identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C38798FF89466A8ED728024043FCA3.text	03C38798FF89466A8ED728024043FCA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa Roding 1798	<div><p>Genus Pupa Röding, 1798</p><p>Pupa R̂ding, 1798: 110. Type species: Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, here designated (ICZN, 1999: Article 70.3).</p><p>Solidula Fischer von Waldheim, 1807: 226 . Type species: Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, by absolute tautonymy.</p><p>Dactylus Schumacher, 1817: 234 . Type species: Dactylus punctatus Schumacher, 1817 [= Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758], by monotypy.</p><p>Buccinulus Herrmannsen, 1852: 19 . Type species: Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.</p><p>Strigopupa Habe, 1958: 117 . Type species: Buccinulus strigosus Gould, 1859 [= Pupa affinis (A. Adams, 1855)], by original designation.</p><p>Remarks. R̂ding (1798) introduced the genus name Pupa R̂ding, 1798 [sometimes the authorship is attributed to Bolten, see Suter (1813)] with no description and including two species. R̂ding (1798) refers to the first species with the name Pupa solidula, but with a reference to “the thick shelled pupa of Gmelin,” or the species that Gmelin (1791) refers to as Voluta flammea [= Maxacteon flammeus (Bruguière, 1789)]; the second species included by R̂ding (1798) in the genus Pupa is Pupa grisebla R̂ding, 1798, which is a new name for the species Gmelin (1971) referred to as Voluta solidula [= Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Subsequently, Suter (1913) designated Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) as the type species, but Suter (1913) did not clarify whether he was referring to Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) or “ Pupa solidula ” sensu R̂ding (1798) [= Maxacteon flammeus (Bruguière, 1789)]. Dodge (1955) and Rudman (1971) erroneously indicated that Suter (1913) designated Pupa grisebla R̂ding, 1798 as the type species of Pupa . According to Article 70.3 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), if an author discovers that a type species was misidentified, the author may select, and thereby fix as type species, the species that will best serve stability and universality. Thus, Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758 is here designated as the type species of Pupa .</p><p>Fischer von Waldheim (1807) introduced the genus Solidula based on several species, including Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, which is the type by absolute tautonymy. Because Solidula and Pupa have the same type species, these two names are objective synonyms.</p><p>Schumacher (1817) described the genus Dactylus, with a short Latin text, for the new species Dactylus punctatus Schumacher, 1817, type species by monotypy. The description of Dactylus punctatus also includes a short Latin description (biplicate columella, upright aperture) and references to Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758 [= Pupa solidula], Voluta solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) sensu Chemnitz (1787 –88: 154–156, pl. 149, fig. 1405), and the non-binominal name “ Auricula Midae non fimbriata ” (listed as “ Auricula punctata ”) described by Martini (1773: 124, pl. 43, figs. 440–441), which corresponds to Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791 [= Pupa sulcata]. Thus, Dactylus is a synonym of Pupa . Gray (1847) and other authors considered Bulla solidula as the type species of Dactylus .</p><p>Herrmannsen (1852) mentioned for the first time the genus name Buccinulus in binominal form, based on the pre-Linnean name “ Buccinulus ” of Planci (1739: 24, pl. 2, fig. 8). Therefore, Herrmannsen’s (1852) work constitutes the original description of the genus, with Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758, as the type species by monotypy. Other authors (see Pilsbry, 1893) have assigned the authorship of Buccinulus to Adams &amp; Adams (1854), who two years after Herrmannsen (1852) provided a description for Buccinulus with authorship also attributed to Plancus (Planci, 1739: 24, pl. 2, fig. 8). Adams &amp; Adams (1854) regarded Pupa R̂ding, 1798, Solidula Fischer von Waldheim, 1807, and Dactylus Schumacher, 1817 as synonyms of Buccinulus . Adams &amp; Adams (1854) considered Buccinulus as distinct from Acteon because of the presence of a double fold in the columella, but in the illustration by Planci (1739: 24, pl. 2, fig. 8), this double fold is not visible, and the latter probably constitutes a species of a different genus of Acteonidae, most likely Acteon tornatilis (Linnaeus, 1758) (see Pilsbry, 1893). Because Buccinulus and Pupa have the same type species, these two names are objective synonyms.</p><p>Habe (1958) described the new subgenus Strigopupa Habe, 1958 for Pupa strigosa sekii Habe, 1958 because of some differences in the radular morphology with other species of Pupa . Pupa sekii is either considered a synonym of Pupa affinis (Beu, 2004) or a valid species of Pupa (Helwerda, 2015; Chaban, 2016), thus Strigopupa is considered a synonym of Pupa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF89466A8ED728024043FCA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF8846678ED72F7B44A7F86B.text	03C38798FF8846678ED72F7B44A7F86B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa solidula (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>(Figs. 2A, 3, 4A, 5A)</p><p>Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758: 728–729 . Type locality: undetermined.</p><p>Pupa grisebla R̂ding, 1798: 110. Type locality: undetermined.</p><p>Dactylus punctatus Schumacher, 1817: 234 . Type locality: undetermined.</p><p>Type material. Bulla solidula, Pupa grisebla, and Dactylus punctatus —original type material untraceable, neotype (here designated), 20 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86152, isolate KF70), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.17166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.563334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.17166/lat -20.563334)">Strait of Baron</a>, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°33.8′S, 164°10.3′E) [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR644, soft bottom], 29 Sep 2018 .</p><p>Material examined. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.24834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.24834/lat -20.6)">Interior</a> of the Great Reef of Koumac, next to the Strait of Koumac, New Caledonia (20°39.1′S, 164°13.4′E), 13–15 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR601, coarse sand], 3 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 13 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86155, isolate KF65). Koumac lagoon, New Caledonia (20°36′S, 164°14.9′E), 11 m depth [Koumac 2.3 stn. KD502], 28 Oct 2019, 1 specimen 16 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86162) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.225&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.653334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.225/lat -20.653334)">Interior</a> of the Great Reef of Koumac, New Caledonia (20°39.2′S, 164°13.5′E), 10 m depth, [Koumac 2.3 stn. KD516], 1 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 20 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86163) . <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.27333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.73" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.27333/lat -20.73)">Koumac</a> lagoon, New Caledonia (20°43.8′S, 164°16.4′E), 11–12 m depth, [Koumac 2.3 stn. KD578], 19 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 12 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86164) .</p><p>External morphology. Body oval, about the same width throughout (Fig. 2A). Cephalic shield deeply notched longitudinally, with two elongate posterior extensions covering anterior end of shell. Foot extending beyond cephalic shield laterally. Body color translucent white, with opaque white dots scattered all over dorsal surface of cephalic shield, foot. Shell solid, narrow to oval, elongate (Fig. 3), widest at mid-length, sides convex, rounded anterior end. Body whorl large, about 6/7–7/8 of total length. Spire elongate, conical, with four whorls. Suture channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing abruptly towards posterior end, ending at 1/7 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with single large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture. Apex of all specimens examined damaged, protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, fused, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps wider than grooves. Shell color white (orange-brown in New Caledonia species as they are covered with fine silt), checkered with dark grey to black, square to oval patches, situated on gaps between punctuated spiral grooves all over shell. Irregular white pigment among some of the dark patches. One band on body whorl with smaller patches in some specimens. Posterior whorls orange-brown with no dark patches. Punctuated spiral grooves often edged in orange-red. Operculum translucent to ochre, oval to elongate, with faint longitudinal striations (Fig. 4A).