identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C387B9A00AFFCDC00EFDD9FD0B1806.text	03C387B9A00AFFCDC00EFDD9FD0B1806.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Biuve Zamora-Silva & Malaquias 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> GENUS  BIUVE GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 3B, 5I; TABLES 1 AND 2)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Chelidonura fulvipunctata Baba, 1938 . By subsequent designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Live animals up to 30 mm in length. Body narrow, elongate, flat; cephalic shield larger than the posterior shield; anterior edge of cephalic shield trilobed, lobes rounded; posterior shield with two asymmetrical caudal lobes, right one short, nearly inconspicuous, and rounded, left prolonged, thin, flagellum-like. Whitish W-shaped mark on cephalic region (autapomorphy) (Fig. 3B). Shell spoon-shaped with prolonged, semi-wide open whorl, solid, yellowish-white, oldest region brown (Fig. 5I). Buccal bulb reduced; penial papilla cylindrical, longer than prostate; prostate with single lobe, short and rounded (Baba, 1938; Rudman, 1974; Gosliner, 1987).</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Kii , Japan  . </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name stems from the presence of a W-shape mark on the head region of animals (Lat. bi = two or double; ‘uve’ Spanish name for letter ‘v’).</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A00AFFCDC00EFDD9FD0B1806	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A00AFFCDC04EFAA8FC761CA3.text	03C387B9A00AFFCDC04EFAA8FC761CA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camachoaglaja Zamora-Silva & Malaquias 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> GENUS  CAMACHOAGLAJA GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 3C, 5J; TABLES 1 AND 2)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Chelidonura africana Pruvot-Fol, 1953 . By subsequent designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Live animals up to 10 mm in length. Body elongate, blunt, flat; cephalic and posterior shields nearly equal in length; anterior edge of cephalic shield bilobed, lobes rounded; posterior shield with two asymmetrical caudal lobes, right one minute, rounded, left triangular (Fig. 3C). Shell calcified, white or translucent, apex with external fringe, projections at protoconch level (probably an autapomorphy) (Fig. 5J). Buccal bulb reduced; penial papilla conical, with two frontal lobes; prostate cylindrical, not bifurcated, longer than penis (Martínez et al., 2002).</p>
            <p> Type locality:   Tenerife Island , Canary Islands, Spain, after neotype designation  . </p>
            <p> Etymology: This genus is named after Yolanda Camacho-García for her studies on the phylogeny of  Aglajidae gastropods and for being the first to reveal the existence of this clade of exclusively Atlantic species. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A00AFFCDC04EFAA8FC761CA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A00AFFCDC28DFE2DFB47199C.text	03C387B9A00AFFCDC28DFE2DFB47199C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mannesia Zamora-Silva & Malaquias 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> GENUS  MANNESIA GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 3E, 5G, 6G; TABLES 1 AND 2)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Chelidonura sabadiega Ortea, Moro &amp; Espinosa, 1996 . By subsequent designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Live animals up to 15 mm in length. Body elongated, narrow; cephalic shield bilobed, lobes quadrangular with straight sides; posterior shield about half length of cephalic shield, with two asymmetrical caudal lobes, the left larger, flat, tail-like, the right minute, triangular, acuminate (Fig. 3E). Shell of amber- or chestnut colour, spoon-shaped with pointed shoulder protruding slightly above the apex (Figs 5G, 6G). Radula present, with few rows of teeth (8 × 1.0.1) (autapomorphy); one single lateral tooth on each side, rachidian tooth absent; lateral teeth hook-shaped. Prostate cylindrical, unilobed (Rudman, 1978; Ortea et al., 1996).</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  El Hierro Island , Canary Islands, Spain  . </p>
