taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CF87E5FFDEFFCAFF46AFD8FDE0F833.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Median ocellus apparently transverse; posterior pair of ocelli widely separated, distance between them mostly equal to that between antennal bases. Male ninth gonostylus always enveloped by ninth tergum and invisible in dorsal view. Male tenth tergum short and subcylindrical, ventrally usually produced into a tubercle bearing a small tuft; tip usually slightly incised and densely setose. Male tenth sternum arched, basally more or less elevated at middle, apical margin usually incised medially. Female eighth sternum subtrapezoidal and narrowing toward apical portion. Female ninth abdominal segment mostly inflated laterally forming a pair of sac-like lobes.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFD8FFCEFF46A860FF33F88F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with two brownish or blackish markings on each side of vertex; pronotum with two blackish markings on each side; male tenth sternum with well developed V-shaped posterior incision, leaving two acutely angled, triangular distal processes. Body length 30 – 32 mm (male) and 43 – 45 mm (female); forewing length 41 – 42 mm (male) and 48 – 50 mm (female), hindwing length 37 – 38 mm (male) and 43 – 45 mm (female). Head (Fig. 24) yellowish brown, without post-ocular spine; vertex with two brownish or blackish markings on each side, lateral marking long, cuneiform, medial marking punctuate, sometimes markings indistinct. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellowish brown, darkly margined medially. Antennae black, with scapes and pedicel yellowish brown. Mouthparts yellowish brown; maxillary palpus and labial palpus dark brown, mandible with distal half black. Prothorax (Fig. 24) yellowish brown; pronotum with two blackish markings on each side. Meso- and metathorax pale yellow to yellowish brown, each dorsally with one pair of brownish markings laterally. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs yellow, with dense, yellowish, short setae; tibiae black apically; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 6) pale brown, with 1 large yellowish marking at base, 3 – 4 yellowish markings at middle, and 1 extremely small white spot on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with indistinct brownish stripes. Hindwings paler than forewings, with 1 extremely small white spot on apical 1 / 3. Veins dark, except veins in yellowish markings pale yellow. Rs 9 to 10 - branched, last branch trifurcate; 9 – 10 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 6 to 7 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 to 4 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen brown with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 25) subquadrate, with trapezoidal anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 26) broad; posterior margin with deep trapezoidal incision, forming two acutely angled, triangular distal processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 27) unguiform and slightly curved inwards and dorsad. Tenth tergum (Figs. 25 – 26) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one well developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner slightly and acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 28) arched, anteriorly distinctly elevated at middle, posterior incision well developed and V-shaped, forming two acutely angled triangular processes; lateral lobes elongated and digitiform, distally slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Fig. 29 – 30) strongly sclerotized and subtriangular in lateral view; apical margin distinctly elevated with arcuate median incision, forming pair of obtuse processes; ninth segment (Fig. 29) laterally inflated in one pair of large subquadrate sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one subtriangular upper and one round lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFD8FFCEFF46A860FF33F88F.taxon	materials_examined	Type materials. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Chongqing, Wanxian, Wangerbao, 1200 m, 27. V. 1994, Wenzhu Li (IZCAS). Paratypes 3 ɗ Ψ, CHINA: Chongqing, Wanxian, Wangerbao, 1200 m, 28. V. 1994, Wenzhu Li (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Chongqing, Changshou, Nanmuyuan, 450 m, 9. VI. 1994, Youwei Zhang (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Chongqing, Changshou, Nanmuyuan, 450 m, 9. VI. 1994, Wenzhu Li (IZCAS); 2 Ψ, CHINA: Chongqing, Fengdu, Shiping, 610 m, 2. VI. 1994, Youwei Zhang (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Chongqing, Fengdu, Shiping, 610 m, 3. VI. 1994, Youwei Zhang (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Shannxi, Langao, Minzhu, 4. VII. 2003, Caixia Yuan & Yushuang Liu (HBU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFD8FFCEFF46A860FF33F88F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Chongqing, Shannxi).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFD8FFCEFF46A860FF33F88F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ acutatus ’ refers to the acutely angled apical processes of the male tenth sternum.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFD8FFCEFF46A860FF33F88F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to P. s i m i l i s in having a similar pattern of markings on the head and prothorax, while it is distinguished by the pattern of markings on the wings and the structure of the male genitalia. In P. acutatus, the yellowish round markings on the apical 1 / 3 of the forewings are absent, instead having an extremely small white spot, and the posterior incision of the male tenth sternum is distinct, forming a pair of acutely angled posterior processes. In P. s i m i l i s, the round yellowish markings are distinct on the apical 1 / 3 of the forewings, and the posterior incision of the male tenth sternum is extremely small.