</p><p>Internal morphology. Reproductive system with large, elongate penis (Fig. 5A), otherwise indistinct. Digestive system with elongate buccal mass (Fig. 6A). Oral tube conical, connected to curved buccal bulb. Salivary glands, esophagus, connected on proximal end of buccal bulb. Radular formula 111 × 4.0. 4 in a 13 mm long specimen (MNHN IM- 2013-86155). Lateral teeth similar in shape (Fig. 7A). Teeth triangular, with broad bases; elongate, curved, sharp cusp; 6–7 denticles similar to cusp in shape, shorter. Jaws with elongate elements, bearing 2–6 finger-like projections apically, normally arranged on same plane (Fig. 8A).</p><p>Geographic range. Widespread in the tropical Indo-West Pacific region (Rudman, 1998a; Gosliner et al., 2018).</p><p>Remarks. Linnaeus (1758) introduced the name Bulla solidula based on an illustration by Bonanni (1681: fig. 143) and the following description: “bubble shell oblong-oval, dark striated, spire acute elevated, columella biplicated.” Linnaeus’ (1758) description clearly corresponds to the modern usage of the name Pupa as it refers to the two columellar folds, but it is not detailed enough to determine to which of the currently recognized species it corresponds. The illustration by Bonanni (1681, fig. 143) is also very crude and difficult to interpret, the aperture is not visible and the teleoconch possesses 7 whorls, each with about 10 dark, narrow longitudinal stripes. This illustration resembles the characteristics of Acteon virgatus (Reeve, 1842) but it is much more elongated. Bonanni (1681: 203) also included a short description: “turbo similar to the ‘Garagoo’ [= Aporrhais pespelecani (Linnaeus, 1758) ?], light-colored, rarely green.” Later, Linnaeus (1764: 590) provided a more detailed description of this species, including information on the color of the shell: “lined with white bands, wavy red longitudinally,” which appears consistent with the current usage of Acteon virgatus (Reeve, 1842) or perhaps Maxacteon flammeus (Gmelin, 1791) . Gmelin (1791: 3437) transferred B. solidula to the genus Voluta and included several additional references, such as Linnaeus (1764) and others, but kept the reference to Bonanni (1681) and added Bonanni (1709) [the Kircher Museum catalog] both with a question mark, suggesting that Gmelin (1791) was not sure the illustrations and descriptions by Bonanni (1681; 1709) fit his interpretation of this species. As a side note, Bonanni (1709: 457) refers to the same shell (no. 143) as in Bonanni (1681) but with a somewhat different description: “Turbo white and rare, representing a snail shape, which many Spanish people call Garagoi [sic].” Other early illustrations attributed to this species by Kiener (1834, pl. 1, fig. 2) and Reeve (1842b, pl. 206, fig.7) represent a species of Pupa with a characteristic white shell checkered with reddish, brown, or black square to oval patches, and irregular white pigment among some of the dark patches. Pilsbry (1893) described and figured shell specimens similar to those illustrated by Kiener (1834) and Reeve (1842b) and transferred B. solidula to the genus Solidula . Dodge (1955) placed B. solidula in the genus Pupa and provided a comprehensive discussion of the use of the name B. solidula in the old literature, too lengthy to be included here. Recent illustrations of live animals (e.g., Rudman, 1998a; Hervé, 2010; Gosliner et al., 2018) are also consistent with the usage of the name P. solidula in the references above, except that instead of white, the shells from New Caledonia specimens are orange-brown; this is due to the presence of sticky brownish-orange silt deposited on the shell surface (pers. obs.). Although the name P. solidula has been consistently applied to the same species in the literature, the taxonomic status of the name P. solidula remains unclear, due to the lack of information in the original description (Hanley, 1855) and it has been applied to different species early on (Dodge, 1955). In order to define this nominal taxon objectively, a specimen collected in New Caledonia (MNHN IM-2013-86152, isolate KF70) is here designated as the neotype in accordance with ICZN (1999: Article 75). The name-bearing type specimen (holotype?) of P. solidula is untraceable and probably lost. According to Hanley (1855) no shells in the “Linnean Cabinet” (Linnean Society of London) agree with the original description of B. solidula . Filippo Bonanni (or Buonanni), the author of the drawing upon which the name P. solidula is based was an Italian Jesuit priest and shell collector, who was commissioned to reorganize the “Kircher Museum” (Inglehart, 2018). The specimen in question is cited in the catalogue of the “Kircher Museum” (Bonanni, 1709), indicating it was part of the collection. However, the collections of the “Kircher Museum” were dispersed among various museums in Rome and other parts of Italy and numerous attempts to locate this specimen by contacting various scholars (M. Oliverio, P. Findlen, A. Inglehart) have failed. A box of shells and fossils from “Kircher Museum” is deposited at the Museo di Anatomia Comparata “Battista Grassi” in Rome, but none of the specimens in the box belongs to a species of Pupa (M. Oliverio, pers. comm.). It can only be assumed, with the available evidence that the original type material of P. solidula is probably lost.</p><p>As mentioned above, R̂ding (1798) introduced the new name Pupa grisebla R̂ding, 1798 for the species Gmelin (1971) referred to as Voluta solidula [= Pupa solidula (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Therefore, Pupa grisebla R̂ding, 1798 is an unnecessary replacement name for P. solidula and therefore available (ICZN, 1999: Article 12.2.3), but an objective junior synonym of Pupa solidula . Also, as mentioned above, Schumacher (1817) introduced the name Dactylus punctatus Schumacher, 1817 based on a short description and references to Bulla solidula Linnaeus, 1758 [= Pupa solidula], Voluta solidula (Linnaeus, 1758) sensu Chemnitz (1787 –88: 154–156, pl. 149, fig. 1405), which is consistent with the usage of Pupa solidula, and the non-binominal name “ Auricula Midae non fimbriata ” (listed as “ Auricula punctata ”) described by Martini (1773: 124, pl. 43, figs. 440–441), which corresponds to Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791 [= Pupa sulcata]. Because D. punctatus appears to be based on two different species, to prevent further confusion and fix the usage of the name, the neotype of B. solidula is here designated as the neotype of D. punctatus, fixing the synonymy of these two names.</p><p>Buccinulus huttoni Kirk, 1882 was considered a synonym of P. solidula by Beu (2004), but the examination of the holotype suggests that B. huttoni is in fact a synonym of Pupa affinis (A. Adams, 1855) (see remarks of this species).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF8846678ED72F7B44A7F86B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF8446648ED72C8B422BFEAB.text	03C38798FF8446648ED72C8B422BFEAB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa sulcata (Gmelin 1791)	<div><p>Pupa sulcata (Gmelin, 1791)</p><p>(Figs 2B–C, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 9)</p><p>Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791: 3436 . Type locality: undetermined.</p><p>Tornatella glabra Reeve, 1842a: 60; 1842b: 148, pl. 206, fig. 12. Type locality: Negros Island, Philippines.</p><p>Type material. Voluta sulcata — original type material untraceable; Tornatella glabra — 3 syntypes, dry shells, 22– 24 mm long (NHMUK 196956) .</p><p>Material examined. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.806667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.28334/lat -20.806667)">Infernet Reef</a>, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°36.7′S, 164°14.7′E), 5 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR301], 6 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 18.5 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86147, isolate KF71). Interior of the Great Reef, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°38.3′S, 164°12.4′E), 7–15 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR607, soft bottom], 05 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 13 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86145, isolate KF73). Koumac lagoon, New Caledonia (20°38.5′S, 164°13.1′E), 15 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR616, soft bottom], 12 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 14 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86146, isolate KF74). Interior of the Great Reef, Koumac, above the Fallipes, New Caledonia (20°32.3′S, 164°04.5′E), 7 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR621], 20 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 15 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86160, isolate KF75). Interior of the Great Reef, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°48.4′S, 164°17′E), 3 m depth [Koumac 2.3 stn. KR1037], 12 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 17 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013- 86165, isolate KF110) .