            <p> Etymology: This genus is dedicated to John Kenneth  Mannes , husband of Andrea Zamora-Silva, and to the members of the family  Mannes . </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A00AFFCDC28DFE2DFB47199C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A00AFFCDC2F0FB2BFA971A58.text	03C387B9A00AFFCDC2F0FB2BFA971A58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mariaglaja Zamora-Silva & Malaquias 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> GENUS  MARIAGLAJA GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 3F, 5I, 6F; TABLES 1 AND 2)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Chelidonura alexisi Gosliner, 2015 . By subsequent designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Live animals up to 10 mm in length. Body elongated-narrow; cephalic shield trilobed, middle lobe sometimes with small indent, lateral lobes rounded to triangular, expanded outwards, elongated, comprising two thirds of body length; posterior shield with asymmetrical caudal lobes, left one longer and fleshier, right lobe reduced, nearly invisible (Fig. 3F). Brown-reddish shell, calcified, spoon-shaped with acuminated shoul- der or with extended whorl (Figs 5I, 6F). Buccal bulb reduced, with microscopic labial spines on the lips. Penial papilla conical, with small chitinous hooks or spines (Gosliner 1987, 2015).</p>
            <p>  Type locality: Batangas,  The Philippines  . </p>
            <p>Etymology: This genus is named after María Luisa Silva Villanueva, mother of Andrea Zamora-Silva.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A00AFFCDC2F0FB2BFA971A58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A008FFCFC07AFF36FF1019E2.text	03C387B9A008FFCFC07AFF36FF1019E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Niparaya Zamora-Silva & Malaquias 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> GENUS  NIPARAYA GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 3J, 5D; TABLES 1 AND 2)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Aglaja regiscorona Bertsch, 1972 . By subsequent designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Live animals up to 5 mm in length. Cephalic shield acuminated, with translucent velum along the front side (autapomorphy) and a posterior, small, three-pointed elevated crown-like projection (autapomorphy); reduced sensory bristles, not visible to the naked eye; posterior shield with bulbous pustules (autapomorphy); symmetrical caudal lobes, rounded, flat; parapodia reduced (Fig. 3J). Shell calcified, concave, constricted, with closed nuclear whorl, with ridges separated by a slight indentation (Fig. 5D). Small ampulla, slightly coiled; mucous gland faintly curved; receptaculum seminis entering the hermaphroditic duct at the middle of its length. Penial papilla with a rounded distal bulb (autapomorphy); prostatic region with two sections varying in shape and texture (autapomorphy) (Bertsch, 1972; Gosliner, 1980).</p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Bahía de las Cruces, Baja California, México  . </p>
            <p> Etymology: The word ‘niparaya’ means ‘creator of everything’ in Pericú, the language of the aboriginal inhabitants of the southern part of the Baja California Peninsula (México), the type locality of  N. regiscorona and is also the name of the main deity and king of the Pericú mythology. Thus, the genus name  Niparaya is a metaphor for the ‘crowned slug’  N. regiscorona (  ‘ regiscorona ’ means king’s crown in Latin). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A008FFCFC07AFF36FF1019E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A008FFCFC059FAC4FA931C47.text	03C387B9A008FFCFC059FAC4FA931C47.