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFDBFFD1FF46AC38FBE2FCEB.taxon	description	Protohermes arunachalensis Ghosh, 1991. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, 88: 147. Type locality: India (Arunachal Pradesh).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFDBFFD1FF46AC38FBE2FCEB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with 2 – 4 pairs of black markings; pronotum with two pairs of large black markings; male ninth sternum with trapezoidal posterior incision; tenth tergum with outer-distal corner produced. Body length 29 – 35 mm (male) and 43 – 47 mm (female); forewing length 40 – 45 mm (male) and 48 – 50 mm (female), hindwing length 34 – 40 mm (male) and 42 – 45 mm (female). Head (Fig. 31) yellow, without post-ocular spine; vertex with 2 – 4 pairs of black markings, posterolateral markings subtriangular. Occiput laterally with pair of black markings. Compound eyes greyish brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae dark, with scapes and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal half black. Thorax yellow. Pronotum (Fig. 31) laterally with two pairs of large black markings; posterolateral corner black. Meso- and metanota brownish on lateral sides. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs yellow with dense yellowish short setae; fore and middle tibiae with dorsal surface black, hind tibia occasionally with dorsal surface also black; tarsi dark; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 7) pale brown, with 1 subtriangular, large yellowish marking at base, several fused yellowish markings at middle, and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brown stripes. Hindwings much paler than forewings, with basal half almost hyaline, and with 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3. Veins pale yellow but dark toward apex. Rs 10 - branched, last branch bifurcate; 7 – 12 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 6 to 9 - branched, M 3 + 4 3 to 4 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen yellowish brown with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 32) subquadrate, with arched anterior and slightly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 33) broad with arched lateral margin, posterior margin with trapezoidal incision forming two blunt triangular posterior processes; central portion apparently inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 34) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 32 – 33) short subcylindrical, ventrally with one feebly developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner distinctly and acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 35) arched, anteriorly slightly elevated at middle; posterior margin medially with one extremely small incision; lateral lobes thick and long digitiform. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 36 – 37) strongly sclerotized, subtriangular in lateral view, posterior margin truncate; ninth segment (Fig. 36) laterally with a pair of small suboval sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one short subtriangular upper and one semicircular lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFDBFFD1FF46AC38FBE2FCEB.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. 4 ɗ 4 Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1500 m, 23. V. 2006, Xingyue Liu (CAU); 6 ɗ 2 Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1500 m, 22. V. 2006, Xingyue Liu (CAU); 2 ɗ Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Tengchong, Longchuanjiang, 1050 m, 16. V. 2006, Xingyue Liu (CAU); 3 ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Tengchong, Jietou, 1500 m, 17. V. 2006, Xingyue Liu (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFDBFFD1FF46AC38FBE2FCEB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan); India (Arunachal Pradesh).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFDBFFD1FF46AC38FBE2FCEB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protohermes arunachalensis was originally described by Ghosh (1991) based on a single male from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Ghosh (1991) also noted that this species closely resembles Protohermes anticus (Walker). Although the type specimen was not available for examination, the presence of a subcylindrical male tenth tergum with a ventral tuft according to the original illustration easily places this species in the P. costalis group. During our survey of western Yunnan, China, several individuals were found and identified as P. arunachalensis, agreeing closely with the original description. The redescription of the male and description of the female was based on the specimens from western Yunnan. This species seems to be closely related to P. triangulatus, but can be separated from it by the trapezoidal posterior incision of the male ninth sternum. In P. triangualtus, the male ninth sternum bears a V-shaped posterior incision. In the original description of P. arunachalensis, a black squarish marking at the tip of the hindwing was mentioned, which is absent from our specimens as well as in the other species of the P. c o s t a l i s group. However, whether the black marking is a stable character or resulted from an aberrant individual should be investigated.