</p><p>External morphology. Body elongated, narrower anteriorly (Fig. 2B–C). Cephalic shield deeply notched longitudinally, with two elongate posterior extensions covering anterior end of shell. Foot extending beyond cephalic shield laterally. Body color translucent white, with numerous opaque white dots scattered all over dorsal surface of cephalic shield, foot. Shell solid, oval to elongate, widest mid-length, with convex sides, rounded anterior end (Fig. 9). Body whorl large, about 5/6–7/8 of total length. Spire short, conical, with 4 whorls. Suture slightly channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/5–1/8 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; smaller, simple posterior fold located about aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Apex of all specimens examined damaged, protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps much wider than grooves. Shell color white, with bands of reddish-brown or grey to black. Irregular, zig-zagging patches situated on gaps between punctuated spiral grooves—more densely arranged in some specimens—all over shell. Two bands on body whorl with either lighter colored patches or no patches at all. Posterior whorls either red or white. Punctuated spiral grooves often edged in reddish orange. Operculum translucent, oval to elongate, with faint transverse striations (Fig. 4B).</p><p>Internal morphology. Reproductive system with large, elongate penis, wider towards distal end, otherwise indistinct (Fig. 5B). Digestive system with elongate buccal mass (Fig. 6B). Oral tube conical, connected to long, convoluted buccal bulb.Short salivary glands, esophagus, connected on proximal end of buccal bulb. Radular formula 99 × 5.0. 5 in a 14 mm long specimen (MHNH IM-2013-86146). Lateral teeth similar in shape, increasing in size gradually towards outer edge (Fig. 7B). Teeth triangular, with broad base; elongate, curved, sharp cusp; 3–4 denticles similar to cusp in shape, shorter. Jaws with elongate elements, bearing 3–7 short projections apically (Fig. 8B).</p><p>Geographic range. Widespread in the tropical Indo-West Pacific region (Rudman, 1998b; Gosliner et al., 2018).</p><p>Remarks. Gmelin (1791: 3436) introduced the new name Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791 based on Martini’s (1773: 124, pl. 43, figs. 440–441) illustration and description of “ Auricula Midae non fimbriata ” and his own description “volute shell compressed, oval-oblong grooved white and yellow-spotted, columella biplicata.” The illustration by Martini (1773: pl. 43, figs. 440–441) is consistent with the current usage of the name Pupa sulcata (see Wells &amp; Bryce, 1993; Rudman, 1998b) as it represents a shell with two conspicuous columellar folds and a pattern of irregular, zig-zagging patches. In the same work, Gmelin (1791: 3455) described a second species with the name Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791, this time based on Chemnitz’s (1787 –88: 234, pl. 150, fig. 1407) illustration and description of “ Turricula Longitudinaliter Sulcata,” which is a synonym of Pusia microzonias (Lamarck, 1811) (Family Costellariidae) (see Cernohorsky, 1978). Two probable syntypes of this species remain (NHMD 229656). Cernohorsky (1978) “disposed of” Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791: 3455 as a primary homonym of Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791: 3436 . According to the ICZN (1999: Article 52.3), the relative precedence of homonyms (including primary and secondary homonyms in the case of species-group names) is determined by applying the relevant provisions of the Principles of Priority and the First Reviser. In this context, Cernohorsky (1978) clearly applied the Principle of the First Reviser giving priority to Voluta sulcata Gmelin, 1791: 3436 (ICZN, 1999: Article 24.2.2).</p><p>Reeve (1842a) introduced the name Tornatella glabra Reeve, 1842 based on an undermined number of specimens collected by Mr. Cuming on Negros Island, Philippines, and illustrated by Reeve (1842b: pl. 206, fig. 12). Reeve (1842a) described the shells of this species as ovate, white, with transverse striations, and gray to black spots; spire raised, with a sharp apex; columella biplicate, with two lobes. Reeve (1842a) commented that T. glabra has been previously confused with the similar species Tornatella solidula but it could be distinguished by being more highly polished and also because it “is stamped with a certain peculiarity of character by which it cannot fail to be recognised.” The illustration of the shell Reeve (1842b: pl. 206, fig. 12) clearly represent a species of Pupa with greyish spots and long, black, continuous longitudinal lines on a white background. Brazier (1878) reported T. glabra from New Caledonia under the binomen Buccinulus glaber . Pilsbry (1893) considered T. glabra as a synonym of T. sulcata as he regarded the latter is a highly variable species in shell color. This opinion is here supported by the examination of photographs of the remaining syntypes of T. glabra (Fig. 9A–C), which are clearly conspecific with the material here assigned to P. sulcata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF8446648ED72C8B422BFEAB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF81467F8ED72AEC45EFFE1B.text	03C38798FF81467F8ED72AEC45EFFE1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa nitidula (Lamarck 1822)	<div><p>Pupa nitidula (Lamarck, 1822)</p><p>(Figs. 2D, 4C, 5C, 6C, 7C, 8C, 10)</p><p>Tornatella nitidula Lamarck, 1822: 221 . Type locality: Île-de-France [= Mauritius].</p><p>Type material Tornatella nitidula — 5 syntypes, dry shells, 10.4–19.1 mm long (MHNG Moll-51412), two of them illustrated by Mermod (1963: fig. 220).</p><p>Material examined. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.12666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.585" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.12666/lat -20.585)">Rat Island</a>, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°35.1′S, 164°07.6′E), 14 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR640, soft bottom], 28 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 15 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86157, isolate KF67) .</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.28833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.626667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.28833/lat -20.626667)">Double Island</a>, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°28′S, 164°07.6′E), 0 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KM309, sand-mud flat with dead corals and seagrass], 17 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 14 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86156, isolate KF66). Plateau Karembé, north end, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°37.6′S, 164°17.3′E), 0 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KM301, coral blocks, sand, mud], 8 Sep 2018, preserved in RNAlater and destroyed (isolate KF24)</p><p>External morphology. Body short, protruding slightly beyond the shell, flattened anteriorly (Fig. 2D). Cephalic shield bilobed, with two elongate, tentacular-like lateral extensions, two posterior extensions covering anterior end of shell. Foot extending beyond cephalic shield and shell laterally. Body color translucent white, with numerous minute opaque white dots scattered all over dorsal surface of cephalic shield, foot. Shell solid, oval, widest mid-length, with convex sides, rounded anterior end (Fig. 10). Body whorl large, about 7/8–8/9 of total length. Spire short, conical, with 3–4 whorls. Suture channeled.Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/4–1/8 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, oblique, with very conspicuous anterior fold, thickened centrally, starting at anterior end of aperture; minute, simple posterior fold located about aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Apex of all specimens examined damaged, protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of few irregular spiral grooves on the anterior end of body whorl. Grooves separated by gaps of variable width. Shell color pinkish-brown to dark brown, darker towards anterior and posterior ends of body whorl, lacking distinct patches. Posterior whorls either same color as body whorl or white. Operculum translucent, elongate, with faint transverse striations (Fig. 4C).</p><p>Internal morphology. Reproductive system with short, oval penis, composed of wide sheath, distinct conical tip (Fig. 5C). Digestive system with elongate buccal mass (Fig. 6C). Oral tube conical, connected to long, convoluted buccal bulb. Elongate salivary glands, esophagus, connected subapically on proximal end of buccal bulb. Radular formula 61 × 5.0. 5 in a 15 mm long specimen (MNHN IM- 2013-86157). Three innermost lateral teeth similar in shape, increasing in size gradually outward (Fig. 7C). Teeth triangular, with broad base; large, elongate, curved, sharp cusp; 2–6 denticles similar to cusp in shape, much smaller. Two outermost lateral teeth hook-shaped, with single large cusp, lacking denticles. Jaws with short, wide elements, bearing 10–16 finger-like projections apically, all on same plane (Fig. 8C).</p><p>Geographic range. Widespread in the tropical Indo-West Pacific region (Rudman, 2000; Gosliner et al., 2018).