identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CE87A7FFB66945CFEFF8F6FBECFD17.text	03CE87A7FFB66945CFEFF8F6FBECFD17.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus MacLeay 1819	<div><p>Paxillus MacLeay, 1819</p><p>Paxillus MacLeay, 1819: 105; Fonseca &amp; Reyes-Castillo, 2004: 12 (list).</p><p>Type species. Paxillus leachi MacLeay, 1819, subsequently designated by Gravely (1918: 48).</p><p>Diagnosis. Maximum length 30 mm. Body flattened. Lateral frontal tubercles generally more developed and never merged with external angles of frontal area and distinctly separated from these. Lacinia unidentate. Antennal club with five lamellate antennomeres; scape with shallow depression with sparse setae. Pronotum with anterior marginal grooves short, reaching only ¼ or ½ of pronotal width, normally narrowed. Prosternal process pentagonal after procoxae, large and flattened, with subparallel side, never convergent to apex; apical margin evident and broadly truncated. Disc of metasternum laterally marked, with punctures in lateral area of metasternum. Profemora lacking marginal groove on ventral side near anterior margin.</p><p>Habitat. Subcortical species.</p><p>Remarks. Paxillus is usually misidentified as Spasalus, because of the antennal club with five antennomeres. It differs from Spasalus and also from some species of Passalus with a five-antennomere antennal club by characters in the diagnosis above. In Spasalus, the prosternal process is romboidal after the procoxae, never pentagonal, with moderately broad, convergent sides to the apex, apex narrow and round to truncate; the profemora with a marginal groove on the ventral face near the anterior margin; and the pronotum with the anterior marginal groove elongate, reaching ½ of the pronotal width. In Passalus the lacinia is always bidentate; the prosternal process is romboidal, the protibiae are not enlarged, the mesotibiae and metatibiae have apical spines that are similar in size, and the hypostomal process long and separated from the labium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFB66945CFEFF8F6FBECFD17	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFB56944CFEFFCE6FE37F90B.text	03CE87A7FFB56944CFEFFCE6FE37F90B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus leachi MacLeay 1819	<div><p>Paxillus leachi MacLeay, 1819</p><p>(Figs. 1–5)</p><p>Paxillus leachi MacLeay, 1819: 106; Boucher, 1986: 507; Fonseca &amp; Reyes-Castillo, 2004: 13 (list).</p><p>Type locality. MacLeay (1819: 105) mentioned South America, but not a specific locality.</p><p>Diagnosis. Body flattened. Length 16–20 mm. Head (Fig. 1): anterior frontal area punctate; punctures coarse, uneven, sparse or dense; with anterior margin almost straight. Median frontal area with or without elevation, smooth; anterior and posterior frontal ridges elevated. Medial frontal tubercles almost connected the anterior angles of head. Inner tubercles feebly developed and smaller than medial frontal tubercles. Lateral frontal area slightly uneven; lateral post frontal punctate; post frontal groove deep; bridge (epicranial fossae) smooth or finely punctate; central tubercle not free, almost depressed; base larger and connected with lateral posterior tubercles. Antennal club (Fig. 2) with anterior margin straight or almost straight (when closed). First antennomere very reduced. Pronotum: anterior margin almost straight; anterior angles slightly protracted; anterior marginal groove punctate (Fig. 1), reaching at least part of the anterior margin. Lateral margin almost straight, lateral marginal groove narrow and abundantly punctate. Pronotum sparse or densely punctate at sides, with indistinct or absent scar. Prosternal process and scutellum flat and smooth. Elytra: humerus with or without setae, lateral striae with coarse punctures, dorsal striae with fine punctures. Mesosternun smooth; sides with irregular scar somewhat elongate, depressed, and opaque; behind the scar not depressed and opaque. Metasternun: lateral area with punctures variable (fine to coarse), confluent, with some sparse setae; disc strongly depressed, evident. Posterolateral area of metasternum with deep and sparse punctures. Mesotibia: dorsally pubescent, with 1–2 lateral median spines. Aedeagus (Figs. 3– 5): slightly longer than wide and feebly sclerotized in medium dorsal region. Phallus slightly longer than the parameres and phallobase combined. Parameres and phallobase fused, lacking obvious suture. Parameres very slightly dilated before the apex (lateral view) and rounded at the apex (dorsal view); ventral distal margin of phallobase with moderately deep and round notch.