identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C08789C5334F6CFF62D6C78E7AFBA6.text	03C08789C5334F6CFF62D6C78E7AFBA6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingius Thorell 1890	<div><p>Sphingius Thorell, 1890</p><p>Diagnosis. For genus description and diagnosis, see Deeleman-Reinhold (2001) and Dankittipakul et al. (2011). Type species: Sphingius thecatus Thorell, 1890, by monotypy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C5334F6CFF62D6C78E7AFBA6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
03C08789C5334F6BFF62D12F89F9FB15.text	03C08789C5334F6BFF62D12F89F9FB15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingius barkudensis Gravely 1931	<div><p>Sphingius barkudensis Gravely, 1931</p><p>Figs 1–4</p><p>Sphingius barkudensis Gravely, 1931: 271, fig. 19G–H; Majumder &amp; Tikader, 1991: 152, figs 320–325; Biswas &amp; Raychaudhuri, 2000: 132, figs 8–14.</p><p>Sphingius delakharae Pawaria et al., 2018: 164, figs 1.1–4, 2.5–8, 3.1–6, 4.7–10. syn. nov.</p><p>Type material. S. barkudensis: lectotype Ƌ (here designated) and paralectotypes 2♀ from INDIA: Odisha (formerly Orissa): Ganjam: Chilika Lake (= <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.14644&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.553528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.14644/lat 19.553528)">Chilka Lake</a>): <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.14644&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.553528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.14644/lat 19.553528)">Barkuda Island</a> (formerly part of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.14644&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.553528" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.14644/lat 19.553528)">Madras Presidency</a>) (19°33’12.7’’N, 85°08’47.2’’E), 13 m a.s.l., leg. F.H. Gravely, 3–19 August 1919, deposited in NZC-ZSI (no register number), examined. S. delakharae: holotype ♀ from INDIA: Madhya Pradesh: Chhindwara: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=78.61175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.424" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 78.61175/lat 22.424)">Delakhari</a> (22°25’26.4’’N, 78°36’42.3’’E), 558 m a.s.l., leg. Atul K. Bodkhe, 15 August 2017, deposited in SRL JDPSM (no register number), not examined . Paratype Ƌ, same as holotype, not examined. The colour images provided in the original description (Pawaria et al. 2018: figs 2.5, 7–8, 4.7, 9–10) are diagnostic and were used for comparison .</p><p>Other material examined. INDIA: Kerala: Thrissur, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.53535&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.418556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.53535/lat 10.418556)">Chimmony Wildlife Sanctuary</a>, 10°25’06.80’’N, 76°32’07.25’’E, 709 m a.s.l., 23 July 2013, leg. M.S. Pradeep, from ground, by hand: 1 subadult Ƌ, 2♀, 1 juvenile (ADSH562701). Ernakulam, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.55016&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=10.198873" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.55016/lat 10.198873)">Illithodu</a>, 10°11’55.94’’N, 76°33’00.57’’E, 24 m a.s.l., 25 February 2014, leg. M.S. Pradeep, from ground, by hand: 3Ƌ, 5♀ (ADSH562702) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Sphingius barkudensis are closely related to S. penicillus Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, but can be separated by the following features: males by long, straight retrolateral tibial apophysis without basal tuft of setae (retrolateral tibial apophysis of S. penicillus short, stout with apical curvature and with basal tuft of setae), median tegular apophysis with triangular prolateral process (median tegular apophysis of S. penicillus with spine-like anterior process) and medially originating and straight embolus ( S. penicillus with prolaterally originating and curved embolus); females by short, stout copulatory ducts, which are long, slender and inverted U-shaped in S. penicillus (compare Figs 3I, K, 4 A–B, D with Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: figs 848–851).