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC5FFD2FF46AAC2FC25FCD3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head without any dark markings; pronotum with two large blackish vittae on each side; male ninth sternum with rather shallow trapezoidal posterior incision. Body length 28 – 34 mm (male) and 45 mm (female); forewing length 45 – 48 mm (male) and 55 mm (female), hindwing length 40 – 43 mm (male) and 52 mm (female). Head (Fig. 38) yellowish brown, without post-ocular spine; vertex without markings. Compound eyes pale brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae dark, with yellow scapes and brown pedicel. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal half dark. Prothorax yellow; pronotum (Fig. 38) with two pairs of large blackish markings on each side. Meso- and metathorax yellowish brown, each with one pair of brownish markings laterally. Thoracic pilosity yellow, longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs yellow with dense, yellowish, short setae; tibiae and tarsi black, with narrow bases of fore and middle tarsi and basal 1 / 3 of hind tarsi yellowish brown; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 8) pale smoky brown, with 1 large yellowish marking at base, 3 – 4 mostly connected yellowish markings at middle and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brown stripes. Hindwings much paler than forewings, respectively with 1 round yellowish marking at middle and apical 1 / 3. Veins dark except veins in yellowish markings yellow. Rs 10 - branched, last branch trifurcate; 10 – 11 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 6 - branched, M 3 + 4 4 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen pale brown with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 39) subquadrate, with trapezoidal anterior margin and truncate or sightly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 40) broad with arched lateral margin, posterior margin with rather shallow trapezoidal incision, forming two blunt posterior processes; central portion apparently inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 41) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially, sometimes with an additional dent near tip. Tenth tergum (Figs. 39 – 40) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one well developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner distinctly and acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 42) arched, anteriorly slightly elevated at middle; posterior incision extremely small and V-shaped, forming two papillated processes; lateral lobes digitiform and slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 43 – 44) strongly sclerotized, subtriangular in lateral view, posterior margin distinctly elevated with distinct median incision, forming pair of obtuse processes; ninth segment (Fig. 43) laterally inflated in one pair of large subquadrate sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one subtriangular upper and one semicircular lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC5FFD2FF46AAC2FC25FCD3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Fangcheng, Fulong, 500 m, 24 – 25. V. 1999, Dajun Liu & Xuezhong Zhang (IZCAS). Paratypes: Ψ, CHINA: same data as holotype (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Napo, Defu, 1350 m, 18. VI. 2000, Jun Chen (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Napo, Beidou, 500 m, 22. VI. 2000, Jun Chen (IZCAS). ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Shiwandashan, 19. V. 2006, Kuiyan Zhang (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Funing, 800 m, 18. V. 1979, Yaoxuan Yin (CAU); ɗ, BURMA: Dawna, Sud-qst, 25. XI. 1997, Fumio Hayashi (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC5FFD2FF46AAC2FC25FCD3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Burma (Dawna); China (Guangxi, Yunnan).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC5FFD2FF46AAC2FC25FCD3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species appears to be closely related to P. c o s t a l i s in having similar immaculate head and wing patterns, but can be easily separated by the rather shallow posterior incision of the male ninth sternum. In P. costalis, the posterior incision of the male ninth sternum is deep.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC6FFD4FF46AE1AFD22FA99.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with two pairs of black markings; pronotum with two pairs of small, widely separated black markings; costal areas of forewing with basal 1 – 3 cellules marked brown; male tenth tergum laterally flattened; female ninth abdominal segment without sac-like lobes. Body length 25 – 32 mm (male) and 35 mm (female); forewing length 37 – 40 mm (male) and 50 mm (female), hindwing length 34 – 35 mm (male) and 44 mm (female). Head (Fig. 45) yellow, with blunt post-ocular spine; vertex with two pairs of black markings, lateral markings subtriangular, medial markings suboval. Occiput laterally with pair of black markings. Compound eyes greyish brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae dark, with scapes and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal half black. Thorax yellow. Pronotum (Fig. 45) laterally with two pairs of small, widely separated black markings, posterior marking much broader than anterior marking, but sometimes separated into two narrow markings; posterolateral corner black. Meso- and metanota darker on lateral sides, medially pale. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs yellow with dense yellowish short setae; 5 th tarsus dark; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 9) slightly smoky brown, with 1 large yellowish marking at base, several fused yellowish markings and some small markings on crossveins between R 1 and Rs at middle, and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal areas hyaline except for basal 1 – 3 cellules with distinct brown markings. Hindwings much paler than forewings, with 1 rather indistinct round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3. Veins pale yellow but slightly darker toward apex; costal crossveins dark. Rs 9 to 10 - branched, last branch bifurcate; 9 – 11 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 5 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen yellow with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 46) subquadrate, with arched anterior and slightly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 47) broad with nearly straight lateral margin, posterior margin with wide V-shaped incision, forming two acutely angled triangular posterior processes; central portion apparently inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 48) unguiform and strongly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 46 – 48) short subcylindrical, laterally flattened, ventrally with one tuft at posteromedial corner; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 50) arched, anteriorly slightly elevated at middle; posterior margin medially produced with one small incision at tip; lateral lobes long digitiform. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 51 – 52) strongly sclerotized, subtriangular in lateral view, posterior margin truncate; ninth segment (Fig. 51) without sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one short digitiform upper and one semicircular lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC6FFD4FF46AE1AFD22FA99.taxon	materials_examined	Type materials. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1500 m, 22. V. 2006, Xingyue Liu (CAU). Paratypes: 2 ɗ, CHINA: same data as holotype (CAU); 2 ɗ Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Baoshan, Baihualing, 1500 m, 23. V. 2006, Xingyue Liu (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC6FFD4FF46AE1AFD22FA99.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC6FFD4FF46AE1AFD22FA99.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ basimaculatus ’ refers to the feature of the forewing with only the basal 1 – 3 costal cellules marked brown in the new species.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC6FFD4FF46AE1AFD22FA99.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species is distinguished from the other species of the P. costalis group by the forewing only with the basal 1 – 3 costal cellules marked brown, the laterally flattened male tenth tergum, and the female ninth abdominal segment without sac-like lobes.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC0FFD6FF46ACD0FE78FBAB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head without dark markings; pronotum with two blackish vittae on each side; male ninth sternum with deep trapezoidal posterior incision, leaving two acute-angled triangular posterior processes. Body length 30 – 34 mm (male) and 45 – 52 mm (female); forewing length 36 – 48 mm (male) and 45 – 51 mm (female), hindwing length 32 – 41 mm (male) and 42 – 45 mm (female). Head (Fig. 53) yellowish brown, without post-ocular spine; vertex without any markings. Compound eyes pale yellowish brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black, with scapes and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow or yellowish brown; mandible with distal half black. Thorax yellow. Pronotum (Fig. 53) with two pairs of blackish markings on each side. Meso- and metanota each with one pair of brownish markings on lateral sides. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and meta thorax. Legs yellow with dense yellowish short setae; tibiae and tarsi mostly dark; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 10) pale smoky brown, with 1 large yellowish marking at base, 3 – 4 mostly connected yellowish markings at middle and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brown stripes. Hindwings much paler than forewings, with 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3. Veins yellowish brown except veins in yellowish markings yellow. Rs 10 - branched, last branch bifurcate or trifurcate; 11 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 5 to 6 - branched, M 3 + 4 4 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen brown with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 54) subquadrate, with arched anterior and posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 55) broad with nearly straight lateral margin, posterior margin with deep trapezoidal incision, forming two acutely angled triangular posterior processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 56) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 54 – 55) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one well developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 57) arched, anteriorly slightly elevated at middle; posterior incision extremely small and V-shaped, forming two papillated processes; lateral lobes digitiform with apical half strongly narrowing, incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 58 – 59) strongly sclerotized, subtriangular in lateral view, posterior margin distinctly elevated with shallow median incision, forming pair of obtuse processes; ninth segment (Fig. 58) laterally inflated in one pair of large suboval sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one subtriangular upper and one subquadrate lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC0FFD6FF46ACD0FE78FBAB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. CHINA: Ψ, Yunnan, Weixin, 20. VI. 1980 (CAU); Ψ, Guizhou, 10. V. 1963 (CAU); ɗ Ψ, Guizhou, Sinan, VI. 1973, Guiqing Wang (CAU); ɗ, Guangxi, Jinxiu, 10. VI. 1982, Chikun Yang (CAU); Ψ, Guangxi, Lingchuan, Lingtian, 4. VI. 1984, Ding Yang (CAU); 2 Ψ, Guangxi, Jinxiu, Luoxiang, 200 m, 15. V. 1999, Xuezhong Zhang (IZCAS); ɗ Ψ, Guangxi, Jinxiu, Luoxiang, 200 m, 15. V. 1999, Hui Xiao (IZCAS); Ψ, Guangxi, Tian-e, Buliuhe, 