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Spinophallus Zamora-Silva & Malaquias 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> GENUS  SPINOPHALLUS GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 3M, 5B; TABLES 1 AND 2)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Philinopsis coronata Gosliner, 2011 . By subsequent designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Live animals up to 15 mm in length. Body elongated, wide; cephalic shield blunt, quadrangular; reduced sensory bristles, not visible to the naked eye; posterior shield rounded, terminates in a medial, elongate, conical or bulbous posterior projection (autapomorphy); symmetrical caudal lobes, short, blunt; parapodia short (Fig. 3M). Shell calcified, convex-dilated with open whorl (Fig. 5B). Buccal bulb large, muscular, bulb-shaped. Penial sac with internal spines; penial papilla covered by scattered series of large spines (autapomorphy), or with a ring of rounded tubercles (autapomorphy) (Rudman, 1972a; Gosliner, 2011).</p>
            <p>  Type locality: Batangas,  The Philippines  . </p>
            <p>Etymology: The genus name (Lat. schedo = penis; spino = spines) refers to the spines present on the penial papilla or in the penial sac of species in this genus.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A008FFCFC059FAC4FA931C47	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A008FFCFC2CFFE7BFB961954.text	03C387B9A008FFCFC2CFFE7BFB961954.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tubulophilinopsis Zamora-Silva & Malaquias 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> GENUS  TUBULOPHILINOPSIS GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIGS 3O, 4A–D, 5B, E, I; TABLES 1 AND 2)</p>
            <p> Type species:  Philinopsis pilsbryi Eliot, 1900 . By subsequent designation. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Living animals up to 30 mm in length. Body elongated, oval, reduced sensory bristles, not visible to the naked eye; cephalic shield well differentiated from the body, with frontal elevation, crest-like (autapomorphy); eyes frontal, conspicuous, inserted in small circular unpigmented periocular areas (autapomorphy); posterior shield with symmetrical, rounded, short caudal lobes (Figs 3O, 4). Shell variable, convex-dilated with open whorl (Fig. 5B), convex-concealed (Fig. 5E) or spoon-shaped with prolonged and semi-wide open whorl (Fig. 5I). Buccal bulb tubular, long, muscular (autapomorphy). Penial papilla conical; prostate formed by a long narrow duct, not coiled (autapomorphy) (Rudman, 1972a; Gosliner, 1980).</p>
            <p>  Type locality: Rotuma  Island , Fiji  . </p>
            <p>Etymology: The genus name (Lat. tubule = tube) refers to the tubular buccal bulb present in all species included in this new genus.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A008FFCFC2CFFE7BFB961954	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A006FFC1C195FB60FBBF1ED9.text	03C387B9A006FFC1C195FB60FBBF1ED9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aglaja Renier 1807	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> AGLAJA RENIER, 1807 AND THE NEW GENUS  NIPARAYA</p>
            <p> The type genus of  Aglajidae ,  Aglaja Renier, 1807 (type species  A. tricolorata Renier, 1807 ; type locality near Caesarea, Mediterranean coast of Israel; K. Jensen, pers. comm.) is distributed in the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea and eastern Pacific. This genus was validated by Lemche (1974) after conflicts with preoccupied names (Lemche, 1972, 1974; Cernohorsky &amp; Lemche, 1976; ICZN Opinion 1079, 1977). The genus is represented in our analyses by the type species  A. tricolorata from the Mediterranean Sea, by the eastern Pacific species  A. ocelligera , and at least five additional species (Fig. 2A, B; Table 4). </p>