</p><p>Redescription. Male (ADSH562702; Fig. 3A, C–H). Carapace, eye region, chelicerae, fangs, opisthosoma, pedipalpal segments brownish; clypeus, endites, labium, leg segments, spinnerets yellowish-brown; opisthosoma dorsally provided with paired anterior and median white spots. Carapace shiny, sparsely covered with erect black hairs, with prominent intercoxal discs; cephalic groove less prominent; thoracic part rebordered, with irregularly scattered black smudges. Fovea longitudinal, straight, reddish. AME black, others pearly white. Clypeus provided with a single row of erect setae. Chilum prominent, inverted triangular. Chelicerae baso-retrolaterally provided with a bunch of long narrow hairs, with an elongated, unmodified shaggy/bent hair originating near the base of fang (Fig. 3 F–H, arrow 2: Sh); promargin with four teeth, retromargin with two denticles, middle promarginal teeth largest (Fig. 3H); promargin bordered by a series of long hairs with ventrally oriented tips and are smaller than the shaggy/ bent hair (Fig. 3F); fangs moderately long. Endites with reduced scopulae. Sternum rebordered, with coxal and intercoxal extensions, with setae at margins (Fig. 3E). Metatarsi III and IV provided with distal preening brush, that on III prominent (Fig. 3D, arrow 1). Pedicel encircled with collar (Fig. 3C). Opisthosoma tubular, with complete dorsal scutum, ventral scutum smaller than dorsum (Fig. 3A, C); venter medially depressed (Fig. 3C). Anal tubercle prominent (Fig. 3C). Spinnerets basally encircled with black hairs. Body length 5.08. Carapace length 2.23, width 1.78. Opisthosoma length 2.85, width 1.51. Eye diameters: ALE 0.13, AME 0.10, PLE 0.08, PME 0.11. Eye interdistances: ALE–PLE 0.06, AME–ALE 0.01, AME–AME 0.04, AME–PME 0.11, PME–PLE 0.05, PME–PME 0.05. Chelicerae length 0.83. Clypeus height at ALEs 0.09, at AMEs 0.13. Chilum length 0.06, width 0.26. Measurements of pedipalp and legs. Pedipalp 2.12 [0.69, 0.37, 0.32, 0.74], I 6.82 [1.89, 0.96, 1.54, 1.35, 1.08], II 5.74 [1.56, 0.82, 1.16, 1.22, 0.98], III 4.79 [1.30, 0.69, 0.91, 1.10, 0.79], IV 7.76 [2.01, 0.84, 1.73, 2.08, 1.10]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination: pedipalp: femur do 1, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia pl 1 pld 2 do 1 rld 1, tarsus/cymbium pld 1 plv 3 do 1 rl 1 rlv 1; legs: femur I pl 1 do 1, II–III do 1, IV do 2; patellae I–IV spineless; tibiae I–II spineless, III pl 1 pld 3 plv 1 rl 1 rld 1 rlv 3, IV pl 2 plv 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsi I–II spineless, III pl 1 plv 1 rl 1 rlv 1, IV pl 2 plv 4 rl 2 rlv 2; tarsi I–IV spineless. Pedipalp (Figs 3I, 4 A–B). Retrolateral tibial apophysis long, gradually narrowing towards blunt apex (Fig. 4B: RTA). Cymbium dorsally with dense mat of hairs (Fig. 4B, arrow). Bulbous roughly ovoid, longitudinally divided, 2/3 rd of retrolateral part less sclerotised. Median tegular apophysis sclerotised, roughly roundish with prolateral triangular process, situated disto-retrolaterally (Fig. 4 A–B: MA, PP). Accessory tegular apophysis apparently absent. Embolus postero-medially originating, narrow, slightly wavy, with broad embolic base, with blunt tip, directed at 9 o’clock ventrally (Fig. 4A: E, EB). Conductor thin, wide, membranous, lamellate, originating disto-medially (Fig. 4 A–B: C).