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Doesburg (1974) and Reyes-Castillo &amp; Fonseca (1997) described the presence of the sexual dimorphism in P. l e a c h i, in which the female has pubescent humeri, with long setae (male with short setae). We observed that many males with glabrous humeri only have the setae within puctures. The sex of these specimens was confirmed by dissection.</p><p>Distribution. Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, West Indies, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil (Roraima, Amapa, Amazonas, Acre, Pará, Mato Grosso, Goias, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Santa Catarina), Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina. Luederwaldt (1931: 70) cited Paramaribo (Suriname).</p><p>Material examined. Brazil. Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa 1 male, 1 female, 23.I.1964. 1 male, 19.II.1964; 1 male, 13.XI.1966; 1 male, 7.XII.1964, Elias leg. (DZUP). Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis (Ilha Grande, Vila Dois Rios) 1, 9–12.X.2008, Proj, Coleoptera leg.; 1, 25.VII. 2009, Exp. Zoo. leg. (DZRJ); Itatiaia (Parque Nacional de Itatiaia), Exp. MNRJ leg. (DZRJ); Rio de Janeiro (Floresta da Tijuca), 1 female, 26.I.1968, Moura &amp; Seabra leg. (DZUP); 2, 8.III.2008. Rio Grande do Sul: Porto Alegre (Manresa), 1 male, 29.III.1982, C. Tirelli leg. (MAPA).</p><p>Remarks. Paxillus leachi is widely distributed from Mexico to Argentina, but it differs from the other species of the genus by the characters given in the key. See other remarks under P. borellii, P. chapadensis new species and P. uaupesensis new species .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFB56944CFEFFCE6FE37F90B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFB46942CFEFF8E5FDC0FD7C.text	03CE87A7FFB46942CFEFF8E5FDC0FD7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus forsteri Luederwaldt 1927	<div><p>Paxillus forsteri Luederwaldt, 1927</p><p>(Figs. 6–7)</p><p>Paxillus forsteri Luederwaldt, 1927: 38; Fonseca &amp; Reyes-Castillo, 2004: 13 (list).</p><p>Type locality. Campinas, currently part of the Goiania city (Goiás, Brazil).</p><p>Diagnosis. Female. Length 15–19 mm. Head (Fig. 6): anterior frontal area opaque and punctate, punctures coarse and sparse; anterior margin slightly sinuous and strongly notched medially; secondary medial frontal tubercles with distinct angles. Median frontal area usually smooth, without elevation. Anterior and posterior frontal ridges feebly elevated. Inner tubercles evident and smaller than median frontal tubercles, median frontal tubercles robust. Lateral frontal area slightly uneven with scarce and fine punctures. Bridge salient and smooth. Central tubercle free and distinct; lateral posterior tubercles salient and evident. Lateral post-frontal area usually smooth. Antennal club (Fig. 7) with first antennomere very reduced usually ¾ width of succeeding antennomere. Pronotum: anterior margin slightly sinuate, anterior angles slightly protracted. Anterior and lateral marginal grooves narrow and finely punctate (Fig. 6); weakly defined scar obscured by the coarse punctures; lateral area of pronotum with scarce and fine punctures. Lateral marginal grooves of pronotum with wide smooth area, elongate and uneven. Median area of pronotum with fine punctures, posterior margin with dense pubescence in the middle. Prosternal process flat and opaque. Scutellum flat and smooth. Elytra: humeri glabrous or with sparse pubescence. Mesosternum: lateral area strongly depressed in anterior ⅔, with elongate and rugose scar at apex, surface opaque. Metasternum: depressed disc, evident by row of fine punctures; lateral median area smooth; anterior and posterior lateral area with sparse punctures. Mesotibia dorsally pubescent, with 1–2 spines medial-laterally. Metatibia with 0–1 spines. Abdomen: sternites rugose and punctate at sides. Aedeagus: described and illustrated by Büuhrnheim (1978: 19, Figs. 4–6): “Phallus globose; parameres elongate and weakly broader in the apex, with aspect trifidus”.</p><p>Type material. Lectotype and 22 paralectotypes examined. Brazil (Goias), Campinas (currently part of Goiania city), VI.1927, P. Foster leg., deposited MZSP. The lectotype was designated by Reyes-Castillo (1988).</p><p>Material examined. Pará: Jacarecanga, 2 females (dissected), XII.1968, Alvarenga leg. (DZUP).</p><p>Distribution. Luederwaldt (1931): Peru, Bolivia, Brazil (Pará, Goiás). Luederwaldt (1931) gave the specific localities Goiânia and Serra Geral in Goiás.