identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C387E2FFD9FFA9FDD01D88A84FA453.text	03C387E2FFD9FFA9FDD01D88A84FA453.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euophrys C. L. Koch 1834	<div><p>Gen. Euophrys C. L. Koch, 1834</p> <p>Figures 1-18</p> <p>Type species. Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802).</p> <p>Documentation studied. Literature data including both published and unpublished documentation, as well as experience of original research of the author carried out since 1954.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Specific identification of males (after ascertaining conformity of palps) can be best done by frontal color pattern (orbital scales around eyes I, clypeal scales, anterior surfaces of chelicerae, as well as pigmentation and scales on palps, and legs I-II (Figs 1, 4 A-C, E, G-J, 5-7). Specific identification of females by details of thin and gently bent ducts (in some species making distally a loop or knot) as well as by ball shaped spermathecae, and by location of copulatory opening correlated with superficial thickenings of white "windows" membrane.</p> <p>Description. Small spiders (length of body in majority of species between 3-4 mm, rarely up to 7 mm long), usually with cryptic dorsal coloration, males differing by color of clypeal scales 6 *, arranged into transverse</p> <p>6 Dr. D. E. Hill, an author of excellent paper on scales in Salticidae (1979) has sent me the following lucid explanation on usage of terms "scales", "setae" and "hairs". "Since "setae" is just the Latin word for "hairs" I use this as a general term for all of these structures that emerge through sockets in the cuticle. Scales (or "scalae" in neoLatin or scientific Latin) are just one type of setae, those that bend after emerging from the socket to lie along the surface. I also suspect that scales lack sensory neurons at the base. I like your term "orbital scales" as this is very descriptive of the specialized scales that commonly surround salticid eyes. Similar terms like "clypeal scales" are also very descriptive. If they are not scales, then I would just call them setae (like clypeal setae). If they are really stout I call these "spines." There are one to several of these between the AME of Thorelliola and Maratus, for example. Other descriptors, like long scales, short scales, flattened scales, pigmented scales, or iridescent scales, are also useful. Of course there is stripe across clypeus, or just covering the whole clypeus, as well as orbital scales encircling eyes I, also black appearance of legs I-II, usually terminated by white tarsus (Figs 1, 5-7 and 18C), however, note repetition of that pattern in unrelated genera (Figs 3-4).</p> <p>Palps. Relatively uniform within Euophrys, are characterized by single coil of embolus (a curl), in resting position located anterolaterally in front of tegulum, with diameter equal to about one half of width of bulbus (Fig. 1F, 3F and other). There are two translucent loops of spermophor (out of complicated knot deeper in bulbus), the anterior 3/4 complete, of the posterior one only half of a bent is visible, they are separated by a tightly compressed remnants of a loop, opening retrolaterally. The width of spermophor loops vary, but seldom exceed mid-line of the bulbus. The shape of bulbus is elongate oval, unusually with posterior third distinctly narrower. Palps shown on Figs 11-12, 13 A-C, 14B, 15B-C, E-F are relatively uniform. Tibial apophysis in this genus is generally thin, almost setae-like and difficult to notice, in some cases are not marked on drawings, possibly missing.</p> <p>Epigyne, external view. Partially hidden among dense setae on ventral surface of abdomen, its tegument is whitish and contains a pair of membranous "window" in its anterior half, with posterior half dark due to translucent dark, sclerotized spermathecae (Fig. 1K, 8D, 11C). Proportions of white and dark areas, their comparative length and width are diagnostic characters, but unfortunately differences between species are not striking. There are no distinct limits of "window" and their separating divider is often indistinct, the surface of "windows" has indistinct thickening, oval, or broadly spiral shaped (these may be of diagnostic value. More useful character is provided by translucent internal structures, but these are only partially visible without clearing and staining.</p> <p>Internal structures of epigyne - spermathecae and ducts. Although visible as translucent in natural appearance of epigyne, these can be studied precisely only after clearing of epigyne of soft tissues, preferably stained and mounted in a temporary slide 7 *</p> <p>These structures are most important characters confirming identification of a genus, and separating some species. Spermathecae in Euophrys are sclerotized, ball shaped, and are extended anteriorly by broad, gradually narrowing ducts having the same thickness of the walls (Figs 1, 11D), anteriorly bent, coiled or even twisted into a knot (Figs 1 L-M, 3M, 7, 8D, 11D, F, G, I, L, M, 12C, D-L). In some species ducts may be thinner and rather attached to than looking just as extension of sclerotized spermathecae, (somewhat intermediate to these in genus Talavera) but are still not membranous (Figs 12F, G, L, 13C). Relative shape of ducts of Euophrys petrensis is presented differently in various papers, usually as very thin, Talavera -like (Fig. 2N) but in SEM photograph looks much broader (Fig. 3E – compare Fig. 22B). Structure and shape of ducts is so different in E. subtilis (Fig. 16H) and E. falciger (Fig. 13J) that their classification is uncertain. Interesting variation of ducts, twisted loose spring like, is visible in E. terrestris (Fig. 16J). Ducts shown on Figs 13F, G, 14A are looking still different, and those on Figs 14D, E even more. Interpretations of all these differences require more research.</p> <p>nothing like a photograph. Once preserved, one can still dry a specimen and determine the iridescent color, but of course pigments are lost in alcohol. If I can't see a bend at the base of a seta, and it is not flattened or compressed, I just call it a seta. Generally the scales of salticids point in the direction in which the old cuticle is pulled off during a molt, but their are exceptions. for example, the orientation of scales on the dorsal opisthosomal plate (scute) of adult male Maratus can be quite variable."