identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C3B82F9226C97207C8FB3EFF5E39D7.text	03C3B82F9226C97207C8FB3EFF5E39D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophioderma Muller & Troschel 1840	<div><p>Genus Ophioderma Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840</p><p>Type taxon. Ophioderma longicauda (Bruzelius, 1805) originally described as Asterias longicauda .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc with granules. Four bursal slits per interradius, typically the distal slightly wider than the proximal. Conical and pointed teeth. Six to 13 arm spines, short, flattened and appressed, shorter than an arm segment. Two tentacle scales (Ziesenhenne 1955; Tommasi 1970; Albuquerque 1986).</p><p>Comments. Ophioderma was described in 1840, however, it was considered an unstable genus without a clear diagnosis, leading many researchers to use Ophiura (Lyman 1860, 1882). Only in the 20th century were many species organized and formally separated from Ophiura (Clark 1915; Clark 1976b; Melville 1980). Ophioderma is now well-supported and comprises a large, widespread genus of brittle stars (Pineda-Enríquez et al. 2013). Traditionally, the characters used to separate the species included the shape of disc granules and the extent to which the granules cover underlying plates, disc size, arm length, shape and degree of fragmentation of dorsal arm plates, number and shape of arm spines, as well as colour (Hendler et al. 1995). However, these characters are often variable, causing difficulties in correct identification (Stöhr et al. 2009). Studies detailing morphological diagnostic characters, along with molecular analysis, have greatly contributed to distinguishing these species and have revealed divergent lineages (Stöhr et al. 2009; Boissin et al. 2011). Ophioderma can be found on coral reefs, seagrass, coral rubble and under rocks, typically occurring in shallow water to 50 m, and restricted to tropical and temperate seas (Pineda-Enríquez et al. 2013). Ophioderma presently includes 37 species (Stöhr et al. 2016) with six recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): O. appressa (Say, 1825), O. besnardi Tommasi, 1970, O. brevispina (Say, 1825), O. cinerea Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842, O. divae Tommasi, 1971, and O. januarii Lütken, 1856 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9226C97207C8FB3EFF5E39D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9226C97207C8FDDCFC3A3A82.text	03C3B82F9226C97207C8FDDCFC3A3A82.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiodermatidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family OPHIODERMATIDAE Ljungman, 1867</p><p>Type taxon. Ophioderma Müller &amp; Troschel, 1840 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc covered dorsally with small plates typically concealed completely by a dense coating of granules in adult specimens. Radial shields evident or not. The granules may cover jaws, oral, and adoral shields. The numerous lateral oral papillae form a continuous series with the apical papillae. Arms inserted laterally into the disc. Arm spines short, usually numerous, and appressed to the side of the arm (Tommasi 1970; Paterson 1985; Albuquerque 1986; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005).</p><p>Comments. Ophiodermatidae was initially supported for several species with granules and by the presence of numerous lateral oral papillae forming a continuous series with the apical papillae (Ljungman 1867; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005). These characteristics are easily confused with Ophiocomidae . Recently, a new defining character was proposed to differentiate the family: dental plate predominantly fragmented into several plates with elongated sockets (Martynov 2010). Ophiodermatidae has also been supported in several recent studies utilizing next-gen sequence-capture methodology (O’Hara et al. 2014; Hugall et al. 2016; O’Hara et al. 2017). The family is widely distributed bathymetrically and geographically, found down to 2,700 m (Tommasi 1970; Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). They are members of the epifauna, living on soft bottom, rocky shores, reefs, and in rocky crevices (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005). This family is comprised of 60 species distributed across 11 genera (O’Hara et al. 2017). Seven species of two genera are recorded in Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9226C97207C8FDDCFC3A3A82	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9220C97607C8FF59FD323C3C.text	03C3B82F9220C97607C8FF59FD323C3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophioderma januarii Lutken 1856	<div><p>Ophioderma januarii Lütken, 1856</p><p>(Fig. 3)</p><p>Type locality. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 26 mm (Paim et al. 2015).</p><p>Material examined. 89 specimens (dd: 3.9–22.39 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2199, St. XII, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2202, St. XII, 4 spms; ZUEC OPH 2216, St. XI, 13 spms; ZUEC OPH 2239, St. XVIII, 6 spms; ZUEC OPH 2240, St. XIX, 8 spms; ZUEC OPH 2241, St. XVII, 1 spms; ZUEC OPH 2243, St. XIX, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2248, St. XIX, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2270, St. XXIV, 30 spms; ZUEC OPH 2280, St. XXVI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2358, St. 21H, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2359, St. XXXIV, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2360, St. XXXIV, 14 spms.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 7.9 mm) pentagonal, greenish, with some lighter and irregular patches, covered dorsally and ventrally by granules. Radial shields not evident. Radial dorsal region of the disc with a recess showing two to three arm plates, lined by small scales without granules (Fig. 3A). Ventral surface of the disc and arms whitish. Two bursal slits along each arm, distal slightly wider than the proximal (Fig. 3B). Oral shields trapezoid-shaped, distally almost as wide as long, proximally just over half as wide as long, lateral edges straight, proximal and distal edges convex. Adoral shields triangular, small (about one-third of the oral shield) and separated proximally. Jaws covered by granules. Five to seven lateral oral papillae, distal rounded and proximal tapered. One apical papilla, similar to lateral oral papillae, but more elongated (Fig. 3C).</p><p>Arms: with bright green and dark green bands. Dorsal arm plates trapezoid, twice as wide as long and contiguous (Fig. 3D,F). Ventral arm plates fan-triangular with a slight lateral notch, twice as long as wide and contiguous (Fig. 3E,G). Two rounded tentacle scales, attached to the lateral arm plate. Eight to ten short arm spines (shorter than the length of an arm segment) and adpressed (Fig. 3E).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 3H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on most of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, over most of the proximal edge; large, oblique and elongated spurs on ventro-proximal tip of outer surface; central part not protruding; proximal edge of outer surface with horizontal striation, but restricted to small area—between spurs. Spine articulation: in notches of distal edge, ventralwards increasing in size; distance between spine articulations equidistant. Lobes merged at their proximal tips by smooth connection, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes shifted, dorsalmost bent, and tilted orientation; stereom with perforations; sigmoidal fold weakly developed. Inner side, ridges and knobs: inner side dominated by more or less continuous ridge; ridge on inner side with separate knob on the ventral tip; ridge on inner side composed of more compact or more densely meshed stereom; ridge shape without major kink and with tongue-shaped dorsal tip; with vertical row without furrow on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 3J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 3K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards not projecting (Fig. 3L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part as long as zygocondyles (Fig. 3M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. The arm ossicles, especially the lateral arm plates and vertebrae, are more robust than those of the other brittle stars of the present study, except for Ophioplocus januarii, which are similar. This robustness could aid in its epifaunal lifestyle, as more robust arms are more suitable to live on the substrate. However, this hypothesis needs to be tested. Ophioderma januarii has various combinations of greenish, greenishbrown, and brown pigments on the disc and with bright green and dark green bands on the arms (Tommasi 1970; Monteiro et al. 1992). All of these colors were noted and often were accompanied by a whitish patch in the middle of the disc. O. januarii is similar to O. brevispina, but O. brevispina is more common in northern and northeastern Brazil (Paim et al. 2015). Furthermore, some authors have reviewed these species and concluded that the only morphological difference is the shape of the arm (Costa &amp; Costa 1962): in O. januarii it tapers towards the distal end, whereas in O. brevispina the same diameter is maintained throughout the arm. These differences are not clear, and a broader biogeographic and taxonomic revision is needed, preferably using SEM and molecular methods.</p><p>Remarks. This species is gonochoric with lecithotrophic development, reproduces year-round, but increases its gonadal activity during summer (Borges et al. 2009). A member of the epifauna, it lives mainly on sandy, muddy, rubble bottoms and shell fragments (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005). O. januarii was collected on rubble bottom with dredge and van Veen grab.</p><p>Distribution. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): from Southern Gulf of Mexico to Eastern Caribbean (Pomory 2007; Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern, and Eastern Brazil (Magalhães et al. 2005; Gondim et al. 2008; Lima &amp; Fernandes 2009; Paim et al. 2015), Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands (Tommasi &amp; Aron 1988). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Monteiro et al. 1992; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Oliveira et al. 2010; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014).</p><p>From intertidal to 1,500 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 19 to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Lütken (1856): p. 7; Lütken (1859): p. 199, fig. 5a–5c; Tommasi (1970): p. 69, fig. 68, 69; Albuquerque (1986): p. 275, fig. 40a–c, Monteiro (1987): p. 105, est. IXe–f, Xa,b; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 243, fig. a–d; Paim et al. (2015): p. 11, fig. 8a–c.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9220C97607C8FF59FD323C3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9222C97607C8FDA2FCFE3AC6.text	03C3B82F9222C97607C8FDA2FCFE3AC6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemieuryalidae Verrill 1899	<div><p>Family HEMIEURYALIDAE Verrill, 1899</p><p>Type taxon. Hemieuryale von Martens, 1867 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc covered with thick plates with distinct centrodorsal and primary plates. Typically, one apical papilla flanked by a series of continuous lateral oral papillae. Bursal slits small, placed near margins of oral shields. Arms inserted laterally into the disc. Dorsal arm plates complete or replaced by a mosaic of small plates. Arm spines short and few. Spine articulation composed of two parallel ridges placed at an angle to each other (Verrill 1899a; Martynov 2010; Gondim et al. 2015).</p><p>Comments. Hemieuryalidae has been considered one of the least known families of Ophiuroidea, in regards to ecology, morphology, and phylogeny (Gondim et al. 2015). A recent study proposed moving Ophiochondrus and Ophiomoeris to Ophiacanthidae based on lateral arm plate morphology (Martynov 2010). Hemieuryalidae has peculiar ridges on its spine articulations, which are very different from other ophiuroids (Martynov 2010). The family has also been supported by a molecular phylogeny reconstruction using next-gen sequence-capture methodology (O’Hara et al. 2017). Hemieuryalids are associated with octocorals (Gondim et al. 2015) and hydrocorals (Hendler et al. 1995), but are also found as members of the epifauna (Borges, 2006). The family is comprised of 84 species distributed across ten genera (O’Hara et al. 2017). In Brazil, three species are recorded from three genera (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012; Gondim et al. 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9222C97607C8FDA2FCFE3AC6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9222C97607C8FAFBFD04398F.text	03C3B82F9222C97607C8FAFBFD04398F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophioplocus Lyman 1862	<div><p>Genus Ophioplocus Lyman, 1862</p><p>Type taxon. Ophioplocus imbricatus (Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842) originally described as Ophiolepis imbricata .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc covered by irregular and imbricated plates. Radial shields oval and smaller (approximately one tenth of dd), separated by several scales. One apical papilla. The number of lateral oral papillae variable, usually eight to ten. Bursal slits smaller, often bordered by papillae or scales. Dorsal arm plates divided into two or more. Two to seven tentacle scales in the first arm segment. Two to five arm spines arranged along the outer edge of the lateral arm plates (Lyman 1865; Tommasi 1970; Thomas 1975).</p><p>Comments. Young specimens (less than 7.6 mm of dd) have been considered difficult to identify due to the presence of fewer arm spines, fewer tentacle scales, and less fragmentation of dorsal arm plates (Thomas 1975). These characters have prompted many authors to describe new species and genera (Lyman 1865; Koehler 1922). During past decades, Ophioplocus was alternately placed in two families, Ophiolepididae (Tommasi 1970) and Ophiuridae (Thomas 1975; Bernasconi &amp; D’Agostino 1977; Borges 2006). However, Ophioplocus belongs to Hemieuryalidae due to its lateral arm plate morphology and molecular evidence (O’Hara et al. 2017). Ophioplocus occurs in colder and deeper waters at depths&gt; 30 m and are often found with Ophioderma (Monteiro et al. 1992) . Currently, seven species are accepted in Ophioplocus (Stöhr et al. 2016), with one recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): O. januarii (Lütken, 1856) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9222C97607C8FAFBFD04398F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9223C96907C8FF59FB193ED3.text	03C3B82F9223C96907C8FF59FB193ED3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophioplocus januarii (Lutken 1856)	<div><p>Ophioplocus januarii (Lütken, 1856)</p><p>(Fig. 4)</p><p>Type locality. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 21.9 mm (Borges, 2006).</p><p>Material examined. 1 juvenile specimen (dd: 4.4 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2207, St. XXII, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 4.4 mm) pentagonal, covered by large and imbricating scales, becoming smaller and granulated in interradial portions of the disc. Central primary plate circular and primary radial plates evident. Radial shields oval, small, twice as long as wide, convergent proximally and separated by several scales (Fig. 4A). Ventral interradius covered with scales smaller and more imbricated than the dorsal. Bursal slits broad (Fig. 4B). Oral shields proximal angle obtuse, lateral rounded angles and lobed distal edge. Madreporite larger than other oral shields, but with similar shape. Adoral shields comma-shaped, distally convex, proximally deeply concave (tentacle pore), bordering proximal angle of oral shield and separated proximally. Four block-shaped lateral oral papillae, distal one larger. One small apical papilla. 