</p><p>Remarks. Paxillus forsteri is distinguished from the other species of the genus mainly by the anterior margin of head slightly sinuate and strongly notched, secondary medial frontal tubercles with distinct angles (Fig. 6), and aedeagus with three-prong aspect of parameres (unique in the genus). Luederwaldt (1927) cited anterior margin of head either the notch in middle or with distinct tooth. We interpreted that the protuberant sides of the central notch are the same that the secondary medial frontal tubercles with distinct angles (Fig. 6). These characters are variable based on the type material examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFB46942CFEFF8E5FDC0FD7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFB26942CFEFFD75FE22F948.text	03CE87A7FFB26942CFEFFD75FE22F948.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus camerani (Rosmini 1902) Rosmini 1902	<div><p>Paxillus camerani (Rosmini, 1902)</p><p>(Figs. 8–9)</p><p>Paxillosomus camerani Rosmini, 1902: 4; Boucher, 1986: 504.</p><p>Paxillus camerani, Luederwaldt 1931: 77; Blackwelder 1944: 191 (list).</p><p>Type locality. Valle Santiago (Ecuador).</p><p>Diagnosis. Female. Length 14.5–16.0 mm. Head (Fig. 8): labrum with anterior margin slightly concave, frontal area punctate, anterior margin very slightly notched medially; median frontal area smooth and elevated; anterior frontal ridges weakly curved and elevated, ending before reaching medial frontal tubercles; posterior frontal ridges elevated; medial frontal tubercles prominent and directed forward. Inner tubercles small and distinct; lateral frontal area uneven, with smooth bridge; central tubercle short, slightly broader at the base and slightly separated from the posterior lateral tubercles, posterior lateral tubercles small. Post frontal area declivous and opaque. Antennal club (Fig. 9): first antennomere reduced, antennomere 8 slightly longer than antennomere 9. Pronotum: anterior and lateral margins straight; anterior marginal with groove short, at least 1/6 length of margin, anterior marginal and the lateral marginal narrowed and with single row of coarse punctures. Prosternal process with disc elevated and slightly depressed in the center. Scutellum with median line. Mesosternum smooth and shiny; scar punctate, with punctures exceeding the border of scar. Mesepisternum with large opaque area. Metasternum: disc evident by the coarse and confluent punctures in the margins. Post lateral area of metasternum with fine and sparse punctures. Elytra: humeri with tuft of moderately elongate and sparse setae. Abdomen: sternite slightly rugose and depressed at sides. Mesotibia dorsally pubescent, with 0–1 lateral median spines.</p><p>Distribution. Luederwaldt (1931: 78) cited Ecuador (Zamora and Napo) and Brazil (Amazonas and Mato Grosso). Boucher (1986) added French Guiana.</p><p>Material examined. Ecuador, Napo, Santa Cecilia, 1 female (dissected), VI. 1968, W. Bokermann leg., excollection Alvarenga (DZUP).</p><p>Remarks. Paxillus camerani is similar to P. borellii in the anterior margin of head, but it differs from the other species by the anterior margin of the head distinctly straight (Fig. 8) and mesosternal scar punctate, with punctures exceeding the border of scar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFB26942CFEFFD75FE22F948	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFB26940CFEFF8A6FD2FFE54.text	03CE87A7FFB26940CFEFF8A6FD2FFE54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus borellii (Pangella 1905) Pangella 1905	<div><p>Paxillus borellii (Pangella, 1905)</p><p>(Figs. 10–11)</p><p>Paxillosomus borellii Pangella. 1905: 3 .</p><p>Paxillus borelli [sic], Fonseca &amp; Reyes-Castillo 2004: 12 (list).</p><p>Type locality. Asuncion, Paraguay.</p><p>Diagnosis. Female. Length 17–22 mm. Head (Fig. 10): labrum with anterior margin from slightly to deeply curved; anterior frontal area unevenly punctate, punctures moderately coarse somewhat dense and shallow; median frontal area unevenly elevated, anterior and posterior ridges weakly elevated and well marked. Inner tubercles of variable size, when short, with distinct apex. Medial frontal tubercles robust, larger than inner tubercles, and distant from anterior angles of the head. Lateral frontal area deep, with uneven elevations, and coarse and sparse punctures. Bridge strong and smooth. Central tubercle short, not free, feebly dilated, somewhat merged with posterior lateral tubercles; posterior lateral tubercles short and evident by the transverse anterior ridge. Lateral postfrontal area either smooth or punctate. Antennal club (Fig. 11): first antennomere reduced, usually half as long as second antennomere. Pronotum: anterior and lateral margins straight, sinuate near the anterior angles; anterior marginal groove short, usually