</p><p>Female (ADSH562702; Fig. 3B). Like male except the following: cheliceral promargin with three teeth. Sternum with less prominent intercoxal extensions. Opisthosoma elongate-ovoid without scuta, creamy with black shades dorsally and laterally; dorsum with four pairs of white spots: one anterior, one median and two posteriors, with a large white patch just above anal tubercle. Leg segments brownish with black shades. Pedicel lacks collar. Palp with single claw. Body length 5.68. Carapace length 2.36, width 1.97. Opisthosoma length 3.32, width 1.71. Eye diameters: ALE 0.13, AME 0.10, PLE 0.12, PME 0.11. Eye interdistances: ALE–PLE 0.06, AME–ALE 0.02, AME–AME 0.03, AME–PME 0.09, PME–PLE 0.07, PME–PME 0.06. Chelicerae length 0.86. Clypeus height at ALEs 0.05, at AMEs 0.09. Chilum length 0.03, width 0.19. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 2.39 [0.81, 0.45, 0.46, 0.67], I 7.08 [1.95, 1.13, 1.53, 1.38, 1.09], II 5.84 [1.65, 0.89, 1.24, 1.16, 0.90], III 5.20 [1.42, 0.77, 0.97, 1.28, 0.76], IV 8.91 [2.33, 1.14, 1.85, 2.27, 1.32]. Leg formula: 4123. Spination: palp: femur do 1 v 3, patella pl 1 do 1, tibia pl 1 pld 2 do 2, tarsus/cymbium pl 2 pld 1 plv 1 do 1 rl 1 rlv 1; legs: femur I pl 1 do 1, II–III do 1, IV do 2; patellae I–IV spineless; tibiae I–II do 1, III pl 2 plv 3 do 1 rl 2 rlv 2, IV pl 2 plv 3 rl 2 rlv 3; metatarsi I–II spineless, III pl 1 plv 2 rl 1 rlv 1, IV pl 1 pld 2 plv 3 v 1 rl 2 rlv 2; tarsi I–IV spineless. Genitalia (Figs 3 J–K, 4C–D). Epigynum with a small anterior, sclerotised hood, with membranous epigynal plate (Fig. 4C: AH, EP). Copulatory openings crescent-shaped, medio-laterally placed (Fig. 4C: CO). Copulatory ducts short, stout, with slight median constriction, connected to outer surface of spermathecae (Fig. 4D: CD). Bursae globular with slender stalks, originating on median portion of copulatory ducts (Fig. 4D: B). Spermathecae spherical, situated posteriorly (Fig. 4D: S). Fertilization ducts long, spine-like (Fig. 4D: FD).</p><p>Justification for the synonymy. Pawaria et al. (2018) described S. delakharae on the basis of seven female and one male specimen collected in Madhya Pradesh. Even though we could not examine the type specimens of this species, the colour images of the genitalia provided in the original description are diagnostic and show that this species shares the features of S. barkudensis: long, straight retrolateral tibial apophysis, medially oriented narrow embolus, round median tegular apophysis with anterior triangular process, epigynum with a single anterior hood and vulva with short copulatory ducts and globular spermathecae (compare Figs 3 I–K, 4A–D with Pawaria et al. 2018: figs 2.7–8, 4.9–10). Based on these observations, we propose S. delakharae a junior synonym of S. barkudensis .</p><p>The ZSI collection has two glass bottles for S. barkudensis . The first bottle is labelled as “ Types ” (5754/H2) and contains a male and a female specimens in fairly good condition. The female genitalia were intact whereas the left pedipalp of the male was detached, but was not found inside the bottle. The second bottle (1770/18) contains five females with intact genitalia, two female prosoma and two juveniles, all in fairly good condition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C5334F6BFF62D12F89F9FB15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
03C08789C5344F6AFF62D1BE8C99FE7B.text	03C08789C5344F6AFF62D1BE8C99FE7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingius bilineatus Simon 1906	<div><p>Sphingius bilineatus Simon, 1906</p><p>Fig. 5</p><p>Sphingius bilineatus Simon, 1906: 301; Gravely, 1931: 272, fig. 19J–K.</p><p>Type material. Type ♀ from INDIA: Puducherry (formerly Pondicherry): Mahé / Mayyazhi (formerly in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.54248&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.70027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.54248/lat 11.70027)">Malabar district</a>) (11°42’00.97’’N, 75°32’32.94’’E), 12 m a.s.l., leg. M.M. Maindron, 1901, repository unknown, possibly MNHN, Paris (register number unknown), not examined. Gravely (1931) provided illustrations of authentically identified male and female specimens and were used for comparison .</p><p>Remarks. According to the original illustrations (Gravely 1931: fig. 19J–K, herein Fig. 5 A–B), this species may be a senior synonym of S. barkudensis . However, confirmation requires examination of the type or topotype materials of S. bilineatus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C5344F6AFF62D1BE8C99FE7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
