taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CE87C273283C1B6EF5FAB8A05D53E1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. Parapolycope germanica Klie, 1936.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C273283C1B6EF5FAB8A05D53E1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Carapace oval, narrow, thin and translucent; female with circular upper lip; antennula with four podomeres; exopodite of antenna nine podomeres, endopodite three podomeres; coxal endites of the mandibula with few sharp teeth, palpus (basis and endopodite) with three indistinct podomeres, button-shaped last podomere carries two setae, exopodite present as one seta; endopodite and exopodite of maxillula strongly shortened; exopodite of fifth limb reduced to a wide bristle; furca with reduced number of claws; male, upper lip with strong chitinous hook; one ventral seta with large disk-shaped sucker on the last podomere in antennula; both lamellae of furca with a flagellum, with the left one considered to be a modified copulatory duct.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C2732E3C156EECFF10A59B54A5.taxon	description	(Figures 2 – 7)	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C2732E3C156EECFF10A59B54A5.taxon	materials_examined	Type series Holotype. Adult male (SUM-CO- 2066), appendages mounted on glass slide and valves preserved in a cardboard cell slide. Paratypes. Six adult males (SUM-CO- 2067 – 2072) and six adult females (SUM-CO- 2073 – 2078). All specimens were collected on 27 November 2008. Type locality The holotype specimen was collected from Orange Beach, Ito City, Shizuoka Prefecture, the Pacific coast of central Japan, 34 ◦ 97 ′ 52 ′′ N, 139 ◦ 09 ′ 70 ′′ E (Figure 1; Table 2); interstitial environment at 40 cm below the shoreline sand surface. The substrate consisted mainly of coarse sand.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C2732E3C156EECFF10A59B54A5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Carapace elliptical in lateral view. Carapace surface covered with a small number of shallow pits. Distal part of male upper lip exhibiting a parrot’s beak-like shape. Male copulatory organ bearing one long tube. Male furcal lamella with three stout claws and one distal hamulus; right lamella with four stout claws and one distal long furcal projection (right flagellum) toward dorsal at distal end. Female furcal lamella with four stout claws.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C2732E3C156EECFF10A59B54A5.taxon	description	Description of adult male Carapace (Figures 2 A – E, 3, 4). Right valve length 174 – 187 µm and height 115 – 125 µm, left valve length 170 – 185 µm and height 111 – 124 µm (Table 1). Elliptical in lateral view. Surface of anterior area covered with a small number of shallow pits (Figure 2 A, B). Serration along anterior margin with 17 and 16 sharp processes in right and left valves, respectively (Figure 4). Marginal infold of each valve developed along anterior to posteroventral margins (Figure 2 C, D). Along inner margin of right valve, anterodorsal bar and groove (Figure 3 B), posterodorsal bar (Figure 3 D), posterior element of hinge structure (Figure 3 E), posteroventral groove (Figure 3 F), and one socket (part of hinge structure) developed at dorsal end (Figure 3 C). Along inner margin of left valve, anterodorsal bar (Figure 3 H), posterodorsal bar (Figure 3 J), posterior element of hinge structure (Figure 3 K), posteroventral bar (Figure 3 L), and one knob (part of hinge structure) developed at dorsal end (Figure 3 I). Adductor muscle scars oval and consisting of three closely spaced scars (Figure 4). Frontal organ. Absent. Antennula (Figure 5 C). Uniramus, four articulated podomeres. First podomere quadrate, with two and one tufts of setulae on anterior margin and lateral surface, respectively. Second podomere about 1.5 times as long as first podomere, with one annulated setulous seta on anterior proximal end, one cluster of hairs on anterior margin, and two minute spines at anterior distal end. Third podomere about 1.2 times as long as first podomere, with one short annulated seta at anterodistal end and five posterodistal setae consisting of one seta with large disk-shaped sucker, one seta curving at tip furnished with a row of short setulae, one thick seta with comb-like setulae, and two simple setae, respectively (Figure 5 C′). Fourth podomere small, with five long annulated setae. Antenna (Figure 5 E). Typically biramous, with exopodite and endopodite consisting of nine and three podomeres, respectively. Exopodite: first podomere about one-third as long as basis; podomere lengths decreasing in size from second to eighth, each podomere with one long annulated seta, respectively; ninth (distalmost) podomere very small, with one very long annulated seta at proximal end, one medium, and one short annulated setae at distal end. Endopodite (Figure 5 E′): first podomere almost same length to first podomere of exopodite; second podomere same length to first podomere, with three setae along dorsal margin consisting of one medium and two short, and seven setae at distal end consisting of four long, two medium and one short. Third podomere about one-third length of