taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C387F1C618FF9EC29F4AB0FB53E084.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype. BMNH 1899.9. 6.10, Kinshasa, Stanley Pool (DRC) (± 4 ° 15 ′ 02 ″ S, 15 ° 25 ′ 00 ″ E), coll. Greshoff, 1899 (103.3 mm SL). Note on the holotype. Distichodus antonii was described by Schilthuis in 1891 based on a single specimen from “ Bayari Sea ”, collected by Greshoff (Schilthuis 1891). From the introduction of Schilthuis’ s article, it is clear that “ Bayari Sea ” is either situated near Kinshasa, or near Boma [Lower Congo (DRC)]. Curiously, two specimens are labelled as type in the BMNH: a “ holotype ” BMNH 1898.11. 17.10 from “ cataracts of Manyanga ” with a size of 513.0 mm SL and a “ type ” BMNH 1899.9. 6.10 from “ Kinshasa, Stanley Pool ” with a size of 103.3 mm SL (125.5 mm TL). The latter specimen and not the former clearly has to be considered as the holotype as it corresponds to the size (12.8 cm TL) given in the original description by Schilthuis (1891). We were unable to trace back the exact location of “ Bayari Sea ” and to the best of our knowledge this locality has nowhere else been used in the ichthyological literature of the Congo basin. Possibly, the widening of the Congo River channel at Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool) has been called a “ Sea ” by the collector. Other material examined (all lengths are SL) Distichodus antonii Schilthuis, 1891. Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). MRAC 88 Manyanga (± 4 ° 54 ′ S, 14 ° 23 ′ E), coll. Wilverth 1896 (279.9 mm). MRAC 96, Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Wilverth 1896 (106.4 mm). MRAC 2148, Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Christy 30 / 06 / 1912 (363.0 mm). MRAC 2263, Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Christy 7 / 05 / 1912 (416.0 mm). MRAC 2649, Stanley Pool (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Dubois 1912 (148.7 mm). MRAC 2650. Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Dubois 1912 (362.0 mm). MRAC 40938 – 40941, Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Tinant 1 / 01 / 1934 – 24 / 04 / 1934 (59.5 – 73.8 mm). MRAC 67448 – 449, Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. van Moorsel 07 / 1944 (98.8 – 102.2 mm). MRAC 48072, Kalamu river, near Boma (± 5 ° 49 ′ S, 13 ° 03 ′ E), coll. Dartevelle 01 / 01 / 937 – 4 / 08 / 1937 (181.2 mm). MRAC 96207, Near Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Van de Weyer 1954 (58.4 mm). MRAC 117317, Stanley Pool, Nduka indigenous dam (± 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 24 ′ E), coll. Mission Brien-Poll-Bouillon, 23 / 09 / 1957 (211.3 mm). MRAC 177320, Stanley Pool, meadows near Kingabwa (± 4 ° 19 ′ S, 15 ° 21 ′ E), coll. Mission Brien- Poll-Bouillon, 25 / 9 / 1957 (103.8 mm). MRAC 177381, Stanley Pool (± 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 23 ′ E), coll. Van Orshoven 21 / 05 / 1964 (96.3 mm). MRAC 177604 – 607, Stanley Pool (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Brichard 1967 (46.8 – 85.9 mm). MRAC 73 - 22 - P- 1333, Stanley Pool (± 4 ° 06 ′ S, 15 ° 15 ′ E and 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 23 ′ E), coll. Mandeville 22 / 09 / 1954 (24.8 mm). MRAC 73 - 22 - P- 1335, Stanley Pool (DRC) (± 4 ° 06 ′ S, 15 ° 15 ′ E and 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 23 ′ E), coll. Mandeville 24 / 11 / 1954 (27.0 mm). MRAC 73 - 22 - P- 1336 - 337, Stanley Pool (± 4 ° 06 ′ S, 15 ° 15 ′ E and 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 23 ′ E), coll. Mandeville 10 / 01 / 1955 (47.2 – 55.8 mm). MRAC 73 - 22 - P- 1352, Stanley Pool (± 4 ° 06 ′ S, 15 ° 15 ′ E and 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 23 ′ E), coll. Mandeville 1 / 02 / 1958 (250.3 mm). MRAC 86 - 21 - P- 30, Inga (± 5 ° 39 ′ S, 13 ° 39 ′ E), coll. Mutambwe Shango 1967 (43.7 mm). MRAC A 7 - 014 - P- 0002 - 0008, Pool Malebo at Kinkole, Molondo Island (± 4 ° 16 ′ 47.8 ″ S, 15 ° 27 ′ 59.7 ″ E), coll. Mbadu Zebe 29 / 12 / 2004 (85.4 – 139.7 mm). MRAC B 0 - 021 - P- 0873 - 0874, Loboya River, right bank, Bambondji II, site 115 (± 0 ° 11 ′ 33.1 ″ N, 25 ° 