03C08789C5354F6AFF62D76C8C79FAB1.text	03C08789C5354F6AFF62D76C8C79FAB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingius caniceps Simon 1906	<div><p>Sphingius caniceps Simon, 1906</p><p>Sphingius caniceps Simon, 1906: 301; Dankittipakul et al., 2011: 19, figs 38–39.</p><p>Type material. Syntypes (1 adult ♀ and 1 juvenile ♀) from INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Coromandel coast: Villupuram: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.41681&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.252592" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.41681/lat 12.252592)">Gingee</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.41681&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.252592" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.41681/lat 12.252592)">Senji</a> (12°15’09.33’’N, 79°25’00.52’’E), 87 m a.s.l., leg. M.M. Maindron, 1901, deposited in MNHN (17599), not examined. Dankittipakul et al. (2011: figs 38–39) illustrated the syntype female epigynum, which is diagnostic .</p><p>Diagnosis. Females of S. caniceps seem closely related to the females of S. vivax (Thorell, 1897), but can be separated from the latter by a circular epigynal atrium (oval in S. vivax) and a wide plate-like anterior epigynal hood (triangular in S. vivax) (compare fig. 4 with fig. 38 in Dankittipakul et al. 2011).</p><p>Note. In his original description, Simon (1906) mentioned the type locality of S. caniceps as “Côte de Coromandel: Genji” (see also Dankittipakul et al. 2011). The place with the spelling ‘Genji’ is a village in the Dungarpur district of the Indian state of Rajasthan. However, the Coromandel Coast is the southeastern coastal region of the Indian subcontinent that forms a part of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. There is a place with the spelling “Gingee” in the Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu. So, it can be concluded that the type locality of S. caniceps should be “Gingee”, which is in Tamil Nadu, and not “Genji” in Rajasthan (see also Majumder &amp; Tikader 1991). Moreover, M. M. Maindron collected this species during his expedition to southern India in 1901, which also confirms “Gingee” as its type locality. Gravely (1931) and Majumder and Tikader (1991) misidentified their specimens as S. caniceps, but they do in fact belong to an undescribed Sphingius species (see below).</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C5354F6AFF62D76C8C79FAB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
03C08789C5354F64FF62D01B8913FEF5.text	03C08789C5354F64FF62D01B8913FEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingius nilgiriensis Gravely 1931	<div><p>Sphingius nilgiriensis Gravely, 1931</p><p>Fig. 6</p><p>Sphingius nilgiriensis Gravely, 1931: 271, fig. 19C; Majumder &amp; Tikader, 1991: 155, figs 330–333.</p><p>Type material. Syntype Ƌ from INDIA: Tamil Nadu: Nilgiris: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.63333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.262892" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.63333/lat 11.262892)">Kundah</a> (not Kundahs): (11°15’46.41’’N, 76°37’59.98’’E), 1856 m a.s.l., leg. Barnes, 24 September–3 October 1925, deposited in NZC-ZSI (no register number), examined (Fig. 6G) .</p><p>Diagnosis. Males of S. nilgiriensis seem closely related to the males of S. superbus Dankittipakul, Tavano &amp; Singtripop, 2011, but can easily be separated from the latter by group of bristles located on the proximal part of ventral scutum which are restricted to the rear end of the posterior margin of ventral scutum in S. superbus (compare Fig. 6D with Dankittipakul et al. 2011: fig. 5).