Baengnyeong Island, where it is common intertidally.	en	Min, Bum Sik, Seo, Ji Eun, Grischenko, Andrei V., Gordon, Dennis P. (2017): Intertidal Bryozoa from Korea — new additions to the fauna and a new genus of Bitectiporidae (Cheilostomata) from Baengnyeong Island, Yellow Sea. Zootaxa 4226 (4): 451-470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.4.1