reaching at least ¼ of anterior margin, rarely elongate, narrow and with fine punctures. Lateral marginal groove of pronotum narrow, with fine punctures, shallow and contiguous; lateral area with moderately coarse, irregular punctures, indistinct scar; posterior margin with or without short pubescence, or tuft of setae; medial groove reaching the anterior margin. Prosternal process posteriorly wide and truncate. Scutellum with median groove. Elytra: humerus with tuft of setae (females). Mesosternum smooth with elongate, opaque scar occupuing more than half of lateral area. Metasternum: disc evident; median and posterior lateral area with some coarse punctures. Mesotibia dorsally pubescent with one small median lateral spine.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Reyes-Castillo &amp; Fonseca (1997) cited that the females of P. borellii have humeri pubescent with long setae, while the males were either with or without short setae. This information was corroborated by dissections.</p><p>Type material. Holotype not examined, deposited to Musei di Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della Università di Torino, Assunción, Torino, Italy.</p><p>The syntype of Paxillus pentaphylloides Luederwaldt, 1931 was examined, and it has the label: São Paulo, Jaraguá, V.1900 (MZSP).</p><p>Distribution. Luederwaldt (1931): Puerto Rico, Colombia, French Guiana, Brazil, and Paraguay. Fonseca &amp; Reyes-Castillo (2004) cited Brazil: Amazonas, Pará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul.</p><p>Material examined. BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia, 700 m, 1 female, 5.VII.1935, Zikán leg. (MAPA); São Paulo: Jundiaí, 1 female (dissected), IX.1900, M. Becam leg. (MAPA); Santa Catarina: Seara, 1 female, 30.I.1996, A. Bonaldo leg. (MCNZ) Rio Grande do Sul: Cahy, 2 females, I.1932, Buck leg. (MAPA); Salto do Jacuí (Horto da CEEE), 1 female, 25–29.X.1999 (light trap); Tapes (Faz. São Miguel, 30°28’58,2”S 51°22’20,8”W), 1 female, 17.XII.2003, Equipe Probio leg.(entomological umbrella) (MCNZ); Itaíranga, 3 female, VI.1964; Nova Petrópolis, 1, III.1928, (MAPA).</p><p>Remarks. Paxillus borellii differs from the other species of the genus by the anterior margin of head with anterior angles forward; mesosternal scar oval and microcorrugated.</p><p>The aedeagus was described by Bührnheim (1978: plate V, Figs. 1–3), it is convex, longer than wide; phallus globular; parameres and phallobase fused. Parameres rounded at apex. Phallobase weakly shorter than parameres; ventral distal margin feebly notched (ventral view).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFB26940CFEFF8A6FD2FFE54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFB06940CFEFFE5DFEAFF822.text	03CE87A7FFB06940CFEFFE5DFEAFF822.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus reyesi Mattos & Mermudes	<div><p>Paxillus reyesi Mattos &amp; Mermudes, new species</p><p>(Figs. 12–16)</p><p>Diagnosis. Length 18–21 mm. Head (Fig. 12): labrum with anterior margin almost concave, sometimes discreetly notched medially; anterior frontal area punctate, punctures shallow and moderately coarse; median frontal area slightly elevated; anterior frontal ridges elevated, almost straight; posterior frontal ridges elevated, straight, and short; medial frontal tubercles robust, slightly larger than inner tubercles; inner tubercles robust, slightly elevated. Lateral frontal area deep and with fine punctures. Central tubercle short, free, more dilated at the base near posterior lateral tubercles. Bridge robust and smooth Lateral post-frontal area smooth and deep. Antennal club (Fig. 13): first antennomere reduced, slightly longer than half of the second antennomere, evidently more narrow. Pronotum: anterior and lateral margins straight; anterior marginal groove short, reaching ¼ of the length of anterior margin, narrow, with fine punctures. Lateral marginal groove narrow with fine punctures; lateral area with irregular and coarse punctures, often fused, moderately dense; scar punctate; median groove almost reaches anterior margin. Scutellum lacking median groove. Prosternal process posteriorly wide, truncate, with or without punctures. Elytra: humerus with tuft of setae (females) or sparse and short setae (males). Mesosternum smooth; scar subequal, half as long as the sides of mesosternum, deep and microsculptured, narrower posteriorly. Metasternum: disc evident, flattened, anterior lateral area finely and densely punctate, with scarce pubescence; posterior lateral area punctate, with dense and shallow punctures, denser near the disc. Mesotibia dorsally pubescent with one medial lateral spine. Metatibiae pubescent and unarmed. Aedeagus (Figs. 14–16): convex, longer than wide; phallus globular, as long as parameres and phallobase together (lateral view); parameres and phallobase fused. Parameres wider in the median region, slightly more narrow and rounded at apex (lateral view). Phallobase slightly longer than wide, narrowed near phallobase, truncate at apex (lateral view); with sclerotized triangular area (dorsal view); wider than long; ventral distal margin with a small notch (ventral view).