</p><p>Supplementary description. Male (Fig. 6 A–D). Dorsal scutum covering almost entire length of opisthosoma; ventral scutum smaller than dorsal scutum, less sclerotized; posterior half of venter medially bears group of bristles (Fig. 6D). Body length 5.26. Carapace length 2.33, width 1.85. Opisthosoma length 2.93, width 1.34. Eye diameters: ALE 0.11, AME 0.06, PLE 0.09, PME 0.08. Eye interdistances: ALE–PLE 0.09, AME–ALE 0.03, AME–AME 0.05, AME–PME 0.10, PME–PLE 0.08, PME–PME 0.05. Chelicerae length 0.79. Clypeus height at ALEs 0.07, at AMEs 0.08. Measurements of pedipalp and legs. Pedipalp 1.88 [0.73, 0.32, 0.29, 0.54], I 5.74 [1.59, 0.85, 1.30, 1.10, 0.90], II 4.88 [1.50, 0.78, 1.07, 0.97, 0.56], III 4.56 [1.23, 0.69, 0.84, 1.06, 0.74], IV 7.32 [2.03, 0.96, 1.58, 1.83, 0.92]. Leg formula: 4123. Pedipalp (Fig. 6 E–F, H): retrolateral tibial apophysis short, broad at base, gradually narrowing towards apex (Fig. 6F: RTA). Accessory tegular apophysis short, flat, angular in retrolateral view (Fig. 6E: TA). Embolus moderately long, thin, with blunt tip (Fig. 6E: E). Median tegular apophysis large, with retrolateral process with truncated apex (Fig. 6E: MA). Conductor apparently absent.</p><p>Female. Unknown.</p><p>Note. In his original description, Gravely (1931) mentioned that the most conspicuous feature of S. nilgiriensis was a white membraneous structure in its pedipalp. It is, in fact, the haematodocha of the expanded pedipalp (Fig. 6E: H).</p><p>Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass bottle for this species labelled as “ Type ” (1514/18), containing a male specimen in fairly good condition, with broken legs and with intact pedipalps.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C5354F64FF62D01B8913FEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
03C08789C53B4F67FF62D4C18E73FC11.text	03C08789C53B4F67FF62D4C18E73FC11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingius paltaensis Biswas & Biswas 1992	<div><p>Sphingius paltaensis Biswas &amp; Biswas, 1992</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Sphingius paltaensis Biswas &amp; Biswas, 1992: 426, figs 36–38. Type material. Holotype ♀ from INDIA: West Bengal: North 24 Parganas: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=88.380684&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.782642" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 88.380684/lat 22.782642)">Palta</a>: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=88.380684&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=22.782642" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 88.380684/lat 22.782642)">Santi Nagar</a> (22°46’57.51’’N, 88°22’50.46’’E), 12 m a.s.l., leg. Bijan Biswas, 8 December 1986, deposited in NZC-ZSI (5046/18), examined (Fig. 7E).</p><p>Diagnosis. Females of S. paltaensis are closely related to the females of S. spinosus Dankittipakul, Tavano &amp; Singtripop, 2011, but can be separated by circular atrium (quadrangular in S. spinosus) and sharply curved copulatory ducts (gently curved in S. spinosus) (compare Fig. 7 C–D with Dankittipakul et al. 2011: figs 25–26).</p><p>Supplementary description. Female (Fig. 7 A–B). Body length 6.46. Carapace length 2.76, width 2.30. Opisthosoma length 3.70, width 2.00. Eye diameters: ALE 0.14. AME 0.10. PLE 0.11. PME 0.15. Eye interdistances: ALE–PLE 0.07. AME–ALE 0.04. AME–AME 0.06. AME–PME 0.08. PME–PLE 0.06. PME–PME 0.07. Chelicerae length 0.96. Clypeus height at ALEs 0.07, at AMEs 0.13. Measurements of palp and legs. Palp 3.00 [0.93, 0.58, 0.59, 0.90], I 8.38 [2.38, 1.23, 1.90, 1.48, 1.39], II 6.52 [1.72, 0.87, 1.39, 1.36, 1.18], III 6.17 [1.66, 0.93, 1.18, 1.39, 1.01], IV 9.17 [2.74, 1.19, 1.96, 2.41, 0.87]. Leg formula: 4123. Genitalia (Fig. 7 C–D, F): epigynal plate moderately sclerotized. Atrium large, nearly circular, with wide anterior hood (Fig. 7C). Copulatory openings situated on postero-lateral margin of epigynal atrium. Copulatory ducts short, curving medially (Fig. 7D). Bursae globular, with indistinct stalks, arising on distal part of copulatory ducts (Fig. 7D). Spermathecae large, more or less pear-shaped, lying parallel to each other (Fig. 7D). Fertilization ducts more or less linear-shaped, directed mesally towards each other (Fig. 7D).