2nd tentacle pore broad, laterally opening in the mouth slit, at the adoral shield (Fig. 4C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates fan-shaped, the most proximal ones irregularly fragmented in two, and contiguous (Fig. 4D,F). Ventral arm plates broadly convex distally, acute angle proximally, with deep notches for the tentacle tube feet laterally and contiguous (Fig. 4E,G). Three tentacle scales at first arm pore and two from the second pore. Three arm spines blunt (Fig. 4E).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 4H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-distalwards; ventro-distal tip projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on most of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure over most of the proximal edge; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, ventralwards increasing in size; distance between spine articulations increasing dorsalwards. Two parallel ridges, ventral larger than the dorsal, separated at both ends, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom with perforations; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: inner side apparently without ridges or knobs (potentially due to its juvenile stage); without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 4J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 4K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards not projecting (Fig. 4L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 4M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. The specimen described here was a juvenile, with characters that may change in an adult: i) the central primary plate is pentagonal; ii) primary radial plates are trapezoid; iii) five tentacle scales at first arm pore, four at the second pore and three at third pore. Similar to Ophioderma, Ophioplocus januarii has arm ossicles, especially the lateral arm plates and vertebrae, more robust than the other brittle stars of our study. This robustness of the arms ossicles could aid in its epifaunal lifestyle, as stouter arms are more suitable for life on the surface. However, like in Ophioderma januarii, this hypothesis needs to be tested. Ophioplocus januarii is similar to O. imbricatus, but the latter differs in having fragmented dorsal arm plates more symmetrical than O. januarii (Thomas 1975) .</p><p>Remarks. It appears to be a microphagous species feeding on macroalgae fragments, plant debris, and animal cuticle structures (Brogger et al. 2015). It is gonochoric with no evident sexual dimorphism. It breeds continuously; however, spawning intensity may be higher in some months than in others (Brogger et al. 2013). This species can be often found on rocky, sandy, and rubble bottom (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013), but it has also been observed associated with molluscs, arthropods, and annelids (Arribas et al. 2008). A single specimen was collected on rubble bottom with a dredge.</p><p>Distribution. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): Southern Caribbean; Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands (Tommasi &amp; Aron 1987). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Tommasi 1970; Manso 1989; Monteiro et al. 1992; Oliveira et al. 2010).</p><p>From intertidal to 180 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at 19 m depth.</p><p>Selected references. Lütken (1856): p. 10 [as Ophiolepis januarii]; Lyman (1865): p. 62; Tommasi (1970): p. 72, fig. 72–75 [as Ophioceramis januarii]; Bernasconi &amp; D'Agostino (1977): p. 95, lam. VIII, fig. 1,2; Monteiro (1987): p. 98, est. Xc–f; Borges (2006): p. 70–71, fig. 1.20 A–E [as Ophioplocus januarii].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9223C96907C8FF59FB193ED3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F923DC96907C8FCB4FC0D385B.text	03C3B82F923DC96907C8FCB4FC0D385B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiothela Verrill 1867	<div><p>Genus Ophiothela Verrill, 1867</p><p>Type taxon. Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill, 1867 originally described as Ophiothrix (Ophiothela) mirabilis .</p><p>Diagnosis. Radial shields very large, covering most of the disc. Ventral side of arms and disc covered by skin, usually obscuring the arm plates and scales. Dorsal arm plates covered by granules. Arm spines mostly turned downward, armed with thorns or hooks (Verrill 1867).</p><p>Comments. In the original description, Verrill (1867) mentions that the adoral shields are all in contact, forming a continuous ring around the mouth. This feature was not used here for two reasons: i) the ventral side of the disc may be covered with a skin, obscuring the oral and adoral shields, making them difficult to see, and ii) some specimens did not have skin covering the ventral disc surface, exposing ventral arm plates between the adoral shields radially, contradicting the original description. This character needs revision. Ophiothela differs from Ophiothrix in having the arms distinctly covered with a membranous skin, dorsal surface with granules (Verrill 1867), and arms more flexible in the vertical plane (Clark 1966). Ophiothela was confined to Pacific waters (Clark 1976b), but recently introduced populations have been described in the Atlantic (Hendler et al. 2012). Its presence has changed the appearance and ecology of coral reefs as the species is often associated with gorgonians and sponges (James 1995; Goh et al. 1999; Hendler et al. 2012). The implications of this association are still unclear due to the limited number of studies. One laboratory based study suggests that the coral might gain some benefit from this association through the removal of sediment build-up due brittle star movement (Sneli 1985). Ophiothela presently includes six species (Stöhr et al. 2016) with one recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): Ophiothela danae Verril, 1867 . However, another species, O. mirabilis, was recorded by Hendler et al. (2012) and Mantelatto et al. (2016) and O. cf. mirabilis by Alitto et al. (2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F923DC96907C8FCB4FC0D385B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F923DC96A07C8F91AFEE63968.text	03C3B82F923DC96A07C8F91AFEE63968.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiothela Verrill 1867	<div><p>Ophiothela sp.</p><p>(Fig. 5)</p><p>Material examined. 27 specimens (dd: 0.9–2.2 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2189, St. IX, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2190, St. XI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2193, St. XI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2278, St. XXVI, 13 spms; ZUEC OPH 2298, St. 136, 10 spms; ZUEC OPH 2332, St. XXXIV, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 2 mm) star-shaped, with interradial recesses, rounded granules scattered over the entire dorsal surface, larger between radial shields. Radial shields triangular, large (two-thirds of dd), united distally and separated proximally by one scale. Radial shield pairs separated by a narrow row of plates bearing granules. Central area depressed, radial shields elevated (Fig. 5A). Ventral surface covered by skin, translucent in dry specimens (Fig. 5B). Oral shields slightly broadened proximally. Adoral shields broadened distally and united proximally. Depression between two oral plates. A cluster of dental papillae on the dental plate and without lateral oral papilla (Fig. 5C). Oral tentacle pore large and opening at the mouth angle.</p><p>Arms: six arms, dorsoventrally coiled (Fig. 5A) and covered with scattered granules, dorsal arm plates not visible (Fig. 5D). Ventral arm plates three times as long as wide, distal region wider than the proximal, notch in distal edge, the first three plates contiguous, the others separated by lateral arm plates (Fig. 5E,G). Three to four arm spines, ventral shortest and bearing sharp teeth (Fig. 5F).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 5H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on most of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface without discernible band of different stereom structure; without spurs; central part protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface; dorsalwards increasing in size; distance between spine articulations equidistant. Lobes simply separated, equal-sized; lobes parallel, straight, oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: inner side apparently without knob and ridge; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of aberrant type and keeled. Large groove on proximal side of vertebrae dorsally corresponding to distalwards projecting dorso-distal muscular fossae of distal side (Fig. 5J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging (they appear to be reduced and are difficult to observe) and zygosphene present and fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 5K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards clearly projecting beyond zygocondyles (true keel) (Fig. 5L). Zygosphene not projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 5M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. Ophiothela sp. was identified based on descriptions of the most comprehensive studies (Verrill 1867; Clark 1976a; Cherbonnier &amp; Guille 1978). The specimens were not identified to species level because the delineation of Ophiothela species is unclear with many overlapping features. Therefore, we emphasize the necessity of a taxonomic revision of this genus. The shape of the dorsal arm plate was not described due to the presence of granules, making it difficult to observe the edges of the plates. We also assume that the dorsal arm plates are very tiny as they were not observed under the stereomicroscope. The vertebrae were classified as an aberrant type because the zygocondyles and zygosphene were apparently absent or reduced, similar to findings of Viana (2010). This difference may allow it to flex its arms vertically (Litvinova 1994). The number of arm spines ranged from three to four, with the ventral shortest and bearing sharp teeth in all our specimens. Presumably, the sharp teeth serve as hooks for adhesion (Verrill 1867).</p><p>Remarks. 90% of specimens differed in the size of arms and disc due to their high degree of fission and regeneration. Ophiothela has a great variety of colors (Clark 1976a). Orange and purple were observed in living specimens and reddish purple, cream, or white for those fixed in alcohol. Although this genus is commonly found on biological substrates, particularly gorgonians, it was collected on the soft bottom by dredge (99% of spms) and corer.</p><p>Distribution. Central Indo-Pacific (realm), Tropical Southwestern Pacific (province): Fiji Islands (Verrill 1867). Western Indo-Pacific (realm), Western Indian Ocean (province): Madagascar (Cherbonnier &amp; Guille 1978), East African Coral Coast and Bight of Sofala/Swamp Coast (Clark &amp; Rowe 1971). Temperate Southern Africa (realm), Benguela (province): Namaqua; Agulhas (province): Agulhas Bank (Clark 1974). Temperate Australasia (Rowe &amp; Gates 1995). Tropical Atlantic (realm), North Brazil Shelf (province): Guianan (Hendler &amp; Brugneaux 2013); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Hendler et al. 2012). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Hendler et al. 2012; Bumbeer &amp; Rocha 2016; Mantelatto et al. 2016).</p><p>From intertidal up to 80 m depth (Rowe &amp; Gates 1995). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 2 and 21.5 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F923DC96A07C8F91AFEE63968	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9238C96E07C8FDAFFADD3B0B.text	03C3B82F9238C96E07C8FDAFFADD3B0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiothela angulata (Say 1825)	<div><p>Ophiothrix angulata (Say, 1825)</p><p>(Fig. 6)</p><p>Type locality. Charleston Harbour, South Carolina (United States).</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 10 mm (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005).</p><p>Material examined. 22 specimens (dd: 1.1–8.6 mm). Subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2172, St. VI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2177, St. XII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2194, St. XI, 4 spms; ZUEC OPH 2282, St. XXVI, 6 spms; ZUEC OPH 2356, St. XXXIV, 1 spm. From rocky shore in sponge: ZUEC OPH 2149, St. 2C, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2433, St. 10C, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2435, St. 11C, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2439, St. 12C, 1 spm, ZUEC OPH 2455, St. 15C, 3 spms.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 5.7 mm) pentagonal, covered by small hyaline, bifid and/or trifid spines. Radial shields triangular, twice as long as wide, one-third of dd, united distally and separated proximally, covered by bifid and/or trifid spines (Fig. 6A). Ventral interradius covered by scales with small spines, smaller than the dorsal, except near the oral shields and bursal slits (Fig. 6B). Oral shields twice as wide as long, tapered proximally and with a slight projection at the distal edge. Madreporite larger than other oral shields, but with a similar shape. Adoral shields broadened distally and separated proximally. Depression between two oral plates. A cluster of dental papillae on the dental plate and without lateral oral papilla. Oral tentacle pore visible (Fig. 6C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates fan-triangular, as long as wide and contiguous (Fig. 6D,F). Ventral arm plates with distal edge concave, proximal edge straight, lateral edges convex and slightly as long as wide (Fig. 6E,G). One tentacle scale. Five to eight long arm spines (longest about three arm joints), vitreous and denticulate, the second to ventral-most being the smallest and the ventral-most modified into a hook with hyaline teeth facing the disc (Fig. 6E).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 6H, I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on most of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on elevated portion not bordered proximally by ridge, middle spine articulation(s) larger; distance between spine articulations increasing dorsalwards. Lobes merged at their proximal tips by smooth connection, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, bent, with tilted orientation; stereom with perforations; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: dominated by two separate central knobs on inner side with a ridge; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and keeled. Large groove on proximal side of vertebrae dorsally corresponding to distalwards projecting dorso-distal muscular fossae of distal side (Fig. 6J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 6K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards clearly projecting beyond zygocondyles (true keel) (Fig. 6L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 6M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. The vertebrae possess a dorsal distal keel, dorsal projections, and depressions connected by dorsal accessory muscles. These are also evident at the dorsal vertebral surface. Six specimens were classified as juvenile due a bright whitish circle in the center of the disc and absence of central scales. Various color patterns are reported in this species, varying from pink to dark violet, and sometimes displaying a black or white stripe on the arm surface (Tommasi 1970; Hendler et al. 1995; Manso et al. 2008). Specimens from type-locality (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, accession number E24138) were compared with our samples. The only difference observed was the shape of the ventral arm plates: slightly concave distally in our specimens while it is cordiform in specimens from type-locality. This variety of phenotypes demonstrates an imperative need for a taxonomic revision, especially when comparing populations from different regions, such as the Brazilian South-east and North-Northeast (Paim et al. 2015). The name O. angulata was applied here as that is what is currently considered valid.