</p><p>Dimensions (mm). Total length (from anterior margin of labrum to apex of elytra) 18–21; elytral length (on median line) 11–13; pronotal length (on median line) 4.0–5.5; pronotal width 5.5–6.0; humeral width 6–7.</p><p>Type material. Holotype male from BRAZIL: Rio Grande do Sul, Salvador do Sul, 1 male (dissected), 13.X.1974, C. Becker leg., col. MCN 21.193, Paxillys pentaphyllus Fonseca det. 1988 (MCNZ). Paratypes: BRAZIL, Espírito Santo: Santa Tereza, 1 male (dissected), 7.XII. [19]64, C. Elias leg. (DZUP); Santa Catarina: Maratá, 1 male (dissected), II.1926 (MAPA); Rio Grande do Sul, Alto Feliz, 2 female, II.1932, (MAPA), Itauba, 1 female, 19.IV.1978, M.H. Galileo leg. (MCNZ); Porto Alegre, Manresa, 1 female, 29.III.1982, L. O.Ferreira leg., 1 male and 5 female, 4.V.1967, F.R.Meyer leg. (MAPA); Montenegro, 2 female, 6.X.1977, T. Arigony leg. (MCNZ).</p><p>Remarks. Paxillus reyesi differs from P. pentaphyllus Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, P. borellii Pangella, 1905, and also from P. leachi by the first antennomere of antennal club reduced (Fig. 13), slightly longer than half of the second antennomere, evidently narrower; but mainly by the characters of aedeagus listed above (Figs. 14–16). Paxillus reyesi is more similar to P. pentaphyllus Palisot de Beauvois, 1805, which has been the subject of discussion in the literature since Boucher (2006). He questioned the description of the aedeagus of P. borellii made by Bührnheim (1978) because it is indeed P. pentaphylloides Luederwaldt, 1931, today synonymized with P. borellii .</p><p>Based on comparative studies of the aedeagus, P. reyes i is different from the P. pentaphyllus Palisot de Beauvois, 1805 specimens studied by Boucher (from Haiti).</p><p>Etymology. The name is in honor to Dr. Pedro Reyes-Castillo, who very kindly helped us and encouraged us to study Passalidae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFB06940CFEFFE5DFEAFF822	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFBF694ECFEFFAD8FCB7F8CF.text	03CE87A7FFBF694ECFEFFAD8FCB7F8CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus manausensis Mattos & Mermudes	<div><p>Paxillus manausensis Mattos &amp; Mermudes, new species</p><p>(Figs. 17–21)</p><p>Description. Length 15–16 mm. Head (Fig. 17): labrum with anterior margin almost straight, with fine and moderately dense setiferous punctures; anterior frontal area irregularly punctate, with coarse and shallow punctures, somewhat dense; opaque inside the punctures; median frontal area irregularly elevated, opaque; anterior frontal ridges elevated, almost straight, reaching median frontal tubercles; posterior ridges forming an obtuse angle. Inner tubercles evident and prominent, smaller than medial frontal tubercles, medial frontal tubercles developed, elevated, and acuminate. Lateral frontal area deep with irregular elevations; elevations with coarse, shallow punctures, microsculpturing inside punctures. Bridge strong and smooth. Central tubercle short, not free, somewhat less dilated at base and merged with posterior lateral tubercles; posterior lateral tubercles small and distinct at the apex. Lateral post-frontal area smooth or punctate. Antennal club (Fig. 18): first antennomere reduced, ½ shorter than second antennomere, narrower and acuminate at apex, other antennomeres subequal. Pronotum: anterior and lateral margins straight, anterior marginal groove short, usually reaching ¼ of anterior margin; rarely long, narrow and with fine punctures, weakly separated from anterior margin. Lateral marginal groove of pronotum narrow, with coarse, contiguous and dense punctures; lateral area with irregular punctation, sometimes confluent; indistinct scar; posterior margin with or without short pubescence or tuft of setae. Prosternal process, not flattened, posteriorly wide and truncate. Scutellum flattened, with wide median groove. Elytra: humeri with tuft of setae (females) or few short setae (males). Mesosternum smooth, short scar, reaching mid length of side of mesosternum, usually suboval; lateral anterior area opaque. Metasternum: disc evident, anterior lateral area with coarse punctures, confluent and microsculptured, reaching lateral median area near the disc; posterolateral area of metasternum with fine and denser punctures. Mesotibia dorsally pubescent, sometimes with one small spine. Aedeagus (Fig. 19–21) slightly longer than wide and less sclerotized (dorsal view). Phallus globular, longer than parameres and phallobase together (lateral view); phallobase and parameres fused (lateral view), lacking division between them; parameres shortened, abruptly acuminate at apex, with inner right angle (lateral view). Phallobase strongly transverse and narrowed in the middle; ventral distal margin wide and deeply notched (ventral view).