</p><p>Male. Unknown.</p><p>Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass bottle for this species labelled as ‘holotype’ (5046/18) containing a female specimen with broken legs, otherwise in good condition. The same bottle has a small glass vial containing the dissected genitalia. There is an inconsistency in the registration number of this species; the label mentions it as ‘5406/18’, but in the original literature, it is given as ‘5046/18’.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C53B4F67FF62D4C18E73FC11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
03C08789C5384F67FF62D6BA8952F9DE.text	03C08789C5384F67FF62D6BA8952F9DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingius sp. Thorell 1890	<div><p>Sphingius sp.</p><p>Figs 8–9</p><p>Sphingius caniceps Gravely, 1931: 271, fig. 19E–F (misidentification); Majumder &amp; Tikader, 1991: 150, figs 315–319 (misidentification).</p><p>Material examined. Ƌ and ♀ (NZC-ZSI 5751/H2) from INDIA: Tamil Nadu: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=80.27072&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.082681" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 80.27072/lat 13.082681)">Chennai</a> (formerly Madras), 13°04’57.65’’N, 80°16’14.59’’E, 4 m a.s.l., date unknown, leg. F.H. Gravely (Fig. 8E) .</p><p>Remarks. Gravely (1931) misidentified these specimens as S. caniceps and they do in fact belong to an undescribed Sphingius species. The female epigynum seems unique among other known female congeners, as it possesses inverted triangular postero-lateral epigynal margins separated medially from the anterior circular atrium by a transverse M-shaped plate (Fig. 9E). At present, a description of these specimens as a new species is difficult, due to the very poor condition and the genitalia are bleached, losing relevant diagnostic details, particularly those of the male. We therefore treat this species as Sphingius sp. until fresh specimens are available from Chennai. The ZSI collection has two glass bottles for this species named as “ S. caniceps ”, collected from Chennai. The first bottle (5751/ H2) contains a male and a female specimen in bad condition. The second bottle (5752/H2) is empty; the specimen(s) in this bottle may either be lost or perhaps loaned and not returned or misplaced elsewhere in the collection.</p><p>Natural history. Sphingius sp. live among leaf litter, stones and soil (Gravely 1931).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C5384F67FF62D6BA8952F9DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
03C08789C5384F60FF62D2DF8EEAFEF5.text	03C08789C5384F60FF62D2DF8EEAFEF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Inthaeron longipes (Gravely 1931) Sankaran & Caleb & Sebastian 2020	<div><p>Inthaeron longipes (Gravely, 1931) comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 10–11</p><p>Sphingius longipes Gravely, 1931: 270, fig. 19A–B; Majumder &amp; Tikader, 1991: 148, figs 311–314.</p><p>Type material. Syntype Ƌ from INDIA: Kerala: Palakkad: Pattambi (formerly in Malabar district): beside the traveller’s bungalow, leg. F.H. Gravely, 24–28 May 1930, deposited in NZC-ZSI (no register number), examined (Fig. 10E) .