            <p> However, a taxon usually ascribed to this genus (  A. regiscorona ) did not cluster together with the other species of  Aglaja (Fig. 2A, B; Supporting Information, Figs S1–S 4). Furthermore, Bertsch (1972) and Gosliner (1980) highlighted the presence of morphological characters distinguishing ‘  Aglaja ’ regiscorona and raised concerns about its taxonomic placement in  Aglaja . Representatives of ‘  A. ’ regiscorona from the Pacific Ocean are small animals (up to 5 mm) with unique characters such as light-creamy coloration, numerous dark-tipped dorsal papillae along the body, cephalicanterior velum (Fig. 3J), cephalic-posterior elevation in crown-like shape and a distinctive penial structure than the rest of the aglajid genera (see Gosliner, 1980: figs 1–12 and Marcus &amp; Marcus, 1966: figs 22–27, for comparisons of the penial papilla and prostate of ‘  A. ’ regiscorona ). In contrast, slugs of the genus  Aglaja are larger (up to 30 mm); devoid of dorsal papilla, velum, and upward projections of the cephalic/posterior shields; and their penial anatomy resembles that of  Navanax (Rudman, 1974) . </p>
            <p> Camacho-García et al. (2014) previously hinted that ‘  A. ’ regiscorona could warrant a different phylogenetic affiliation, which is here confirmed by our results. No genus name is available for this new lineage, and therefore, we introduce the name  Niparaya with type species  N. regiscorona (type locality Las Cruces, Baja California, México) for eastern Pacific specimens with the aforementioned characteristics. Specimens identified in our work as ‘  Aglaja regiscorona ’ collected in Hawaii and western Pacific localities seem to belong to two distinct species (Fig. 2A, B). Moreover, available images from field guides and specialized webpages clearly hint the possible existence of potential cryptic diversity in  Niparaya regiscorona (Gosliner, 2015: 49; Pittman &amp; Fiene, 2015a). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A006FFC1C195FB60FBBF1ED9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A006FFC3C21CFBE4FD901FE4.text	03C387B9A006FFC3C21CFBE4FD901FE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chelidonura A. Adams 1850	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> CHELIDONURA S. S. A.  ADAMS , 1850 AND THE NEW GENERA  BIUVE ,  CAMACHOAGLAJA AND MARIAGLAJA</p>
            <p> Chelidonura s.l. has been assembled together based often on the shared presence of a narrow and elongated body, a tri- or quadrilobed anterior shield, calcified shell, a small non-eversible buccal bulb, a single lobed mucous gland and a simple penis (Rudman, 1971, 1973, 1974; Gosliner &amp; Williams, 1972; Gosliner, 1981; Ortea &amp; Martínez, 1997). Rudman (1974) and Gosliner (1980) discussed the anatomy of several chelidonurids and disagreed regarding the disposition of the labial glands and the presence/absence of a genital ganglion, while agreeing on the uniformity of the reproductive system of  Chelidonura , giving  C. hirundinina as a typification for the whole genus (Gosliner, 1987). </p>
            <p> Anthes &amp; Michiels (2007) were the first to hint at the possible non-monophyly of the genus, a result similarly obtained by Malaquias et al. (2009) and Oskars et al. (2015). Nevertheless, none of these works aimed to discuss the systematics of  Aglajidae and it was only with the work by Camacho-García et al. (2014) that the paraphyletic status of the genus was thoroughly emphasized and discussed. The latter authors recovered a ‘superclade’ with  Aglaja +  Navanax + three sub-clades of  Chelidonura and considered the possible synonymization of one of the clades of  Chelidonura (the one containing the type species  C. hirundinina ) and  Navanax with  Aglaja , but low statistical support and the recognizable synapomorphies of  Navanax (Gosliner, 1980) prevented synonymization of the three names. They considered a possible introduction of new names for the sub-clades of  Chelidonura , but the authors found it premature because, with the exception of the Atlantic  Chelidonura , the sub-clades were poorly supported. </p>