</p><p>Remarks. It is commonly found on rubble bottom and with other Ophiothrix and Ophiactis species, constituting the main component of the fauna associated with the biological substrate (Paim et al. 2015) particularly sponges (Tommasi 1970; Hendler et al. 1995). O. angulata has also been sampled in brown alga Sargassum spp. (Jacobucci et al. 2006), colonies of the bryozoan Schizoporella errata (Morgado &amp; Tanaka 2001), tubes of the polychaete Phyllochaetopterus socialis (Nalesso et al. 1995), oyster banks, mangroves, seagrass beds and on sessile animals, such as Millepora sp. and gorgonians (Hendler et al. 1995). O. angulata was collected from rubble bottom with a dredge (80% of spms) or associated with the sponge Amphimedon viridis .</p><p>Distribution. Temperate Northern Atlantic (realm), Warm Temperate Northwest Atlantic (province): Carolinian and Northern Gulf of Mexico (Hendler et al. 1995; Durán-González et al. 2005; Laguarda-Figueras et al. 2005; Alvarado et al. 2008; Hernández-Herrejón et al. 2008). Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): Southern Gulf of Mexico to Eastern Caribbean (Devaney 1974; Chavarro et al. 2004; Pomory 2007; Borrero-Pérez et al. 2008); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): São Pedro and São Paulo Islands (Barboza et al. 2015b), Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Alves &amp; Cerqueira 2000; Neves et al. 2007; Gondim &amp; Giacometti 2010; Miranda et al. 2012; Gondim et al. 2013a; Gondim et al. 2013b). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Tommasi 1970; Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Netto et al. 2005); Rio Grande, Rio de la Plata and Uruguay – Buenos Aires Shelf (Tommasi 1970; Martínez 2008; Oliveira et al. 2010; Xavier 2010).</p><p>From intertidal up to 540 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from intertidal to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Say (1825): p. 145 [as Ophiura angulata]; Parslow &amp; Clark (1963): p. 45; Monteiro (1987): p. 90, est. IXa–d; Hendler et al. (1995): p. 180, fig. 95; Borges et al. (2002): p. 58, fig. 34c,d; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 271, fig. a–c; Manso et al. (2008): p. 194, fig. 21a–c [as Ophiothrix angulata]; Tommasi (1970): p. 60, fig.53–54; Albuquerque (1986): p. 170, fig. 27a–c; Gondim et al. (2013a): p. 67, fig. 2 f–j, 14 c; Paim et al. (2015): p. 14, fig. 9a–d [as Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) angulata]; Ayres (1854): p. 249 [as Ophiothrix hispida].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9238C96E07C8FDAFFADD3B0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F923AC96F07C8FA4AFCD13EF0.text	03C3B82F923AC96F07C8FA4AFCD13EF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiuridae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family AMPHIURIDAE Ljungman, 1867</p><p>Type taxon. Amphiura Forbes, 1843 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc usually with many scales. Radial shields prominent, half-circle shape. One pair of infradental papillae on the apex of the jaw. Slender arms bearing short, erect and frequently smooth spines. None, one, or two tentacle scales. Muted color patterns. The family is primarily characterized by the oral frame (Ljungman 1866; Thomas 1962; Clark 1970; Tommasi 1970; Hendler et al. 1995; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005).</p><p>Comments. Amphiuridae is the most diverse family among the Ophiuroidea (Stöhr et al. 2012a). This large taxon perhaps should be divided into several families. However, it will require a great sampling effort to understand its internal relationships (O’Hara et al. 2017). The high diversity is related to its success in establishing an extended bathymetric range and adapting to a wide variety of environments (e.g., soft bottoms, rocky shores, and biological substrates) (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Barboza &amp; Borges 2012). Some species voluntarily autotomize the disc during reproduction to aid with the dispersal of gametes ( Amphiodia pulchella, Microphiopholis atra, and Microphiopholis subtilis (Manso et al. 2008)) . M. gracillima also autotomizes it when disturbed and during sublethal predation events (Stancyk et al. 1994). They regenerate the disc, however, complicating species identification as a regenerating disc may appear different from an uninjured one (Tommasi 1970; Hendler et al.</p><p>1995). Amphiuridae comprises 506 species distributed across 27 genera (O’Hara et al. 2017). In Brazil, 48 species belonging to 11 genera are recorded (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F923AC96F07C8FA4AFCD13EF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F923BC96F07C8FEE6FE583D5E.text	03C3B82F923BC96F07C8FEE6FE583D5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiophragmus Lyman 1865	<div><p>Genus Ophiophragmus Lyman, 1865</p><p>Type taxon. Ophiophragmus wurdemanii (Lyman, 1860), originally described as Amphiura wurdemanii .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc with scales dorsally and ventrally. Radial shields partially or entirely joined. Fence of papillae at the edge of the disc interradius. Two lateral oral papillae, distal slightly larger than the proximal. Dorsal arm plates usually as wide as long. One to three tentacle scales. Three arm spines (Lyman 1865; Thomas 1962; Tommasi 1970; Albuquerque 1986).</p><p>Comments. The genus Ophiophragmus was proposed for species of Amphiura possessing a fence of papillae at the edge of the disc (Lyman 1865). This is the most helpful diagnostic feature for the genus (Clark 1918). However, other morphological characteristics must be examined as these structures can be confused with the uppermost series of plates on the dorsal interradial areas of some Amphiodia (Clark 1918) . The shape of arm spines, oral shields, and dorsal arm plates are also regarded as diagnostic features for the genus (Clark 1918; Thomas 1962). Ophiophragmus presently includes 18 species (Stöhr et al. 2016) with seven being recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): O. brachyactis H.L. Clark, 1915, O. cubanus (A. H. Clark, 1917), O. filograneus (Lyman, 1875), O. luetkeni (Ljungman, 1871), O. pulcher H. L. Clark, 1918, O. septus (Lütken, 1859) and O. wurdemanii (Lyman, 1860) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F923BC96F07C8FEE6FE583D5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F923BC96107C8FC09FCAD3A28.text	03C3B82F923BC96107C8FC09FCAD3A28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiophragmus luetkeni (Ljungman 1872)	<div><p>Ophiophragmus luetkeni (Ljungman, 1872)</p><p>(Fig. 7)</p><p>Type locality. Tortola, British Virgin Islands.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 9 mm (Barboza &amp; Borges 2005).</p><p>Material examined. 2 specimens (dd: 5.7–9.1 mm) from intertidal: ZUEC OPH 2164, St. 48, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2346, St. 13H, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 5.7 mm) circular or pentagonal, covered by numerous small and imbricating scales, approximately 20 between the centrodorsal and the edge of the disc. Radial shields as long as wide, separated by three scales. Fence of tapered papillae at the edge of the disc interradius (Fig. 7A,C). Ventral interradius covered with scales smaller than the dorsal and strongly imbricated. Bursal slits broad (Fig. 7B). Oral shields spearheadshaped, distally rounded, proximal angle acute, with lateroposterior indentations (Fig. 7D). Madreporite larger than other oral shields, but with similar shape and with pores distally (Fig. 7E). Adoral shields triangular, wider distally and united proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, distal slightly larger than the proximal. A pair of infradental papillae, well developed and rectangular (Fig. 7D).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates semi-circular to rectangular, three times as wide as long, some fragmented, contiguous (Fig. 7F,H). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, twice as wide as long, distally straight and proximal angle acute, contiguous (Fig. 7G,I). Two tentacle scales on the proximal segments, one attached to ventral plate and one to lateral plate. Three pointed arm spines (Fig. 7G).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 7J,K): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs approximately the same size as stereom pores. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striations. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface; sizes all similar; distance between spine articulations increasing dorsalwards. Lobes simply separated, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, dorsalmost bent, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: dominated by two separate central knobs; without dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 7L). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 7M). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting far from distal edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 7N). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 7O).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. Only two specimens of O. luetkeni were collected, one with a regenerating disc (Fig. 7) and another without the disc. They were identified by comparing with descriptions in the literature (Thomas 1962; Tommasi 1970; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005), and with specimens from ZUEC OPH ( Ophiophragmus brachyactis, O. filograneus, O. pulcher and O. wurdemanii). O. brachyactis differs from O. luetkeni in having two or three terminal hooks on the second arm spines. O. filograneus differs in having a disc with papillae on the ventral surface and bluntly rounded marginal disc papillae. O. pulcher differs in having arms banded with green, and a green or red stripe the length of the dorsal arm surface and O. wurdemanii differs in having arms banded with dark brown or black.</p><p>Remarks. Often only a few specimens of O. luetkeni are collected, possibly indicating it is not abundant (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005). It occurs in muddy, sandy and silt bottoms (Clark 1918; Tommasi 1970; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Manso et al. 2008). O. luetkeni was collected from very fine sand with corer.</p><p>Distribution. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Manso et al. 2008; Correia &amp; Sovierzoski 2013). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern (Tommasi 1970; Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Netto et al. 2005; Oliveira et al. 2010; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014).</p><p>From intertidal to 50 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples were collected in the intertidal.</p><p>Selected references. Ljungman (1872): p. 636 [as Amphipholis luetkeni]; Tommasi (1970): p. 31, fig. 28, 29; Monteiro (1987): p. 88, est.Ve,f; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 269, fig. a–d [as Ophiophragmus lutkeni]; Manso et al. (2008): p. 193, fig. 19f,g [as Ophiophragmus luetkeni].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F923BC96107C8FC09FCAD3A28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9235C96107C8FB98FEBC38D4.text	03C3B82F9235C96107C8FB98FEBC38D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiura Forbes 1843	<div><p>Genus Amphiura Forbes, 1843</p><p>Type taxon. Amphiura chiajei Forbes, 1843 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc with scales dorsally and ventrally. Radial shields as long as wide, completely separate or united distally. Two lateral oral papillae, buccal scale higher up on the jaw. None, one or two tentacle scales. Three to seven arm spines (Forbes 1843; Verrill 1899a; Thomas 1962; Tommasi 1970; Albuquerque 1986).</p><p>Comments. Amphiura has undergone several taxonomic revisions since its original description by Forbes (1843). The most currently accepted classification split the group into four genera: Amphiura, Amphipholis, Amphioplus, and Amphiodia (Verrill 1899a) . However, due to the large number of species, several authors have proposed the further splitting into four subgenera (Stöhr et al. 2016): Amphiura Forbes, 1843, Fellaria A. M. Clark, 1970, Ophiopeltis Dürben &amp; Koren, 1846, and Ophionema Lütken, 1869 . Amphiura comprises 208 species, 18 of which are recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): A. algida Koehler, 1911, A. (Amphiura) callida Albuquerque, Campos-Creasey &amp; Guille, 2011, A. (Amphiura) complanata Ljungman, 1867, A. crassipes Ljungman, 1867, A. deichmani Tommasi, 1965, A. fibulata Koehler, 1913, A. flexuosa (Ljungman, 1867), A. (Ophionema) intricata (Lütken, 1859), A. iraciae Tommasi &amp; Oliveira, 1976, A. joubini Koehler, 1912, A. kinbergi Ljungman, 1872, A. latispina Ljungman, 1867, A. muelleri Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1887, A. palmeri Ljungman, 1872, A. princeps Koehler, 1907, A. rosae Tommasi &amp; Oliveira, 1976, A. semiermis Lütken, 1869 and A. stimpsoni Lütken, 1859 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9235C96107C8FB98FEBC38D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9235C96307C8F88DFDBF38FB.text	03C3B82F9235C96307C8F88DFDBF38FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiura kinbergi Ljungman 1872	<div><p>Amphiura kinbergi Ljungman, 1872</p><p>(Fig. 8)</p><p>Type locality. Ubatuba, Brazil.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 9 mm (Barboza &amp; Borges 2005).</p><p>Material examined. 4 specimens (dd: 3.5–6.4 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2129, St. 34, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2212, St. 71, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2274, St. XXVI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2341, St. 20H, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 3.5 mm) star-shaped, covered by a narrow border of small and imbricating scales around the radial shields. Other portions bear small scattered and transparent scales. Radial shields four times as long as wide, large (accounting for more than half of the disc radius) (Fig. 8A). Ventral interradius with numerous, small and transparent scales embedded in the skin. Bursal slits broad (Fig. 8B). Oral shields rounded diamondshaped, as long as wide, broadly rounded distally with an obtuse angle proximally. Madreporite well developed and with pores distally. Adoral shields triangular, wider distally, with deeply concave proximal sides and separated proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, distal larger and perpendicular to the jaw, buccal scale tapered and set deeper on jaw. A pair of blunt infradental papillae, larger than lateral oral papillae (Fig. 8C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates trapezoid, straight proximally, rounded distally and contiguous (Fig. 8D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, as long as wide, contiguous (Fig. 8E,G). Two small tentacle scales (about 1/5 of the length of the ventral arm plate) attached only at lateral arm plate (Fig. 8E). Seven arm spines at proximal segments, decreasing to six distally; second arm spine from ventral hatchet-shaped (Fig. 8E).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 8H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections not protruding. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, ventralwards increasing in size; distance between spine articulations increasing dorsalwards. Lobes simply separated, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, dorsalmost bent, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: dominated by two separate central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and keeled. Large groove proximal side of vertebrae dorsally corresponding to distalwards projecting dorso-distal muscular fossae of distal side (Fig. 8J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 8K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards almost projecting beyond zygocondyles (true keel) (Fig. 8L). Zygosphene not projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 8M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. A. kinbergi has keeled vertebrae, which are similar to that present in A. princeps, but different from Hemipholis cordifera and Ophiothrix angulata . The dorsal projections and depressions connected by dorsal accessory muscles are more evident in H. cordifera and O. angulata than in A. kinbergi and A. princeps . The holotype of A. kinbergi was described by Ljungman (1872). However, due to the loss of this specimen, the species was re-described from a Brazilian collection sampled from Ubatuba, southeastern Brazil (Thomas 1965; Tommasi 1970).