</p><p>Remarks. Lamarck (1822) described Tornatella nitidula with a brief text and a reference to an illustration in Bruguière (1798 –1816 [1816]: pl. 452, figs. 2a, b). Lamarck (1822) characterized this species as having two columellar folds, the lower [=anterior] one larger.The specimen illustrated has a short spire and very strong columellar folds, consistent with the current usage of the name Pupa nitidula . Subsequent illustrations of this species by Kiener (1834: pl. 1, fig. 5) and Reeve (1842b: pl. 206, fig. 5) clearly represent the same species and are consistent with the illustrations of two syntypes in Mermod (1963: fig. 220). The specimens here examined are also consistent with the original description and photographs of the syntypes and are confidently assigned to this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF81467F8ED72AEC45EFFE1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9D467D8ED72DE34082FEF7.text	03C38798FF9D467D8ED72DE34082FEF7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa coccinata (Reeve 1842)	<div><p>Pupa coccinata (Reeve, 1842)</p><p>(Figs. 2E, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D, 8D, 11)</p><p>Tornatella coccinata Reeve, 1842a: 60; 1842b: pl. 206, fig. 10. Type locality: Mindanao, Philippines, 46 m depth.</p><p>? Tornatella insculpta Reeve, 1842a: 62; 1842b: pl. 206, fig. 2. Type locality: Masbate, Philippines.</p><p>Pupa roseomaculata Iredale, 1936: 331, pl. 24, fig. 29. Type locality: Sydney Harbour, Australia.</p><p>Type material. Tornatella coccinata — 3 syntypes, dry shells, 26–30 mm long (NHMUK 1998142), illustrated by Higo et al. (2001: 137). Tornatella insculpta — 2 syntypes, dry shells, 9–13 mm long (NHMUK 196957). Pupa roseomaculata — Holotype, dry shell, 14 mm long (AM C.60702).</p><p>Material examined. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.21834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.641666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.21834/lat -20.641666)">Koumac</a> lagoon, New Caledonia (20°38.5′S, 164°13.1′E), 15 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KR616, soft bottom], 12 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 20 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86143, isolate KF68); 1 specimen 20 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86153) , 3 shells 19–21 mm long (MHNH IM-2013-86186) .</p><p>External morphology. Body oval, about the same width throughout (Fig. 2E). Cephalic shield notched along entire length longitudinally, with two elongate posterior extensions covering anterior end of shell. Foot extending beyond cephalic shield laterally. Body color translucent white, with opaque white dots scattered all over dorsal surface of cephalic shield, foot. Shell solid, narrow, elongated, widest between 2/3 to 1/2 from anterior end (Fig. 11). Sides convex, rounded to elongate anterior end. Body whorl large, about 5/6 of total length. Spire short, conical, with 4 whorls. Suture channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/5 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; smaller, simple posterior fold located about aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Apex of all specimens examined damaged, protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps much wider than grooves. Shell color white to cream, checkered with orange or reddish, quadrangular patches, situated on gaps between punctuated spiral grooves all over shell. One or two bands on body whorl with smaller patches. Posterior whorls with smaller patches. Operculum translucent, elongate, brown with faint longitudinal striations (Fig. 4D).</p><p>Internal morphology. Reproductive system with short, slightly curved penis, otherwise indistinct (Fig. 5D). Digestive system with elongate buccal mass (Fig. 6D). Oral tube short, wide, connected to long, curved buccal bulb. Salivary glands, esophagus, connected on proximal end of buccal bulb. Radular formula 112 × 5.0. 5 in a 20 mm long specimen (MNHN IM- 2013-86143). Lateral teeth similar in shape, outer teeth slightly larger; cusp becoming proportionally longer towards outer edge (Fig. 7D). Teeth triangular, with broad base; elongate, curved, sharp cusp; 3–5 denticles similar to cusp in shape, generally shorter. Jaws with elongate elements, bearing 3–4 small, blunt projections apically (Fig. 8D).</p><p>Geographicrange.WestPacificOcean,fromNewSouthWales, Australia,toJapan(Higo etal.,2001;presentpaper)</p><p>Remarks. Reeve (1842a) described the new species Tornatella coccinata Reeve, 1842 with a brief description and a reference to an illustration published in Reeve (1842b: pl. 206, fig. 10) in July 1842. Reeve (1842a) commented that T. coccinata is distinct from other similar species by having a remarkably sharp-pointed spire at the apex, somewhat depressed and rounded, and the shell covered with a number of small bright scarlet spots. The holotype of T. coccinata (NHMUK 1998142) was illustrated by Higo et al. (2001: 137) and represents a well-preserved shell with a short spire and numerous bright orange quadrangular to oval spots. Smith (1884) and Pilsbry (1893) considered T. coccinata as a variety of T. solidula but provided no justification. Currently, P. coccinata is regarded as a valid species of Pupa (e.g., Hedley, 1907; Lin, 1990; Héros et al., 2007).</p><p>Reeve (1842a) introduced the new name Tornatella insculpta Reeve, 1842 for two dead shells found on the beach at Masbate Island, Philippines. This species was described and illustrated as having “the whole surface is painted with light brown spots.” However, examination of photos of the two syntypes revealed that one of them is completely white and the other is covered with orange spots, and it is very similar to specimens here assigned to P. coccinata . Some differences between the two species are that the spire of T. insculpta is more elongate and less sharp, but this could be due to the state of the shell as well as the smaller size of the specimen. While T. insculpta could be a synonym of P. coccinata this cannot be established with certainty based on the evidence available.</p><p>Iredale (1936) described Pupa roseomaculata Iredale, 1936 based on several specimens collected by John Brazier inside Port Jackson Heads, Sydney Harbour. The specimens were originally identified by Brazier as B. coccinatus, but Iredale (1936) argued the Australian shell did not agree with Reeve’s (1842b: pl. 206, fig. 10) illustration, and it is “certainly not a variety of Linne’s species, so it must be described as new.” Iredale (1936) designated as the holotype an 18 mm long shell, currently deposited at the Australian Museum (AM C.60702), whose photograph is available on the museum’s website (Fig. 11D). Pupa roseomaculata has been regarded as a synonym of P. solidula (see Higo et al., 2001), however, comparison of the photographs of the syntypes of P. coccinata (Fig. 11A–C) and the holotype of P. roseomaculata (Fig. 11D) shows they are virtually identical, and therefore these two names are here regarded as synonyms. Moreover, the characteristics of the syntypes of Pupa coccinata are consistent with those of the specimens from New Caledonia here examined and therefore we confidently assign the newly collected specimens to this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9D467D8ED72DE34082FEF7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9F467C8ED72D8F4091FBCB.text	03C38798FF9F467C8ED72D8F4091FBCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa tessellata (Reeve 1842)	<div><p>Pupa tessellata (Reeve, 1842)</p><p>(Fig. 12)</p><p>Tornatella tessellata Reeve, 1842a: 147, pl. 206, fig. 3; 1842b: 60. Type locality: Sinum Persicum [= Persian Gulf].</p><p>? Tornatella alveola Souverbie in Souverbie &amp; Montrouzier, 1863: 167, pl. 5, fig. 9. Type locality: Île Art, New Caledonia.</p><p>? Solidula thaanumi Pilsbry, 1917: 214–215, text fig. 1. Type locality: Off Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, 11–15 m depth.</p><p>Type material. Tornatella tessellata — 4 syntypes, dry shells, 8–10 mm long (NHMUK 196954); Tornatella alveola — Holotype, dry shell, 11 mm long (MHNBx 2004.TY.29); Solidula thaanumi — 2 syntypes, dry shells, 6–9 mm long (ANSP 117069).</p><p>External morphology. Live animal unknow. Shell solid, narrow, elongate, widest at midlenght, with convex sides, rounded to elongate anterior end (Fig. 12). Body whorl large, about 3/4–4/5 of total length. Spire conical, with 4 whorls. Suture channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/5 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting near anterior end of aperture; smaller, simple posterior fold located close to aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Apex of all specimens examined damaged, protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, often fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps wider than grooves. Shell color cream with irregular, often zigzagging pale brown to pink patches, separated by gaps similar in size to the patches.</p><p>Geographic range. Widespread in the Indo-Pacific region from East Africa to the West Pacific Ocean and possibly the Hawaiian Islands (Kay, 1979; Yonow, 2008; Gosliner et al., 2018; present paper).</p><p>Remarks. Reeve (1842a, b) introduced the new species Tornatella tessellata Reeve, 1842 based on shells collected by Dr. Ŗppell from the Red Sea, although the habitat is indicated as Sinum Persicum [= Persian Gulf]. Reeve (1842a) described these shells as “finely striated in a transverse direction, and the interstices are neatly tessellated with numerous pale flesh-coloured square spots.” The examination of photographs of four syntypes (NHMUK 196954), three of them illustrated herein (Figs. 12A–C) revealed the shells of this species are characterized by having a cream to light brown background color with a checkered pattern of darker brown rectangular or irregular markings all over. The shells are solid, oval, widest mid-length, with convex sides, with a rounded anterior end and an elongate, conical spire with 3–4 whorls. None of the specimens here examined and sequenced match this description, therefore we assume that T. tessellata constitute a distinct species, currently regarded as a valid member of Pupa (e.g., Kay, 1979; Yonow, 2008; Gosliner et al., 2018).