</p> <p>7 The epigyne can be detached from the body by sliding the tip of a small scalpel (or tip of thin siringe) under it, and cutting the tegument around the epigyne. Clearing of soft tissues could be done by bathing in COOL aqueous 10-20% solution of KOH for some 24 hours, next stained in the very light colored alcohol solution of Chlorazol Black E for a short time. Examination should be done under a compound microscope, photographed with camera with automatic setting and timing device, attached to a photo tube of microscope. The best method of drawing is to use “net micrometer” (a piece of glass with a fine grid of minute squares inside the ocular of the microscope), and to draw the examined structures as seen in each square, on a sheet of paper with a grid drawn on it (or translucing from a grid put beneath paper).. Palps should be examined detached from body, under alcohol in a Petri dish, fixed in requested position in a layer of fine sand covering bottom of a dish. After examination/ epigyne or palp should be stored in a minute vial (which can be self made from glass tubing), put into specimen vial.</p> <p>General appearance. Standard documentation of general appearance of a salticid should become macrophotographs of live specimen, showing animal in three views (dorsal, frontal and lateral), with photographs of preserved specimen as additional, documentation for Museum bound researchers. Stress on macrophotographs may be troublesome, but scientific result will be worth of that. Deep change of color pattern takes place during preservation in alcohol - the deterioration of colors may be slow, taking years in some genera, but very rapid and tremendous in other, including Euophrys, when the animal become unrecognizable within minutes[!] after submerging specimen in alcohol (compare photos of live Euophrys - Figs 4-9 with photos of specimens preserved in alcohol - Fig. 10, see also FOOTNOTE 7 (page 44) on Euophrys pseudogambosa below). Although drawings and photographs of preserved specimens do not convey their true outlook, they are still valuable partial documentation. Producing photographs of live Euophrys is difficult for a laboratory bound taxonomist, but somehow it should be done for demonstration of true properties of described species. The recognition markings are located on parts of body visible to other spiders, on level of their vision, that is on face (orbital and clypeal scales, pigmentation and scales pattern on chelicerae, palps and legs I and II). Natural coloration is unchanged in spiders preserved dry, like insects, but these specimens become shrunken. The remedy would be routine photographing of collected specimens before preservation. Also white setae become transparent in alcohol and disappear (compare Figs 1 A-B with D) (simple solution may be temporary drying up of specimens taken out from alcohol - an operation practiced routinely in XIX century, for instance by E. Simon and W. Kulczyński).</p> <p>Testing relative value of diagnostic characters - is demonstrated on Fig. 7 - it conforms superiority of internal structure of epigyne and frontal color pattern in males, while palps seem to be too uniform to separate species. Note that color pattern is not correlated with genitalic characters (Fig. 7): red or yellow stripe on clypeus in males does not correlate with epigyne of their respective females, while palps of respective males do not show noticeable differences. Several males with red clypeus differ, however, by colors of palps, bunches of setae on palps and by color of orbital scales. Apparently single characters are insufficient to separate displayed species, a number of characters should be considered.</p> <p>Remarks. This paper accepts (somewhat tentatively) 55 species of Euophrys as recognizable (that is having diagnostic drawings of genitals, at least for one sex), another 21 " Euophrys " are pending re-classification, unrecognizable species are not included. Catalogue of whereabouts of 114 nominal species and types of " Evophrys " (including Pseudeuophrys and Talavera) in collections is given by Prószyński (1971: 404-408, data repeated in 2016b).</p> <p>Distribution. Euophrys is distributed in Palaearctics and Africa, with 2 species penetrating North America. Reports on occurrence in South and Central America (http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/salticidae.php) are apparently based on misidentifications (Fig. 17).</p> <p>Composition (diagnostic drawings in brackets). Type species: Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer, 1802) (Figs 1 -A-N, 3-F, L-MO, 4-A-B, 5A, 7A, 8A, 11A-D, 22A, D,). The following species are included: Euophrys acripes (Simon, 1871) (Fig. 12A), E. albimana Denis, 1937 (Fig. 13E), E. baliola (Simon, 1871) (Fig. 15F), E. bifida Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Fig. 10A, 13F), E. [?] bryophila Berry, Beatty &amp; Prószyński, 1996 (Fig. 16A- B), E. catherinae Prószyński, 2000 (Fig. 12F, 22A), E. cochlea Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Fig. 10B, 14A), E. convergentis Strand, 1906 (Fig. 14B), E. dhaulagirica Żabka, 1980 (Fig. 14C), E. declivis Karsch, 1879 (Fig. 14D), E. difficilis (Simon, 1868) (Fig. 15A), E. elizabethae Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs. 10C, 13D), E. evae Żabka, 1981 (Fig. 11G), E. everestensis Wanless, 1975 (Fig. 14F), E. falciger Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs 10H, 16 I-J), E. flavoatra (Grube, 1861) (Fig. 15C), E. gambosa (Simon, 1868) (Figs 4C, 11 H-J), E. cf. gambosa (Figs 11 K-L), E. gracilis Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs 10D, 13H), E. herbigrada (Simon, 1871) (Fig. 5C, 7C, 12G, 22A, D), E. kataokai Ikeda, 1996 (Figs 10P, 13A), E. kawkaban Wesolowska &amp; van Harten, 2007 (Fig. 15L), E. kirghizica Logunov, 1997 (Figs 12L), E. [?] kororensis Berry, Beatty &amp; Prószyński, 1996 (Figs 16C- D), E. limpopo Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs 10I, 15D), E. maseruensis Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs 10J, 15E), E. meridionalis Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Fig. 10K, 