</p><p>Dimensions (mm). Total length (from anterior margin of labrum to apex of elytra) 15–16; elytral length (on median line) 9; pronotal length (on median line) 3; pronotal width 4; humeral width 4.</p><p>Type material. Holotype, male from Brazil: Amazonas: Manaus, VII.1959, C. Elias leg. Mattos &amp; Mermudes det. 2012 (DZUP, nº 187918). Paratype: female with same data as holotype (DZUP, nº 187916).</p><p>Remarks. Paxillus manausensis is easily distinguished from P. borellii, P. pentaphyllus, and P. reyesi by the inner tubercles evident and prominent, smaller than the median frontal tubercles, the latter developed, elevated and acuminate; central tubercle short and merged with the posterior lateral tubercles, these small and distinct at the apex (Fig. 17). In addition, the phallobase is strongly transverse and narrowed in the middle (Figs. 19–21); with the distal margin wide and deeply notched (ventral view), and the parameres short, abruptly acuminate at the apex (lateral view).</p><p>Etymology. The name refers to the type locality, Manaus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFBF694ECFEFFAD8FCB7F8CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFBD694DCFEFFF15FB7EF95D.text	03CE87A7FFBD694DCFEFFF15FB7EF95D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus chapadensis Mattos & Mermudes	<div><p>Paxillus chapadensis Mattos &amp; Mermudes, new species</p><p>(Figs. 22–27)</p><p>Description. Length 16–19 mm. Head (Fig. 22): labrum with anterior margin slightly concave, with fine setiferous punctures; anterior frontal area moderately to densely punctate, shallow, wide, and opaque, interstices unevenly narrowed; anterior margin of frontal area straight; median frontal area with weak elevation anterior to central tubercle; anterior and posterior frontal ridges elevated, evident, extending from central to medial frontal tubercles. Medial frontal tubercles elevated, robust, surpassing anterior margin of frontal area. Inner tubercles distinct, elevated, smaller than medial frontal tubercles; central tubercle short, not free, dilated at base, continuous with posterior lateral tubercles; these evident. Lateral post-frontal area usually punctate; bridge strong and smooth. Supraocular margin with tubercles and very fine punctures; canthus rounded at apex, ocular keel with fine and sparse punctures. Postocular sulcus strong and densely punctuate; punctures confluent, deep, and opaque. Antennae (Figs. 23–24): first antennomere of club short, second antennomere longer; scape with dorsal subapical spine and ventrally impressed with sparse setae. Lateral lobes of mentum somewhat pubescent and with few coarse punctures; scars irregular and open to outside, internally opaque (fossae of each lobe irregularly rounded, deeper and with the margin elevated and clearly marked on the inner portion). Pronotum: anterior margin sinuate; anterior marginal groove narrow and punctate, reaching middle of anterior margin, usually touching margin. Lateral marginal groove narrow and punctate, with fine, sparse pubescence. Sides of pronotum with irregular punctures, which are often fused; with punctate scar; posterior margin with or without short pubescence, or with yellowishorange tuft of setae. Prosternal process strongly impressed and opaque in middle; with shallow, irregular, confluent punctures; laterally smooth and shiny. Scutellum with median circular depression. Elytra with tuft of moderately long and dense setae, dorsal striae with small punctures; lateral striae with large punctures. Mesosternum smooth, with scar usually elongate (rarely oval), narrow and shallow deep; lateral anterior area punctate. Metasternum: disc evident by edges of margin; anterior lateral area punctate and pubescent; posterior lateral area moderately finely punctate, punctures contiguous with margin of disc. Lateral fossae of metasternum narrowing anteriorly with lower margin elevated and in posterior region slightly wider, lacking elevated margin, surface opaque. Sternite 7 rounded or slightly sinuate at apex. Mesotibia dorsally pubescent; with 1 lateral median spine. Aedeagus (Figs. 25–27) as long as wide. Phallus subglobular, longer than parameres and phallobase together (lateral view). Phallobase and parameres fused, lacking suture line. Parameres weakly elongate, conspicuously curved and acuminate at apex, with a distinct downward curve (lateral view).