</p><p>Souverbie in Souverbie &amp; Montrouzier (1863) introduced the name Tornatella alveola Souverbie, 1863 based on a single shell collected from Île Art, New Caledonia. The holotype was described as having a white background with flesh pink, quadrangular spots arranged in transverse series; these spots alternate with smaller, white areas of background color. Tornatella alveola is considered a member of Pupa and by some authors a synonym of P. affinis (see Chaban, 2016). Again, no specimens matching the description of P. alveola were obtained from New Caledonia, but the examination of a photograph of the holotype (MHNBx 2004.TY.29, Fig. 12D), which is very similar to the syntypes of P. tessellata, except the patches are larger and more pinkish in P. alveola, and the shell appears to be slightly narrower. The holotype of P. alveola appears to fall within the morphological variation range of P. tessellata . However, because complete specimens/DNA of these two species were not available for study and due to the distance between their type localities, we prefer to leave the possible synonymy of P. tessellata and P. alveola as tentative.</p><p>Pilsbry (1917) described Solidula thaanumi Pilsbry, 1917 based on shells collected off Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands between 11–15 m depth. The shells were described as “oblong with acutely conic spire, solid, somewhat shining, whitish, unevenly tessellated with flesh pink, the spotting interrupted by pale bands on the sixth and twelfth spaces between spiral grooves.” We also examined a photograph of one of the syntypes (ANSP 117069, Fig. 12E) which is very similar to the type material of both P. tessellata and P. alveola, although narrower and more elongate. Solidula thaanumi is currently considered a member of Pupa, but its identity remains unclear. For example, Kay (1979) regarded P. thaanumi as a synonym of P. tessellata, but Beu (2004) cited P. thaanumi as a synonym of P. affinis . Because we had no access to complete specimens from the Hawaiian Islands, we are unable to verify its synonymy with P. tessellata and/or P. alveola, but P. affinis appears to be a completely different species (see description of P. affinis).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9F467C8ED72D8F4091FBCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9E46798ED728D340FCFB83.text	03C38798FF9E46798ED728D340FCFB83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa affinis (A. Adams 1855)	<div><p>Pupa affinis (A. Adams, 1855)</p><p>(Figs 2F, 4E, 5E, 6E, 7E, 8E, 13)</p><p>Solidula affinis A. Adams, 1855: 61 . Type locality: China Seas [= China Sea], New Ireland [= Latangai, Papua New Guinea], Borneo, Philippines.</p><p>? Tornatella fumata Reeve, 1865: [92], pl. 3, fig.10. Type locality: Australia.</p><p>Buccinulus huttoni Kirk, 1882: 268 . Type locality: Waikanae, New Zealand [disputed by Dell (1956)].</p><p>Actaeon cinereus R.B. Watson, 1884: 289–290; 1886: 631–632, pl. 47, fig. 5. Type locality: Levuka, Fiji, 22 m depth.</p><p>Acteon pilsbryi Cossmann, 1902: 160 [replacement name for Solidula affinis A. Adams, 1855, not Tornatella affinis G.B. Sowerby, 1836].</p><p>Type material. Solidula affinis — lectotype (here designated), dry shell, 14 mm long, Port Essington, Australia (ex. NHMUK 20020237c), illustrated by Beu (2004: fig. 24C); 8 paralectotypes, dry shells, 11–20 mm long (NHMUK 200220236–38), two of them illustrated by Beu (2004: figs. 24A–B); Tornatella fumata — 2 syntypes, dry shells, 9 mm long (NHMUK 20020233), one of them illustrated by Beu (2004: fig. 24E); Buccinulus huttoni — Holotype, dry shell, 12 mm long (NMNZ M.000051); Actaeon cinereus — 2 syntypes, dry shells, 9–10 mm long (NHMUK 1887.2.9.2131).</p><p>Material examined. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.225&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.653334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.225/lat -20.653334)">Interior</a> of the Great Reef of Koumac, New Caledonia (20°39.2′S, 164°13.5′E), 10 m depth, [Koumac 2.3 stn. KD516], 1 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 12 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86166) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.085&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.518333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.085/lat -20.518333)">Koumac</a>, New Caledonia (20°31.1′S, 164°05.1′E), 13 m depth [Koumac 2.3 stn. KD536, small coral debris, sponges], 06 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 9 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86167) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.27333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.781666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.27333/lat -20.781666)">Koumac</a>, New Caledonia (20°46.9′S, 164°16.4′E), 2–3 m depth [Koumac 2.3 stn. KB627, coral boulders and debris], 07 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 11 mm long (shell) (MHNH IM-2013-86144, isolate KF64) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.28/lat -20.783333)">Koumac</a>, New Caledonia (20°47.0′S, 164°16.8′E), 2–5 m depth, [Koumac 2.3 stn. KD554], 13 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 12 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86168) ; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.28833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.725" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.28833/lat -20.725)">Koumac</a>, New Caledonia (20°43.5′S, 164°17.3′E), 11–12 m depth, [Koumac 2.3 stn. KD579, grey sand], 19 Nov 2019, 1 specimen 12 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86169) .</p><p>External morphology. Body oval, about the same width throughout. Cephalic shield deeply notched longitudinally, with two rounded posterior extensions covering anterior end of shell (Fig. 13). Foot extending beyond cephalic shield laterally. Body color translucent white, with numerous, minute opaque white dots scattered all over dorsal surface of cephalic shield, foot. Shell solid, narrow, elongate, widest at 1/3 from anterior end, with convex to parallel sides, rounded to elongate anterior end. Body whorl large, about 6/7–7/8 of total length. Spire conical, with 4 whorls. Suture channeled.Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/7 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; minute, simple posterior fold located at aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Protoconch with 1.5 whorls, about 100 µm in diameter (Fig. 13K). Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, often fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps wider than grooves. Shell color white to orange, with numerous dark reddish or orange, square to oval patches, sometimes split in two, situated on gaps between punctuated spiral grooves all over shell. One or two bands on body whorl with smaller patches in some specimens. Posterior whorls white or orange with or without orange patches. Operculum translucent ochre, elongate, with a conspicuous triangular extension mid-length, faint transverse and longitudinal striations (Fig. 4E).</p><p>Internal morphology. Reproductive system with large, elongate penis, otherwise indistinct (Fig. 5E). Digestive system with elongate buccal mass (Fig. 6E). Oral tube conical, connected to long, curved buccal bulb. Salivary glands, esophagus, connected on proximal end of buccal bulb. Radular formula 65 × 5.0. 5 in a 11 mm long specimen (MNHN IM-2013-86144). Two innermost lateral teeth similar in shape and size, triangular, with broad base; large, elongate, curved, sharp cusp; 5–7 denticles similar to cusp in shape, much smaller (Fig. 7E). Three outermost lateral teeth hook-shaped, with single large cusp, 3–4 denticles. Jaws with short, wide elements, bearing 8–9 finger-like projections apically (Fig. 8E).</p><p>Geographic range. Widespread in the Indo-West Pacific (Rudman, 2001; Beu, 2004; present paper).</p><p>Remarks. Adams (1855) introduced the name Solidula affinis A. Adams, 1855 based on specimens from the Cuming Museum, collected in various localities of the Western Pacific Ocean. The shells were described as: “cylindrical-ovate, spire acuminate, apex sharp, background yellowish-white painted with various colors; double columella, posterior fold reduced, anterior bilobed.” Adams (1855) also indicated “this species most nearly resembles S. solidula; the colour varies from uniform reddish-brown to whitish, tessellated with ashy or blackish markings.” We examined photographs of syntypes from Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia, Port Essington, Northern Territory, Australia, and Ticao Island, Philippines (Figs. 13A–C). These specimens show considerable chromatic and morphological variation but all are elongate shells with irregular scattered dark patches or spots, some of them, at least, clearly conspecific with specimens described herein under the name P. affinis . Particularly a syntype from Port Essington, Australia (NHMUK 20020237c, Fig. 13A) is virtually identical to the material from New Caledonia here examined (Figs. 13I–J), which is also consistent with the usage of the name P. affinis in the modern literature (Rudman, 2001; Beu, 2004). Due to the broad geographic range of the syntypes and their chromatic and morphological variability, and in order to promote nomenclatural stability and fix the usage of the name P. affinis, the syntype from Port Essington, Australia (NHMUK 20020237c) is here designed as the lectotype of this species. Therefore, we confidently assign the specimens described in this section to the name P. affinis .