15E), E. miranda Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Fig. 10L, 17G), E. monadnock Emerton, 1891 (Figs 12 B-C, 22D), E. namulinensis Hu, 2001 (Fig. 15J), E. nana Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs 10M, 15H), E. nangqianensis Hu, 2001 (Fig. 14E), E. nearctica Kaston, 1938 (Fig. 12E), E. nepalica Żabka, 1980 (Fig. 15I), E. nigritarsis (Simon, 1868) (Fig. 5E, 8D), E. nigromaculata (Lucas, 1846) (Fig. 10N), E. omnisuperstes Wanless, 1975 (Fig. 14G), E. petrensis C. L. Koch, 1837 (Fig. 3 A-E, 4H, 6A, 7E), E. proszynskii Logunov, Cutler &amp; Marusik, 1993 (Fig. 13B), E. pseudogambosa Strand, 1915 (Figs 4K, 11 M-N, 18A-C), E. pulchella Peckham &amp; Peckham, 1894 (Fig. 15K), E. purcelli Peckham &amp; Peckham, 1903 (Figs 10G, 13G), E. quadripunctata (Lucas, 1846) (Fig. 10O), E. recta Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs 10F, 15B), E. rufibarbis (Simon, 1868) (Figs 6C, 7F, 9B, 12 H-I, 22A, D), E. subtilis Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs 10E, 16 G-H), E. sulphurea (L. Koch, 1867) (Figs 5B, 7B, 8F, 11F), E. talassica Logunov, 1997 (Fig. 12M), E. terrestris (Simon, 1871) (Figs 6E, 7G, 12 J-K, 22A, D), E. turkmenica Logunov, 1997 (Fig. 13C), E. uphami (Peckham &amp; Peckham, 1903) (Fig. 15M), E. uralensis Logunov, Cutler &amp; Marusik, 1993 (Figs 12 D-E), E. [?] wanyan Berry, Beatty &amp; Prószyński, 1996 (Figs 16 E-F), E. wenxianensis Yang &amp; Tang, 1997 (Fig. 15G), E. yulungensis Żabka, 1980 (Figs 14 H-I). 55 species.</p> <p>Species pending reclassification (diagnostic drawings in brackets). " Euophrys " " Euophrys" alabardata Caporiacco, 1947 (Fig. 17Q), "E." albopatellata Petrunkevitch, 1914 (Fig. 17C), " E." altera (Simon, 1868) male – reinstated synonym (Fig. 17A 1), " E." altera - female = Icius hamatus (Fig. 17A 2), " E." alticola Denis, 1955, (Fig. 17B), " E." bifoveolata Tullgren, 1905 (Fig. 17D), " E." concolorata Roewer, 1951 (replacement name) (Fig. 17G 1), " E." cooki Żabka, 1985 (Fig. 17I), “ E.” griswoldi Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Figs 17H), " E." jirica Żabka, 1980 (Fig. 17E), " E." megastyla Caporiacco, 1949 (Fig 17I. 1),"E." melanoleucus Mello-Leitão, 1944 (Fig. 17L), " E." menemerella Strand, 1909 (Fig. 17J), " E." miranda Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 (Fig. 17G), " E." newtoni Peckham &amp; Peckham, 1896 (Fig. 17K), " E." patellaris Denis, 1957 (Fig. 17F), " E." sima Chamberlin, 1916 (Fig. 17M), " E." testaceozonata Caporiacco, 1922 (Fig. 17N), " E." valens Bösenberg &amp; Lenz, 1895 (Fig. 17P), " E." ysobolii Peckham &amp; Peckham, 1896 (Fig. 17R), Y -Z - Euophrys griswoldi (Figs 17H), E. tengchongensis Lei &amp; Peng, 2012: 5, f. 3a-b, 7a-g (Dmf). – pending classification but have no permission to copy these diagnostic drawings). 21 species.</p> <p>SOURCES: A-D - ©Photo by M. Schäfer https://kleinesganzgross.de/gallery.php, E - ©Photo by P. Oger https://arachno.piwigo.com/index?/category/salticidae. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A-D - ©Photos by Michael Schäfer https://kleinesganzgross.de/gallery.php, E - ©Photos by H. Metzner. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: Photos A-H - ©Photo by Michael Schäfer https://kleinesganzgross.de/gallery.php, I - ©Photo by Pierre Oger, for source of draqings - see captions to Figs 11-12.All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: Copyright © &amp; photo by Michael Schäfer https://kleinesganzgross.de/gallery.php, except D - by ©P. Oger. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: Copyright © &amp; photo by Michael Schäfer https://kleinesganzgross.de/gallery.php. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>Species requiring some comments</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFD9FFA9FDD01D88A84FA453	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFC1FFA9FF161DB5AE96A6B4.text	03C387E2FFC1FFA9FF161DB5AE96A6B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euophrys altera (Simon 1868)	<div><p>Euophrys altera (Simon, 1868) (Figs 17A 1-A 2)</p> <p>Attus alter Simon, 1868b: 63, pl. 1 [=5], f. 15 [face] (Dmf).</p> <p>Euophrys altera Simon, 1901 a: 568, f. 685[=B], 687[=D] (m).</p> <p>Euophrys altera Prószyński, 1976: 150, f. 98 (m). (miniature drawing of palp, copied from Simon 1901).</p> <p>Euophrys altera Prószyński, 1984a: 41 – [female, misidentified Icius hamatus?, Mus. Wien, coll. L. Koch] = Icius hamatus [?], Euophrys altera Prószyński 1971 (Collections): 405: Lon. – E. a., Hasarius a.; Par. E. a.</p> <p>Remarks. Simon described male and female of this species on specimen from Spain, collected by L. Koch. Male shown on Fig. 17A 1 is copied from Simon 1901 and is undoubtedly an Euophrys. Female (Fig. 17A 2) is drawn from a specimen in NH Museum Wien, labeled " E. altera from Andalusia, ex coll. L. Koch" - which was identified as Icius hamatus by Prószyński (hence synonymy E. altera = I. hamatus - but that concerns only this female specimen, not male). Specimens of E. altera kept in Musea in Paris and London were not studied. E. altera could be considered true Euophrys, pending revision to establish its diagnostic characters. Synonymy of E. altera and I. hamatus is rejected.</p> <p>Therefore:</p> <p>Icius hamatus (C. L. Koch, 1846) (one of synonyms reinstated - male specimen) = Euophrys altera (Simon, 1868).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFC1FFA9FF161DB5AE96A6B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFC1FFA9FF161FDDAE47A733.text	03C387E2FFC1FFA9FF161FDDAE47A733.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euophrys monadnock Emerton 1891	<div><p>Euophrys monadnock Emerton, 1891 (Figs 12 B-C)</p> <p>A good species of Palaearctic origin. Logunov, Cutler &amp; Marusik, (1993: 117), suggest its relationship with Siberian species E. flavoatra, which is possible but require additional research.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFC1FFA9FF161FDDAE47A733	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFC1FFAAFF161E55AE60A496.text	03C387E2FFC1FFAAFF161E55AE60A496.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euophrys nearctica Kaston 1938	<div><p>Euophrys nearctica Kaston, 1938 (Figs 12E, 32-33)</p> <p>Euophrys nearctica Kaston, 1938 c: 187, pl. 9, f. 25-26 (Df).