second podomere, with one stout hook-shaped claw extending backward, and two long annulated distal setae. Mandibula (Figure 6 A). Coxal endite with five teeth. Basis with three plumose setae on ventral margin, and tuft of setulae in distal area. Exopodite reduced to one annulated setulous seta. Endopodite consisting of two podomeres. First podomere with two annulated plumose setae on ventral margin near proximal end and two annulated long plumose setae on dorsodistal margin. Second podomere very small, bearing one annulated setulose and one claw-like seta on distal end. Maxillula (Figure 6 B). Precoxa (Figure 6 B ′′) with nine setulous setae (endites) of different lengths. Coxa (Figure 6 B′) with three short and one medium plumose seta (endites) on medial surface near ventral margin, three long plumose setae on ventral margin, setulae along dorsal margin. Basis and first podomere of endopodite fused. Basis with setulae along dorsal margin and one medium and two long plumose setae on ventral margin. First podomere of endopodite with one and two long annulated setae on dorsodistal end and on middle of ventral margin, respectively. Second podomere very small, with one long annulated setulous, two long stout setulous with some bilateral spines, and one long annulated seta. Exopodite consisting of two podomeres. First podomere with setulae along dorsal margin. Second podomere with one very long stout setulated, one very long annulated, three long annulated, and three short annulated setae on ventral margin, and tuft of hairs on dorsal margin. Fifth limb (Figure 6 C). Coxa bearing branchial plate (epipodite) with 11 long plumose setae, and two short setulous setae on dorsodistal area. Basis with three plumose setae on dorsal margin, one slender annulated setulous seta on edge of ventral margin. Endopodite with two annulated plumose and one short and one medium annulated seta on distal margin. Exopodite reduced as one stout setulous seta. Furca (Figure 7 A). Left lamella with three stout claws and one distal hamulus (Figure 7 A′). Right lamella with four stout claws and one distal long furcal projection dorsally at distal end (Figure 7 A ′′). Male copulatory organ (Figure 7 A). Arising from outer surface of body on left side of terminal trunk segment as slender long curved copulatory duct. Upper lip (Figure 5 A). Parrot’s beak-like shaped in lateral view. Numerous setulae on left lateral surface. Description of adult female Mandibula, maxillula, and fifth limbs similar to those of adult male. Carapace (Figure 2 F – J). Right valve length 191 – 236 µm and height 126 – 156 µm, left valve length 188 – 230 µm and height 130 – 154 µm (Table 1). Antennula (Figure 5 D). Uniramus, four articulated podomeres. First podomere quadrate, with two tufts of setulae on anterior margin. Second podomere about 1.3 times as long as first podomere, with one long annulated setulous seta and cluster of short hairs on anterior margin. Third podomere about half length of second podomere, with one and two short setae on anterodistal and posterodistal ends, respectively. Fourth podomere very small with five long annulated setae. Antenna (Figure 5 F). Only second and third podomeres of endopodite different from those of adult male. Endopodite consisting of three podomeres. Second podomere widened distally, with one simple seta on anterodistal end and five annulated setae at posterodistal end. Third podomere about one-third length of second podomere, with three long annulated setae at distal end. Furca (Figure 7 B′, B ′′). Each lamella with four short stout claws. Female copulatory organ (Figure 7 B). Spermatheca extended S-shaped in lateral view. Genital opening sclerotized Upper lip (Figure 5 B). Semicircular in lateral view. Larger than male’s. Occurrence See Figure 1 and Table 2. All specimens were collected by the authors from interstitial pore water.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C2732E3C156EECFF10A59B54A5.taxon	etymology	Etymology Specific name psittacina adjective derived from Latin psittacus (parrot), referring to parrot’s beak-like shape of male upper lip.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C2732E3C156EECFF10A59B54A5.taxon	discussion	Remarks In the adult male, the shape of furca of Parapolycope psittacina sp. nov. and P. germanica Klie, 1936 are similar to each other, i. e. both species have three and four claws on right and left lamellae, respectively. Both are distinguished from each other by the shape of the male upper lip (shaped like a parrot’s beak in the lateral view in P. psittacina sp. nov. versus a strong hook-shaped structure present in P. germanica). Parapolycope psittacina sp. nov. is clearly distinguishable from four other described species, except for P. kunashiri, according to the shape of the male upper lip. Although, a description of the male upper lip in P. kunashiri is absent, this species possesses a longer copulatory duct and larger number of furcal claws in both furcal lamellae than P. psittacina sp. nov., therefore, these species are distinctly different from each other. Parapolycope psittacina sp. nov. has a wide distribution of about 900 km in a linear distance that ranges from Toyooka (Figure 1, Loc. 2) to Kashiwajima (Figure 1, Loc. 18), along the Pacific coast.