</p><p>The name P. affinis has not been consistently used as valid in the literature. For example, Smith (1884) considered P. affinis a small form of P. solidula (both under Tornatella). Rudman (2001) illustrated a specimen from New Caledonia consistent with the specimens of P. affinis here examined but classified it under the name P. strigosa . Rudman (2001) considered that P. affinis (A. Adams, 1855) is probably a senior synonym of P. strigosa but argued that the former name is preoccupied by Pupa affinis Rossmässler, 1839 [= Abida secale affinis (Rossmässler, 1839)] (Family Pupillidae). Because P. affinis (A. Adams, 1855) was introduced in the genus Solidula, it is a secondary homonym of P. affinis Rossmässler, 1839, which was introduced in the genus Pupa Draparnaud, 1801 . However, these two names are clearly not congeneric and consequently they do not enter in homonymy (ICZN, 1999: Article 59.2), thus P. affinis (A. Adams, 1855) is valid.</p><p>Reeve (1865) described Tornatella fumata Reeve, 1865 as a “fulvous white, irregularly smeared with black” species. Reeve (1865) also mentioned: “The disposition of the colouring-matter, which is not an unimportant feature in this genus, is in longitudinal smears, not arising, as in varieties of T. solidula, from confusion in a normal pattern of dots.” We examined photographs of two syntypes of T. fumata (NHMUK 20020233, Figs 13D–E), which appear to be decolored specimens of P. affinis, and therefore T. fumata is here regarded as a possible synonym of P. affinis .</p><p>Kirk (1882) introduced the new name Buccinulus huttoni Kirk, 1882 based on a specimen presumably collected in Waikanae, New Zealand. The shell of B. huttoni was described as “white with longitudinal brown wavy lines,” having six whorls, with numerous fine spiral grooves, a columella with a double fold, and a very short spire, “giving a decidedly robust appearance to the shell.” Suter (1913) regarded B. huttoni as a synonym of P. affinis, but Finlay (1926) examined the holotype of B. huttoni and indicated this species is possibly different from other New Zealand species. Dell (1956) expressed doubts that the holotype of B. huttoni was collected in New Zealand and Marshall (1996) commented on the characteristics of the holotype and indicated that it could be “mislocalised” shell, probably P. solidula or a related species. Beu (2004) agreed with this assessment and confirmed that the holotype is an incomplete, severely abraded specimen of P. solidula . We examined a photograph of the holotype of B. huttoni and concluded that it is in fact a synonym of P. affinis .</p><p>Watson (1884) described Actaeon cinereus R. B. Watson, 1884 based on two specimens from Fiji, later illustrated by Watson (1886, pl. 46, fig. 5) described as “porcellanous and glossy white, with three narrowish grey bands, made up of small, cindery, somewhat longitudinally arranged spots.” Examination of a photograph of the syntypes of A. cinereus (NHMUK 1887.2.9.2131, Fig. 13G–H) revealed these specimens are nearly identical to the material here assigned to P. affinis and therefore these two names are here regarded as synonyms.</p><p>Cossmann (1902) considered that the Recent species he cited as Actaeon (Solidula) solidulus from the Pliocene of Karikal, India (Cossmann, 1900) is in fact Actaeon affinis A. Adams [ Solidula affinis A. Adams, 1855]. But Cossmann (1902) argued this name is preoccupied by Tornatella affinis Sowerby, 1836 described for an Upper Cretaceous fossil species of Acteonidae from southern England (Sowerby, 1836). Therefore, Cossmann (1902) introduced the new name Actaeon pilsbryi Cossmann, 1902 for the Recent Indo-Pacific species. Finlay (1927) argued that because Tornatella affinis Sowerby, 1836 was introduced as a member of the genus Tornatella it does not enter in homonymy with species of Pupa or Solidula, and consequently Solidula affinis A. Adams, 1855 is not preoccupied by Tornatella affinis Sowerby, 1836 . This opinion was also endorsed by Beu (2004). But because the genera Tornatella and Solidula are synonyms of Pupa, Tornatella affinis Sowerby, 1836 and Solidula affinis A. Adams, 1855 are secondary homonyms. However, the ICZN (1999: Article 59.3) states that a junior secondary homonym replaced before 1961 is permanently invalid unless the substitute name is not in use and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric, in which case the junior homonym is not to be rejected on grounds of that replacement. In this case, Actaeon pilsbryi Cossmann, 1902 is not in use, and the relevant taxa are no longer considered congeneric; while Solidula affinis A. Adams, 1855 is regarded as a member of the genus Pupa, Tornatella affinis Sowerby, 1836 is considered a member of the genus Tornatellaea Conrad, 1860 (e.g., Taylor et al., 1983), therefore Article 59.3 applies and Solidula affinis A. Adams, 1855 is valid. Also, the age of these fossils is not consistent with the use of Pupa in the paleontological literature, often used for specimens not older than the Miocene (Helwerda 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9E46798ED728D340FCFB83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9B46788ED7289B4062FC7F.text	03C38798FF9B46788ED7289B4062FC7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa strigosa (Gould 1859)	<div><p>Pupa strigosa (Gould, 1859)</p><p>(Fig. 14)</p><p>Buccinulus strigosus Gould, 1859: 141 . Type locality: Loo Choo [= Ryūkyū-Shotō, Japan] and Kagosima [= Kagoshima, Japan].</p><p>Buccinulus fraterculus Dunker, 1882: 161–162, pl. 13, figs. 21–23. Type locality: Japan.</p><p>Type material. Buccinulus strigosus — Lectotype, dry shell, 3.8 mm long (USNM 1311), designated by Johnson (1964: 154), illustrated by Johnson (1964: pl. 20, fig. 1) and Higo et al. (2001: 137), 3 paralectotypes (USNM 612300; MCZ 370525). Buccinulus fraterculus — 3 syntypes, dry shells, 9–11 mm long (NHMUK 1905.12.30.40), one of them illustrated by Higo et al. (2001: 137).</p><p>Material examined. Namihaya-zaki, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan, 2 m depth, 1 dry shell 12 mm long, 27–30 Sep 1982, leg. J. McLean et al. (LACM 82 - 19.23) . Tomioka Bay, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, 20–40 m depth, 67 dry shells 2–11 mm long, 4–5 Oct 1982, leg. J. McLean et al. (LACM 82 - 23.12) .</p><p>External morphology. Shell solid, narrow, oval to elongate, widest near midlength, with convex to parallel sides, rounded to elongate anterior end (Fig. 14). Body whorl large, about 3/4–4/5 of total length. Spire conical, with 4 whorls. Suture channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/7 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; minute, simple posterior fold located at aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, often fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps wider than grooves. Shell color whitish cream to pale brown, with numerous dark brown or black, square to oval patches, situated on gaps between punctuated spiral grooves all over shell. One or two bands on body whorl with smaller patches or lacking patches. Posterior whorls without patches.</p><p>Geographic range. Possibly endemic to Japan (Hori, 2017; Nakano, 2018; present paper).</p><p>Remarks. Gould (1859) introduced the new name Buccinulus strigosus Gould, 1859 for several small specimens collected in Ryūkyū-Shotō (Ryukyu Islands), Japan. The specimens were described with a short Latin text as having a brown and white color pattern and some other details of the shell morphology. Johnson (1964) designated a lectotype for this species that was illustrated by Johnson (1964: pl. 20, fig. 1) and Higo et al. (2001: 137). The lectotype, which is damaged and worn-out, is similar to shells here assigned to P. affinis, but darker and relatively shorter. Habe (1950) regarded B. strigosus as a valid member of the genus Pupa and illustrated the shell as well as the radula. Currently, the name P. strigosa is used as valid in Japan (Hori, 2017; Nakano, 2018) and elsewhere (Rudman, 2001).</p><p>We have been unable to verify the validity of P. strigosa, however, mtDNA sequences of a specimen collected from Japan and assigned to this species were downloaded from GenBank and confirmed to belong to a distinct species, closely related to P. affinis . We have not seen photographs of the specimens sequenced or any other information, but we have examined dry shells from Japan (Figs. 14D–E) that are consistent with the morphology and coloration of the lectotype of P. strigosa (Fig. 14A) as well as with the current usage of this species name in Japanese literature (Habe, 1950; Hori, 2017; Nakano, 2018). Moreover, the radula of P. strigosa illustrated by Habe (1950, fig. 13) is clearly distinct from those of other species here examined (Fig. 7); a comparison to the radula of P. affinis reveals that the radular teeth of P. strigosa have less, shorter denticles and the innermost teeth are narrower. Therefore, we conclude that there is a distinct species of Pupa in Japan that we tentatively assign to the name P. strigosa, but additional research is needed to confirm this point or the geographic range of this species.