</p><p>Dimensions (mm). Total length (from anterior margin of labrum to apex of elytra) 16–19; elytral length (median line) 10–11; pronotal length (median line) 4–5; pronotal width 6; humeral width 5.</p><p>Variability. Frontal area with shallow punctures, these varying from contiguous to aligned in two or three irregular rows. In one of the paratypes, the scape of antennae has a spine on only the right side.</p><p>Remarks. P. chapadensis is distinguished from other species of the genus by the scape with a dorsal subapical spine and a ventral impression (Figs. 23–24), with sparse setae; and the prosternal process strongly impressed and opaque in the middle. The parameres (Fig. 26) are conspicuously curved and acuminate at the apex in lateral view.</p><p>Type material. Holotype male from Brazil: Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães, 27.XI.1983, Exp. Dep. Zool. UFPR leg., Mattos &amp; Mermudes det. 2012 (DZUP). Paratypes: 3 (1 male, 2 females), 27.XI.1983, 1 female, 18.XI.1983, Exp. Dep. Zool. UFPR leg. (DZUP).</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after the type locality, the Chapada dos Guimarães.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFBD694DCFEFFF15FB7EF95D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFBB694ACFEFFF35FE95FE23.text	03CE87A7FFBB694ACFEFFF35FE95FE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus uaupesensis Mattos & Mermudes	<div><p>Paxillus uaupesensis Mattos &amp; Mermudes, new species</p><p>(Figs. 28–32)</p><p>Description. Length 14 mm. Head (Fig. 28): labrum with anterior margin slightly concave, with pubescent punctures; anterior frontal area densely punctate, punctures coarse, opaque inside; anterior margin straight; posterior frontal area lacking elevation and smooth; posterior and anterior frontal ridges elevated and sinuate, extending from central tubercle to medial frontal tubercles; inner tubercles diminutive; central tubercle not free, wider at base and continuous with posterior lateral tubercles; posterior lateral tubercles small and evident; frontal fossae usually punctate; bridge robust and smooth; supraocular margins tuberculate with fine punctures; postocular sulcus finely punctate. Antennae (Fig. 29): first antennomere of club reduced, acute at apex; scape impressed ventrally. Mentum with lateral lobes irregularly rounded and somewhat pubescent; scars opaque, clearly marked on inner portion, open to outside. Pronotum: anterior margin slightly sinuate; anterior marginal groove narrow, punctate, not reaching middle of anterior margin, usually touching it. Lateral marginal groove narrow and punctate, with fine pubescence; reaching middle of posterior margin. Sides of pronotum irregularly punctate; lacking scars. Prosternal process flat and smooth. Scutellum narrowly grooved. Elytra: dorsal striae with small punctures; lateral striae with coarse punctures. Mesosternum with scars ample and impressed, corrugated inside the elevated margins. Metasternum with lateral fossae narrow. Metepisternum narrow, finely punctate, and pubescent. Mesotibia dorsally pubescent, with 1 lateral median spine. Abdomen: sternites with subtriangular and micropunctate depression. Aedeagus (Figs. 30–32) as long as wide. Phallus globular. Parameres elongate, as long as phallobase, narrow and curved to apex, apex rounded. Phallobase narrow and transverse at the middle (dorsal view), and merged laterally with parameres (lateral view); ventral distal margin deeply notched (“V”-shaped in ventral view).</p><p>Dimensions (mm). Total length (anterior margin of labrum to elytral apex) 14; elytral length (median line) 9; pronotal length (median line) 4; pronotal width 5; humeral width 4.5.</p><p>Type material. Holotype male from BRAZIL, Uaupes (Amazonas), 7–12.VII.1956, Alvarenga leg., Mattos &amp; Mermudes det. 2012 (DZUP, nº 187913).</p><p>Remarks. Paxillus uaupesensis differs from the other species of the genus by the scars of the mesosternum well defined and impressed, corrugated inside; the prosternal process flat and smooth; and the scutellum impressed. The aedeagus is as described above (Figs. 30–32).</p><p>Etymology. The specific name is a tribute to the indigenous tribe Uaupés, who live along the Uaupés River, state of Amazonas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFBB694ACFEFFF35FE95FE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