</p> <p>Euophrys monadnock Edwards, 1980: 12 (S).</p> <p>E. nearctica is a valid species, for which Kaston has provided good description (facsimile Fig. 33) with good drawings of epigyne and general appearance (Fig. 12E), clearly different from that of E. monadnock (Fig. 12 B-C). The type specimen of E. nearctica, kept in collection of the MCZ-Harvard, was revised by Prószyński and compared with E. monadnock. An attempt to synonymize this species with E. monadnock in 1980 was merely one line opinion (see Peckhamia (1980) 2(1): 12) (Fig. 32) devoid of any documentation, incompetent and erroneous, so it seem strange that it was accepted by the Catalog. It would be interesting to check relationship of E. nearctica with its Palaearctic congeners (note similarity of epigyne in E. pseudogambosa), but the state of knowledge of relevant species does not permit that. Therefore:</p> <p>Euophrys monadnock Emerton, 1891 (one of synonyms reinstated) = Euophrys nearctica Kaston, 1938 (compare differences in epigyne - Figs 12 B-C with E, as well as relevant facsimiles Figs 32-33).</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis C. L. Koch, 1837 (Figs 3 A-E, 4H, 6A, 7E)</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis C. L. Koch, 1837b: 34 (Df).</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis Miller, 1971: 140, pl. XX, f. 22 (f).</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis Prószyński, 1976: 151, f. 118, 137 (mf).</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis Flanczewska, 1981: 196, f. 21-24 (f).</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis Prószyński. In: (eds) Heimer &amp; Nentwig, 1991: 498, f. 1329 (mf).</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis Logunov, 1992 d: 76, f. 19-20, 30 (mf).</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis Logunov, Cutler &amp; Marusik, 1993: 120, f. 17A-E (mf; N.B.: T here per footnote on p. 119).</p> <p>Talavera petrensis Żabka &amp; Kupryjanowicz 1997: 170.</p> <p>Talavera petrensis Żabka, 1997: 104, f. 405-410 (mf).</p> <p>Euophrys petrensis Bellmann, 1997: 236, f. (f).</p> <p>Talavera petrensis Logunov &amp; Kronestedt, 2003: 1144, f. 1, 5, 7, 12, 17-18, 23, 45-46, 143-148 (mf).</p> <p>Talavera petrensis Lecigne, 2016d: 24, f. 12D-F (mf).</p> <p>Remarks. Euophrys petrensis has typical for Euophrys coil of embolus (Figs 3 B-C, 7E), also typical frontal color pattern in males with high clypeus covered with red scales, red orbital scales around eyes I, black palps with striking brush of white setae across dorsal surface of cymbium, as well as intensively black legs I and II (compare Figs 4E with H, also Figs 6 and 7E). These differ from Talavera, which is unique among EUOPHRYINES by having embolus not curled into a coil (Fig. 3I). Smaller size is not a generic character, tibial apophysis is generally much reduced in Euophrys, difficult to distinguish from setae. Copulatory ducts in published drawings are extremely thin, but on excellent SEM photograph (Fig. 3E - provided by Logunov &amp; Kronestedt, 2003: 1144, f. 46) they appear much broader, not much different from other Euophrys. Therefore:</p> <p>Talavera petrensis = Euophrys petrensis C. L. Koch, 1837 (reinstated original combination).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFC1FFAAFF161E55AE60A496	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFC2FFAAFF161C19A875A824.text	03C387E2FFC2FFAAFF161C19A875A824.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euophrys pseudogambosa Strand 1915	<div><p>Euophrys pseudogambosa Strand, 1915 (Figs 4E, 11 M-N, 18A-C)</p> <p>Euophrys pseudogambosa Strand, 1915c: 168 (Dmf).</p> <p>Euophrys pseudogambosa Logunov, 1996 c: 55, f. 1-7 (mf).</p> <p>Euophrys pseudogambosa Logunov, 1997 a: 351, f. 39-41 (m).</p> <p>Euophrys pseudogambosa Prószyński, 2003: 51, f. 171-173, 177-181, 186-189, 102-193 (mf).</p> <p>Remarks. Color macrophotographs and drawings disclose diversity of Israeli E. pseudogambosa, indicating possibly separate species status. Live E. pseudogambosa A from Givat Ram, studied in 1988 by Prószyński (Figs 18A), had ventral surfaces of femora I-II red, abdomen dorsally blackish brown, characters changing 8 * in alcohol speedily, in a few minutes, from black to light dotted black (Fig. 18A), beginning right from the moment of spider dying in alcohol. Photograph of E. pseudogambosa B (Fig. 18C) by Amir Weinstein of specimen observed in the Haifa area show femora I-II entirely black (which confirms drawing of leg I by Logunov (Fig. 18B)). The diversity in this species in Israel corroborates observations of diversity in many other species, being presumably result of rapid proliferation of Salticidae in warm climate of that geographical area. Unfortunately such observations are rarely documented, due to rarity, as yet, of macrophotographic documentation.</p> <p>Euophrys semiglabrata (Simon, 1868) is studied in a parallel paper (Prószyński, Noordam, Oger &amp; Schäfer (2018 – in press)) and transferred to a new genus of its own.</p> <p>8 The first author watched unusually rapid change of dorsal pattern in Euophrys pseudogambosa immediately after submerging it in ethyl alcohol during preservation - there appeared streams of liquid, floating beneath transparent tegument, carrying a crowd of minute black globules, deposited later into different pattern of dots and lines, characteristic of Euophrys - but in fact artifacts. This is different from gradual bleaching of colors in other preserved Salticidae, a process lasting years.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFC2FFAAFF161C19A875A824	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFC3FFA5FF1619D8AA9EA2C9.text	03C387E2FFC3FFA5FF1619D8AA9EA2C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euophrys vittata Caporiacco 1935	<div><p>Euophrys vittata Caporiacco, 1935 (Fig. 17O)</p> <p>Euophrys vittata Caporiacco, 1935 b: 202, pl. 5, f. 3 (j, Karakorum)</p> <p>Wanless (1975: 132) called attention that status of this species, described on an immature specimen, is uncertain - which World Spider Catalog worded more categorically as "nomen dubium". However, the species has type specimen preserved in the Museo Civico di Storia Maturale, Milano, Italy (Prószyński 1971: 408), and Caporiacco provided an unmistakable diagnostic character in his drawing f. 3 (Fig. 17O) - thin, white median line running along abdomen. Such line is not common among Salticidae of Central Asia - it can appear in genera Phlegra, Pellenes, Attulus or Heliophanus - recognizable by body shape and proportions, even in immature specimens. I am not sure whether dismissing the species off hand in such situation is appropriate. I would rather consider it as "pending revision".