</p><p>Dunker (1882) described Buccinulus fraterculus Dunker, 1882 based on specimens collected from Japan and illustrated by Higo et al. (2001: 137). Habe (1950) regarded B. fraterculus as a synonym of P. strigosa . We examined photographs of the syntypes B. fraterculus (NHMUK 1905.12.30.40, Figs 14B–C) which are similar to other specimens assigned to P. strigosa herein. Therefore, we agree with Habe’s (1950) decision to synonymize these two names.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9B46788ED7289B4062FC7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9A46778ED72AEF4471FA53.text	03C38798FF9A46778ED72AEF4471FA53.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa nivea (Angas 1871)	<div><p>Pupa nivea (Angas, 1871)</p><p>(Figs. 15A–G)</p><p>Buccinulus niveus Angas, 1871: 19, pl. 1, fig. 27. Type locality: Near Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, Australia.</p><p>Buccinulus kirki Hutton, 1873: 51 . Type locality: Omaha, New Zealand.</p><p>Buccinulus albus Hutton, 1873: 51 . Type locality: undermined [New Zealand].</p><p>Buccinulus intermedius Angas, 1879: 862, pl. 54, fig. 11. Type locality: Aldinga Bay, South Australia.</p><p>Buccinulus gracilis Kirk, 1882: 268 . Type locality: Wellington, New Zealand.</p><p>Type material. Buccinulus niveus — 2 syntypes, dry shells, 11.5–12.3 mm long (NHMUK 1871.7.5.24), photos examined, one of them illustrated by Beu (2004: fig. 24D); Buccinulus kirki — Holotype, dry shell, 22 mm long (NMNZ M.001814), photo examined; Buccinulus albus —type material originally at NMNZ, currently missing (Marshall, 1996; Beu, 2004); Buccinulus intermedius —3 possible syntypes, dry shells, 7.5–9.7 mm long (NHMUK 1879.1.31.4), photos examined; Buccinulus gracilis — Holotype, dry shell, 25 mm long (NMNZ M.000050).</p><p>External morphology. Live animal unknown. Shell solid, very narrow, elongate, widest at 1/3 from anterior end, with convex to parallel sides, rounded to elongate anterior end (Figs. 15A–G). Body whorl large, about 2/3–3/4 of total length. Spire conical, elongate, with 4–5 whorls. Suture slightly channeled. Aperture narrow, elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing abruptly towards posterior end, ending at 1/4–1/6 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; small, simple posterior fold located close to aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, often fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps wider than grooves. Shell color uniformly white, with faint irregular orange pigment in some specimens.</p><p>Geographic range. Possibly endemic to New Zealand and southern Australia (present paper).</p><p>Remarks. The taxonomic history of the various names introduced for some New Zealand and southern Australian species is complex and following Beu (2004) nearly all of them are currently considered synonyms of Pupa affinis (A. Adams, 1855) . Several nominal species were described by Angas (1871, 1879), Hutton (1873), and Kirk (1882), including Buccinulus niveus Angas, 1871, Buccinulus intermedius Angas, 1879, Buccinulus albus Hutton, 1873, Buccinulus kirki Hutton, 1873, Buccinulus gracilis Kirk, 1882, and Buccinulus huttoni Kirk, 1882 . Suter (1913) abandoned the use of the genus name Buccinulus in favor of Pupa and regarded P. kirki and P. huttoni as synonyms of P. affinis (see remarks on P. solidula) but considered P. alba and P. gracilis as a valid, distinct species of Pupa . On the contrary, Finlay (1926) rejected the use of P. affinis for New Zealand specimens, regarded P. alba as valid name, and designated a neotype for this species. Moreover, Finlay (1926) determined that P. kirki is also valid and a senior synonym of P. gracilis, but that P. huttoni was possibly different (see remarks on P. solidula). Rudman (1971) indicated that the specimens identified by Suter (1913) as P. affinis are in fact P. kirki, which according to him is a distinct and valid species, highly variable in color. Rudman (1971) also commented that the description of P. alba by Hutton (1873) was totally inadequate and that would fit several species. Moreover, Rudman (1971) regarded Finlay’s (1926) designation of a neotype for P. alba invalid and suggested this species name should be rendered as a nomen nudum. Beu (2004) expanded the synonymy of P. affinis to include the New Zealand species P. nivea and P. intermedia, but also species names originally described from other Indo-Pacific locations such as Buccinulus strigosus Gould, 1859, Tornatella fumata Reeve, 1865, Buccinulus fraterculus Dunker, 1882, Pupa thaanumi Pilsbry, 1917, Pupa tragulata Iredale, 1936, and Pupa strigosa sekii Habe, 1958 . Beu (2004) also disagreed with Sutter (1913) and moved P. alba and P. gracilis back to the synonymy of P. affinis . Burn (2006) agreed with Beu (2004) considering P. nivea as a synonym of P. affinis but because of slight differences in the radula supported the retention of P. tragulata as a distinct deeper-water species found in New Zealand and New South Wales, Australia. Further research on this species complex, including molecular techniques, is necessary to clarify the taxonomic status and validity of these available names but this is beyond the scope of the present paper.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9A46778ED72AEF4471FA53	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9546758ED72A2B4290FDD7.text	03C38798FF9546758ED72A2B4290FDD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa tragulata Iredale 1936	<div><p>Pupa tragulata Iredale, 1936</p><p>(Figs 15H–J)</p><p>Pupa tragulata Iredale, 1936: 331, pl. 24, fig. 23. Type locality: off Sydney, 75–85 fm depth.</p><p>Pupa strigosa sekii Habe, 1958: 117 . Type locality: off Chosi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.</p><p>Pupa sinica Lin, 1989: 169, 176, fig. 2. Type locality: East China Sea, 105 m depth.</p><p>Type material. Pupa strigosa sekii — Holotype, dry shell, 6.9 mm long (NSMT Mo.39815), illustrated by Higo et al. (2001: 137); Pupa sinica — Holotype, dry shell, 5.2 mm long (IOCAS Mo 26971) .</p><p>External morphology. Live animal unknown. Shell solid, oval to elongate, widest at midlength, with convex to parallel sides, rounded to elongate anterior end (Figs 15H–J). Body whorl large, about 4/5 of total length. Spire conical, with 3–4 whorls. Suture channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing abruptly towards posterior end, ending at 1/5 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; small, simple posterior fold located at aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by short gap. Protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous, conspicuous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, often fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps wider than grooves. Shell color uniformly white to pale cream.</p><p>Geographic range. West Pacific Ocean from southern Australia to China and Japan (present paper).</p><p>Remarks. Iredale (1936) described Pupa tragulata Iredale, 1936 based on a single white shell collected off Sydney at 75–85 fathoms (137–155 m depth). Beu (2004) treated this species as a synonym of Pupa affinis but Burn (2006) maintained Pupa tragulata as valid, mentioning some differences in radular morphology support its retention as a separate deep-water species.</p><p>Habe (1958) introduced Pupa strigosa sekii Habe, 1958 as a subspecies of Pupa strigosa with a brief description, and based on a single specimen collected off Chosi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan. Habe (1958) indicated the new subspecies is similar to P. strigosa proper but it is somewhat different as it lacks colored markings on the surface of the shell. Although Habe (1958) provided no illustrations of this new subspecies, the holotype was later illustrated by Higo et al. (2001: 137). Although Beu (2004) considered P. strigosa sekii a synonym of Pupa affinis, Pupa sekii is currently considered as a valid species of Pupa with a broad distribution in southeast Asia (Willan &amp; Tagaro, 2010; Helwerda, 2015; Chaban, 2016; Nakano, 2018; Bu-on &amp; Dumgrongrojwattana, 2020).</p><p>Lin (1989) introduced the name Pupa sinica Lin, 1989 based on two specimens collected from the Each China Sea from 17–105 m depth. Lin (1989) described this new species as having a small, fusiform, gray-white, rather solid shell, with an elevated, conical spire, and a black-brown colored periostracum. Lin (1989) argued that P. sinica resembled P. sulcata in shape but had a smaller shell with a black-brown epidermis, yellowish axial lines, and an elevated, conical spire. A photograph of the holotype (IOCAS Mo 26971) here illustrated (Fig. 15J) is consistent with the original description, but also resembles the characteristics of the holotype of P. strigosa sekii Habe, 1958 (illustrated by Higo et al., 2001: 137) and they are likely synonyms. However, due to the lack of anatomical and molecular data for the two species, this synonymy remains unverified.