            <p> In this study, we included sequences of 54% of the recognized valid species of  Chelidonura and retrieved four clades: (1)  Chelidonura s.s. with type species  C. hirundinina from Mauritius (PP/BS = 0.97/71). This clade is dominated by IWP taxa, but includes two representatives from the WA (  C. cubana and C. ‘hirundinina’; Table 4). (2) The new clade  Mariaglaja (type species  M. alexisi from the Philippines), which includes representatives only from the IWP (PP/BS = 1/97) and corresponds in part to the sub-clade A. 2.2 in Camacho-García et al. (2014) (see Systematic results for diagnosis). (3) The clade  Camachoaglaja (type species  C. africana from the Canary Islands; Martínez et al., 2002) (PP/BS = 1/100) includes the majority, but not all the Atlantic species of  Chelidonura s.l. (two species are part of  Chelidonura s.s. ; Fig. 2A, B; Table 4). The separation between  Chelidonura s.s. ,  Camachoaglaja and Mariaglaja based on external features is difficult (Table 5). The main differences are molecular, anatomical and in part conchological. The shell of the three genera is spoon-shaped, but in  Camachoaglaja , it has a highly modified apex with outward-pointed projections on the protoconch (Fig. 5J; Ortea et al., 1996). The shells of  Chelidonura s.s. and  Mariaglaja are of similar size and shape with an acuminated or rounded whorl (Fig. 5G, I; Table 5). (4) The last clade comprises the IWP ‘  C. fulvipunctata ’ and probably a cryptic species from the Hawaiian Is (PP/BS = 1/100; Figs 1, 2), for which we here introduce the genus name  Biuve [type species  B. fulvipunctata (Baba, 1938) from Kii, Japan; Table 4]. This genus is also morphologically similar to  Chelidonura s.s. (Rudman, 1974; Gosliner, 1980); the main differences are molecular and the presence of a W-shaped mark in the anterior part of the cephalic shield (see Systematic results section). Species of this clade were not included in the molecular phylogeny of Camacho-García et al. (2014) and were here rendered sister to the radula-bearing new genus  Mannesia restricted to the eastern Atlantic (PP/BS = 0.95/75; discussed below; Fig. 2A, B). </p>
            <p> THE RADULATE GENERA:  ODONTOGLAJA RUDMAN, 1978 AND THE NEW GENUS  MANNESIA</p>
            <p> Three species of aglajids with radula have been described so far, namely  Odontoglaja guamensis (Rudman, 1978) ,  O. sabadiega Ortea et al., 2002 and  O. mosaica Gosliner, 2011 . Gosliner et al. (2008: 48) referred to a white species of  Chelidonura from South Africa (  Chelidonura sp. 3 ) with what the author has labelled as a ‘vestigial radula’. </p>
            <p> The evolutionary implications of radula loss in the  Aglajidae have been extensively discussed by Rudman (1978) and Camacho-García et al. (2014). The first work considered  Odontoglaja to be the basal or sister lineage to all other aglajids and the presence of a radula to be an ancestral feature that was lost once in the evolutionary history of the family, being therefore absent in all other lineages. Camacho-García et al. (2014), including only IWP radulate species, corroborated the view that  Odontoglaja is basal within the family, but because of the vestigial presence of a radula in the aforementioned specimen of white  Chelidonura (Gosliner et al., 2008) , they speculated about possible alternative scenarios to explain the evolution of this character, suggesting (1) an eventual regain of the radula in some lineages, (2) a widespread presence of this feature in juvenile stages not detected so far, with consequent lost in adults, or (3) a possible misidentification of specimen (  Chelidonura sp. 3 ) of Gosliner et al. (2008) with a philinid. </p>
            <p> Nevertheless, both Anthes &amp; Michiels (2007) and Malaquias et al. (2009) have retrieved different phylogenetic scenarios with  Odontoglaja branching off in more derived positions usually sister to lineages of  Chelidonura s.s. The phylogeny presented here is the first to include both IWP and Atlantic lineages of ‘  Odontoglaja ’ and establishes a new paradigm in the evolution of radula-less lineages in  Aglajidae . This does not necessarily conflict with the idea that radula-less lineages are basal, but also does not support this view. What seems clear is that the radula was either lost or regained at least twice in the evolution of aglajids. Stochastic reappearance of lost structures due to reactivation of ‘dormant’ genes has been documented (Scheltema, Kerth &amp; Kuzirian, 2003; Golubtsov, Dzerjinskii &amp; Prokofiev, 2005) and could be influenced by effects of dietary preferences (Wägele &amp; Klussmann-Kolb, 2005) upon particular food items (Zamora-Silva &amp; Malaquias, 2016). </p>