</p><p>Justification of the transfer. Detailed examination of the syntype of S. longipes Gravely, 1931 revealed that it has the typical somatic morphology for Cithaeronidae Simon, 1893 (Fig. 10 A–D) and the diagnostic features of the monotypic cithaeronid genus Inthaeron Platnick, 1991, as illustrated for Inthaeron rossi Platnick, 1991, the type species of the genus: highly coiled embolus, and embolus with a fringed flange (compare Fig. 11 A–C with Platnick &amp; Gajbe 1994: figs 1–3). Based on these observations, we propose to transfer S. longipes to Inthaeron .</p><p>Diagnosis. The male of I. longipes comb. nov. can be separated from the male of I. rossi by the following combination of features: broad retrolateral tibial apophysis (narrow in I. rossi), fringed flange with a prolateral twist (fringed flange with retrolateral twist in I. rossi) and absence of a median apophysis ( I. rossi with highly reduced median apophysis) (compare Figs 10F and 11 A–C with Platnick &amp; Gajbe 1994: figs 1–3). Females can be separated from the females of I. rossi by an anteriorly oriented long, median tongue-like plate (Fig. 10F), which is absent in the latter species (Gravely 1931; Platnick 1991: fig. 21).</p><p>Note. With the transfer of S. longipes, the total number of known Inthaeron species is increased to two, I. rossi and I. longipes comb. nov.; both species are known from both sexes.</p><p>Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass bottle for this species labelled as “ Type ” (1513/18), containing a male specimen in good condition, with intact pedipalps. Gravely (1931) also described the female of this species (Fig. 10F), but we could not trace any female specimen in the collection.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C5384F60FF62D2DF8EEAFEF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
03C08789C53C4F63FF62D0028F23F85F.text	03C08789C53C4F63FF62D0028F23F85F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cambalida kambakamensis (Gravely 1931) Sankaran & Caleb & Sebastian 2020	<div><p>Cambalida kambakamensis (Gravely, 1931) comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 12–13</p><p>Sphingius kambakamensis Gravely, 1931: 271, fig. 19D; Majumder &amp; Tikader, 1991: 154, figs 326–329.</p><p>Type material. Syntype Ƌ from INDIA: Andhra Pradesh: about 50 miles north-west of Chennai: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=79.841415&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.567638" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 79.841415/lat 13.567638)">Kambakam Hills</a> (13°34’03.5’’N, 79°50’29.1’’E), 609–702 m (2000–2500 ft) a.s.l., leg. F.H. Gravely, 28–31 August 1922, deposited in NZC-ZSI (no register number), examined (Fig. 12F) .</p><p>Justification of the transfer. Detailed examination of the syntype of S. kambakamensis Gravely, 1931 revealed that the pedipalp of this species is similar to that of the corinnid genus Cambalida Simon, 1909, as illustrated for C. deorsa Murthappa, Prajapati, Sankaran &amp; Sebastian, 2016 and C. tuma Murthappa, Prajapati, Sankaran &amp; Sebastian, 2016 (compare Figs 12 C–E, 13A–C with Murthappa et al. 2016: figs 2A–C, 3A–C). Based on these observations, we propose to transfer S. kambakamensis to Cambalida .</p><p>Diagnosis. This species seems very close to C. deorsa, but can be separated from the latter by its embolic tip, which is slightly curved, while in C. deorsa it is straight (compare Fig. 13 B–C with Murthappa et al. 2016: figs 2C, 3C).</p><p>Remarks. The ZSI collection has one glass bottle for this species labelled as “ Type ” (5753/H2) containing a male specimen in fairly good condition, with broken legs. Both of its pedipalps are remained detached, but only the left one is found inside the bottle.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C08789C53C4F63FF62D0028F23F85F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Sankaran, Pradeep M.;Caleb, John T. D.;Sebastian, Pothalil A.	Sankaran, Pradeep M., Caleb, John T. D., Sebastian, Pothalil A. (2020): A review of the genus Sphingius Thorell, 1890 from India (Araneae: Liocranidae). Zootaxa 4896 (4): 505-522, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4896.4.3