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C273273C0D6D47FDBEA5D55089.taxon	description	(Figures 8 – 13)	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C273273C0D6D47FDBEA5D55089.taxon	materials_examined	Type series Holotype. Adult male (SUM-CO- 2079), appendages mounted on slides and valves preserved in a cardboard cell slide. Paratypes. Six adult males (SUM-CO- 2080 – 2085) and seven adult females (SUM-CO- 2086 – 2092). All specimens were collected on 22 November 2007. Type locality The holotype specimen was collected from the Koajiro Beach, Ito City, Shizuoka Prefecture, the Pacific coast of central Japan, 34 ◦ 57 ′ 15 ′′ N, 139 ◦ 08 ′ 31 ′′ E (Figure 1; Table 2); interstitial environment at 20 cm below the shoreline sand surface. Substrate consisting of coarse sand with shell fragments.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C273273C0D6D47FDBEA5D55089.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Carapace nearly round in lateral view. Carapace surface covered with a large number of fine pits. Male upper lip with hook-shaped structure. Male copulatory organ bearing one long tube. Male furcal lamella with three stout claws and one distal hamulus; right lamella with four stout claws and one distal long furcal projection (right flagellum) toward dorsal at distal end. Both of female furcal lamellae with four stout claws.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C273273C0D6D47FDBEA5D55089.taxon	description	Description of adult male Carapace (Figures 8 A – E, 9, 10). Right valve length 232 – 248 µm and height 175 – 194 µm, left valve length 230 – 246 µm and height 174 – 196 µm (Table 1). Nearly round in lateral view (Figures 8 A, B, 10). Surface covered with a large number of fine pits (Figure 8 A, B). Serration along anterior margin with 28 and 26 sharp processes in right and left valve, respectively (Figure 10). Marginal infold of each valve developing along anterior to posteroventral margins (Figure 8 C, D). Along inner margin of right valve, anterodorsal bar and groove (Figure 9 B), posteroventral groove (Figure 9 F), posterior element of hinge structure (Figure 9 E), posterodorsal bar (Figure 9 D) and one socket (part of hinge structure) developed at the dorsal end (Figure 9 C). Along inner margin of left valve, anterodorsal bar (Figure 9 H), posteroventral bar (Figure 9 L), posterior element of hinge structure (Figure 9 K), posterodorsal bar (Figure 9 J) and one knob (part of hinge structure) developed on dorsal end (Figure 9 I). Adductor muscle scars oval, consisting of three closely spaced scars (Figure 10). Frontal organ. Absent. Antennula (Figure 11 C). Uniramus, four articulated podomeres. First podomere quadrate, with two tufts and one tuft of setulae on anterior margin and lateral surface, respectively. Second podomere about 1.2 times as long as first podomere, with one annulated setulous seta on anterior proximal end, one cluster of hairs on anterior margin, and two minute spines on anterodistal end. Third podomere same length as first podomere, with one short annulated seta at anterodistal end and five posterodistal setae consisting of one seta with large disk-shaped sucker, one short tip furnished seta with a row of short setulae, one thick medium seta with comb-like setulae at tip, and two medium simple setae, respectively (Figure 11 C′). Fourth podomere small, with three long and two very long annulated setae. Antenna (Figure 11 E). Typically biramous, with exopodite and endopodite consisting of nine and three podomeres, respectively. Exopodite: first podomere about one-third as long as basis; podomere length decreasing in size from second to eighth, each podomere with one long annulated seta, respectively; ninth podomere small, with one long seta on proximal, one medium, and one short annulated seta on distal ends. Endopodite (Figure 11 E′): first podomere same length as first podomere of exopodite; second podomere about four-fifths as long as first podomere, with three simple setae along dorsal margin consisting of one medium and two short, and seven annulated setae on distal end consisting of four long, two medium, one short. Third podomere about one-third length of second podomere, with one strong hook-shaped claw extending backward, and two long annulated setae on distal end. Mandibula (Figure 12 A). Coxal endite with five teeth. Basis with three annulated plumose setae along ventral margin and small tufts of setulae on ventrodistal and dorsodistal surface. Exopodite reduced as one annulated setulous seta. Endopodite consisting of two podomeres. First podomere with two annulated setulous setae along ventral margin near proximal end and two long annulated plumose setae on dorsodistal end. Second podomere very small, with two setulose setae and small tuft of setulae on distal. Maxillula (Figure 12 B). Precoxa (Figure 12 B ′′) with eight setulous setae (endites) of different lengths. Coxa (Figure 12 B′) with three short plumose setae (endites) on medial surface near ventral margin, three long plumose setae on ventral margin, setulae on dorsal margin. Basis and first podomere of endopodite fused. Basis with setulae along dorsal margin