</p><p>Remarks. It occurs in calcareous algae, mud, sand and rubble (Tommasi 1970; Manso et al. 2008; Lima et al. 2011). A. kinbergi was collected from sand (coarse and medium sand) and rubble bottom with van Veen grab (2 spms), dredge (1 spm), and multicorer (1 spm).</p><p>Distribution. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Albuquerque &amp; Guille 1991; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Magalhães et al. 2005; Manso et al. 2008; Lima et al. 2011; Gondim et al. 2013b). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Thomas 1965; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005).</p><p>From 3 up to 300 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 20 to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Ljungman (1872): p. 643; Thomas (1965): p. 638, fig.1; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 265, fig. a–d; Manso et al. (2008): p. 193, fig. 20a–c [as Amphiura kinbergi]; Fell (1962): p. 10 [as Hemilepis kinbergensis]; Tommasi (1970): p. 48 [as Amphiura (Hemilepis) kinbergi]; Albuquerque (1986): p. 72, fig. 13a–c [as Amphiura (Ophiolepis) kinbergi].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9235C96307C8F88DFDBF38FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9237C96607C8F8FAFBC13F1B.text	03C3B82F9237C96607C8F8FAFBC13F1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiura princeps Koehler 1907	<div><p>Amphiura princeps Koehler, 1907</p><p>(Fig. 9)</p><p>Type locality. Straits of Magellan, Chile.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 12 mm (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005).</p><p>Material examined. 3 specimens (dd: 5.7– 6 mm) in subtidal. ZUEC OPH 2211, St. 71, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2277, St. XXVI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2353, St. XXXIV, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 6 mm) pentagonal, covered by numerous small and imbricated scales, approximately 22 between the central primary plate and the edge of the disc. Primary radial plates evident. Radial shields acute proximally, divergent, internally straight and externally slightly curved, and separated by irregular scales (Fig. 9A). Ventral interradius covered with scales smaller than the dorsal ones and strongly imbricated, mainly those near the bursal slits. Bursal slits narrow and long (Fig. 9B). Oral shields spearhead-shaped, distal edge lobed. Madreporite larger than other oral shields and with pores. Adoral shields triangular, broadened distally and united proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, buccal scale higher up on the jaw. A pair of broadened infradental papillae (Fig. 9C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates fan-shaped, twice as long as wide, convex distally and obtuse angle proximally, contiguous (Fig. 9D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, as long as wide, proximal acute angle pointed and distal edge straight, contiguous (Fig. 9E,G). Two tentacle scales, the larger inserted on the ventral arm plate and the smaller on the lateral arm plate (Fig. 9E). Variable number of arm spines, at proximal segments two or three, up to six at 15th segment. At distal segments (20–24), the number of spines decreases. Ventral spines of the first arm segment may be curved hook-like with the pointed end towards the disc (Fig. 9C).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 9H, I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs approximately the same size as stereom pores. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, middle spine articulation larger; distance between spine articulations increasing dorsalwards. Lobes simply separated, equal-sized; lobes parallel, bent, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: two separate (rarely merged) central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and keeled. Large groove on proximal side of vertebrae dorsally corresponding to distalwards projecting dorso-distal muscular fossae of distal side (Fig. 9J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 9K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards almost projecting beyond zygocondyles (true keel) (Fig. 9L). Zygosphene not projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 9M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. The vertebrae possess a dorsal distal keel, but the dorsal projections and depressions, connected by dorsal accessory muscles, are not as evident as in Hemipholis cordifera and Ophiothrix angulata . The number of arm spines is variable ranging five to six (Bernasconi &amp; D'Agostino 1977). Two or three arm spines were observed in proximal segments, but up to six at 15th segment. Therefore, this feature is regarded as variable and should not be used for species identification (Borges 2006). The six primary plates are often evident, but in some specimens only the centrodorsal is visible. A. princeps is similar to A. joubini, but A. joubini is an Antarctic species characterized by a pointed to spiniform distal oral papilla, oral shields that are broadly triangular to spearhead shaped, long narrow radial shields (four times as long as wide), an absence of disc plates on the ventral surface near the oral shield, and arm spines that can be elongated into a sharp hyaline (glassy) and/or bent to bifurcated tip near the disc (Brogger &amp; O'Hara 2015). It is important to highlight that all records of A. joubini in Brazil should be reviewed (Tommasi 1970; Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Manso 1989; Absalão 1990; Manso 1993; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Capítoli &amp; Monteiro 2000; Capítoli &amp; Bemvenuti 2004; Netto et al. 2005; Oliveira et al. 2010; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014), due to the similarity between A. princeps and A. joubini as suggested by Brogger &amp; O'Hara (2015).</p><p>Remarks. Its occurrence on southeastern and southern Brazilian coast is possibly due to colder water masses, e.g. South Atlantic Central Water (Tommasi 1970). It is a eurythermal species with a wide geographic and bathymetric distribution (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005); it is dioecious with the male gonads easily distinguished in spawning season (Mortensen 1936). It lives on sand and muddy bottom (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). A. princeps was collected from sand (medium sand) and rubble bottom with a dredge (2 spms) and van Veen grab (1 spm).</p><p>Distribution. Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Borges et al. 2002; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005) and Uruguay – Buenos Aires Shelf (Lucchi 1985); Magellanic (province): North Patagonian Gulfs to Channels and Fjords of Southern Chile (Koehler 1907; Clark 1915; Mortensen 1936; Bernasconi 1965; Bernasconi &amp; D'Agostino 1977).</p><p>From intertidal to 107 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013; Brogger &amp; O'Hara 2015). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 20 to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Koehler (1907): p. 303–305, pl. 12(28–29); Clark (1915): p. 235; Mortensen (1936): p. 285–286, fig. 22, pl.7(10); Bernasconi (1965): p. 150, pl. 1(1), 2(1); Bernasconi &amp; D'Agostino (1977): p. 85–87, pl. 6(1,2); Lucchi (1985): p. 122, fig. 2, 25–26; Brogger &amp; O'Hara (2015): p. 435–436 [as Amphiura princeps]; Bernasconi &amp; D'Agostino (1977): p. 80, pr.7, fig. 3,4; Borges et al. (2002): p. 56, fig. 33a,b; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 264, fig. a–c; Alitto et al. (2016): p. 4, 5, fig. 3G,H [as Amphiura joubini].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9237C96607C8F8FAFBC13F1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9232C96607C8FE5AFD363DC4.text	03C3B82F9232C96607C8FE5AFD363DC4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiodia Verrill 1899	<div><p>Genus Amphiodia Verrill, 1899</p><p>Type taxon. Amphiodia pulchella (Lyman, 1869), originally described as Amphiura pulchella .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc with scales dorsally and ventrally. Radial shields contiguous for almost their entire length or separated proximally by up to four scales. Two lateral oral papillae, distal slightly larger, circular or triangular. One to two tentacle scales. Three to four arm spines, dorsal usually longer (Verrill 1899a; Thomas 1962; Tommasi 1970).</p><p>Comments. Amphiodia was described for some species of Amphiura with different jaw characteristics (Verrill 1899a). The number, shape, size, and distribution of lateral oral papillae were essential to assign an additional three groups to Amphiura: Amphipholis, Amphiodia, and Amphioplus . Except for Amphioplus, which has three or more lateral oral papillae, the other genera only have two lateral oral papillae, whose shape and size differentiate them. Amphiura has a buccal scale higher up on the jaw, Amphipholis has a much-widened distal papilla, and Amphiodia has a slightly larger distal papilla that may be circular or more triangular. Currently, 35 species are accepted in Amphiodia (Stöhr et al. 2016), with five recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): A. habilis Albuquerque, Campos-Creasey &amp; Guille, 2001, A. planispina (Von Martens, 1867), A. pulchella (Lyman, 1869), A. riisei (Lütken, 1859) and A. trychna H. L. Clark, 1918 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9232C96607C8FE5AFD363DC4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9232C95807C8FBFAFCCD3B28.text	03C3B82F9232C95807C8FBFAFCCD3B28.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiodia pulchella (Lyman 1869)	<div><p>Amphiodia pulchella (Lyman, 1869)</p><p>(Fig. 10)</p><p>Type locality. Florida, United States.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 5.2 mm (Thomas 1962).</p><p>Material examined. 17 specimens (dd: 1.7–4.7 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2132, St. 34, 1 specimen (spm); ZUEC OPH 2176, St. XII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2205, St. XII, 4 spms; ZUEC OPH 2214, St. 71, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2276, St. XXVI, 8 spms; ZUEC OPH 2286, St. 147, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2347, St. 20H, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 4 mm) circular with soft interradial depressions, covered by numerous small and imbricating scales, approximately 25 between the centrodorsal and the edge of the disc. Central primary plate and primary radial plates evident and larger than scales. Radial shields four times as long as wide, narrow and contiguous throughout and separated proximally by three small scales, one elongated wedge-shaped and the others semi-triangular (Fig. 10A). Ventral interradius covered by scales similar to the dorsal surface. Bursal slits long and wide (Fig. 10B). Oral shields twice as long as wide, narrow proximally, rounded edges distally and small lateroposterior re-entrances. Madreporite larger than other oral shields, more whitish and with pores at the distal margin. Adoral shields semi-triangular and separated proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, distal slightly larger and circular. One pair of elongated infradental papillae widely separated from each other (Fig. 10C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates contiguous, twice as wide as long, proximal edge strongly convex, distal edge straight (Fig. 10D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, as long as wide, with proximal edge pointed and distal slightly convex, first 4-5 contiguous, and others separated by lateral arm plates (Fig. 10E,G). One tentacle scale, half as long as ventral arm plate and attached to lateral plate (Fig. 10E). Three arm spines, middle one blunt, flattened dorsoventrally, tip hatchet-shaped.</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 10H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on most of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulation: on same level as remaining outer surface, sizes all similar; distance between spine articulation equidistant. Lobes simply separated, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, straight, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: inner side dominated by two separate central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 10J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 10K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting but far from distal edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 10L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 10M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. This species was easily identified by its single tentacle scale (Koehler 1914), differentiating it from other Amphiodia species in the present collection. Evident primary plates were observed in specimens up to 4 mm of dd, however in the largest specimen these plates were almost imperceptible. The lateral arm plates are concave, “C” shaped causing them to touch dorsally and ventrally after the first 4–5 segments. This condition is only observed ventrally due to the shape of the ventral arm plate, which is pentagonal, unlike the dorsal surface where the dorsal arm plates cover the lateral arm plates.</p><p>Remarks. It occurs in high densities (Hendler et al. 1995), often with the amphiurid Microphiopholis atra and the ophiactids Hemipholis cordifera and Ophiactis lymani (Tommasi 1970) . A. pulchella was found with these species and with the amphiurids Amphiodia riisei, Amphipholis januarii, Amphiura kinbergi, Amphiura princeps and Microphiopholis subtilis . As with most amphiurids, A. pulchella extends two to four arms across the sediment surface, with its arm tips slightly raised to feed (Hendler et al. 1995). This species can be found on coral reefs, seagrass, muddy, rocky and sandy bottom (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). A. pulchella was collected from sandy bottom (coarse and medium sand), medium silt, and rubble bottom with a dredge (70% of spms) and van Veen grab.</p><p>Distribution. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): Floridian to Eastern Caribbean (Hendler et al. 1995; Pomory 2007; Miloslavich et al. 2010); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Magalhães et al. 2005; Manso et al. 2008). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Tommasi 1970; Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Manso 1989, 1993; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Netto et al. 2005; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014) and Uruguay – Buenos Aires Shelf (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013).</p><p>Commonly found at shallow depths up to 80 m (Tommasi 1970; Manso et al. 2008), but there are records of up to 370 m (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 19 to 22 m.</p><p>Selected references. Lyman (1869): p. 337 [as Amphiura pulchella]; Clark (1915): p. 250; Fell (1962): p. 5; Thomas (1962): p. 641, fig. 5; Parslow &amp; Clark (1963): p. 26; Tommasi (1970): p. 26, fig.18,19; Monteiro (1987): p. 41; Hendler et al. (1995): p. 153, fig. 72, 100J, K; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 256, fig. a–e; Manso et al. (2008): p. 190, fig. 17 a–c [as Amphiodia pulchella]; Clark (1915): p. 249; Verrill (1899b): p. 313 [as Amphiodia repens]; Lyman (1875): p. 18, pl. III fig. 38–40 [as Amphiura repens].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9232C95807C8FBFAFCCD3B28	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F920CC95A07C8FA91FE4D3B0B.text	03C3B82F920CC95A07C8FA91FE4D3B0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphiodia riisei (Lutken 1859)	<div><p>Amphiodia riisei (Lütken, 1859)</p><p>(Fig. 11)</p><p>Type locality. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 11 mm (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005).</p><p>Material examined. 