31 ′ 50.1 ″ E), coll. Danadu and Moelants 31 / 08 / 2010 (85.5 – 89.4 mm). MRAC B 0 - 021 - P- 0875, Lobaye River, right bank, Djabir, Site 6 B (± 0 ° 29 ′ 28.1 ″ N, 24 ° 10 ′ 42.8 ″ E), coll. Danadu and Moelants 9 / 08 / 2010 (153.2 mm). MRAC B 0 - 021 - P- 0876 - 0877, Lomami River, left bank, Djabir surroundings, site Lom 2 G 2 (± 0 ° 30 ′ 40.7 ″ N, 24 ° 10 ′ 30.9 ″ E), coll. Danadu and Moelants 13 / 08 / 2010 (99.6 – 119.9 mm). MRAC B 0 - 021 - P- 0878, Congo River, right bank, village Batikamondji I, site 101 (± 0 ° 08 ′ 36.1 ″ N, 25 ° 31 ′ 42.0 ″ E), coll. Danadu and Moelants 30 / 08 / 2010 (134.7 mm). MRAC B 0 - 021 - P- 0879 - 0882, Loboya River, right bank, site 119 B (± 0 ° 11 ′ 27.0 ″ N, 25 ° 31 ′ 39.7 ″ E), coll. Danadu and Moelants 31 / 08 / 2010 (115.3 – 130.3 mm). Paralectotypes D. fasciolatus Boulenger, 1898: MRAC 28, Boma (DRC) (± 5 ° 50 ′ S, 13 ° 03 ′ E), coll. Wilverth 1896 (86.3 mm). MRAC 63, Matadi (DRC) (± 5 ° 49 ′ S, 13 ° 27 ′ E), coll. Wilverth 1896 (62.1 mm). MRAC 102, Léopoldville (DRC) (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Wilverth 1896 (76.7 mm). Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville). MRAC A 4 - 046 - P- 1399 - 1407 (1 / 8), Kintelé, Congo River, (± 4 ° 9.12 ′ S, 15 ° 21.44 ′ E), coll. Mamonekene, Mady-Goma, Opoya et al. 19 / 6 / 2003, (95.7 mm). MRAC A 4 - 046 - P- 1438, Djoué River, tributary of Congo River, downstream from hydroelectric dam (± 4 ° 19 ′ S, 15 ° 14 ′ E), coll. Mamonekene, Bakabana, Ibala Zamba 24 / 7 / 2003 (180.5 mm).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C618FF9EC29F4AB0FB53E084.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Within the Congo basin, D. antonii can be distinguished from D. affinis, D. altus, D. decemmaculatus, D. noboli, D. notospilus and D. teugelsi by its higher total number of LL scales, i. e. 52 – 64 (versus <46 in the six other species) and from D. maculatus by the absence of large, dark spots all over the body (versus 9 – 14 vertical dark bars instead) and a higher number of dorsal fin rays, i. e. 21 – 25 (versus 19 – 21). Distichodus antonii can be separated from all remaining Congo species by its terminal (versus inferior) mouth, with the exception of D. lusosso (which has a distinctive elongate snout and only six to eight vertical, dark bars) and by its low number of scales between the LL and the dorsal fin, i. e. 10 – 12 (versus 13 – 17) (Table 4).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C618FF9EC29F4AB0FB53E084.taxon	description	Description Morphometric and meristic data are given in Table 5. Body relatively deep (within D. antonii assemblage). Dorsal head profile straight, dorsal body outline concave from posterior to head to end of dorsal fin, straight from end of dorsal to adipose fin, and convex from adipose to caudal fin. Ventral head profile straight, concave from posterior to head to end of anal fin, and convex from end of anal to caudal fin. Head broad with nasal openings widely set apart (10.1 – 26.5 % HL), and head relatively shallow (35.2 – 67.2 % HL), although these characteristics are positively allometric. Mouth terminal. Posterior edge of maxillary not passing nostrils. Two rows of bicuspid teeth in each jaw. Origin of dorsal fin slightly in front of pelvic fin origin along vertical axis. Distal margin dorsal fin straight or slightly concave, distal margin of anal fin straight to slightly convex. Base and distal end of pelvic fin relatively far from vent; these distances are positive allometric, i. e. 21.0 – 33.6 % SL and 3.9 – 18.0 % SL, respectively. Pectoral and pelvic fin rays decreasing in length from outer to inner fin margin. Adipose fin situated approximately half-way between dorsal and caudal fins. Caudal peduncle deeper than long. Caudal fin forked with two rounded lobes covered with numerous small scales except for translucent distal area. Maximum reported total length 550 mm (Boulenger 1909). Duren (1943) stated it can reach a size of more than 800 mm. Colouration Body in vivo dark brown-olive, belly whitish. Dorsal fin scattered with numerous small, dark spots. Caudal fin dark brown or blackish. Adipose fin with a well-marked black distal margin (Figures 3 A and 4). Pectoral fins uniform pale. Pelvic fins uniform pale or with slightly darker fin ray borders. Between 9 and 14 more or less distinct vertical dark bars on each flank that disappear with increasing size, starting to fade at c. 200 mm SL, disappearing at about 250 mm SL. Preserved specimens brownish with a lighter belly. The black margin of the adipose fin and vertical bars can be absent because of poor and / or long-term conservation.	