identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C187F2FFFAFFB5FF5D841CC06AFE62.text	03C187F2FFFAFFB5FF5D841CC06AFE62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg 1833) Brodsky 1908	<div><p>Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg, 1833) Brodsky, 1908</p><p>Bursaria leucas Ehrenberg, 1833</p><p>Bursaria (Frontonia) leucas Ehrenberg, 1838</p><p>Frontonia leucas (Ehrenberg, 1833) Brodsky, 1908</p><p>Description of the Turkish populations: Size huge and varied in vivo, about 335–510 × 175–310 µm, but mostly about 400 × 220 µm, cells dorso-venrally slightly flattened, and an elliptical outline with slightly narrowed posterior end when viewed dorsally or ventrally (Figs. 1a, b, d, e; 2 a–c). Macronucleus is ellipsoidal with variable position</p><p>in the cell, which is located in the anterior or mid-body. Single contractile vacuole located mid-body with very conspicuous, long, and branched 10–12 collecting canals; 1 excretory pore located right of the dorso-lateral (Figs. 1a; 2a, b, d–i). Extrusomes spindle-shaped, about 9–10 µm long, attached perpendicularly to cell pellicle (Figs. 1a, 1g). Cytoplasm colorless or slightly grey; containing food vacuoles filled with filamentous algae, diatoms, and other small organisms that rendered the cytoplasm green, yellow, and brown. Somatic cilia about 8–9 µm long and forming 120–200 longitudinal somatic kineties and 6–8 postoral kineties (Figs. 1a, 1g; 2 a–c, 2e). Oral apparatus triangular in shape, about 1/8–1/9 of body length, positioned at the anterior 1/3 of cell (Table 1; Figs. 1a, b, d, f; 2h, 2k). Three vestibular kineties to the right of the buccal cavity, 3 peniculi on the left wall of the cavity, each composed of 4–5 kinetosome rows. Single-rowed paroral membrane surrounding the right side of the buccal cavity (Figs. 1d, f; 2h, k).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187F2FFFAFFB5FF5D841CC06AFE62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kizildag, Sibel;Yildiz, Ismail	Kizildag, Sibel, Yildiz, Ismail (2019): Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora). Zootaxa 4609 (3): 548-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4609.3.9
03C187F2FFFCFFB6FF5D876DC055FD14.text	03C187F2FFFCFFB6FF5D876DC055FD14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frontonia acuminata (Ehrenberg 1833) Butschli 1889	<div><p>Frontonia acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1833) Bütschli, 1889</p><p>Description of the Turkish population: Size about 70–110 × 45–70 µm, usually 80 × 60 µm when live, ratio of length to width about 3:2. When viewed from the ventral or dorsal side, outline is ovoidal with a slightly pointed posterior end, convex left side and concave right side (Figs. 3a, b, d, e; 4a–f); dorso-ventrally compressed about 3–4:1, ventral surface slightly concave in anterior part, dorsal surface distinctly convex in mid part (Fig. 3c). Single ovate macronucleus, 20–25 × 10–12 µm in size and located in anterior body part. Micronucleus 4–5 µm in diameter, usually globular, rarely elliptical in shape, and located in an indentation of the large end of the macronucleus (Figs. 3a; 4b, j, k). Single contractile vacuole with small vesicles located slightly below mid body, opens out with 2–3 excretory pores on the right margin (Figs. 3a–c, e; 4a, 4f). Extrusomes spindle-shaped, about 7–8 µm long, attached perpendicularly to the somatic cortex and forms a dense layer (Figs. 3b, 4g). Cytoplasm colorless with conspicuous dark anterior spot, food vacuoles scattered throughout the cytoplasm and filled with diatoms and filamentous algae (Figs. 3a, 4b–d). Somatic cilia about 8–10-µm-long in vivo, arranged in 40–60 longitudinally ciliary rows of kinetosomes and form sutures (preoral and postoral sutures) in the ventral midline of the cell, 4–5 postoral kineties (Table 1; Figs. 3g, 4b). Preoral suture commences at the vertex of the buccal cavity and extends to the anterior pole and terminates on the dorsal side. Postoral suture extends as a line from the right posterior corner of the buccal cavity to the posterior pole and terminates on the dorsal side (Figs. 3d, e; 4e, f). Oral apparatus is triangular in shape, about 1/4 of the body length, located in the anterior body half, 4 vestibular kineties on the right of the buccal cavity. Three peniculi located of the left wall of the oral cavity, peniculi 1 and 2 composed of 5–6 and peniculus 3–4 kineties. Paroral membrane consists of 1 row of closely spaced kinetosomes, and it surrounds the right margin of the buccal cavity (Table 1; Figs. 3a, d, f; 4e, i). Cells swim moderately fast for short distances and are then motionless for short periods, and rotate around the main body axis as they move.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187F2FFFCFFB6FF5D876DC055FD14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kizildag, Sibel;Yildiz, Ismail	Kizildag, Sibel, Yildiz, Ismail (2019): Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora). Zootaxa 4609 (3): 548-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4609.3.9