6. VIII. 2002, Ding Yang (CAU); 3 ɗ 6 Ψ, Guangxi, Maoershan, 900 m, 2. VII. 2003, Xingyue Liu (CAU); ɗ, Guangdong, Dinghushan, 22. IV. 1965, Youwei Zhang (IZCAS); Ψ, Guangdong, Conghua, IV. 1976, Rongzong Wu (CAU); 3 Ψ, Guangdong, Chebaling, 19 – 21. IV. 2002 (CAU); Ψ, Fujian, Chong-an, Xingcun, Sangang, 740 m, 16. VII. 1960, Yiran Zhang (IZCAS); ɗ, Fujian, Shaowu, Tongmu, 28. VII. 1979, Shimei Song (IZCAS); Ψ, Fujian, Sangang, 10. VIII. 1979, Rongquan Cai (IZCAS); Ψ, Fujian, Sangang, 17. VIII. 1979 (IZCAS); Ψ, Fujian, 20. VIII. 1981 (CAU); ɗ, Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 650 m, 27. VI. 1991, Longlong Yang (IZCAS); 2 Ψ, Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 700 m, 1 – 6. VIII. 1991, Shimei Song (IZCAS); ɗ, Zhejiang, Jinhua, 21. VI. 1980 (IZCAS); Ψ, Zhejiang, Lishui, Wanxiangshan, 12. IX. 1980 (CAU); 5 Ψ, Zhejiang, Tianmushan, 21 – 22. VII. 1973, Peiyu Yu (CAU); ɗ, Zhejiang, Tianmushan (IZCAS); ɗ, Zhejiang, Longwangshan, 490 m, 12 – 14. VI. 1996, Chikun Yang (CAU); 2 ɗ 5 Ψ, Hunan, Nanyue, Mojingtai, 20 – 23. VI. 1963, Chikun Yang (CAU); Ψ, Hunan, Hengshan, 12. VII. 1980 (IZCAS); 2 Ψ, Hunan, Yongshun, Shanmuhe Forestry Center, 600 m, 4 – 7. VIII. 1988 (IZCAS); 3 Ψ Hubei, Lichuan, 810 m, 20 – 23. VII. 1989, Shuyong Wang (IZCAS); ɗ, Jiangxi, Arboretum of Lushan, 8. VIII. 1975 (IZCAS); 2 ɗ, Jiangxi, Guling, 13 – 17. VII. 1935 (IZCAS); ɗ, Jiangxi, Guling, 2. VIII. 1935 (IZCAS); 2 ɗ, Anhui, Huangshan, Wenquan, 17 – 20. VII. 1977, Fasheng Li (CAU); 4 ɗ 3 Ψ, Henan, Shangcheng, Huangbaishan, 200 m, 14. VII. 1999, Xiaocheng Shen & Yingdang Ren (CAU); ɗ Ψ, Taiwan, Wulai, 5. V. 1994, T. Shimizu (HC); 2 Ψ, Taiwan, Wulai, 29. VI. 1987, Fumio Hayashi (HC); ɗ, Taiwan, Wulai, emerged from reared larva, Fumio Hayashi (CAU); Ψ, Taiwan, emerged from reared larva in 1988, Fumio Hayashi (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC0FFD6FF46ACD0FE78FBAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang); India (Assam).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC0FFD6FF46ACD0FE78FBAB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. After the revision by Kimmins (1948), P. c o s t a l i s is considered to be a valid species and not a synonym of Hermes anticus Walker. For comparison of P. costalis with other related species, see the remarks under P. yunnanensis.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC2FFD8FF46AD82FC0EFE2B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head yellow without any markings; pronotum with two pairs of widely separated black markings; wings with several yellowish markings; male ninth sternum with posterior margin slightly incised or even truncate; male tenth tergum acutely produced on posterolateral portion, ventrally with feebly developed tufted tubercle; female abdominal segment with pair of small lateral lobes. Body length 20 – 28 mm (male) and 27 – 32 mm (female); forewing length 24 – 33 mm (male) and 33 – 41 mm (female), hindwing length 21 – 29 mm (male) and 30 – 35 mm (female). Head (Fig. 60) yellow without any markings; post-ocular spine absent. Compound eyes grayish brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black, with scapes and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal half blackish to reddish brown. Prothorax (Fig. 60) yellow; pronotum with two pairs of black markings near lateral margins, posterior pair much larger. Meso- and metathorax pale yellow. Thoracic pilosity pale yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs pale yellow with short, dense, yellowish setae; foreleg with wide apex of tibiae dark, tarsi dark, tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 11) slightly grayish brown, with 1 large subtriangular yellowish marking at base, 1 large round and several small discrete yellowish markings at middle, and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brownish stripes. Hindwings slightly grayish brown except basal half hyaline, respectively with 1 round yellowish marking at middle and apical 1 / 3. Veins yellowish brown, much darker on apical half, but much paler in yellowish markings. Rs 8 to 10 - branched, last branch bifurcate or trifurcate; 8 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 6 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen yellowish brown. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 61) subtrapezoidal, with arched anterior margin and nearly truncate posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 62) subquadrate, broader than ninth tergum; lateral margins slightly arched; posterior margin slightly incised or even truncate; central portion apparently inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 63) short, unguiform, strongly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs 61 – 62) short, subcylindrical, its posterolateral corner distinctly and acutely produced, its ventral portion with one feebly developed tufted tubercle near posteromedial corner; its tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 64) arched, anterior margin slightly elevated, posterior margin produced into pair of roundly angled processes; lateral lobes somewhat thickened, digitiform, slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 65 – 66) strongly sclerotized, subtriangular in lateral view, with posterior margin distinctly incised, forming pair of roundly produced processes; ninth segment laterally inflated in pair of small suboval sac-like lobes (Fig. 65); ninth gonocoxite broad, feebly pointed posteriorly, with small digitiform processes at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one thick digitiform dorsal lobe and one semicircular ventral lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC2FFD8FF46AD82FC0EFE2B.taxon	materials_examined	Type materials. Holotype ɗ, JAPAN: Iriomote Island, Urauchi-gawa, 23. V. 1995, Shin-ichi Suda (CAU). Paratypes: ɗ, the same data as holotype (HC); Ψ, JAPAN: Iriomote Island, Takana-gawa, 25. IV. 1988, Fumio Hayashi (CAU). Others material: JAPAN: 5 ɗ 2 Ψ, Iriomote Island, Takana-gawa, emerged from reared larvae in 1987, 1988, Fumio Hayashi (HC); 4 ɗ 3 Ψ, Ishigaki Island, Nagura-gawa, emerged from reared larvae in 1988, Fumio Hayashi (HC).