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C618FF9EC29F4AB0FB53E084.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology According to Gosse (1963), the fry and juveniles of D. antonii live in aquatic prairies and in plant fringes. Adults feed in Echinochloa patches and live at the edge of streams along islands and even on the bottom in the middle of the stream. The species is a phytophagous species; stomachs almost always contain plant fragments, with easily recognizable twigs and leaves of Echinochloa, which comprises the largest part of their diet. The same author stated that this species has two annual periods of reproduction, and that like Citharinus and all other Distichodus species, spawning and egg deposition have to take place at the border of the stream, just before the flood. Recent results from stomach content analyses in Pool Malebo confirmed the all year round herbivorous diet of D. antonii, mainly feeding on leaves, complemented with some detritus (Mbadu Zebe et al. 2010 a). Matthes (1964) reported the species as occurring in lakes and large rivers. Mbadu Zebe et al. (2010 b) reported that low water levels during the dry season in Pool Malebo leads to the formation of scale annuli due to the scarcity of macrophytes (its main food source).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C618FF9EC29F4AB0FB53E084.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is a widespread Congo basin endemic (Figure 5). Poll (1976) reported the species to be widespread in the Congo basin, including the Lualaba River, but absent from Luapula-Mweru. However, we found one specimen (MRAC 121238) from “ Kasenga, Luapula River ”, identified as D. antonii by Poll in 1959. We checked the identification and found it to be correct. As this specimen was originally registered as originating from “ Kasenga, Lualaba ”, a labelling error probably occurred. Therefore, we agree with Poll (1976) that D. antonii is absent from the Luapula system. Distichodus antonii seems to be sympatric with the D. atroventralis complex, D. fasciolatus and D. langi. In recent collections (2010 – 2011) from the region of Kisangani, the first three taxa were even found syntopically in the same gillnet in all three possible combinations of two species.	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C618FF9EC29F4AB0FB53E084.taxon	etymology	Etymology Distichodus antonii was most probably named by Schilthuis (1891) in memory of Anton Greshoff 1855 – 1905 (Nieuw Letterkundig Magazijn 2010) who collected the holotype.	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C603FF9AC2E14F7DFB39E039.taxon	materials_examined	Type material (all lengths are SL) Lectotype. MRAC 23, Boma (DRC) (± 5 ° 50 ′ S, 13 ° 03 ′ E), coll. Wilverth 1896 (278.2 mm SL) Paralectotypes. MRAC 98, 99, Léopoldville (DRC) (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Wilverth 1896 (113.9 mm; 111.0 mm). MRAC 150, Upoto (DRC) (± 2 ° 09 ′ N, 21 ° 30 ′ E), coll. Wilverth and Wagenaar 1896 (88.0 mm). MRAC 737, Léopoldville (DRC) (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Delhez 1899 (86.3 mm). BMNH 1891.12. 29.22 – 23, Congo River (DRC), coll. received from Utrecht university museum 1891 (55.7 mm; 61.1 mm). BMNH 1898.7. 9.19, Congo River, Monsémbé (DRC) (± 1 ° 15 ′ S, 18 ° 38 ′ E), coll. Weeks 1898 (114.4 mm). BMNH 1898.11. 17.13, Boma, Lower Congo (DRC), coll. received from the Secretary of State Congo Free State 1898 (211.8 mm). BMNH 1898.11. 