3 specimens (dd: 2.3–9.2 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2252, St. 15, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2253, St. XVI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2357, St. XXXIV, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 9.2 mm) circular with soft radial incisions above the arms, covered by irregular scales of medium size, approximately ten between the central primary plate and the edge of the disc. Primary radial plates evident and larger than the scales. Radial shields twice as long as wide, with a whitish spot on distal portion, separated proximally by two scales (Fig. 11A). Ventral interradius covered by smaller scales than the dorsal and imbricated. Bursal slits long and narrow (Fig. 11B). Oral shields diamond-shaped with rounded edges. Madreporite larger than other oral shields. Adoral shields broadened distally and touching proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, distal slightly larger and triangular. One pair of infradental papillae widely separated from each other (Fig. 11C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates wide fan-shaped, three to four times as wide as long and contiguous (Fig. 11D,F). Ventral arm plates trapezoid, twice as wide as long and contiguous (Fig. 11E,G). Two subequal tentacle scales, one attached to the ventral arm plate and the other to the lateral arm plate. Three short (shorter than a half segment) and blunt arm spines (Fig. 11E).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 11H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on most of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part of not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, middle spine articulation larger; distance between spine articulations increasing dorsalwards. Lobes simply separated, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, bent, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom with perforations, sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: inner side dominated by two separate central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 11J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 11K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting far from distal edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 11L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 11M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. The smallest specimens collected had a single tentacle scale. Primary plates on the dorsal surface of the disc were well developed and elevated, features which match with juvenile specimens (Tommasi 1970). We do not follow the new synonymizing with Ophiophragmus riisei as proposed by Hendler et al. (1995). We consider A. riisei and O. brachyactis distinct species and additional information concerning their differences can be found in Gondim et al. (2013a). Indeed, they are very closely related species, and a broader taxonomic revision with greater details is necessary.</p><p>Remarks. It occurs in mud and sandy bottom (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Manso et al. 2008). A. riisei was collected from sand (coarse and fine sand) and rubble bottom with dredge and van Veen grab (66% of spms).</p><p>Distribution. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): Southern Gulf of Mexico to Eastern Caribbean (Miloslavich et al. 2010); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Magalhães et al. 2005; Manso et al. 2008; Gondim et al. 2013a). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Lütken 1859; Tommasi 1970; Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Manso 1991; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Netto et al. 2005; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014).</p><p>From 1 to 300 m depth (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 2.5 to 15.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Lütken (1859): p. 258 [as Amphiura riisei]; Clark (1915): p. 249; Parslow &amp; Clark (1963): p. 30; Albuquerque (1986): p. 91, fig. 16 a–d, est. IV fig. 1a–c; Monteiro (1987): p. 45, est. IIIa–c; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 257, fig. a–c; Manso et al. (2008): p. 189, fig. 16a,b; Gondim et al. (2013a): p. 58, fig. 4 f–j [as Amphiodia riisei]; Rathbun (1879): p. 155 [as Amphipholis riisei]; Fell (1962): p. 14; Tommasi (1970): p. 28, fig. 22,23 [as Diamphiodia riisei]; Hendler et al. (1995): p. 175, fig. 90, 106 c–e; Alitto et al. (2016): p. 7, fig. 5a,b [as Ophiophragmus riisei].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F920CC95A07C8FA91FE4D3B0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F920EC95A07C8FA4AFC5839F2.text	03C3B82F920EC95A07C8FA4AFC5839F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microphiopholis Turner 1985	<div><p>Genus Microphiopholis Turner, 1985</p><p>Type taxon. Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852), originally described as Ophiolepis atra .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc covered by small scales, even smaller on ventral interradius. Two lateral oral papillae, distal larger and wider than the proximal. Dorsal and ventral arm plates form overlapping series. Two tentacle scales, the one attached to the ventral arm plate rather wide. Three to five arm spines, slender and pointed (Thomas 1966; Tommasi 1970; Turner 1985).</p><p>Comments. Microphiopholis was suggested by Turner (1985) to replace Micropholis, formerly assigned by Thomas (1966). In accordance with International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, a replacement name was required because more than a century earlier, Micropholis was used for an amphibian taxon (Turner 1985). Microphiopholis is distinguished from Amphipholis by the presence of much finer scales on the disc, which explains its name (Thomas 1966; Turner 1985). These authors suggest that only Microphiopholis has a perforation in the arm vertebrae. Because this feature was also observed in other species of amphiurids and ophiotrichids (Irimura &amp; Fujita 2003), we do not consider this character in our diagnosis. Microphiopholis presently includes six species (Stöhr et al. 2016) with three of them recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): M. atra (Stimpson, 1852), M. gracillima (Stimpson, 1852) and M. subtilis (Ljungman, 1867) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F920EC95A07C8FA4AFC5839F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F920FC95D07C8FF59FA193C7B.text	03C3B82F920FC95D07C8FF59FA193C7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson 1852)	<div><p>Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852)</p><p>(Fig. 12)</p><p>Type locality. South Carolina, United States.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 11 mm (present study).</p><p>Material examined. 70 specimens (dd: 2.4–11.2 mm) from intertidal zone and subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2112, St. 16, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2113, St. 34, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2115, St. 28, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2116, St. 21, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2117, St. 11, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2119, St. 26, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2181, St. 71, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2182, St. 68, 4 spms; ZUEC OPH 2192, St. 68, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2196, St. VII, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2200, St. 68, 5 spms; ZUEC OPH 2208, St. 71, 5 spms; ZUEC OPH 2213, St. 71, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2242, St. 108, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2244, St. XIX, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2247, St. 105, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2261, St. XIV, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2275, St. XXVI, 7 spms; ZUEC OPH 2283, St. XXVI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2285, St. 145, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2290, St. 132, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2296, St. 147, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2326, St. 9H, 10 spms; ZUEC OPH 2339, St. 20H, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2351, St. XXXIV, 9 spms.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 9.1 mm) circular, covered by numerous small and imbricating scales, approximately 30 between the central primary plate and the edge of the disc. Primary radial plates evident. Higher marginal scales, forming a fringe. Radial shields twice as long as wide, straight inner edge and curved outer edge, touching distally and separated proximally by two to four elongated scales. Scales near a pair of radial shields slightly bigger than the rest of the disc (Fig. 12A). Ventral interradius covered with scales smaller than the dorsal and strongly imbricated. Bursal slits broad (Fig. 12B). Oral shields diamond-shaped, twice as long as wide with proximal and distal edges tapered. Madreporite larger than other oral shields, more whitish than other oral shields and with pores in the distal margin. Adoral shields triangular broadened distally and tapered proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, distal larger and wider than the proximal. A pair of infradental papillae, widely separated from each other (Fig. 12C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates broadly oval, three times as wide as long, contiguous (Fig. 12D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, as long as wide, proximal part angled, distal edge straight and with a slight notch on each side, contiguous (Fig. 12E,G). Two well-developed tentacle scales, half as long as one ventral arm plate; the larger attached to the ventral arm plate and the smaller to the lateral arm plate (Fig. 12E). Three pointed arm spines (Fig. 12D).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 12H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs approximately the same size than stereom pores. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, sizes all similar; distance between spine articulation increasing dorsalwards. Lobes simply separated, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, bent, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: dominated by two separate central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 12J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 12K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting but far from distal edge of zygocondyles and with a vertical hole through the ossicle, approximately one tenth as long as the vertebra (Fig. 12L,M). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 12M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. Approximately half of the specimens lacked the disc and one-fourth had a broadened disc due to mature gonads. Similar to Amphiodia pulchella and Microphiopholis subtilis, M. atra can voluntarily cast off the disc during spawning to aid in the dispersal of gametes (Manso et al. 2008). M. atra can present morphological differences, like fragmented dorsal arm plates and rectangular radial shields (Borges 2006). These variations may occur in specimens with a regenerating disc and can cause an erroneous identification, as happened with Amphiodia gyraspis H.L. Clark, 1915, currently a synonym of M. atra (Thomas 1964; Stöhr et al. 2016).</p><p>Remarks. It is possibly a deposit feeding infaunal species, due to the large amount of sediment found in its stomach contents (Tommasi 1970; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005). It is commonly sampled in benthic communities in large numbers with other burrowing brittle stars, like Hemipholis cordifera (Valentine 1991; Hendler et al. 1995). It occurs in muddy, sandy and rubble bottom (Tommasi 1970; Manso et al. 2008). M. atra was collected from sand (very fine, fine, medium and coarse sand), medium silt and rubble bottom with van Veen grab (60% of spms), dredge (26% of spms) and multicorer (14% of spms).</p><p>Distribution. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): Eastern Caribbean to Southwestern Caribbean (Tommasi 1970; Alvarado 2011); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Albuquerque &amp; Guille 1991; Magalhães et al. 2005; Manso et al. 2008; Lima &amp; Fernandes 2009; Gondim et al. 2013b; Paim et al. 2015). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern (Tommasi 1970; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Netto et al. 2005).</p><p>Common in the intertidal zone up to 38 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013), but there are records of up to 100 m (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from intertidal to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Stimpson (1852): p. 225 [as Ophiolepis atra]; Thomas (1964): p. 160, fig. 2,3; Albuquerque (1986): p. 80, fig.13a–c; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 255, fig. a–c; Manso et al. (2008): p. 189, fig. 15a–d [as Amphiodia atra]; Clark (1915): p. 245, plate 7, 1–4; Parslow &amp; Clark (1963): p. 33 [as Amphiodia gyraspis]; Verrill (1899b): p. 312 [as Amphipholis limbata]; Fell (1962): p. 14 [as Diamphiodia atra]; Thomas (1966): p. 830; Tommasi (1970): p. 38, fig. 37–38 [as Micropholis atra]; Monteiro (1987): p. 77, fig. VIe–f; Paim et al. (2015): p. 6, fig. 3a–c [as Microphiopholis atra]; Grube (1857): p. 34, Taf. II. fig. 1 [as Ophiolepis limbata].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F920FC95D07C8FF59FA193C7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9209C95F07C8FD7AFCE93B70.text	03C3B82F9209C95F07C8FD7AFCE93B70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microphiopholis subtilis (Ljungman 1867)	<div><p>Microphiopholis subtilis (Ljungman, 1867)</p><p>(Fig. 13)</p><p>Type locality. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 5.8 mm (present study).</p><p>Material examined. 105 specimens (dd: 1.5–5.8 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2120, St. 27, 7 spms; ZUEC OPH 2134, St. I, 6 spms; ZUEC OPH 2135, St. 26, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2136, St. 35, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2137, St. 31, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2138, St. 33, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2139, St. 30, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2140, St. 32, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2141, St. III, 5 spms; ZUEC OPH 2142, St. 36, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2143, St. 32, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2144, St. 37, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2145, St. 37, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2157, St. 65, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2159, St. 70, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2160, St. 74, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2161, St. 74, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2162, St. VII, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2163, St. 68, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2165, St. 64, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2167, St. 74, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2168, St. 73, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2169, St. 71, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2170, St. 74, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2171, St. 72, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2173, St. 63, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2174, St. 66, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2180, St. VIII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2184, St. 69, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2255, St. XVII, 3 spm; ZUEC OPH 2256, St. XX, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2257, St. XV, 4 spms; ZUEC OPH 2259, St. 111, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2260, St. 103, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2262, St. XVIII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2263, St. 101, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2264, St. 104, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2265, St. XV, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2281, St. XXVI, 3 spm; ZUEC OPH 2284, St. XXVII, 9 spms; ZUEC OPH 2287, St. 147, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2289, St. XXII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2294, St. 137, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2295, St. 148, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2297, St. 139, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2299, St. 148, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2300, St. 137, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2301, St. 143, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2302, St. 141, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2303, St. 143, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2304, St. 144, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2333, St. 5H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2334, St. 6H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2335, St. 11H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2337, St. 8H, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2342, St. 7H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2343, St. 29H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2344, St. 16H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2345, St. 16H, 4 spms; ZUEC OPH 2349, St. 27H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2350, St. 17H, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 3.7 mm) pentagonal, covered by numerous small, imbricating and slender scales, approximately 40 between the centrodorsal and the edge of the disc. Radial shields narrow, five times as long as wide, touching distally and separated proximally by two or three elongated scales (Fig. 13A). Ventral interradius covered with scales smaller than the dorsal and more imbricated. Bursal slits broad and long (Fig. 13B). Oral shields oval with slight lateroposterior indentations. Madreporite larger than other oral shields and more whitish. Adoral shields triangular, broadened distally, and tapered proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, distal twice as wide than the proximal. A pair of rectangular infradental papillae, similar to proximal oral papilla (Fig. 13C).