            <p> The Atlantic radula-bearing species of ‘  Odontoglaja ’ is sister to the new IWP radula-less genus  Biuve , whereas both IWP species of  Odontoglaja clustered together elsewhere in the trees (Fig. 2A, B).  Odontoglaja proper with its type species  O. guamensis includes two formally described species (the latter and  O. mosaica ), but our COI phylogeny revealed a third molecular lineage (Supporting Information, Fig. S2) highlighting a potential higher diversity in the IWP. </p>
            <p> The Atlantic radula-bearing species is here ascribed to the new genus  Mannesia (with type species  M. sabadiega from the Canary Islands; Table 4). Morphologically,  Mannesia differs from  Odontoglaja in the shape of the body (both have elongated bodies, but  Odontoglaja is more tubular and slimmer than  Mannesia ), in the surface of the body (numerous tubercles are present only in  Odontoglaja ; Rudman, 1978; Gosliner, 2011; Fig. 3E, K) and in the cephalic shield [rounded anteriorly and not overlapping posteriorly in  Odontoglaja (Fig. 3K), whereas in  Mannesia , it is bilobed with quadrangular lobes and overlaps posteriorly (Fig. 3E)] (Table 5). </p>
            <p> Anatomically, both genera differ in the number of radular rows (&lt;10 in  Mannesia ;&gt; 20 in  Odontoglaja ) and on the shell, which is spoon-shaped with a conspicuous, broad and extended whorl in  Odontoglaja (Fig. 5H), whereas  Mannesia has a spoon-shaped shell with prolonged and semi-wide open whorl (Figs 5G, 6D). Therefore, in order to reflect the present phylogeny, we introduce the new genus name  Mannesia (see Systematic results section for diagnosis). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A006FFC3C21CFBE4FD901FE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A004FFC3C1F6FCD3FAF31B5D.text	03C387B9A004FFC3C1F6FCD3FAF31B5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melanochlamys Cheeseman 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> THE GENUS  MELANOCHLAMYS CHEESEMAN, 1881</p>
            <p> Thirteen valid species of  Melanochlamys are recognized as valid in current literature (Bouchet, 2015; Table 4) and eight of them are represented in the present study including the type species  M. cylindrica from New Zealand.  Melanochlamys was paraphyletic in the molecular phylogenetic analysis by Anthes &amp; Michiels (2007), but Camacho-García et al. (2014) retrieved high support for the monophyly of the genus, which is corroborated by our analysis (PP/BS = 0.98/76; Fig. 2A, B). This group is morphologically distinct from other lineages of  Aglajidae and is characterized by the presence of a cylindrical body with a single pair of sensory mounds on the head, sunken eyes, reduced caudal lobes, spoon-shaped with an inward spiral shell (Fig. 5F), a tubular fused capsule and albumen gland, a bilobed mucous gland and a espermatic bulb lying alongside the prostate in some species (Cheeseman, 1881; Rudman, 1972b; Gosliner, 1980). </p>
            <p> THE GENUS  NAKAMIGAWAIA KURODA &amp; HABE, 1961 AND ITS SYNONYM MIGAYA ORTEA, CABALLER &amp; ESPINOSA, 2014</p>
            <p> Kuroda &amp; Habe (1961) (in Baba, 1985) described the genus  Nakamigawaia in the family  Aglajidae with the single species  N. spiralis from Mukaishima, Japan, characterized by a unique shell type among the  Aglajidae (spiral; Figs 5C, 6C), frontal eyes inserted in unpigmented periocular areas, reduced parapodia, reduced and eversible buccal bulb, and a small oval body with rounded symmetrical caudal lobes. Neither Rudman (1978) nor Gosliner (1980) considered this taxon in their subsequent works on the systematics of aglajids. Yet, Baba (1985) discussed the anatomical similarities between  Nakamigawaia and other genera of the family, such as  Melanochlamys , and suggested its inclusion in  Aglajidae , a view followed by all subsequent works (e.g. Burn &amp; Thompson, 1998; Camacho-García et al., 2014; Zamora-Silva &amp; Malaquias, 2016). </p>