17.14, Cataracts of Manyanga (DRC) (4 ° 54 ′ S, 14 ° 23 ′ E), coll. received from the Secretary of State Congo Free State 1898 (170.3 mm). Note on the type specimens. The 13 syntypes of D. fasciolatus housed at RMCA and the BMNH originate from the Lower Congo (Matadi, Boma and Manyanga cataracts), and the Central Congo [Kinshasa (formerly Léopolville), Monsembé and Upoto]. Three syntypes (MRAC 28, 63 and 102) were found to be D. antonii and are therefore listed with D. antonii. Because of the polyspecificity of the type series, the syntype MRAC 23, used in the original description of Boulenger (1898) to illustrate D. fasciolatus, is here designated as the lectotype. As such, all other syntypes of D. fasciolatus become paralectotypes. Other material examined (all lengths are SL) Distichodus fasciolatus Boulenger, 1898. Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). MRAC 744 / A, Kutu (± 2 ° 44 ′ S, 18 ° 08 ′ E), coll. Dehlez 1899 (445.0 mm) – MRAC 2439, Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Christy 1913 (77.7 mm) – MRAC 99075, Stanley Pool (± 4 ° 06 ′ S, 15 ° 15 ′ E and ± 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 23 ′ E), coll. Mandeville 10 / 7 / 1955 (116.2 mm). MRAC 117371, Stanley Pool, channel in front of Maluku (± 4 ° 04 ′ S, 5 ° 33 ′ E), coll. Mission Brien-Poll-Bouillon 4 / 10 / 1957, Poll M., 1958 (66.5 mm). MRAC 91 - 013 - P- 0574 - 0575, Nsele River (Benzale) a tributary of Congo River near Kinshasa (± 4 ° 08 ′ S, 15 ° 40 ′ E), coll. Tshibwabwa Sinaseli 1985 (93.8 mm; 101.4 mm). MRAC A 7 - 14 - P- 0009 - 0018, Pool Malebo at Kinkole, Japon island (± 4 ° 18 ′ 26.9 ″ S, 15 ° 30 ′ 33.7 ″ E), Mbadu Zebe 22 / 2 / 2007 (63.3 – 139.2 mm). MRAC A 7 - 14 - P- 0019 - 0021. Pool Malebo at Kinsuka, Mimosa island (± 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 13 ′ E), coll. Mbadu Zebe 15 / 8 / 2006 (208.1 – 252.8 mm). MRAC A 7 - 14 - P- 0022 - 0024, Pool Malebo at Kinkole, Japon island (± 4 ° 22 ′ 17.7 ″ S, 15 ° 30 ′ 46.0 ″ E), Mbadu Zebe 25 / 2 / 2007 (98.4 – 119.6 mm). Distichodus langi Nichols and Griscom, 1917. AMNH 7010, Faradje (± 3 ° 44 ′ N, 29 ° 43 ′ E), coll. Lang-Chapin 1909 – 1915 (250.7 mm). Republic of Angola. MRAC 158807, Dundo, in the rapids of the Luachimo River (± 7 ° 21 ′ S, 20 ° 50 ′ E), coll. Indigenous collect 20 / 10 / 1955 (316.0 mm).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C603FF9AC2E14F7DFB39E039.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Within the Congo basin, D. fasciolatus can be distinguished from D. affinis, D. altus, D. decemmaculatus, D. noboli, D. notospilus and D. teugelsi by its higher total number of LL scales, i. e. 61 – 70 (versus <46 in the six other species) and from D. maculatus by the absence of large, dark spots all over the body (13 – 20 vertical dark bars instead) and a higher number of dorsal fin rays, i. e. 24 – 26 (versus 19 – 21). It can be distinguished from D. antonii by its inferior mouth (versus terminal) and its higher number of scales between the LL and the dorsal fin, i. e. 13 – 16 (versus 10 – 12); from D. lusosso by its inferior mouth (versus terminal), its feebly compressed snout (versus distinctively prolonged), and its higher number of dark vertical bars along the body, at least in specimens ≤ 150 mm SL, i. e. 13 – 20 (versus 6 – 8); from D. sexfasciatus by its higher number of teeth on the outer row on both jaws, i. e. 20 – 30 (versus 12 – 18); its higher number of dark vertical bars on the flanks, at least in specimens ≤ 150 mm SL, i. e. 13 – 20 (versus 6 – 8) and its brownish-yellowish colouration (versus orange-reddish to red). Moreover, D. fasciolatus can be differentiated from both the D. atroventralis complex and D. langi by its lower number of pelvic fin rays, i. e. 10, exceptionally 11 (versus 11, exceptionally 10 for the D. atroventralis complex and always 11 for D. langi); from the D. atroventralis complex by its higher number of dark vertical bars, at least in specimens ≤ 150 mm SL, i. e. 13 – 20 (versus 6 – 9) and presence of pale pelvic fins, at least in specimens of ≤ 200 mm SL (versus blackish) and from D. langi by a combination of characteristics: 24 – 26 total dorsal fin rays (versus 26 – 28) and a lower head depth, i. e. 35.9 – 62.9 % HL for specimens of comparable size (versus 67.4 – 69.4 % HL) (Table 4).