</p><p>Arms: long and delicate. Dorsal arm plates 1.5 times as wide as long, rounded distally and tapered proximally, with an apparent line in the middle of the plate entire length of the arm, not contiguous (Fig. 13D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, twice as long as wide, straight distally and tapered proximally, contiguous (Fig. 13E,G). Two tentacle scales, the larger attached to the ventral arm plate and the smaller to the lateral arm plate. Three slender arm spines, tip tapered.</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 13H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs approximately the same size than stereom pores. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, middle spine articulation larger; distance between spine articulations equidistant. Lobes simply separated, ventral lobe clearly larger than the dorsal lobe; lobes parallel, straight, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: dominated by two separate central knobs (appear merged); without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 13J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 13K). Tapering tip on dorsal and ventral groove, visible on the proximal and distal surfaces of the vertebrae (Fig. 13J,K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting but far from distal edge of zygocondyles and with a vertical oval hole through the ossicle, almost a fifth as long as the vertebra (Fig. 13L,M). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part as long as zygocondyles (Fig. 13M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. This is the only species that was noted as having tapering tips visible on the proximal and distal surfaces of the vertebrae. This tapering tip is related to elevated structures involving the dorsal and ventral groove. M. subtilis is easily identified by the shape of radial shields and by the orange or reddish color on each arm segment in living or recently fixed specimens (Monteiro 1987). These features were observed in most specimens in addition to other characters that clearly differentiate them from other species, such as long arms and lateral arm plates that touch dorsally. M. subitilis is similar to M. gracillima, but the latter has four to five arm spines and radial shields contiguous for almost their entire length (Tommasi 1970).</p><p>Remarks. It occurs in mud and rubble bottoms (Monteiro 1987), and has typical adaptations to this habitat, including very elongated arms, small disc, and well-developed tentacle scales which protect the pore from the sediment (Tommasi 1970). M. subitilis was collected from sand (very fine, fine and medium), silt (medium, coarse and very coarse), and rubble bottom with a dredge (41% of spms), van Veen grab (37% of spms) and multicorer (21% of spms).</p><p>Distribution. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): Eastern Caribbean (Tommasi 1970); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Tommasi &amp; Aron 1988; Magalhães et al. 2005; Manso et al. 2008). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern (Tommasi 1970; Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Netto et al. 2005; Oliveira et al. 2010; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014).</p><p>Common from 2 up to 50 m depth. The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 8.5 to 23.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Ljungman (1867): p. 314; Fell (1962): p. 13 [as Amphipholis subtilis]; Lyman (1882): p. 146 [as Amphiura subtilis]; Thomas (1966): p. 831; Tommasi (1970): p. 40, fig. 41–42 [as Micropholis subtilis]; Monteiro (1987): p. 84, est. VII–f [as Microphiopholis subtilis].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9209C95F07C8FD7AFCE93B70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F920BC95007C8FA66FA8A3F38.text	03C3B82F920BC95007C8FA66FA8A3F38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphipholis Ljungman 1866	<div><p>Genus Amphipholis Ljungman, 1866</p><p>Type taxon. Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1866 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc with scales dorsally and ventrally, without spines. Radial shields contiguous for almost their entire length or separated proximally by up to four scales. Two lateral oral papillae, distal one much larger and widened. Two tentacle scales. Three to four arm spines, usually small and pointed (Ljungman 1867; Verrill 1899a; Thomas 1962; Clark 1970; Tommasi 1970; Albuquerque 1986).</p><p>Comments. Amphipholis was described from Amphipholis januarii collected from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ljungman 1866). In 1872, an identification key was constructed with a total of 27 species (Ljungman 1872). Amphipholis has undergone several revisions. One of these divided the genus into three groups according to the number of tentacle scales (Fell 1962). This proposal was not accepted by Thomas (1966), who recommended organizing into three genera, including Micropholis (now Microphiopholis) and Axiognathus . This classification was accepted by Tommasi (1970), but questioned by Clark (1970) due to the proximity between A. januarii and A. squamata, type taxon of genus Axiognathus and Amphipholis respectively. Currently, Axiognathus is invalid and accepted as Amphipholis (Stöhr et al. 2016) . Amphipholis is similar to Amphiodia, but the main difference between them is the shape and size of the distal oral papilla. In Amphipholis it is large, greater than the proximal one, rectangular and wide, tending to cover the oral slit. In Amphiodia the distal lateral oral papilla is circular or triangular (Verrill 1899a). Currently, 26 species are accepted (Stöhr et al. 2016), two of which are recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): A. januarii Ljungman, 1866 and A. squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F920BC95007C8FA66FA8A3F38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9204C95207C8FEA1FEBB3C17.text	03C3B82F9204C95207C8FEA1FEBB3C17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphipholis januarii Ljungman 1866	<div><p>Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1866</p><p>(Fig. 14)</p><p>Type locality. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 6 mm (Paim et al. 2015).</p><p>Material examined. 20 specimens (dd: 2.4–5.5 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2197, St. VII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2210, St. 71, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2245, St. XIX, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2249, St. XIX, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2268, St. 145, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2272, St. XXVI, 6 spms; ZUEC OPH 2327, St. 9H, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2340, St. 20H, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2352, St. XXXIV, 3 spms.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 4.4 mm) pentagonal, covered by irregular and imbricated small scales, approximately 20 between the centrodorsal and the edge of the disc. Radial shields narrow and twice as long as wide, separated proximally by one or two scales (Fig. 14A). Ventral interradius covered by scales similar to the dorsal surface, but more imbricated. Bursal slits narrow and long (Fig. 14B). Oral shields as long as wide, proximal half constricted or much narrower and elongated, distal half much widened and the distal edge with a lobe. Madreporite larger and more whitish than other oral shields. Adoral shields broadened distally and widely separated proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, distal larger and widened. A pair of elongated infradental papillae, widely separated from each other, in almost lateral position (Fig. 14C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates broadly oval, three times as wide as long and contiguous (Fig. 14D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, 1.5 times as wide as long, with pointed proximal angle and straight distal edge, barely contiguous (Fig. 14E,G). Two tentacle scales, the larger inserted on the ventral arm plate and the smaller on the lateral arm plate. Four elongated and blunt arm spines, reduced to three at the end of the arms. In segments with four spines, the second ventral-most hatchet-shaped and smaller thorny denticles at all edges. At segments with three spines, middle one hatchet-shaped (Fig. 14D).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 14H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs approximately the same size than stereom pores. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulation: on same level as remaining outer surface, middle spine articulations larger; distance between spine articulations equidistant. Lobes simply separated, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, bent, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: dominated by two separate central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 14J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 14K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting but far from distal edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 14L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 14M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. Adoral shields may be joined or separated proximally, depending on the size of the specimen, making this a variable morphological characteristic (Borges 2006). Only two of the analyzed specimens had the adoral shields united proximally. Approximately 80% of the specimens examined were without the dorsal part of the disc.</p><p>Remarks. As A. januarii is common in shallow waters and easily recognizable, it can be used as a tool in monitoring coastal benthic communities (Barboza et al. 2015a). It is found in coral reefs, seagrass, bryozoans, muddy, rocky and sandy bottoms (Tommasi 1970; Hendler et al. 1995; Gondim et al. 2013a; Paim et al. 2015). A. januarii was collected from sand (medium sand) and rubble bottom with a dredge (70% of spms) and van Veen grab.</p><p>Distribution. Temperate Northern Atlantic (realm), Warm Temperate Northwest Atlantic (province): Carolinian and Northern Gulf of Mexico (Hendler et al. 1995). Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): Southern Gulf of Mexico to Eastern Caribbean (Pomory 2007; Alvarado et al. 2008; Miloslavich et al. 2010); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Lima-Verde 1969; Avila-Pires 1983; Alves &amp; Cerqueira 2000; Magalhães et al. 2005; Gondim et al. 2008; Oliveira et al. 2010; Lima et al. 2011; Gondim et al. 2013a; Gondim et al. 2013b; Paim et al. 2015). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Ljungman 1867; Tommasi 1970; Pires- Vanin et al. 1997; Netto et al. 2005; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014).</p><p>From 0 to 311 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 9 to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Ljungman (1866): p. 165; Thomas (1966): p. 827; Tommasi (1967): p. 1, fig. 1; Tommasi (1970): p. 35, fig. 34,35; Monteiro (1987): p. 58, est. III d-f; Hendler et al. (1995): p. 161, fig. 78, 102 c–e; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 260, fig. a–d; Manso et al. (2008): p. 190, fig. 18 a–d; Gondim et al. (2013a): p. 59, fig. 5 a–f; Paim et al. (2015): p. 3, fig. 2a–c [as Amphipholis januarii]; Thomas (1962): p. 657, fig. 11 [as Amphipholis pachybactra].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9204C95207C8FEA1FEBB3C17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9206C95407C8FD48FDEA3BC0.text	03C3B82F9206C95407C8FD48FDEA3BC0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje 1828)	<div><p>Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828)</p><p>(Fig. 15)</p><p>Type locality. Mediterranean Sea.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 5.5 mm (present study).</p><p>Material examined. 53 specimens (dd: 2.4–5.5 mm). Intertidal and subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2121, St. 26, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2122, St. III, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2124, St. 32, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2158, St. VI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2179, St. XII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2187, St. XI, 7 spms; ZUEC OPH 2201, St. 68, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2209, St. 71, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2250, St. XIX, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2293, St. 119, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2330, St. 9H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2331, St. 10H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2336, St. 11H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2456, St. 16H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2457, St. 22H, 1 spm. From rocky shore in sponge: ZUEC OPH 2150, St. 3C, 2 spm; ZUEC OPH 2151, St. 5C, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2152, St. 7C, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2154, St. 9C, 9 spms; ZUEC OPH 2429, St. 11C, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2431, St. 11C, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2436, St. 13C, 2 spm; ZUEC OPH 2454, St. 15C, 10 spms; ZUEC OPH 2458, St. 15C, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 3.5 mm) circular, covered by irregular and imbricated scales, approximately 13 between the centrodorsal and the edge of the disc. Central primary plates and primary radial plates evident, larger than the scales. Radial shields twice as long as wide, contiguous for almost their entire length, separated proximally by one triangular scale (Fig. 15A). Ventral interradius covered with scales smaller than the dorsal ones and strongly imbricated. Bursal slits long and wide (Fig. 15B). Oral shields diamond-shaped, as long as wide. Madreporite larger than other oral shields and with rounded edges. Adoral shields well developed, broadened distally and united proximally. Two lateral oral papillae, distal rectangular and wider than the proximal one. A pair of elongated infradental papillae (Fig. 15C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates broadly oval and contiguous (Fig. 15D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, twice as long as wide with lateral edges concave near the tentacle pores, proximal angle pointed and distal edge straight, contiguous (Fig. 15E,G). Two subequal tentacle scales, one inserted on the ventral arm plate and the other on the lateral arm plate (Fig. 15E). Three pointed arm spines (Fig. 15D).