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC2FFD8FF46AD82FC0EFE2B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Ishigaki Island and Iriomote Island).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC2FFD8FF46AD82FC0EFE2B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ disjunctus ’ refers to the geographic distribution of the new species, which is endemic to the Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands of Japan.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC2FFD8FF46AD82FC0EFE2B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Hayashi (1989 b) assumed that this species (his Protohermes sp.) might be divided from P. c o s - talis during the separation of the Iriomote Island from Taiwan. However, considering the genitalia, P. disjunctus appears to be closely related to P. yunnanensis in having a similar male ninth sternum, but it can be easily separated from P. yunnanensis by the male tenth tergum with the feebly developed tufted tubercle and the small female sac-like lobes. In P. yunnanensis, the male tenth tergum is ventrally produced into one strongly developed tufted tubercle, and the female sac-like lobes are rather large.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCCFFD9FF46AB02FB66FE7B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with one pair of brown markings laterally; pronotum with one pair of dark vittae on lateral margins; forewings pale brown with several whitish markings; male ninth sternum with trapezoidal posterior incision; male tenth sternum with lateral lobes distinctly incurved. Body length 27 – 29 mm (male) and 30 – 31 mm (female); forewing length 36 – 37 mm (male) and 41 – 45 mm (female), hindwing length 32 – 34 mm (male) and 36 – 41 mm (female). Head (Fig. 67) yellowish brown without post-ocular spine, dorsally with one pair of brown markings on lateral sides. Compound eyes brown; ocelli pale yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black with scapes and pedicel pale yellow. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal half black. Occiput yellowish brown with one pair of brownish markings laterally. Prothorax (Fig. 67) pale yellow; pronotum with one pair of dark vittae on lateral margins, sometimes narrowly divided midway. Meso- and metathorax yellow. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs dark with dense yellowish short setae; coxae, trochanters and basal tibiae pale yellow; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 12) pale brown, with 1 round whitish marking at base, 2 round whitish markings at middle and 1 distinctly enlarged, whitish round marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brownish stripes. Hindwings pale brown except basal half subhyaline, respectively with 1 round whitish marking at base, middle and apical 1 / 3. Veins pale brown, except veins in whitish markings pale yellow. Rs 9 to 11 - branched, last branch bifurcate; 10 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 4 to 8 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 to 4 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen dark with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 68) subtrapezoidal, with arched anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 69) broad with arched lateral margin, posterior margin with shallow trapezoidal incision, forming two large roundly produced apical processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 70) unguiform, curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Fig. 71) short and looks more trapezoidal, ventrally with one feebly developed, tufted tubercle at middle; posterolateral corner distinctly and acutely produced, tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 72) arched, anteriorly with one subtriangular process at middle; posterior incision indistinct; lateral lobes digitiform with distal half incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 73 – 74) strongly sclerotized and subtriangular in lateral view, with truncate posterior margin; ninth segment (Fig. 73) laterally inflated in one pair of small oval sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with a digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one subtriangular upper and one round lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCCFFD9FF46AB02FB66FE7B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Fujian, Chong-an, 1. VII. 1980 (CAU). ɗ, CHINA: Fujian, 10. V. 1982 (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Fujian, 3. VI. 1989 (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Fujian, 5. V. 1988, Liying Zhao (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Fujian, 1. VI. 1989 (CAU); ɗ Ψ, CHINA: Fujian, no detailed data (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCCFFD9FF46AB02FB66FE7B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Fujian).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCCFFD9FF46AB02FB66FE7B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protohermes fujianensis appears to be closely related to P. hunanensis and can be distinguished from the latter as follows: mandible yellow with distal half black, antenna black with scape and pedicel yellow, male tenth sternum with lateral lobes incurved in apical half. By contrast, P. hunanensis has the mandible and antenna entirely black and feebly incurved lateral lobes of the male tenth sternum.