and one medium and two long plumose setae along ventral margin. First podomere of endopodite with one long seta at dorsodistal end and two annulated long setae on middle of ventral margin. Second podomere very small, with four setae consisting of two long annulated setulous and two long stout with some bilateral spines and setulae. Exopodite consisting of two almost fused podomeres. First podomere with tuft of hairs on dorsal margin. Second podomere with tuft of hairs on dorsal margin and eight annulated setae consisting of one very long stout, one very long, three long, two medium, and one short along ventral margin. Fifth limb (Figure 12 C). Coxa bearing branchial plate (epipodite) with 12 long plumose setae (Figure 12 C′), and two short setulous setae on dorsal margin. Basis with three plumose setae along dorsal margin, one annulated setulous seta on ventral margin. Endopodite small, with two plumose and two slender simple setae of different length on distal margin. Exopodite very small, with one stout setulous seta at distal end. Furca (Figure 13 A). Left lamella with three stout claws and one distal hamulus (Figure 13 A′). Right lamella with four stout claws and one distal long furcal projection toward dorsal on distal end (Figure 13 A ′′). Male copulatory organ (Figure 13 A). Arising from outer surface of body on left side of terminal trunk segment as a slender long curved tube. Upper lip (Figure 11 A). Dorsal margin straight and ventral margin semicircular downward in left lateral view. Hook-shaped structure with ventral side. Numerous setulae on left lateral surface. Description of adult female Mandibula, maxillula, and fifth limbs similar to those of adult male. Carapace (Figure 8 F – J). Right valve length 258 – 272 µm and height 194 – 207 µm, left valve length 252 – 267 µm and height 196 – 209 µm (Table 1). Slightly depressed round in lateral view (Figure 8 F, G). Antennula (Figure 11 D). Uniramus, four articulated podomeres. First podomere quadrate, with two tufts of setulae along anterior margin. Second podomere about twice as long as first podomere, with one long annulated setulous seta and cluster of hairs on anterior margin. Third podomere two-fifths as long as second podomere, with one and two short setae at anterior and posterior distal ends, respectively. Fourth podomere very small with five annulated distal setae. Antenna (Figure 11 F). Only second and third podomeres of endopodite different from those of adult male. Endopodite consisting of three podomeres. Second podomere widened distally, with one simple seta at anterodistal end and five annulated setae of different length on posterodistal end. Third podomere about one-third length of second podomere, with two long annulated distal setae. Furca (Figure 13 B′, B ′′). Each lamella with four short stout claws. Female copulatory organ (Figure 13 B). Spermatheca extended S-shaped in lateral view. Genital opening sclerotized. Upper lip (Figure 11 B). Semicircular in lateral view. Larger than male’s. Occurrence See Figure 1 and Table 2. All specimens were collected by the authors from interstitial pore water.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C273273C0D6D47FDBEA5D55089.taxon	etymology	Etymology Specific name uncata, adjective derived from Latin uncus (hook), referring to the hookshaped structure of male upper lip.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
03CE87C273273C0D6D47FDBEA5D55089.taxon	discussion	Remarks The carapace and appendage morphologies of Parapolycope uncata sp. nov. and P. germanica are similar to each other. However, this new species is distinguished by the morphology of the male upper lip (basal part of a hook-shaped structure in the lateral view is without a “ waist ” in P. uncata sp. nov. versus narrow in P. germanica). Parapolycope uncata sp. nov. is clearly distinguishable from four other described species except for P. kunashiri by the shape of male upper lip. Parapolycope kunashiri is distinguishable from P. uncata sp. nov. by possessing a longer copulatory duct and a larger number of furcal claws in both furcal lamellae. Parapolycope uncata sp. nov. has a narrower distribution along the Pacific coast than P. psittacina sp. nov., extending from Nahama (Figure 1, Loc. 3) to Oura (Figure 1, Loc. 11), about 150 km in linear distance. Along the Sea of Japan, on the other hand, P. uncata sp. nov. is found in a zone from Omonogawa (Figure 1, Loc. 1) to Yatsumata (Figure 1, Loc. 12), a distance of about 600 km. This result suggests that P. uncata sp. nov. is widely distributed along the Sea of Japan rather than the Pacific. But the authors have researched only two sites along the coast of the Sea of Japan (Yatsumata, Fukui Prefecture and Omonogawa, Akita Prefecture). Therefore further research may show a broader distribution for P. uncata sp. nov.	en	Tanaka, Hayato, Tsukagoshi, Akira (2013): The taxonomic utility of the male upper lip morphology in the ostracod genus Parapolycope (Crustacea), with descriptions of two new species. Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 47 (13 - 14): 963-986, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2012.743615, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2012.743615