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9546758ED72A2B4290FDD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9746758ED72EAF444FFA69.text	03C38798FF9746758ED72EAF444FFA69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa niecaensis (Barnard 1963)	<div><p>Pupa niecaensis (Barnard, 1963)</p><p>(Fig. 16A)</p><p>Solidula niecaensis Barnard, 1963: 317 . Type locality: off Nieca River, East London, South Africa, 78 m depth.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, dry shell, 9.5 mm long (SAM A6553).</p><p>External morphology. Live animal unknown. Shell solid, narrow, elongate, widest at 1/3 from anterior end, with convex to parallel sides, rounded to elongate anterior end (Fig. 16A). Body whorl large, about 3/4 of total length. Spire conical, with 4 whorls. Suture slightly channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/3 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; minute, simple posterior fold located at aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by gap. Protoconch unknown. Sculpture composed of numerous, large punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, often fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps almost as wide as grooves. Shell color uniformly white with some areas covered with brown periostracum.</p><p>Geographic range. Possibly endemic to South Africa (Barnard, 1963; present paper).</p><p>Remarks. Barnard (1963) introduced the name Solidula niecaensis Barnard, 1963 based on a single live specimen collected near East London, South Africa. The shell color was described as white with a brown periostracum, and the columella as having a double fold. No illustrations were provided. Barnard (1963) commented that S. niecaensis is similar to Pseudoactaeon albus [= Rictaxis albus (G. B. Sowerby III, 1874)] but the “shell has a much longer spire relatively to the aperture, and the columella is that of a Solidula .” The examination of a photograph of the holotype (SAM A6553; Fig. 16A) suggests it could be a distinct species of Pupa endemic to South Africa as it does not resemble any of the species here examined, but this needs to be confirmed with molecular and anatomical data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9746758ED72EAF444FFA69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9746748ED72A2E4393FE3F.text	03C38798FF9746748ED72A2E4393FE3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa pascuana Raines 2003	<div><p>Pupa pascuana Raines, 2003</p><p>(Fig. 16B)</p><p>Pupa pascuana Raines, 2003: 52, figs 1–2. Type locality: off the western coast of Tahai, Easter Island.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, dry shell, 11 mm long (LACM 2954).</p><p>External morphology. Live animal unknown. Shell solid, narrow, very elongate, widest at midlengh, with slightly convex, nearly parallel sides, rounded to elongate anterior end (Fig. 16B). Body whorl large, about 3/4 of total length. Spire conical, with 5 whorls. Suture channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 4/5 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture; minute, simple posterior fold located at aperture mid-length, separated from anterior fold by wide gap. Protoconch globose, 0.1 mm in diameter, with ~1.5 whorls. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, often fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps slightly wider than grooves. Shell color whitish to pale cream with irregular orange spots all over the surface.</p><p>Geographic range. Possibly endemic to Easter Island (Raines, 2003; present paper).</p><p>Remarks. Raines (2003) introduced the name Pupa pascuana Raines, 2003 based on several shells collected on Easter Island. Based on the examination of the holotype (LACM 2954; Fig. 16B) it appears to be distinct from other species examined herein and probably constitutes an endemic species to Easter Island, but this needs to be confirmed with molecular and anatomical data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9746748ED72A2E4393FE3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
03C38798FF9646738ED72DC74231FC47.text	03C38798FF9646738ED72DC74231FC47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pupa charlesi Valdés & Feliciano & Malaquias 2023	<div><p>Pupa charlesi sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 2G, 4F, 5F, 6F, 7F, 8F, 16C–E)</p><p>Type material. Holotype, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.28833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.626667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.28833/lat -20.626667)">Plateau Karembé</a>, north end, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°37.6′S, 164°17.3′E), 0 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KM301, coral blocks, sand, mud], 8 Sep 2018, 20 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86159, isolate KF63).</p><p>Material examined. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=164.28833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.626667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 164.28833/lat -20.626667)">Plateau Karembé</a>, north end, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°37.6′S, 164°17.3′E), 0 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KM301, coral blocks, sand, mud], 8 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 22 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013- 86158, isolate KF62). Plateau Karembé, north end barrier, Koumac, New Caledonia (20°37.6′S, 164°17.3′E), 0 m depth [Koumac 2.1 stn. KM321, reef flat with living/dead coral, seagrass], 26 Sep 2018, 1 specimen 18 mm long (shell) (MNHN IM-2013-86154, isolate KF69) .</p><p>External morphology. Body oval, about the same width throughout (Fig. 2G). Cephalic shield notched along entire length longitudinally, with two elongate posterior extensions covering anterior end of shell. Foot extending beyond cephalic shield laterally. Body color translucent white, with opaque white dots scattered all over dorsal surface of cephalic shield, foot. Shell delicate, narrow, elongate, widest at 2/3 from anterior end (Figs. 16C–E). Sides convex, rounded to elongate anterior end. Body whorl large, about 1/8 of total length. Spire short, conical, with 5 whorls. Suture channeled. Aperture elongate, wider anteriorly, narrowing gradually towards posterior end, ending at 1/7 of the posterior end of first whorl. Columellar margin thickened, slightly oblique, with single large, channeled anterior fold starting at anterior end of aperture. Apex of all specimens examined damaged, protoconch not observed. Sculpture composed of numerous punctuated spiral grooves. Punctuations conspicuous, irregular, oval, situated next to each other, fused together, within each groove. Grooves separated by gaps much wider than grooves. Shell color white to pale orange, checkered with dark grey to black, square to oval patches, situated on gaps between punctuated spiral grooves all over shell. Two bands on body whorl with smaller patches. Posterior whorls white with no dark patches. Punctuated spiral grooves often edged in orange. Operculum translucent to ochre, elongate, with faint longitudinal striations (Fig. 4F).</p><p>Internal morphology. Reproductive system with large, elongate penis (Fig. 5F), otherwise indistinct. Digestive system with elongate buccal mass (Fig. 6F). Oral tube conical, connected to long, curved buccal bulb. Salivary glands, esophagus, connected on proximal end of buccal bulb. Radular formula 121 × 6.0. 6 in an 18 mm long specimen (MNHN IM- 2013-86154). Lateral teeth similar in shape, increasing in size gradually towards outer edge (Fig. 7F). Teeth triangular, with broad base; elongate, curved, sharp cusp; 4–7 denticles similar to cusp in shape, shorter. Jaws with short, wide elements, bearing 8–10 finger-like projections apically (Fig. 8F).</p><p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of Laurent Charles (MHNBx), a photographer during the Koumac 2.1 expedition who contributed excellent photographs of live specimens of Pupa as well as type material photographs and data.</p><p>Geographic range. Possibly endemic to New Caledonia (present study).</p><p>Remarks. Pupa charlesi sp. nov. was recovered as a distinct clade in the phylogenetic analyses and as a distinct species in the species delimitation analysis. Pupa charlesi sp. nov. is externally very similar to Pupa coccinata but the shells are thinner and wider anteriorly, and the orange spots are typically further apart and less defined. These two species also differ in radular morphology, with P. charlesi sp. nov. having a 121 × 6.0.6 radular formula in an 18 mm long specimen and P. coccinata 112 × 5.0. 5 in a 20 mm long specimen; the teeth of P. charlesi new species are much wider than those of P. coccinata and have more denticles, similar in size to the cusps.</p><p>A review of the literature has revealed no available names with a description matching that of Pupa charlesi sp. nov., and therefore it is here described as a new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C38798FF9646738ED72DC74231FC47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Valdés, Ángel;Feliciano, Kendall;Malaquias, Manuel A. E.	Valdés, Ángel, Feliciano, Kendall, Malaquias, Manuel A. E. (2023): The genus Pupa Röding, 1798 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Acteonidae) in New Caledonia with notes on Recent species. Zootaxa 5270 (3): 471-506, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5270.3.4