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C603FF9AC2E14F7DFB39E039.taxon	description	Description Morphometric and meristic data are given in Table 5. Body relatively shallow (within D. antonii assemblage). Dorsal head profile straight, dorsal body outline concave from posterior to head to end of dorsal fin, straight from end of dorsal to adipose fin, and convex from adipose to caudal fin. Ventral head profile straight, concave from posterior to head to end of anal fin, and convex from end of anal to caudal fin. Head compressed with nasal openings relatively closely set (8.1 – 22.0 % HL), and head relatively shallow (35.9 – 62.9 % HL), although these characteristics are positively allometric. Mouth inferior. Posterior edge of maxillary not passing nostrils. Two rows of bicuspid teeth in each jaw. Origin of dorsal fin well in front of pelvic fin origin along vertical axis. Distal margin of dorsal fin straight or slightly concave, distal margin of anal fin straight to slightly convex. Base and distal end of pelvic fin relatively close to vent, although these distances are positive allometric, i. e. 18.6 – 25.8 % SL and – 2.1 – 5.7 % SL, respectively. Pectoral and pelvic fin rays decreasing in length from outer to inner fin margin. Adipose fin approximately half-way between dorsal and caudal fins. Caudal peduncle deeper then long or as deep as long. Caudal fin forked with superior lobe slightly pointed and inferior lobe rounded, covered with numerous small scales except for the translucent distal area. Maximum recorded length: 600 mm TL (Daget and Gosse 1984). Colouration Small-sized specimens (c. 122 – 150 mm SL) in vivo are brown-yellowish on the flanks with copper-coloured reflections and with 13 – 20 dark vertical bars on the flanks. Dorsal fin scattered with many small, dark spots. Caudal fin with a discrete black outer edge. Adipose fin with no or only a very thin greyish distal margin (Figures 3 B and 6). Pectoral fins pale. Pelvic fins generally pale, sometimes with slightly darker distal margins. Dark spot above the pectoral fin and at the base of the caudal fin. Larger specimens (c. 300 mm SL) are brownish, the transverse bars on the flanks as well as the dark spots above the pectoral fin and the root of the caudal fin can become vague but the marks on the dorsal fin clearly remain. Small preserved specimens are brownish with a silvery whitish belly; larger specimens (c. 450 mm SL) are uniformly brownish.	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C603FF9AC2E14F7DFB39E039.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology According to Gosse (1963), D. fasciolatus is a bottom-dweller in streams. The fry are born near the river banks just before the April or December floods and feed on zooplankton and insect larvae in the flooded zones; adults mainly feed on insect larvae, aquatic plants, leaves and seeds. Fry were observed on the border of the stream just before the flood, spending the first few months in the flooded forest, before returning to the Echinochloa fields. Matthes (1964) considered this species as mainly herbivorous; the specimens he examined had sand, filamentous algae and plant debris in their stomachs, with some nematodes and insect debris (Ephemeroptera larvae, Trichoptera and small Dytiscidae). He also stated that D. fasciolatus is found near the muddy bottom in lakes, large rivers and their dead-ending branches. Recent stomach content analyses on specimens from the Lomami and Maiko rivers (Kisangani region) confirmed this mainly herbivorous diet, though insects were also found in the stomachs (Vanstallen, pers. obs.).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C603FF9AC2E14F7DFB39E039.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is a widespread Congo basin endemic (Figure 7). One specimen (RBINS no. 9067) from a market in Albertville (Kalemie), Lake Tanganyika has been identified as D. fasciolatus by Poll (1953) and its identification confirmed by us. Poll (1953) stated that the species’ discovery at Albertville is probably caused by a recent and rare migration through the Lukuga River. Another plausible explanation, however, might be that since the specimen was bought at a local market, it has not been caught in Lake Tanganyika itself, but in adjacent rivers from the Congo basin, such as the Lukuga River.	