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCDFFDBFF46AF94FDECFEA3.taxon	description	Protohermes gutianensis Yang & Yang, 1995 b. Insects and macrofungi of Gutianshan, Zhejiang, p. 129. Type locality: Zhejiang (Kaihua).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCDFFDBFF46AF94FDECFEA3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with black markings from anterior edge of compound eyes through to occiput and a narrow blackish vittae medially on vertex; pronotum with one pair of blackish vittae on lateral margins; wings pale smoky brown with several indistinct yellowish spots except for apical regions without spots; male ninth sternum with suboblong posterior incision. Body length 28 – 31 mm (male) and 40 – 45 mm (female); forewing length 38 – 48 mm (male) and 48 – 52 mm (female), hindwing length 35 – 41 mm (male) and 43 – 47 mm (female). Head (Fig. 75) yellowish brown, without post-ocular spine, dorsally black near post-ocular margins, sometimes entirely black near lateral margins; vertex also with one narrow blackish vittae medially. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black with scapes and pedicel brown. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal half black. Prothorax (Fig. 75) yellowish brown; pronotum with one pair of blackish vittae laterally. Meso- and metathorax yellow, each dorsally with one pair of brownish spots on anterolateral corners. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs black with dense, pale yellow, short setae; coxae and trochanters pale yellow; femora brown; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 13) slightly smoky brown, with 1 small yellowish marking at base, 2 – 4 yellowish markings along cubital veins at middle; costal cellules with distinct brownish stripes. Hindwings much paler than forewings with hyaline basal half. Veins pale brown, except pale yellow veins in yellowish markings and base of hindwings. Rs 9 – 10 branched, last branch mostly trifurcate; 9 to 10 - crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 5 to 7 - branched, M 3 + 4 3 to 4 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen brown with short, yellow setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 76) subquadrate, with trapezoidal anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 77) broad with arched lateral margin; posterior margin with deep suboblong incision, forming two broad acute-angled subtriangular processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 78) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 76 – 77) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one well developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner distinctly and acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 79) arched, anteriorly with one trapezoidal process at middle and posteriorly with one small triangular incision; lateral lobes slender digitiform and slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 80 – 81) strongly sclerotized, subtrapezoidal in lateral view, with truncate posterior margin; ninth segment (Fig. 80) laterally inflated in one pair of small suboval sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one long digitiform upper and one short round lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCDFFDBFF46AF94FDECFEA3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Zhejiang, Gutianshan, 28. VII. 1992, Hong Wu (CAU). CHINA: Ψ, Zhejiang, Lishui, Dashanfeng, 3. VII. 1979 (CAU); 2 ɗ, Zhejiang, Longwangshan, 490 m, 12 – 14. VI. 1996, Chikun Yang (CAU); ɗ, Zhejiang, Tianmushan, 500 m, 26. VII. 2000, Siqin Ge (IZCAS); Ψ, Guangxi, Huaping, Cujiang, Chikun Yang (CAU); 2 ɗ Ψ, Guangxi, Jinxiu, 720 m, 11. VI. 1983, Xinli Wang (CAU); ɗ, Guangxi, Jinxiu, 720 m, 6. VI. 1983, Fasheng Li (CAU); ɗ, Guangxi, Jinxiu, 720 m, 10. VI. 1983, Fasheng Li (CAU); 4 Ψ, Guangxi, Guilin, Maoershan, 900 m, 2. VII. 2003, Xingyue Liu (CAU); 3 Ψ, Guangdong, Lianping, 16. V. 1973 (IZCAS); Ψ, Guangdong, Conghua, VI. 1976, Rongzong Wu (CAU); Ψ, Fujian, Shaowu, 13. V. 1978 (CAU); ɗ, Fujian, Chong-an, Sangang, 17. VIII. 1979 (IZCAS); ɗ, Fujian, Meihuashan, Qiushan, 24. VII. 1988, Chikun Yang (CAU); 2 Ψ, Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 25. V. 1991, Yongshan Shi (IZCAS); Ψ, Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 21. V. 1991, Yongshan Shi (IZCAS); Ψ, Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 17. V. 1991, Wenzhu Li (IZCAS); Ψ, Guizhou, Sinan, VI. 1973, Guiqing Wang (CAU); ɗ Ψ, Guizhou, Fanjingshan, 600 m, 3. VI. 2002, Ding Yang (CAU); Ψ, Guizhou, Jiangkou, Fanjingshan, 11. VII. 1988, Xiaochun Zhang (IZCAS); ɗ, Guizhou, Shiqian, Jinwu, 600 – 800 m, 22. VII. 1988, Hongxing Li (IZCAS); Ψ, Guizhou, Leishan, Taojiang, 1000 m, 5. VII. 1998, Xiaochun Zhang (IZCAS); ɗ, Sichuan, Guanxian, 700 – 1000 m, 27. V. 1963, Xuezhong Zhang (IZCAS); Ψ, Sichuan, Pengshui, Taiyuan, 800 m, 12. VII. 1989, Longlong Yang (IZCAS); Ψ, Hunan, Yiyang, 22. VI. 1981 (IZCAS); Ψ, Jiangxi, Yifeng, 7. VI. 1959 (IZCAS); ɗ 3 Ψ, Gansu, Kangxian, Lianghe, 800 m, 30. VII. 1980, Chunhua Yang (CAU); ɗ 2 Ψ, Gansu, Kangxian, Qinghelinchang, 1400 m, 7. VII. 1999, Tongli He (IZCAS); 4 ɗ 6 Ψ, Henan, Shangcheng, Huangbaishan, 200 m, 14. VII. 1999, Xiaocheng Shen & Yingdang Ren (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCDFFDBFF46AF94FDECFEA3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCDFFDBFF46AF94FDECFEA3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protohermes gutianensis appears to be closely related to P. acutatus by the absence of the apical round markings of both wings, but it can be easily separated from P. acutatus by having the head with a pair of slender blackish vittae and the male ninth sternum with deep suboblong apical incision, both of which are unique in the P. c o s t a l i s group.