</p> <p>Therefore:</p> <p>Euophrys vittata Caporiacco, 1935 - reinstated from "nomen dubium" to "pending revision" status.</p> <p>SOURCES: A -F, H -M - Wesolowska Azarkina, G. N. &amp; Russell-Smith, 2014 Zootaxa 3789(1): 11, f. 7-17; 12, f. 18-33; 13, f. 34- 39; 15, f. 40-46; 18, f. 47-5423, f. 71-73; 23, f. 74-77; 24, f. 78-86; 27, f. 87-89; 29, f. 96-99; 29, f. 100-106,© Magnolia Press, G - Wesolowska, (2012b) African Entomology 20:: 325, f. 1-5, 56-57, N-O - Lucas (1846) Histoire naturelle des animaux articulés. In: Exploration scientifique de l'Algérie... Sciences physiques, Zoologie 1, 177, pl. 9, f. 6; 182, pl. 10, f. 3, P - ©Ono, Ikeda, Kono. Tokai University Press, 2009: 583, pl 48-7. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A-E - Żabka M. 1997: 46, f. 89-98, F - Prószyński J. 2003b: Internet, G - Żabka M. (1981a). Senckenbergiana Biologica 61: 61 (5/6): 409-410, f. 4-6, H -N - Prószyński (2003) 49-51, f. 163-195. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A, C, G-H, J-K -- Prószyński, Internet, B - Peckham &amp; Peckham (1909): 16 (1): 515, pl. 43, f. 8, I - Yin et al., (2012) Araneae in Hunan, China,: 1356, f. 734a-e, E - Prószyński - Internet and Kaston, B. J. (1938c). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 33: 187, pl. 9, f. 25-26, F - Prószyński, 2003: 48, f. 158-162, L - Logunov, Cutler &amp; Marusik (1993) Annales Zoologici Fennici 30: 117, f. 6B, 7B, 15A-E, M - Logunov (1997). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 10: 347, f. 18-22; 348, f. 23-26. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A - Ono, Ikeda, Kono. Tokai University Press (2009) 583, pl 48-7, B - Logunov, Cutler &amp; Marusik (1993) 113, f. 5C, 12A-E, 13A-C, C - Logunov,(1997a Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 10:: 349, f. 27-32, D, F, H - Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith, (2014) Zootaxa 3789(1) 13, f. 34-39 13, f. 34-39; 11, f. 7-17; 18, f. 47-54 - ©Magnolia Press, E - Denis, (1937b) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1936) 1054, pl. 5, f. 4-5, G - Wesolowska, (2012b) African Entomology 20: 325, f. 1-5, 56-57, I - Denis, (1952a) Bulletin de la Société d'Histoire Naturelle de Toulouse 87: 60, f. 2-5. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A - Logunov (2005) Newsletter of the British Arachnological Society 102: 14, f. 1-5, B, D-E, H - Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith (2014) Zootaxa 3789(1): 29, f. 96-99; 23, f. 71-73; 23, f. 74-77; 28, f. 90-95, C- Logunov, Cutler, &amp; Marusik (1993) Annales Zoologici Fennici 30: 108, f. 5b, 6a, 7a, 8a-d, 9a-c, F - Simon (1937) Les arachnides de France. VI. 5: 1172, 1251, f. 1340, G - Yang &amp; Tang (1997) Journal of Lanzhou University Natural Sciences 33: 93, f. 1-5, I - Żabka (1980b) Senckenbergiana Biologica 60: 363, f. 10-11, J - Hu (2001) Henan Science and Technology Publishing House, 382, f. 239.1-3, K - Peckham &amp; Peckham (1894b) Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 61(4, 699, pl. 62, f. 7 699, pl. 62, f. 7, L - Wesolowska &amp; van Harten (2007) Fauna of Arabia 23: 194, f. 12-16, M - Prószyński, 1987: Atlas... Zeszyty Naukowe WSRP, Siedlce, 101. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A-F - Berry, Beatty &amp; Prószyński, (1996) Journal of Arachnology 24: 230, f. 54-58; 323, f. 63-69; 232, f. 59-62, G-H - Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith (2014) Zootaxa 3789(1): 15, f. 40-46. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A1 - Simon (1901 a) 568, f. 685, 687, A2-A3 - Prószyński (1984) Atlas... Zeszyty Naukowe WSRP, Siedlce,: 41, B, F - Denis (1957b) Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (I) 166: 285, f. 7-9; 287, f. 10, C - Petrunkevitch (1914a) Annals of the Entomological Society of America 7: 173, pl. 26, f. 12-13, D - Tullgren (1905) Arkiv för Zoologi 2 (19): 73, pl. 9, f. 38, E1 - Banks (1898b) Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (3) 1: 286, pl. 17, f. 14, E - Żabka (1980b) Senckenbergiana Biologica 60: 368, f. 15-20, G-H - Wesolowska, Azarkina &amp; Russell-Smith (2014: Zootaxa 3789(1) 18, f. 55-60; 27, f. 87-89, G1 - Caporiacco (1935 b) Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana, Genova 13: 205, pl. 6, f. 3, I1- Caporiacco (1949a) Commentationes Pontificia Academia Scientiarum 13 480, f. 93a-d, I - Żabka (1985) Annales Zoologici, 39: 219, f. 149- 150, J - Prószyński (1987) Atlas... Zeszyty Naukowe WSRP, Siedlce, 24, K, R - Peckham &amp; Peckham (1896) Occasional Papers of the Natural History Society of Wisconsin 3: 64, pl. 5, f. 10; L - Galiano (1962d) Physis, (C) 23 172, pl. II, f. 12-13, M - Chamberlin (1916) Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 60: 298, pl. 25, f. 1, N - Caporiacco (1922) Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana, Genova 1: 101, f. 5,O - Caporiacco (1935 b) 202, pl. 5, f. 3 (j, Karakorum), P - Bösenberg &amp; Lenz (1895) Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten 12(2): 31, pl. 1, f. 6, Q - Caporiacco (1947d) Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 40: 236, pl. 2, f. 69. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A - Prószyński (2003) Annales zoologici 53: 51, f. 171-193, B - Logunov (1996 c): Arthropoda Selecta 5(1/2): 55-61, 55, f. 1-7, C - ©Photo by Amir Weinstein. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFC3FFA5FF1619D8AA9EA2C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFCDFFA7FF161A2DAB00A4E9.text	03C387E2FFCDFFA7FF161A2DAB00A4E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euochin Prószyński & Lissner & Schäfer 2018	<div><p>Gen. Euochin gen. n. - Prószyński, 2018</p> <p>Figures 19-20</p> <p>Type species Euophrys atrata Song &amp; Chai, 1992.</p> <p>Documentation studied: original diagnostic photos and drawing (Figs 19 &amp; 20).