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C603FF9AC2E14F7DFB39E039.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name “ fasciolatus ” is derived from the Latin word “ fascia ”, meaning “ band, bandage, girdle, zone, strip, stripe ” with “ fasciola ” as a diminutive (Brown 1956) and most probably refers to the well-marked transverse bars on the flanks.	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C606FF97C25B4C16FC1DE7C0.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype. AMNH 5915, Faradje, Dungu region (DRC) (± 3 ° 44 ′ N, 29 ° 43 ′ E) (364 mm SL). Note on the original description. Distichodus langi has been described by Nichols and Griscom in 1917 based on one type from Faradje and one other specimen with the same data. The current holotype has a size of 364 mm SL (472 mm TL), which does not correspond to the 510 mm SL mentioned by Nichols and Griscom (1917). This latter SL should be considered a lapsus because after verification of the Lang and Chapin collection, no D. langi specimen of this size has been found. The other specimen mentioned in the original description is reported to measure 325 mm SL, but this also does not correspond to the size of the other specimen (AMNH 7010), which measures 250.7 mm SL, 299.0 mm TL. This specimen has been wrongfully assigned paratype status (Eschmeyer 2013) (see ICZN 1999: article 72.4.6). It has been re-identified as D. fasciolatus in this review (see above). In the original description, the size of the illustrated specimen (Nichols and Griscom 1917: plate LXIX) is mentioned as 560 mm TL, which corresponds to a recalculated standard length of 466 mm SL. This does not correspond to either of the two specimens mentioned by Nichols and Griscom (1917). In addition, the drawing does not resemble either of the two specimens. Based on the following counts and observations made on the illustration: 22 circumpeduncular scales; 13 scales between the LL and the dorsal fin, 24 dorsal fin rays and clearly black ventral fins, we assume this illustration represents a specimen from the D. atroventralis complex. Other material examined MRAC 2878, Avakubi (DRC) (1 ° 19 ′ N, 27 ° 33 ′ E) (300 mm SL).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C606FF97C25B4C16FC1DE7C0.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Within the Congo basin, D. langi can be distinguished from D. affinis, D. altus, D. decemmaculatus, D. noboli, D. notospilus and D. teugelsi by its higher total number of LL scales, i. e. 68 – 70 (versus <46); from D. maculatus by the absence of large, dark spots all over the body and a higher number of dorsal fin rays, i. e. 26 – 28 (versus 19 – 21); from D. antonii by its inferior (versus terminal) mouth, its higher number of scales between the LL and the dorsal fin, i. e. 15 – 16 (versus 10 – 12) and its higher number of LL scales in front of HJ, i. e. 68 – 70 (versus 52 – 64); from D. fasciolatus by its higher number of dorsal fin rays, i. e. 26 – 28 (versus 24 – 26); its higher number of pelvic fin rays, i. e. 11 (versus generally 10) and its deeper head, 67.4 – 69.4 % HL (versus 35.9 – 62.9 % HL); from D. lusosso by its inferior (versus terminal) mouth and feebly compressed snout (versus distinctive prolonged); from D. sexfasciatus by its feebly compressed snout (versus strongly compressed), its higher number of dark vertical bars along the body, i. e. 13 (versus 6 – 7) and its higher number of teeth on the outer row on both jaws (> 20 versus 12 – 14) and from the D. atroventralis complex by a higher number of scales between the LL and pelvic fin, i. e. 12 (versus 9 – 11), its higher number of pectoral fin rays, i. e. 21 (versus 17 – 20); its higher number of circumpeduncular scales, i. e. 24 – 25 (versus 20 – 24) and its deeper head, 67.4 – 69.4 % HL (versus 35.1 – 55.7 % HL) (Table 4).