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 15H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs approximately the same size than stereom pores. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, but only in central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, sizes all similar; distance between spine articulation equidistant. Lobes simply separated, equal-sized; lobes parallel, straight, and lobes oriented nearly horizontal; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: dominated by two separate central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 15J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 15K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting but far from distal edge of zygocondyles and with a vertical oval hole through the ossicle, about half as long as the vertebra (Fig. 15L,M). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 15M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. One unusually large specimen with 5.5 mm dd was identified (mean range 2.5–3.5 mm dd; Gondim et al. 2013a; Paim et al. 2015). A. squamata has a broad geographic distribution and forms a cryptic species complex (Sponer &amp; Roy 2002; Boisson et al. 2008). Studies have failed to find any diagnostic characters, but they are suspected to be in reproductive isolation (Sponer et al. 2001; Boissin et al. 2010). Although genetic markers appear to be appropriate tool to delineate species of the A. squamata complex, (Sponer &amp; Roy 2002; Le Gac et al. 2004; Boissin et al. 2008; Boissin et al. 2010), there are no detailed morphological studies with a broad geographic scale published. Its taxonomy should continue to be investigated using additional tools, such as description of arm ossicles. Consequently, a revision of its geographic distribution will be necessary (Rodrigues et al. 2011).</p><p>Remarks. It produces bioluminescence only in the arms which is attributed to specific photocytes under ganglial control (Deheyn et al. 2000). This species can switch from deposit feeding by collecting particles with its tube feet to suspension feeding via trapping detritus in mucus (Rodrigues et al. 2011). A. squamata dwells on a variety of substrates including sand and rocky bottom as well as biological substrates such as sponges, bryozoans, corals, molluscs, polychaetes, and seagrass (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Gondim et al. 2013a; Paim et al. 2015). It was collected from the sponge Amphimedon viridis (44% of spms), sand (fine, medium and coarse) and rubble bottom with a dredge (36% of spms) and van Veen grab (20% of spms).</p><p>Distribution. Wide distribution, absent only from the Polar Regions (Hendler et al. 1995). In Brazil, it has been recorded from the Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern Brazil (Lima-Verde 1969; Magalhães et al. 2005; Gondim et al. 2008; Manso et al. 2008; Lima et al. 2011; Gondim et al. 2013a; Gondim et al. 2013b; Paim et al. 2015), Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands (Tommasi &amp; Aron 1987), to Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Clark 1915; Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Hadel et al. 1999; Borges et al. 2002; Netto et al. 2005; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014).</p><p>From intertidal to 1200 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from intertidal to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Delle Chiaje (1828): p. 74, fig. 1–4 [as Asterias squamata]; Ljungman (1872): p. 647 [as Amphipholis appressa]; Clark (1909): p. 540, fig. lii 1–3 [as Amphipholis australiana]; (Farquhar, 1897) Ljungman (1867): p. 312; Ljungman (1872): p. 646 [as Amphipholis elegans]; Matsumoto (1915): p. 71; Matsumoto (1917): p. 186, fig. 49 [as Amphipholis japonica]; Ljungman (1872): p. 646 [as Amphipholis kinbergi]; Ljungman (1872): p. 645 [as Amphipholis lineata]; Hertz (1927): p. 35 [as Amphipholis minor]; Ljungman (1872): p. 646 [as Amphipholis patagonica]; Thomas (1962): p. 662, fig. 13; Madsen (1970): p. 202, fig. 30; Paterson (1985): p. 91, fig. 36; Hendler et al. (1995): p. 162, fig. 79; Borges et al. (2002): p. 44, fig. 24a–b; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 261, fig. a–d; Manso et al. (2008): p. 191, fig. 19a–c; Gondim et al. (2013a): p. 61, fig. 5 g –l; Paim et al. (2015): p. 5, fig. 2d–f [as Amphipholis squamata]; Ljungman (1865): pl. XV [as Amphipholis squamata tenuispina]; Ljungman (1872): p. 634 [as Amphipholis tenera]; (Ljungman, 1865): Ljungman (1872): p. 633 [as Amphipholis tenuispina]; Forbes (1843): 150 [as Amphiura neglecta]; Hutton (1878): p. 305; Clark (1915): p. 230, pl. 5 fig. 10, 11 [as Amphiura parva]; Lyman (1865): p. 121 [as Amphiura squamata]; Lyman (1865): p. 123; Rathbun (1879): p. 154 [as Amphiura tenera]; Thomas (1966): p. 831; Tommasi (1970): p. 37, fig. 36 [as Axiognathus squamata]; Döderlein (1910): p. 253, Taf. V, fig. 3–3a [as Ophiactis minor]; Ayres (1852): p. 133 [as Ophiolepis tenuis]; Leach et al. (1815): p. 57 [as Ophiura elegans].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9206C95407C8FD48FDEA3BC0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9200C95507C8F9F6FE373FD0.text	03C3B82F9200C95507C8F9F6FE373FD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiactidae Matsumoto 1915	<div><p>Family OPHIACTIDAE Matsumoto, 1915</p><p>Type taxon. Ophiactis Lütken, 1856 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc with scales, often bearing spines or granules. The lateral oral papillae do not form a continuous series along the jaw. Apical papilla, usually tricuspid. Bursal slits usually broad. The second oral tentacle pore opening within the oral slit. Arm spines short, pointed and erect (Bernasconi &amp; D’Agostino 1971; Bernasconi &amp; D'Agostino 1977; Paterson 1985; Albuquerque 1986; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005).</p><p>Comments. Initially, the ophiactids were placed as a subfamily of Amphiuridae, (Matsumoto 1915), but were later recognized as a family. The change was due to a difference in the number of the apical papillae, one in Ophiactidae and two in Amphiuridae . Of the extant ophiuroids, only four species, all belonging to the Ophiactidae, produce hemoglobin containing coelomocytes in their water vascular system: Ophiactis virens (Foettinger 1880; Cuénot 1891), O. simplex (Christensen 1998), O. rudropoda (Ruppert &amp; Fox 1988) and Hemipholis cordifera (Hajduk &amp; Cosgrove 1975; Christensen &amp; Colacino 2000; Christensen et al. 2003). The presence of hemoglobin imparts a bright red color to the tube feet and provides a clear diagnostic character that can rapidly distinguish these species from other co-occurring brittle stars (Christensen et al. 2008). The presence of echinoderm globins and the vertebrate neuroglobin and cytoglobin lineages suggests that the split between neuroglobins and cytoglobins occurred in the deuterostome ancestor shared by echinoderms and vertebrates (Christensen et al. 2015). Ophiactidae may occur on sand and mud bottoms and are often associated with sponges, algae, corals and polychaete colonies (Hendler et al. 1995; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005). This family is comprised of 55 species distributed across two genera (O’Hara et al. 2017), of which six and two, respectively, are recorded in Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9200C95507C8F9F6FE373FD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9201C95507C8FD86FDFD3A68.text	03C3B82F9201C95507C8FD86FDFD3A68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemipholis Lyman 1865	<div><p>Genus Hemipholis Lyman, 1865</p><p>Type taxon. Hemipholis cordifera (Bosc, 1802), originally described as Asterias cordifera .</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc regularly covered with scales dorsally and naked ventrally, with soft interradial recesses. Absence of bursae. Radial shields partially joined. One lateral oral papilla. Adoral shields all in contact, forming a continuous ring around the mouth. One tentacle scale. Three pointed arm spines (Lyman 1865; Fell 1960; Tommasi 1970; Albuquerque 1986).</p><p>Comments. Hemipholis shares features with Ophiactis, such as a ring of contiguous adoral shields and the presence of hemoglobin containing coelomocytes in its water vascular system (Christensen et al. 2008), suggesting a close systematic relationship between both genera (Hendler 2011). Hemipholis is well-studied and has repeatedly been cited in ecological, environmental, and biological studies owing to its abundance, broad geographic range, and its remarkable morphological and physiological specializations (Hendler et al. 1995; Hendler 2011). Currently, two species are accepted in Hemipholis (Stöhr et al. 2016), with one recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): Hemipholis cordifera (Bosc, 1802) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9201C95507C8FD86FDFD3A68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F9201C95607C8FB51FB083961.text	03C3B82F9201C95607C8FB51FB083961.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemipholis cordifera (Bosc 1802)	<div><p>Hemipholis cordifera (Bosc, 1802)</p><p>(Fig. 16)</p><p>Type locality. South Carolina, United States.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 12 mm (Tommasi 1970).</p><p>Material examined. 62 specimens (dd: 1.6–8.9 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2106, St. 34, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2107, St. 32, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2109, St. 34, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2191, St. 71, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2195, St. VII, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2203, St. XXII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2215, St. XXI, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2246, St. XIX, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2251, St. XIX, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2266, St. 145, 13 spms; ZUEC OPH 2271, St. XXVI, 20 spms; ZUEC OPH 2306, St. XIX, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2329, St. 9H, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2338, St. 20H, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2355, St. XXXIV, 13 spms.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 6.2 mm) circular, covered by well-developed scales, approximately 18 between the central primary plate and the edge of the disc. Primary radial plates rounded and evident. Radial shields acute proximally, 1.5 times as long as wide, half-circle meeting at distal tips and separated by three scales. Two spines at the outer edge of the radial shields (Fig. 16A). Ventral interradius without scales (Fig. 16B). Oral shields oval, as long as wide, with a wide angle proximally. Madreporite larger than other oral shields. Adoral shields wider distally, touching both at inner apex of the oral shield and above the first ventral arm plate, establishing a continuous border encircling the oral aperture and jaws. One lateral oral papilla spiniform. One apical papilla, straight distally and convex proximally (Fig. 16C).</p><p>Arms: dorsal arm plates semi-circular to half-circle, twice as wide as long, straight proximally, rounded distally and contiguous (Fig. 16D,F). Ventral arm plates hexagonal, as long as wide and contiguous (Fig. 16E,G). One elongated tentacle scale, half-length of one ventral arm plate. Three slender pointed arm spines (Fig. 16E).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 16H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on most of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part protruding; surface without horizontal striations. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, sizes all similar; distance between spine articulations increasing dorsalwards. Lobes simply separated, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, bent, and oriented nearly horizontal; stereom with perforations; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: clearly dominated by two separate central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and keeled. Large groove on proximal side of vertebrae dorsally corresponding to distalwards projecting dorso-distal muscular fossae of distal side (Fig. 16J). Zygocondyles dorsalwards converging and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 16K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards clearly projecting beyond zygocondyles (true keel) (Fig. 16L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part shorter than zygocondyles (Fig. 16M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. The vertebrae possess a dorsal distal keel, dorsal projections, and depressions connected by dorsal accessory muscles, which are also evident on the dorsal vertebral surface. The most recent taxonomic review conducted for H. cordifera (Bosc, 1802) and H. elongata (Say, 1825) by Hendler (2011) suggested synonymizing the two species as there are insufficient morphological features to keep them separate. H. elongata is considered nomen dubium. H. cordifera is similar to H. gracilis, except that H. gracilis has i) radial shields more constricted proximally, and ii) the basal ventral arm plates, particularly the second ventral arm plate, are relatively shorter and wider, and iii) the arm spines tend to be more tapered (Hendler 2011).</p><p>Remarks. Some specimens were collected near the sewage outfall from Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo (SABESP). This was not considered unusual as this species is known to tolerate poorly oxygenated sediments (Hendler et al. 1995; Christensen &amp; Colacino 2000). As H. cordifera lacks bursae, its gas exchange and transport is achieved by circulation of the hemoglobin containing coelomocytes in its water vascular system (Beardsley &amp; Colacino 1998). This mode of oxygen transport and its insensitivity to sulfides may allow H. cordifera to live in polluted environments (Christensen &amp; Colacino 2000; Santos &amp; Pires-Vanin 2004). This species is detritivorous (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005), tolerates reduced salinities, low temperatures, and high turbidity (Sheridan &amp; Badger 1981; Hendler 2011). H. cordifera may occur in high densities (Valentine 1991; Hendler et al. 1995), and is often found with the amphiurid Microphiopholis atra and the ophiactid Ophiactis lymani (Tommasi 1970) . H. cordifera was collected in the present study with these species and with the amphiurids Amphiodia riisei, Amphipholis januarii, Amphiura kinbergi, Amphiura princeps and Microphiopholis subtilis . H. cordifera can be found on mud flats, oyster beds and sandy plains around coral reefs (Hendler et al. 1995; Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). It is often found associated with the polychaete Diopatra cuprea (Ruppert &amp; Fox 1988) . H. cordifera was collected from sandy bottom (coarse and medium sand) and rubble bottom with dredge (90% of spms) and van Veen grab.</p><p>Distribution. Temperate Northern Atlantic (realm), Warm Temperate Northwest Atlantic (province): Carolinian and Northern of Gulf of Mexico. Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Northwestern Atlantic (province): Floridian to Eastern Caribbean (Hendler et al. 1995; Pomory 2007; Miloslavich et al. 2010); Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern and Eastern Brazil (Lima-Verde 1969; Magalhães et al. 2005; Manso et al. 2008; Oliveira et al. 2010). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Tommasi 1970; Manso &amp; Absalão 1988; Absalão 1990; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Capítoli &amp; Monteiro 2000; Capítoli &amp; Bemvenuti 2004; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Netto et al. 2005; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014).