03CE87A7FFBA694ACFEFFDAFFA64F90A.text	03CE87A7FFBA694ACFEFFDAFFA64F90A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paxillus	<div><p>Key to the species of Paxillus</p><p>1. Central tubercle short; disc of metasternum delimited by punctures or group of punctures in the median and posterior lateral area................................................................................................ 3</p><p>- Central tubercle elongate; disc of metasternum not delimited, lacking defined margins.............................. 2</p><p>2. Central tubercle long, exceeding the frontal margin, apex completely free......... P. macrocerus Reyes-Castillo &amp; Fonseca</p><p>- Central tubercle large and flat, not exceeding the frontal margin, apex free.. P. corniculatus Fonseca, Gouveia, &amp; Fernandes</p><p>3. Secondary median frontal tubercles evident on the anterior margin of the head.................................... 4</p><p>- Secondary median frontal tubercles absent................................................................. 6</p><p>4. Hypostomal process opaque and with short setae at apex...................... P. amazonicus Reyes-Castillo &amp; Fonseca</p><p>- Hypostomal process shiny and glabrous at apex.............................................................. 5</p><p>5. Mesosternal scar oval, weakly evident and shiny; metasternal fossae glabrous.................... P. forsteri Luederwaldt</p><p>- Mesosternal scar elongate and narrow, rugose inside; metasternal fossae pubescent............... P. pleuralis Luederwaldt</p><p>6. Mesosternal scar punctate, with punctures exceeding the border of scar......................... P. camerani (Rosmini)</p><p>- Mesosternal scar smooth, impunctate...................................................................... 7</p><p>7. Antennal club with short antennomeres, the first antennomere short, reduced..................... P. jamaicensis Hincks</p><p>- Antennal club with elongate antennomeres................................................................ 8</p><p>8. Prosternal process smooth; scape either lacking dorsal spine or ventrally impressed, without setae.................... 9</p><p>- Prosternal process strongly impressed and opaque medially, with shallow, irregular, confluent punctures; scape with dorsal subapical spine and ventrally impressed with sparse setae.............. P. chapadensis Mattos &amp; Mermudes, new species</p><p>9. Medial frontal tubercles almost connected with the anterior angles of head. Frontal area with anterior margin almost straight. Antennal club with anterior margin straight or almost straight (when closed)........................ P. leachi MacLeay</p><p>- Medial frontal tubercles distinctly separated from anterior angles of head. Frontal area with anterior margin from feebly con- cave to straight. Antennal club with anterior margin weakly convex (when closed)................................ 10</p><p>10. Anterior margin of head with anterior angles forward; mesosternal scar oval and microcorrugated.... P. borellii (Pangella)</p><p>- Anterior margin of head with anterior angles downward; mesosternal scar elongate............................... 11</p><p>11. Scutellum grooved................................................................................... 12</p><p>- Scutellum smooth................................................................................... 13</p><p>12. Labrum with anterior margin almost straight; central tubercle somewhat less dilated at base and merged with posterior lateral tubercles..................................................... P. manausensis Mattos &amp; Mermudes, new species</p><p>- Labrum with anterior margin slightly concave; central tubercle wider at base and continuous with posterior lateral tubercles.............................................................. P. uaupesensis Mattos &amp; Mermudes, new species</p><p>13. Mesosternal scar straight, wide and deep................................ P. re y e s i Mattos &amp; Mermudes, new species</p><p>- Mesosternal scar oval, widely sinuate......................................... P. pentaphyllus (Palisot de Beauvois)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CE87A7FFBA694ACFEFFDAFFA64F90A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mattos, Ingrid;Mermudes, José Ricardo M.	Mattos, Ingrid, Mermudes, José Ricardo M. (2013): Synopsis of Paxillus MacLeay, 1819 (Coleoptera: Passalidae): distributional records and descriptions of four new species from Brazil. Zootaxa 3652 (3): 327-342, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3652.3.2