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C606FF97C25B4C16FC1DE7C0.taxon	description	Description Morphometric and meristic data are given in Table 5. Body relatively deep (within D. antonii assemblage). Dorsal head profile and dorsal body outline concave to end of dorsal fin, straight from end of dorsal to adipose fin, and convex from adipose to caudal fin. Ventral head profile straight, concave from posterior to head to end of anal fin, and convex from end of anal to caudal fin. Head compressed with nasal openings relatively closely set (14.4 % HL and 15.9 % HL), but deep (67.4 % HL and 69.4 % HL). Mouth inferior. Posterior edge of maxillary not passing the nostrils. Two rows of bicuspid teeth in each jaw. Origin of dorsal fin well in front of pelvic fin origin along vertical axis. Distal margin dorsal fin straight or slightly concave, distal margin of anal fin straight to slightly convex. Base and distal end of pelvic fin relatively close to vent, i. e. 23.4 % SL and 25.9 % SL, and 1.6 % SL and 7.8 % SL, respectively. Pectoral and pelvic fin rays decreasing in length from outer to inner fin margin. Adipose fin little further removed from dorsal fin than from caudal fin. Caudal peduncle deeper then long. Caudal fin forked with two rounded lobes covered with numerous small scales except for translucent area distally. As only two specimens are currently known from D. langi, allometry could not be assessed. Maximum recorded length: 364 mm SL, 472 mm TL. Colouration Lang provided information on the presumable life colour pattern based on five specimens (Nichols and Griscom 1917). It is however unsure whether these specimens are conspecific (see above), and therefore this information is not presented here. The body of the two preserved specimens is uniformly brown-yellowish, with a slightly lighter belly. Dorsal fin scattered with many small, dark spots. Caudal fin brownish, with slightly darker median rays. Adipose fin with translucent distal margin (Figures 3 C and 8). Pectoral fins pale to yellow-orange. Pelvic fins generally pale, while in the additional specimen the distal edges are darker coloured. Thirteen vague dark vertical bars have been observed on the flanks of the additional specimen, whereas the holotype has none.	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C606FF97C25B4C16FC1DE7C0.taxon	biology_ecology	Ecology Not much is known about the ecology of D. langi. In the original description of Nichols and Griscom (1917), Lang is cited mentioning the following: “ Evidently swimming in schools, as five of them have been killed by one explosion ”. However, since this original description is based upon three different species (see above), the relevance of this information is difficult to assess.	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C606FF97C25B4C16FC1DE7C0.taxon	distribution	Distribution This species is only known from two specimens from two different locations, Faradje in the Dungu region, Uele River basin (DRC) and Avakubi, Aruwimi River basin (DRC) (Figure 5).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
03C387F1C606FF97C25B4C16FC1DE7C0.taxon	etymology	Etymology The species name “ langi ” refers to the collector Herbert Lang (1879 – 1957), who collected fish in the Congo basin from 1909 to 1915 for the AMNH, in collaboration with James Chapin (Slack 2003). List of specimens examined of the D. atroventralis complex (all lengths are SL) (Figure 3 D). Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Syntypes: MRAC 30. Boma (DRC) (± 5 ° 50 ′ S, 13 ° 03 ′ E), coll. Wilverth 1896 (70.9 mm) – BMNH 1891.12. 29.13. Congo River, Lower Congo (DRC), received from Utrecht University Museum 1891 (63.5 mm); Specimens: AMNH I- 243645. Lulua River, Katende 2, Dipumu (± 6 ° 00 ′ 27.0 ″ S, 22 ° 23 ′ 43 ″ E), coll. Mbimbi 01 / 12 / 2007 (64.2 mm; 90.2 mm) – AMNH I- 243646. Lulua River, Nsanga Nyembo (± 5 ° 56 ′ 53.41 ″ S, 22 ° 20 ′ 29.40 ″ E), coll. Mbimbi 03 / 12 / 2007 (76.7 mm; 123.3 mm) – AMNH I- 247823. Lulua, Bunkonde (6 ° 14 ′ 49.2 ″ S, 22 ° 28 ′ 48.0 ″ E), coll. Mbimbi 30 / 06 / 2008 (34.4 mm) – AMNH I- 247825. Lulua, Katende 1, Nkombua (6 ° 00 ′ 16.2 ″ S, 22 ° 23 ′ 25.8 ″ E), coll. Mbimbi 21 / 05 / 2008 (37.0 mm) – MRAC 158797. Dundo, affl. Luachimo (± 7 ° 21 ′ S, 20 ° 50 ′ E), coll. De Barros Machado 02 / 06 / 1949 (225.5 mm) – MCZ 50439. Zaire River near Inga, a few km upstream and on