            <p> The results obtained by Camacho-García et al. (2014) and the current work confirm the monophyly of  Nakamigawaia and its inclusion in  Aglajidae (PP/BS = 1/100; Fig. 2A, B). Our analyses revealed the presence of three distinct lineages – one WA (  N. felis ) and two from the western Pacific (  N. spiralis ,  Nakamigawaia sp. ). </p>
            <p> The generic assignment of the WA ‘  Aglaja ’ felis (type locality Curaçao) described by Marcus &amp; Marcus (1970) has been a matter of disagreement. Because of external similarities with  N. spiralis , some authors have included it in  Nakamigawaia (Camacho-García et al., 2014; Zamora-Silva &amp; Malaquias, 2016), whereas others have maintained the species in  Aglaja (Valdés et al., 2006) . Ortea et al. (2014) presumed that differences between the shells of ‘  A.’ felis (convex, dilated, with an open whorl; Fig. 6B) and the type species  N. spiralis (spiral shell; Fig. 6C) warranted a different generic assignment and, therefore, introduced the new genus name  Migaya for the Atlantic lineage. </p>
            <p> The shell is an important character in the systematics of  Aglajidae both to characterize species and genera. There are five genera with unique types of shell (  Noalda , Fig. 5A;  Niparaya , Fig. 5D;  Melanochlamys , Fig. 5F,  Odontoglaja , Fig. 5H;  Camachoaglaja , Fig. 5J), but there are also shell types present in more than one genus, such as in  Nakamigawaia (Figs 5B, C, 6B, C). </p>
            <p> Furthermore, the diagnosis of  Migaya (Ortea et al., 2014) is based on characters shared by some other aglajid genera; for example ‘ head bearing sensorial bristles ’ – is in fact a diagnostic feature of the family (Rudman, 1974; Gosliner, 1980, 2015); ‘ internal shell simple with a wing on the upper edge, teleoconch vestigial, reduced to an arched and narrow plate attached to the protoconch’ – are features present in  Aglaja ,  Philinopsis and  Navanax (Rudman, 1972a, Rudman, 1974; Gosliner, 1980) and a ‘ protoconch smooth, strong, and proportionally big on the right side of the animal ’ – are features present at least in  Odontoglaja (Rudman, 1978) . Therefore, the genus  Migaya is here considered to be a junior synonym of  Nakamigawaia . </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A004FFC3C1F6FCD3FAF31B5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
03C387B9A004FFC5C2E9F968FB03182A.text	03C387B9A004FFC5C2E9F968FB03182A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Navanax COOPER 1862	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> THE GENUS  NAVANAX COOPER, 1862</p>
            <p> Navanax was regarded by Bergh (1905) and Marcus &amp; Marcus (1970) to be a synonym of  Chelidonura because of similar morphological traits such as the presence of an elongated head shield, cephalic sense organs with mounds containing sensory bristles, backward extensions of the posterior shield, well-developed parapodial lobes and a racemose prostate in both genera. Rudman (1974) presumed  Navanax to be a synonym of  Aglaja because of resemblances between their shells, buccal bulbs and female glands. Gosliner (1980) reinstated the genus as valid based on distinct characteristics of the cephalic shield (well-developed antero-lateral portions extended as semi-circular funnels) and male genitalia (conical and convoluted penial papilla and fused bilobed prostate). The monophyly of  Navanax has received support in some recent molecular phylogenetic studies (e.g. Camacho-García et al., 2014; Oskars et al., 2015), and the genus, including the type species  N. inermis , received maximum support in the current study (Fig. 2A, B). </p>
            <p> PHILINOPSIS PEASE, 1860 ,  SPINOAGLAJA ORTEA, MORO &amp; ESPINOSA, 2007 , AND THE NEW GENERA </p>
            <p> SPINOPHALLUS AND TUBULOPHILINOPSIS</p>