</p> <p>Etymology: name coined of parts of words Euo [-phrys] and Chin [-a] related to the genus these species were originally placed in, and the country of their occurrence.</p> <p>Remarks. Excellent color macrophotographs and drawings, provided by the original authors (Figs 19-20), perfectly illustrate features of species transferred here to the newly delimited genus Euochin, as well as their differences with rich diversity of all recognizable species of Euophrys (Figs 1-18) and type species of related genera. Original descriptions of these China living species provides additional help to taxonomist able to read Chinese descriptions.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Main diagnostic character of this genus are oval shape of spermathecae, elongate along their longitudinal axes, and shape and position of their short and straight ducts, arising antero-medially from spermathecae (Figs 19C, G), their features reflects on superficial appearance of their epigyne. Palps confront to genera type of these parts in EUOPHRYINES, with coil of embolus somewhat wider than in Euophrys and their center somewhat deeper. There is a dense layer of longer white setae in proximal half of dorsal surface of cymbium and distal edge of palpal tibia (Figs 19B, F, 20 A-C). General appearance of body - with average proportions and cryptic coloration does not display any particular diagnostic characters (Figs 19A, E), frontal view of males is not documented. Placement of E. poloi in this genus requires more consideration.</p> <p>Composition. Type species: Euochin atrata (Song &amp; Chai, 1992) comb. n. (Figs 19 A-D, 20A, D). Other species: Euochin albopalpalis (Bao &amp; Peng, 2002) comb. n. (Figs 19C), E. bulbus (Bao &amp; Peng, 2002) comb. n., (Figs 19 E-H, 20B, E), E. poloi (Żabka, 1985) comb. n. (Figs 20F- I).</p> <p>Species pending placement confirmation: Euophrys longyangensis Lei &amp; Peng, 2012: 2, f. 1a-b, 5a-e and E. robusta Lei &amp; Peng, 2012: 4, f. 2, 6a-c, both described from China in Oriental Insects.</p> <p>SOURCES: All photos by Zha, S., Jin, C. &amp; Zhang, F. (2014). Zootaxa 3779 (3): 369, 371, f. 1-22, ©Magnolia Press. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A-B, D-E - Zha, S., Jin, C. &amp; Zhang, F. (2014). Zootaxa 3779 (3): 369, 371, f. 1-22, ©Magnolia Press,, C - © Bao &amp; Peng, 2002. Zoological Studies 41: 405, f. 6-10, F-H - ©Żabka, (1985) Annales Zoologici, 39: 219, f. 151-160. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCE: Żabka (1985). Annales Zoologici, 39: 219. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFCDFFA7FF161A2DAB00A4E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFCFFF99FD951DF3AECAA758.text	03C387E2FFCFFF99FD951DF3AECAA758.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudeuophrys Dahl 1912	<div><p>Placement of Pseudeuophrys and Talavera</p> <p>Revival of informal subgroup of genera SAITEAE* (see Prószyński, Noordam, Oger &amp; Schäfer (2018 – in press) prompted search for an opposite subgroup and that led to delimitation of a subgroup named EUOPHRYDEAE 9 (see below), consisting now, at beginning, of genera Euophrys and Euochin. Since both Pseudeuophrys and Talavera were classified as Euophrys until the mid XXth century, due to similarities in appearance and environment, there arise question whether both genera could not be included to EUOPHRYDEAE too. The documentation relevant to that question is shown in Fig. 22, for more complete documentation of both genera see Figs 23-29, illustrations for genus Euophrys can be consulted on Figs 4- 17. Comparison of characters shown on above mentioned plates does not give unequivocal answer to that question, there are similarities and at the same time there are differences, their interpretation is unclear..</p> <p>Spermathecae are ball shaped in Euophrys and Talavera, with ducts running ahead, towards the center of each "window" (Figs 22 A-B), these of Euophrys being broader and more robust. However in Pseudeuophrys spermathecae are oval, with some partial constriction and are variously oriented: longitudinally, transversally or obliquely, ducts runs transversally, along the rim of windows, with opening located at the rim, in two species ducts are running longitudinally (Figs 22C).</p> <p>Palps in Euophrys and Pseudeuophrys are comparable, although basal coil of embolus is either hidden in the groove in bulbus or behind it (Figs 22D, F).</p> <p>9 Names of both groups were first used by Simon (1901 -1903) and contents of included genera is comparable in part (see also more comments below).</p> <p>Palps in Talavera are surprising by lack of meandering spermophor and not coiled embolus (Figs 22E, also 27-29), as such they do not fit EUOPHRYINES and should be placed elsewhere in other Salticidae (by typical arrangement of eyes). But where? Of the other hand there is possibility that they lost these typical character states at the later stage of evolution - but how to confirm that? Cork-screw driver like embolus in T. aequipes and T. trivittata (Fig. 27G, J) could be interpreted as vestige of the coil-like state. And, on otherhand, spermathecae and ducts in Talavera nicely resemble Euophrys. Disentangling these doubts and hypotheses require apparently more research.</p> <p>General appearance. All three genera are small size jumping spiders (body length 2-5, rarely 7 mm) on average, body shape is proportional, dorsal coloration cryptic and dull. Anterior surfaces of male legs I are intensively black and serve, apparently, as recognition character during courtship performance in Euophrys (Figs 1 C-C2) and some Pseudeuophrys. Striking recognition characters are color scales on frontal views of the body in Euophrys and in some Pseudeuophrys, including clypeal stripes, orbital scales (around eyes) and on dorsal surface of cymbium, as well as bunches of long white setae on palps. Pseudeuophrys has some dorsal pattern of white or light scales on abdomen and carapace (Figs 23, 24). Talavera has uniform light, sparse scales on dark background (Figs 26), with slightly different orbital scales, it seems that its clypeus is lower and there are no clypeal color stripes, but the number of photographed species is too small (3 only!) to generalize color pattern.