the opposite side of river from Inga hydroelectric dam (5 ° 27 ′ 30 ″ S, 13 ° 36 ′ ?? ″ E), coll. Roberts and Stewart 1973 (53.2 mm; 62.8 mm) – MRAC 738. Banana (6 ° 00 ′ S, 12 ° 24 ′ E), coll. Delhez 1899 (53.5 mm) – MRAC 739. Matadi (5 ° 49 ′ S, 13 ° 27 ′ E), coll. Delhez, 1899 (246.6 mm) – MRAC 740. Matadi (5 ° 49 ′ S, 13 ° 27 ′ E), coll. Delhez 1899 (66.0 mm) – MRAC 741. Dolo (4 ° 19 ′ S, 15 ° 19 ′ E), coll. Delhez 1899 (357.0 mm) – MRAC 742. Kutu, (± 2 ° 44 ′ S, 18 ° 08 ′ E), coll. Delhez 1899 (158.3 mm) – MRAC 67444. Léopoldville (± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 18 ′ E), coll. Henri van Moorsel 7 / 1944 (127.7 mm) – MRAC 117366. Stanley Pool, Yankau channel, N’ Duka indigenous dam (± 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 24 ′ E), coll. Mission Brien-Poll-Bouillon 23 / 9 / 1957 (199.5 mm) – MRAC 73 - 22 - P- 1195 - 1197. Stanley Pool, Nsele river (± 4 ° 15 ′ S, 15 ° 33 ′ E), coll. Mandeville 29 / 10 / 1957 (23.8 – 41.2 mm) – MRAC 73 - 22 - P- 1201 - 1202. Stanley Pool, Ndjili river (± 4 ° 20 ′ S, 15 ° 22 ′ E), coll. Mandeville 30 / 10 / 1957 (67.8 mm; 76.8 mm) – MRAC 73 - 22 - P- 1223. Stanley Pool, Mbamu island (± 4 ° 14 ′ S, 15 ° 22 ′ E to ± 4 ° 18 ′ S, 15 ° 30 ′ E), coll. Mandeville J., 28 / 10 / 1957 (33.1 mm) – MRAC A 7 - 014 - P- 0025. Pool Malebo at Kinkole, Mipongi island (± 4 ° 16 ′ 26.9 ″ S, 15 ° 30 ′ 29.6 ″ E), coll. Mbadu Zebe 26 / 1 / 2006 (128.0 mm) – MRAC A 7 - 033 - P- 267. Congo River close to the Kinsanga channel, Inga (± 5 ° 39 ′ S, 13 ° 39 ′ E), coll. Hanssens 2007 (142.6 mm) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - P- 0020. Lomami River, affluent Congo River, village Lieki, coll. Congo 2010 2 / 06 / 2010 (343.0 mm) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - P- 0021 - 0022. Isangi, rive gauche fleuve Congo, coll. Congo 2010 5 / 06 / 2010 (261.9 mm SL; 325.0 mm SL) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - P- 0093. Lomami River, left bank, just downstream of village Lieki (± 0 ° 40 ′ 55 ″ N, 24 ° 11 ′ 08 ″ E), coll Exp. Congo 2010 27 / 05 / 2010 (31.5 mm) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - P- 0094. Little marsh on Lomami River, left bank, upstream of village Yandjambi (± 0 ° 41 ′ 57.44 ″ N, 24 ° 13 ′ 36.0114 ″ E), coll Exp. Congo 2010 28 / 05 / 2010 (31.4 mm) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - P- 0095. Lomami River, left bank, upstreamof village Lieki (rive gauche riv. Lomami, en amont du village Lieki (± 0 ° 40 ′ 55 ″ N, 24 ° 11 ′ 08 ″ E), coll Exp. Congo 2010 01 / 06 / 2010 (61.6 mm) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - 0096 - 0097. Lomami River, right bank, downstream of village Lieki (± 0 ° 40 ′ 55 ″ N, 24 ° 11 ′ 08 ″ E), coll. Exp. Congo 2010 30 / 05 / 2010 (21.7 mm; 25.9 mm) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - P- 0098. Lomami River, downstream of village Lieki (± 0 ° 40 ′ 55 ″ N, 24 ° 11 ′ 08 ″ E), coll Exp. Congo 2010 27 / 05 / 2010 (32.0 mm) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - 0099 - 0100. Lomami River, downstream of village Lieki (± 0 ° 40 ′ 55 ″ N, 24 ° 11 ′ 08 ″ E), coll. Exp. Congo 2010 03 / 06 / 2010 (27.6 mm SL; 36.2 mm) – MRAC B 0 - 017 - P- 0101. Lomami River at confluence with Koli River, right bank, downstream of village Lieki (± 0 ° 40 ′ 55 ″ N, 24 ° 11 ′ 08 ″ E), coll. Exp. Congo 2010 01 / 06 / 2010 (25.6 mm) – MRAC B 1 - 009 - P- 0022. Lobaye River, left bank, Site 2 (± 0 ° 28 ′ 28.8 ″ N, 24 ° 11 ′ 57.9 ″ E), village Bambondji II, coll. Danadu and Moelants 08 / 05 / 2011 (93.0 mm). Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville): MRAC A 8 - 020 - P- 0386 - 0390 (2 / 4). Léfini River, “ Massala ma soso ” rapids, right bank (2 ° 55.93 ′ S, 16 ° 07.42 ′ E), coll. Vreven and Ibala Zamba 23 / 8 / 2008 (46.5 mm; 68.5 mm).	en	Moelants, Tuur, Zebe, Victorine Mbadu, Snoeks, Jos, Vreven, Emmanuel (2014): A review of the Distichodus antonii assemblage (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Congo basin. Journal of Natural History 48 (27 - 28): 1707-1735, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2013.862312, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2013.862312