            <p> The possible non-monophyly of the genus  Philinopsis was previously suggested by some molecular phylogenetic studies. Anthes &amp; Michiels (2007) including eight species of  Philinopsis found the genus to split into two sub-clades, which the authors named the  ‘ taronga ’ and  ‘ pilsbryi ’ groups. Later, Camacho-García et al. (2014) recovered a hypothesis where all species, but one (  P. falciphallus ) clustered together with moderate to high support in Bayesian analyses (PP = 0.92, 0.96), yet with no support in ML analyses (BS = &lt;50, 65). Moreover,  P. falciphallus nested within a ‘superclade’ containing representatives of the genera  Aglaja ,  Chelidonura and  Navanax (sub-clade A 2 in Camacho-García et al., 2014). </p>
            <p> Our analyses did not obtain statistical support for the monophyly of  Philinopsis (PP/BS = 0.71/42; Fig. 2A, B). Instead, we have obtained four well-supported sub-clades for which it is possible to establish synapomorphies. One of these clades corresponds to  Philinopsis s.s. , another is consistent with the genus  Spinoaglaja (Ortea et al., 2007) , and for the last two clades, no names were available. Therefore, we here propose two new genera  Spinophallus and Tubulophilinopsis (see Systematic results section). </p>
            <p> Philinopsis s.s. (PP/BS = 1/97) with type species  P. speciosa includes species distributed in WA and IWP (Table 4). This genus is defined by the presence of a convex-concealed shell (Fig. 5E), wide and rectangular body, flat cephalic shield, two slightly squared anterior lobes with the posterior flap raised into a peak on the midline, and symmetrical caudal lobes, poorly developed enclosing the posterior end of the mantle cavity (Pease, 1860; Rudman, 1968; Gosliner, 1980, 2011, 2015; Fig. 3L). </p>
            <p> The new clade  Spinophallus (PP/BS = 0.97/98), consistent with the  ‘ taronga group ’ of Anthes &amp; Michiels (2007), with type species  S. coronata Gosliner, 2011 (Figs 2A, B, 3M; Supporting Information, Figs S1–S 4) is restricted to the IWP, and it is characterized by an elongated and wide body, quadrangular and blunt cephalic shield with a bulbous dorsal projection on its posterior end, symmetrical and inconspicuous caudal lobes, and conical spines on the penial papilla or in the penial sac (see Gosliner, 2015: 3, fig. 1 for images of this bulbous projection). </p>
            <p> The next new clade,  Tubulophilinopsis (PP/ BS = 1/97; Figs 1, 2; type species  T. pilsbryi ), corresponds to the  ‘ pilsbryi group ’ of Anthes &amp; Michiels (2007) and was also obtained by Camacho-García et al. (2014) (see Systematic results section for a synopsis of this genus). Animals of this genus share the presence of a pentagonal cephalic shield with an elevated hump containing the frontal eyes inserted in unpigmented periocular areas (Figs 3O, 4; Imamoto, 2003; Berberain &amp; Michenet, 2015), three different types of shell (Table 5) and a slim and long tubular buccal bulb (Rudman, 1972a, 1974). </p>
            <p> The genus  Spinoaglaja (type species  S. petra ) was erected by Ortea et al. (2007) based on the unique presence of spines on the apex of the shell. Camacho-García et al. (2014) did not regard the genus valid and re-ascribed  ‘ petra ’ to the genus  Philinopsis . Our results showed that all species of ‘  Philinopsis ’ with shell-bearing spines (Figs 5K, 6E) form a clade with high support (PP/BS = 0.97/100; Fig. 2A, B). The external morphology of  Spinoaglaja is similar to  Tubulophilinopsis , but its particular shell morphology is autapomorphic, and therefore, we here resurrect the genus name  Spinoaglaja for the WA species  S. aeci (Romani &amp; Pagli, 2015) ,  S. petra (Fig. 3N; Ortea et al., 2007) and the IWP  S. orientalis (Figs 2A, B, 6E). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387B9A004FFC5C2E9F968FB03182A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Zamora-Silva, Andrea;Malaquias, Manuel António E.	Zamora-Silva, Andrea, Malaquias, Manuel António E. (2018): Molecular phylogeny of the Aglajidae head-shield sea slugs (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): new evolutionary lineages revealed and proposal of a new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 183: 1-51