</p> <p>The results of the above comparisons are inconclusive and accordingly classification should be delayed, until results of further comparative studies, including more genera, will become available. So the answer to the question whether Pseudeuophrys and Talavera could be included into subgroup EUOPHRYDEAE, together with Euophrys, is provisionally negative.</p> <p>SOURCES: A - Żabka, Prószyński, B - Prószyński, Logunov, C - Logunov, Prószyński, Cantarella &amp; Alicata, Prószyński,, D - Prószyński, E - Prószyński, Chvatalova &amp; Buchar, Logunov &amp; Kronestedt, F - Logunov, Prószyński, Cantarella &amp; Alicata, Prószyński. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFCFFF99FD951DF3AECAA758	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFF2FF9AFF1619D8AB3CA573.text	03C387E2FFF2FF9AFF1619D8AB3CA573.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudeuophrys Dahl 1912	<div><p>Gen. Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912</p> <p>Figures 23-25</p> <p>Type species. Pseudeuophrys erratica (Walckenaer, 1826).</p> <p>Documentation studied. Literature data, especially diagnostic drawing, and macrophotographs, preliminarily collected in Prószyński (2016a) - http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/q10-Pseudeuo.html), complemented by the newest data.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Resembling Euophrys (see above), from which differs by coil of embolus hidden behind anterior edge of bulbus, with only tip of embolus protruding, or by higher anterior part of the embolus coil, which makes central space, inside of embolus coil, looking depressed within coil of embolus (Figs 22F, 25). Spermathecae elongate oval, or bean shaped, often slightly constricted, with copulatory ducts relatively broad, running transversally, but in P. iwatensis anterior-ward (Figs 25B 1) (in Euophrys and Talavera spermathecae are ball shaped, with ducts distinctly thinner, running anteriorly (Figs 22C 1, 27B, H, L, 28, 29).</p> <p>Description. Small spiders of average body shape, recognizable by coloration (Figs 23-24), by palps and internal structure of epigyne (Figs 22, 25, see also - http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/q10- Pseudeuo.html). In difference to Euophrys, dorsal color pattern in males is richer and consists of white scales contrasting with background of brown or blackish scales (with reddish or golden hue). White scales on abdomen may be either concentrated into pairs of small spots, or discrete short white lines dorso-marginally (Figs 23 A-D), they may also form less dense white assemblages along median abdominal streak (consisting of diamonds and bars), on eye field and on dorsal surface of thorax (Figs 23 E-H). Comparable patterns occur in females (Fig. 24). After color scales are rub off, bald, black, tegument is left. Frontal color pattern is comparable with Euophrys, but less flamboyant (compare Figs 23 with those on Fig. 4 G-J), in females even more subdued (Fig. 24).</p> <p>Composition. Type species: Pseudeuophrys erratica (Walckenaer, 1826) (Figs 22C, F, 23 A-B, 24A, 25A-A1). Other species included are: P. iwatensis (Bohdanowicz &amp; Prószyński, 1987) (Figs 22C, F, 25 B-B1), P. lanigera (Simon, 1871) (Figs 22C, F, 23H, 24B, 25E), P. nebrodensis Alicata &amp; Cantarella, 2000 (Figs 25H), P. obsoleta (Simon, 1868) (Figs 22C, F, 23 C-D, 24C, 25C, P. pascualis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (Fig. 25D), P. perdifumo van Helsdingen, 2015 (Figs 25 I-K, N-P), P. talassica (Logunov, 1997) - comb. n., (Fig. 25F), P. vafra (Blackwall, 1867) (Figs 22C, F, 2 3 E-F, 2 4D, 2 5G, L-M). 9 species.</p> <p>Catalogue of Pseudeuophrys (as Euophrys) specimens kept in major collection of the world is given by Prószyński (1971: 404-408).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFF2FF9AFF1619D8AB3CA573	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFF2FF9EFF161F2DA857A720.text	03C387E2FFF2FF9EFF161F2DA857A720.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudeuophrys talassica (Logunov 1997)	<div><p>Pseudeuophrys talassica (Logunov, 1997 (comb. n.)</p> <p>Pseudeuophrys talassica (Logunov, 1997) - embolar region and a shape of bulbus, as well as dorsal pattern differs significantly from that in Euophrys, resembling closely Pseudeuophrys (Figs 25F with 25E), therefore it seems reasonable to change that placement. That conclusion will be confirmed when macrophotographs of live male become available, and when internal structure of epigyne will be known, after collecting of matching female.</p> <p>Therefore:</p> <p>Euophrys talassica Logunov, 1997 = Pseudeuophrys talassica (Logunov, 1997) (comb. n.) (compare Figs 25F with 25E).</p> <p>SOURCES: A, B, C, F - ©Photo by Michael Schäfer https://kleinesganzgross.de/gallery.php., D, E. H - ©Photo by Jørgen Lissner. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: Copyright © &amp; photo by Michael Schäfer https://kleinesganzgross.de/gallery.php. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy</p> <p>SOURCES: A -A1, F - Logunov (1997). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 10: 348, f. 23-26,, B -B1, C-E, G - J. Prószyński., H - Alicata P., Cantarella T. 2000. Mem. Soc. entomol. ital. 78 (2): 491-492, f 1-6., I-K, N-P - ©P. J. van Helsdingen (2015) Nieuwsbrief SPINED 35: 11-13-, L -M -- ©Photo J. Lissner. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFF2FF9EFF161F2DA857A720	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFF7FF94FD9219FAAEE2A0CB.text	03C387E2FFF7FF94FD9219FAAEE2A0CB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Talavera Peckham & Peckham 1909	<div><p>Gen. Talavera Peckham &amp; Peckham, 1909</p> <p>Figures 26-29</p> <p>Type species. Icius minutus Banks, 1895 [= Talavera minuta (Banks, 1895)].</p> <p>Documentation studied. Literature data, especially diagnostic drawings, and macrophotographs, preliminarily collected in Prószyński (2016a) - http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/q10-Tala.html), complemented by the newest data.</p> <p>Diagnosis. Resembling Euophrys (see above), from which differs by not coiled embolus (Figs 22C, 27-29). Spermathecae ball shaped, with extremely thin, thread like copulatory ducts running anterior-ward (Figs 77- 29). Body squat (Fig. 26) and very small (about 2-3 mm), color pattern uniform with spaced and thin light scales sitting on uniform dark tegument.