03C187F2FFFEFFBCFF5D85F4C658FD51.text	03C187F2FFFEFFBCFF5D85F4C658FD51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Frontonia angusta subsp. angusta angusta Foissner, Berger & Agatha 2002	<div><p>Frontonia angusta angusta Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha, 2002</p><p>Frontonia acuminata (Ehrenberg, 1833) Bütschli, 1889</p><p>Frontonia acuminata var. angusta Kahl, 1931</p><p>Frontonia angusta Kahl, 1931 — Foissner, Berger &amp; Kohmann, 1994 Frontonia angusta angusta Foissner, Berger &amp; Agatha, 2002</p><p>Description of the Turkish population: Size about 130–220 × 50–80 µm, but usually about 170 × 70 µm in size. Body outline is elongated oval with a slightly narrowed posterior half, dorso-ventrally compressed about 3:1 (Table 1; Figs. 5 a–e; 6a–e). Single oval macronucleus, 20–50 × 10–30 µm in size and located mid body. Micronucleus 5–8 µm in diameter, mostly globular rarely oval in shape, and located in an indentation of the macronucleus (Table 1; Figs. 5a; 6a, f). Single contractile vacuole without a collecting channel located mid body, single excretory pore lo- cated on the right dorso-lateral of the cell (Figs. 5–c; 6a, c, d, g). The shape, size, and arrangement of the extrusomes are similar to the previous species. Cytoplasm colorless, food vacuoles contain diatoms, algae, and bacteria (Figs. 5a; 6a, b, f). Somatic cilia 8–9 µm long and arranged in 80–130 meridional rows of kinetosomes, form a suture in the ventral midline of the cell (Fig. 5g). Postoral kineties counted as 4–6 (Table 1). Oral apparatus typical of the genus, about 1/5–1/6 of the body length, located in the anterior 1/3 of the cell. Three vestibular kineties, 3 peniculus, each consisting of 4–5 rows of kinetosomes. Paroral membrane is in a single row and surrounds the right side of the buccal cavity (Figs. 5d, f; 6e, h).</p><p>Frontonia anatolica Yıldız &amp; Şenler, 2013</p><p>Description of the Turkish population: Body size 100–135 × 50–70 µm, usually about 120 × 60 µm in vivo, ratio of length to width about 1:2, elliptical outline when viewed from the ventral or dorsal side, dorso-ventrally compressed about 2:1 (Table 1; Figs. 7a–e, 8a–e). Single macronucleus is usually oval, rarely globular, or elliptical, about 30 × 20 µm in size. Micronucleus is ellipsoidal to globular, located in an indentation of the macronucleus, about 6 × 5 µm in size (Table 1; Figs. 7a; 8a, b, d, g, h). Two contractile vacuoles, each with long collecting canals,</p><p>The topologies of the ML and BI trees were similar; therefore, the topology of the ML tree was shown with support values from both algorithms on the branches (Fig. 9). Peniculia formed a fully supported clade in the class Oligohymenophorea (BI/ML, 1.00, 100%). Within the Peniculia clade, the family Lembadionidae (clade C) was basal to the other peniculines included in the analyses (BI/ML, 1.00, 100%) (clades A and B). Clades A and B included 4 families: Stokesiidae, Frontoniidae, Maritujidae, and Parameciidae . Frontonia species were located in both clades A and B. Clade A was formed by group A1 ( Stokesia vernalis, Disematostoma minor, Disematostoma sp., Marituja cf. caudate, Marituja sp.) and group A2 ( Frontonia terricola and F. acuminata) (BI/ML, 1.00, 100%). Clade B was separated into 2 subclades and consisted of 5 groups. The first subclade was formed by groups B1 and B2 and contained only Frontonia species. The second subclade consisted of group B3 ( F. anatolica, F. didieri, F. ocularis, F. elegans, F. pusilla), group B4 ( Apofrontonia dohrni), and group B5 ( Paramecium spp.). In the phylogenetic tree, F. acuminata and F. terricola were included in group A2, and were more closely related the members of the genera Stokesia, Disematostoma, and Marituja than the other Frontonia species. Similarly, F. anatolica (MG456578, MG456581), F. didieri, F. ocularis, F. elegans, and F. pusilla were more closely related the species of the genera Apofrontonia and Paramecium than the other Frontonia members.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C187F2FFFEFFBCFF5D85F4C658FD51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kizildag, Sibel;Yildiz, Ismail	Kizildag, Sibel, Yildiz, Ismail (2019): Morphology and molecular phylogeny of four Frontonia species from Turkey (Protista, Ciliophora). Zootaxa 4609 (3): 548-564, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4609.3.9