</p><p>From intertidal up to 50 m depth (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 9 to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Bosc (1802): p. 138 [as Asterias cordifera]; Lyman (1865): p. 137, P 1. I. fig. 1–3; Hendler (2011): p. 45, fig. 1a–c [as Hemipholis cordifera]; Thomas (1962): p. 686, fig. 22; Tommasi (1970): p. 20, fig. 12–13; Albuquerque (1986): p. 160, fig. 26a–c; Monteiro (1987): p. 22, fig. 1a–d; Hendler et al. (1995): p. 143, fig. 66; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 248, fig. a–c; Manso et al. (2008): p. 186, fig. 13a–c [as Hemipholis elongata]; Ayres (1852): p. 250 [as Ophiolepis uncinata]; Say (1825): p. 146 [as Ophiura elongata].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F9201C95607C8FB51FB083961	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F921CC94807C8FF56FA8E3C70.text	03C3B82F921CC94807C8FF56FA8E3C70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiactis Lutken 1856	<div><p>Genus Ophiactis Lütken, 1856</p><p>Type taxon. Ophiactis savignyi (Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842) originally described as Ophiolepis savignyi .</p><p>Diagnosis. Circular, with scales dorsally and ventrally. Mouth angles small and narrow. One to four lateral oral papillae, usually one. Six arms, sometimes five or seven. One tentacle scale. Three to six arm spines, frequently denticulate (Tommasi 1970; Albuquerque 1986).</p><p>Comments. Ophiactis differs from Hemipholis in that there are scales on both sides of the disc and three to six denticulate arm spines, whereas Hemipholis only has three, without denticles. Arms and disc are often observed to differ in size on the same individual (Tommasi 1970; Manso et al. 2008), due to high rates of fission and regeneration (Hendler et al. 1995). Ophiactis presently includes 51 species (Stöhr et al. 2016), five of which have been recorded from Brazil (Barboza &amp; Borges 2012): O. brasiliensis Manso, 1988, O. lymani Ljungman, 1872, O. muelleri Lütken, 1856, O. quinqueradia Ljungman, 1872 and O. savignyi (Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F921CC94807C8FF56FA8E3C70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F921CC94A07C8FD53FE8D3A58.text	03C3B82F921CC94A07C8FD53FE8D3A58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiactis lymani Ljungman 1872	<div><p>Ophiactis lymani Ljungman, 1872</p><p>(Fig. 17)</p><p>Type locality. Salt Island, British Virgin Islands.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 5 mm (Paim et al. 2015).</p><p>Material examined. 183 specimens (dd: 0.6–2.9 mm) from subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2156, St. XXII, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2175, St. 71, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2178, St. XXII, 15 spms; ZUEC OPH 2183, St. 71, 10 spms; ZUEC OPH 2185, St. XXI, 31 spms; ZUEC OPH 2188, St. XXII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2204, St. XXII, 52 spms; ZUEC OPH 2254, St. XXVII, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2258, St. XIX, 12 spms; ZUEC OPH 2267, St. 145, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2279, St. XXVI, 35 spms; ZUEC OPH 2291, St. 145, 6 spms; ZUEC OPH 2292, St. XXVII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2328, St. 9H, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2348, St. 20H, 5 spms; ZUEC OPH 2354, St. XXXIV, 2 spms. From rocky shore in a sponge: ZUEC OPH 2437, St. 14C, 1 spm.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 1.5 mm) circular, covered by large and irregular scales, approximately eight between the centrodorsal and the edge of the disc. Radial shields three times as long as wide, united distally and separated proximally by one triangular scale. Delicate spines sparse on disc (Fig. 17A). Ventral interradius covered by small scales with some spines. Bursal slits broad (Fig. 17B). Oral shields diamond-shaped, as long as wide. Adoral shields broadened distally and separated proximally. One lateral oral papilla. One rectangular apical papilla (Fig. 17C).</p><p>Arms: typically hexamerous, occasionally pentamerous. Dorsal arm plates triangular fan-shaped, twice as wide as long and not contiguous (Fig. 17D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal with distal edge concave and not contiguous (Fig. 17E,G). One tentacle scale. Three blunt, denticulate arm spines. Distal segments with serrated, hooked spines (Fig. 17D,E).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 17H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on small part of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part not protruding; surface without horizontal striation. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, middle spine articulation larger; distance between spine articulation increasing dorsalwards. Lobes simply separated, equal-sized; lobes parallel, bent, and tilted orientation; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: dominated by two separate central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous of universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 17J). Zygocondyles nearly parallel and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 17K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting far from distal edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 17L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 17M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. O. lymani may be easily confused with O. savignyi (Hendler et al. 1995) particularly young specimens. There are differences in the arm plates of these two species: i) the trabecular network protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on small part of outer surface of lateral, dorsal, and, ventral arm plates in O. lymani while in O. savignyi the knobs are present on most of outer surface of lateral, dorsal, and, ventral arm plates; ii) the number of spine articulations are perfectly visible on lateral arm plates—three in O. lymani and five to six in O. savignyi . We believe that our descriptions of arm ossicles could help the delimitation of these species. Three arms spines were observed in all specimens in this study. However, larger specimens (5 mm dd) may have four arm spines (Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Paim et al. 2015). Due to asexual reproduction, O. lymani is often found with arms of different sizes, usually three smaller arms and half of the disc, indicating recent fission (Paim et al. 2015). O. lymani is also similar to O. brasiliensis, however, the latter differs in having radial shields more broadened distally and acute angle proximally and, the dorsal arm plates are oval (Manso 1988).</p><p>Remarks. It was the most abundant species in our study (27% of brittle stars) and 80% of the specimens were in some stage of regeneration (Hendler et al. 1995). The high incidence of fission in O. lymani may be an alternate reproductive strategy when low salinity slows gonadal maturation (Lima et al. 2013). This could explain the high number of regenerating specimens in Araçá Bay. However this hypothesis needs to be tested based on data of salinity and rainfall patterns of the region (Alitto et al. 2016). O. lymani is often associated with seagrass (Lima et al. 2013), bryozoans (Morgado &amp; Tanaka 2001) and sponges (Padua et al. 2013). It may also occur on sand and muddy bottom (Manso et al. 2008; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014). O. lymani was sampled from sand (medium sand) and rubble bottom with a dredge (89% of spms), van Veen grab (10% of spms) and multicorer (1% of spms).</p><p>Distribution. Circum-tropical and circum-subtropical. In Brazil, it has been recorded in Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern Brazil (Lima-Verde 1969; Magalhães et al. 2005; Neves et al. 2007; Gondim et al. 2008; Manso et al. 2008; Lima &amp; Fernandes 2009; Paim et al. 2015), Trindade and Martin Vaz Islands (Tommasi &amp; Aron 1988). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Borges et al. 2002; Capítoli &amp; Bemvenuti 2004; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Netto et al. 2005; Oliveira et al. 2010).</p><p>From intertidal up to 600 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from 19 to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Ljungman (1872): p. 629; Tommasi (1970): p. 22, fig. 14; Madsen (1970): p. 208, fig. 34; Albuquerque (1986): p. 138, fig. 23a–c; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 249, fig. a–d; Manso et al. (2008): p. 187, fig. 14a,b; Paim et al. (2015): p. 9, fig. 6a–c [as Ophiactis lymani]; Borges et al. (2002): p. 37, fig. 21c,d [as Ophiactis savignyi].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F921CC94A07C8FD53FE8D3A58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
03C3B82F921EC94C07C8FB01FB053898.text	03C3B82F921EC94C07C8FB01FB053898.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ophiactis savignyi (Muller & Troschel 1842)	<div><p>Ophiactis savignyi (Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842)</p><p>(Fig. 18)</p><p>Type locality. Egypt, Africa.</p><p>Maximum size. dd up to 8.5 mm (Paim et al. 2015).</p><p>Material examined. 84 specimens (dd: 0.9–4.1 mm). Subtidal: ZUEC OPH 2186, St. XXI, 5 spms; ZUEC OPH 2206, St. XXII, 1 spm; ZUEC OPH 2273, St. XXVI, 2 spms. From rocky shore in sponge: ZUEC OPH 2146, St. 1C, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2147, St. 1C, 3 spms; ZUEC OPH 2148, St. 2C, 5 spms; ZUEC OPH 2153, St. 9C, 4 spms; ZUEC OPH 2155, St. 8C, 1 spms; ZUEC OPH 2432, St. 11C, 9 spms; ZUEC OPH 2434, St. 13C, 9 spms; ZUEC OPH 2438, St. 10C, 2 spms; ZUEC OPH 2453, St. 15C, 40 spms.</p><p>Description. Disc: (dd: 3.2 mm) circular, covered by irregular and imbricating scales, approximately 18 between the centrodorsal and the edge of the disc and some small spines, more numerous at the edges. Radial shields acute proximally, large (approximately one-third of dd), internally straight and externally slightly curved, separated proximally by two scales (Fig. 18A). Ventral interradius covered with scales smaller than the dorsal and with sparse spines. Bursal slits broad (Fig. 18B). Oral shields diamond-shaped with distal lobe, as long as wide. Adoral shields broadened distally and united proximally. One lateral oral papilla spatulate, sometimes two. One rectangular apical papilla (Fig. 18C).</p><p>Arms: typically hexamerous, occasionally pentamerous. Dorsal arm plates rectangular, twice as wide as long, distal edge rounded and proximal straight and contiguous (Fig. 18D,F). Ventral arm plates pentagonal, as long as wide, distal edge straight and proximal acute angle, contiguous (Fig. 18E,G). One tentacle scale larger (nearly half the length of one ventral arm plate) and attached at lateral arm plate. Five to six arm spines blunt and denticulate, the ventral one smaller (Fig. 18E).</p><p>Lateral arm plates (Fig. 18H,I): general outline: ventral portion projecting ventro-proximalwards; ventro-distal tip not projecting ventralwards. Outer surface ornamentation: trabecular intersections protruding to form knobs larger than stereom pores on most of outer surface. Outer proximal edge: surface lined by discernible band of different stereom structure, restricted to central part; without spurs; central part protruding; proximal edge of outer surface with horizontal striation, but restricted to small area. Spine articulations: on same level as remaining outer surface, middle arm spine articulation larger; distance between spine articulations increasing dorsalwards. Lobes simply separated, dorsal lobe clearly larger than the ventral lobe; lobes parallel, bent, and tilted orientation; stereom massive; sigmoidal fold absent. Inner side, ridges and knobs: inner side dominated by two separate (rarely merged) central knobs; without additional dorsal structure on inner side; single large perforation on inner side.</p><p>Vertebrae: zygospondylous universal type and non-keeled. Proximal side of vertebrae dorsally without large groove on the dorsal-distal muscular fossae (Fig. 18J). Zygocondyles nearly parallel and zygosphene fused with pair of zygocondyles (Fig. 18K). Dorso-distal muscular fossae transformed distalwards projecting far from distal edge of zygocondyles (Fig. 18L). Zygosphene projecting beyond ventral edge of zygocondyles with projecting part longer than zygocondyles (Fig. 18M).</p><p>Taxonomic comments. Ophiactis savignyi is easily confused with O. lymani (Hendler et al. 1995) particularly during its juvenile period. There are differences in the arm ossicles (see more above in taxonomic comments of O. lymani). O. savignyi is also similar to O. brasiliensis, however, the latter differs in having larger and circular dorsal disc scales, fewer spines at the disc edge and four arm spines (Manso 1988). Of the 84 specimens, 66 show some evidence of regeneration of disc and arms due to fission (Hendler et al. 1995; McGovern 2002; Manso et al. 2008; Paim et al. 2015). A single regenerating specimen was observed to have three lateral oral papillae, while all others only possessed one. O. savignyi occurs in various combinations of greenish, greenish brown, brown and cream color (Hendler et al. 1995). The colors recorded for most specimens were greenish and brown. Three individuals, whom had recently split, exhibited two colors: greenish in most of the disc and cream in part being regenerated.</p><p>Remarks. This is one of the most studied species, particularly with respect to its reproduction (Emson &amp; Wilkie 1984; Hendler 1991; Chao &amp; Tsai 1995; McGovern 2002), population genetics (Roy &amp; Sponer 2002), feeding (Boffi 1972; Emson &amp; Mladenov 1992) and habitat (Boffi 1972; Sloan 1982; Hendler &amp; Littman 1986; Neves et al. 2007). O. savignyi can be found on rubble bottom and living associated with sponges, seagrass, bryozoans, polychaetes, and with other brittle stars Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) angulata (Ophiotrichidae) and Amphipholis squamata (Amphiuridae) (Hendler et al. 1995; Gondim et al. 2008; Granja-Fernández et al. 2014). O. savignyi was sampled associated with the sponge Amphimedon viridis (65% of spms) and on rubble bottom with a dredge (35% of spms).</p><p>Distribution. Circum-tropical and circum-subtropical. In Brazil, it has been recorded in Tropical Atlantic (realm), Tropical Southwestern Atlantic (province): Northeastern Brazil (Lima-Verde 1969; Tommasi 1970; Alves &amp; Cerqueira 2000; Gondim et al. 2008; Miranda et al. 2012; Paim et al. 2015). Temperate South America (realm), Warm Temperate Southwestern Atlantic (province): Southeastern Brazil (Brito 1960; Tommasi 1970; Pires-Vanin et al. 1997; Borges &amp; Amaral 2005; Netto et al. 2005; Pires-Vanin et al. 2014).</p><p>From intertidal up to 518 m depth (Alvarado &amp; Solís-Marín 2013). The present study samples occurred at depths ranging from intertidal to 21.5 m.</p><p>Selected references. Müller &amp; Troschel (1842): p. 95, fig. 4,5 [as Ophiolepis savignyi];</p><p>de Loriol (1893): p 401, Pl. XIV fig. 1 [as Ophiactis brocki]; Koehler (1905): p. 25, Pl III, fig. 15-17 [as Ophiactis conferta]; von Martens (1870): p. 248 [as Ophiactis incisa]; Lütken (1856): p. 12; Lyman (1865): p. 111, fig. 10,11 [as Ophiactis krebsii]; von Martens (1870): p. 248 [as Ophiactis maculosa]; Lütken (1859): p. 262 [as Ophiactis reinhardtii]; Mortensen (1936): p. 264; Tommasi (1970): p. 24, fig. 16,17; Madsen (1970): p. 207, fig. 33; Albuquerque (1986): p. 150, fig. 25a–c; Hendler et al. (1995): p. 148, fig. 70; Borges &amp; Amaral (2005): p. 250, fig. a–d; Manso et al. (2008): p. 188, fig. 14f–h; Gondim et al. (2013a): p. 70, fig. 8g –l; Paim et al. (2015): p. 10, fig. 6d–f [as Ophiactis savignyi]; Clark (1938): p. 262 [as Ophiactis savignyi var. lutea]; Lyman (1865): p. 115 [as Ophiactis sexradia]; Clark (1939): p. 81, fig. 36 [as Ophiactis versicolor]; Lütken (1856): p. 24; Lyman (1865): p. 113 [as Ophiactis virescens]; Grube (1857): p. 37, pl. III fig. 1–3 [as Ophiolepis sexradia].</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C3B82F921EC94C07C8FB01FB053898	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Alitto, Renata A. S.;Bueno, Maristela L.;Guilherme, Pablo D. B.;Domenico, Maikon Di;Christensen, Ana Beardsley;Borges, Michela	Alitto, Renata A. S., Bueno, Maristela L., Guilherme, Pablo D. B., Domenico, Maikon Di, Christensen, Ana Beardsley, Borges, Michela (2018): Shallow-water brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from Araçá Bay (Southeastern Brazil), with spatial distribution considerations. Zootaxa 4405 (1): 1-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4405.1.1