</p> <p>Remarks. Technically Talavera disagrees with the most important, cornerstone character of the group of genera EUOPHRYINES - that is have no coiled embolus, instead it has almost straight embolus (often strongly reduced in size - see series of SEM photographs by Logunov and Kronestedt, 2003, shown here at Figs 27, 28, 29). Because other diagnostic characters agree (ball shaped spermathecae with delicate ducts, membranous "windows" in epigyne) and embolus is sitting atop inflatable haematodocha (Figs 29 N-P) Talavera is considered atypical EUOPHRYINES with modified embolus.</p> <p>Description. Very small spiders (about 2-3 mm) of average body shape, shown on Fig. 26, palps and internal structure of epigyne shown on Figs 27-29. Color pattern is unique and consist of uniform, spaced small scales distributed uniformly over dark body (Fig. 26).</p> <p>Remarks. Whereabouts of specimens of Talavera specimens kept in major collection of the world is given by Prószyński (1971: 404-408) (labeled as Euophrys) 10.</p> <p>Distribution. Palaearctic Region, with single species in North America.</p> <p>Composition. Type species: Talavera minuta (Banks, 1895) (Figs 22B, E, 26 D-E, 27A-E). Other following species included: T. aequipes (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) (Figs 3-K, 22B, 27 F-H), T. aperta (Miller, 1971) (Figs 22B, E, 28 C-E), T. esyunini Logunov, 1992 (Figs 29 E-F), T. ikedai Logunov &amp; Kronestedt, 2003 (Figs 29 H-I), T. inopinata Wunderlich, 1993 (Fig. 27 M-P), T. krocha Logunov &amp; Kronestedt, 2003 (Fig. 28 I-J), T. logunovi Kovblyuk &amp; Kastrygina, 2015 (Figs 28 F-H), T. milleri (Brignoli, 1983). (Figs 229K-L), T. monticola (Kulczyński, 1884) (Figs 29 A-D), T. parvistyla Logunov &amp; Kronestedt, 2003 (Figs 22B, 28 J-M), T. thorelli (Kulczyński, 1891) (Figs 22B, E, 28 A-B), T. trivittata (Schenkel, 1963), (Figs 27 I-L), T. tuvensis Logunov &amp; Kronestedt, 2003 (Figs 29J). 14 species. 10 " Talavera" petrensis (C. L. Koch, 1837) is already transferred to the genus Euophrys (see above Figs 3 A-E, 4H, 6A, 7E).</p> <p>SOURCES: A-B - Prószyński (1990p). Private preprint. C - Paquin P., Duperre N. 2003. Fabreries, Suppl. 11: 203, f 2270-2272., D - drawings by W. P. Maddison., E - Logunov Kronestedt 2003. J. Natural History, 2003, F-P - Logunov &amp; Kronestedt 2003. J. Natural History (2003). All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A-E, I, J - Logunov &amp; Kronestedt (2003). J. Natural History, 2003, F-H - Kovblyuk &amp; Kastrygina (2015) Arthropoda Selecta 24(2): 201-205, I, J - Logunov &amp; Kronestedt (2003), Żabka (1997), K -M - Logunov &amp; Kronestedt (2003). J. Natural History, 2003. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>SOURCES: A-B - Chvátalová &amp; Buchar (2002). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 66: 3-11, C-P - Logunov &amp; Kronestedt (2003). J. Natural History, 2003. All ©copyrights are retained by the original authors and copyright holders, used by their courtesy.</p> <p>Appendix - overdue nomenclatorical correction</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFF7FF94FD9219FAAEE2A0CB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFFCFF94FDB6182FAACCA746.text	03C387E2FFFCFF94FDB6182FAACCA746.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ballognatha typica Caporiacco 1935	<div><p>Ballognatha typica Caporiacco, 1935</p> <p>(as well as gen. Ballognatha Caporiacco, 1935 and group Ballognatheae (= Ballognathinae)) Figures 22-23</p> <p>Ballognatha typica Caporiacco, 1935: 215, pl. 6, f. 1 (Dj).</p> <p>Material studied. Ballognatha typica Caporiacco, 1935 - type specimen, coll. Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milano, Italy.</p> <p>Comments: Described on single immature specimen, in poor state of preservation, devoid of any significant diagnostic character. Original classification wrong because the only tangible structure - cheliceral dentition (Fig. 20 A) is rather "fissidentati" than "pluridentati" type, besides taxonomic significance of bicusp cheliceral tooth lost diagnostic value originally assigned to it by Simon (1901 -1903). The original description (see below, Fig. 31) does not contain any clue to eventual placement of the genus, and suggested therein partial similarities with genera Ballus, Euophrys, Pseudicius, Sobasina and Thiodina cannot be taken seriously. Quality of many other diagnostic drawings by di Caporiacco (Figs 17G 1, I1, N, O, Q) do not increase confidence in his identifications.</p> <p>After study of the type specimen I am positive that Ballognatha typica Caporiacco, 1935 is a nomen dubium. Since genus Ballognatha Caporiacco, 1935 was described as monotypic and the group Ballognatheae (= Ballognathine) Caporiacco, 1935 contained single genus anchored on species being nomen dubium, all these names should be considered nomina dubia.</p> <p>Therefore:</p> <p>Ballognatha typica Caporiacco, 1935 - nomen dubium,</p> <p>Ballognatha Caporiacco, 1935 - nomen dubium,</p> <p>Ballognatheae (= Ballognathine) Caporiacco, 1935 - nomen dubium.</p> <p>SOURCES: A - Prószyński, unpublished, B - Caporiacco (1935) Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana, 13: 214- 215, pl. 6, f. 1.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFFCFF94FDB6182FAACCA746	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
03C387E2FFFDFF96FDCF1D40AE0DA491.text	03C387E2FFFDFF96FDCF1D40AE0DA491.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euophrys nearctica Kaston 1938	<div><p>Euophrys nearctica Kaston, 1938</p> <p>SOURCE: Edwards (1980) Peckhamia 2(1): 12</p> <p>SOURCE: Kaston, B. J. (1938c). Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 33: 187, pl. 9, f. 25-26</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C387E2FFFDFF96FDCF1D40AE0DA491	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Prószyński, Jerzy;Lissner, Jørgen;Schäfer, Michael	Prószyński, Jerzy, Lissner, Jørgen, Schäfer, Michael (2018): Taxonomic survey of the genera Euophrys, Pseudeuophrys and Talavera, with description of Euochin gen. n. (Araneae: Salticidae) and with proposals of a new research protocol *. Ecologica Montenegrina 18: 26-74, DOI: 10.37828/em.2018.18.4, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2018.18.4