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCFFFDDFF46AF1AFC5FFD63.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head entirely black near lateral margins; antenna and mandibles entirely black; pronotum with one pair of blackish vittae on lateral margins; wings dark with distinct whitish markings. Body length 33 – 35 mm (male) and 35 – 38 mm (female); forewing length 35 – 37 mm (male) and 37 – 39 mm (female), hindwing length 32 – 33 mm (male) and 33 – 36 mm (female). Head (Fig. 82) yellow without post-ocular spine, dorsally entirely black near lateral margins. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black. Mouthparts mostly yellow with black mandible. Occiput yellow with one pair of blackish markings on lateral margins. Prothorax (Fig. 82) yellow; pronotum with one pair of blackish vittae on lateral margins. Meso- and metathorax brown, each dorsally with one pair of blackish spots on lateral sides. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs black with dense, pale yellow, short setae, tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 14) dark, with 1 large and 1 small whitish markings at base, 2 large and 4 small whitish markings at middle, and 1 distinctly enlarged round whitish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brownish stripes. Hindwings dark except basal half hyaline, respectively with 1 large round whitish marking at middle and apical 1 / 3. Veins dark brown, except pale yellow veins in whitish markings and base of hindwings. Rs 8 to 9 - branched, last branch mostly bifurcate; 10 – 13 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 5 to 7 - branched, M 3 + 4 3 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen gray with short, yellow setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 83) subtrapezoidal, with parabolic anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 84) broad; posterior margin with extremely shallow trapezoidal incision, forming two broad roundly produced processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 85) unguiform and strongly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Fig. 86) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one feebly developed tufted tubercle anteromedially; posterolateral corner distinctly and roundly produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 87) arched, anterior margin slightly elevated, and posterior incision indistinct; lateral lobes slender digitiform and slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 88 – 89) strongly sclerotized and subtrapezoidal in lateral view, with truncate posterior margin; ninth segment (Fig. 88) laterally inflated in one pair of small suboval sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one triangular upper and one subquadrate lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCFFFDDFF46AF1AFC5FFD63.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Hunan, Yongshun, 20. VI. 1981 (CAU). CHINA: 2 Ψ, Guangxi, Luoxiang, 200 m, 15. V. 1999, Xuezhong Zhang (IZCAS); Ψ, Guangxi, Luoxiang, 400 m, 15. V. 1999, Wenzhu Li (IZCAS); ɗ, Guangxi, Napo, Defu, 1350 m, 9. VI. 2000, Wenzhu Li (IZCAS); Ψ, Guangdong, Dinghushan, 28. IV. 1965, Youwei Zhang (IZCAS).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCFFFDDFF46AF1AFC5FFD63.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCFFFDDFF46AF1AFC5FFD63.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protohermes hunanensis is the only species in P. c o s t a l i s group with dark body coloration and is similar to species of Neurhermes in this respect. The genitalia of P. hunanensis is similar to that of P. fujianensis in having the more trapezoidal male tenth tergum in dorsal view.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC9FFDEFF46AA5AFE6EFDB3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head without dark markings; pronotum with two small blackish bivittate on lateral sides; male ninth sternum with wide, shallow posterior incision; male tenth tergum with feebly developed ventral tufted tubercle. Body length 23 – 25 mm (male); forewing length 37 – 39 mm (male), hindwing length 34 – 35 mm (male). Head (Fig. 90) yellow, without post-ocular spine; vertex without markings. Compound eyes pale brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae dark, scapes and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow; mandible distally dark. Prothorax yellow; pronotum (Fig. 90) with two pairs of widely separated small blackish markings on each side. Meso- and metathorax pale yellow. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs yellow with dense yellowish short setae; wide apices of fore and mid tibiae and 2 nd – 5 th tarsi dark; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 15) pale smoky brown, with 1 large yellowish marking at base, 3 mostly connected large and 5 – 7 small yellowish markings on crossveins between R 1 and Rs at middle, and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brown stripes. Hindwings much paler than forewings, respectively with 1 round yellowish marking at middle and apical 1 / 3. Veins brown except veins in yellowish markings and basal half of hindwings pale yellow. Rs 9 to 10 - branched, last branch bifurcate; 10 – 13 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 6 to 7 - branched, M 3 + 4 3 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen yellow with short, yellow setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 91) subtrapezoidal, with arched anterior margin and sightly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 92) broad with lateral margin slightly curved near anterior 1 / 4, posterior margin with broad, shallow incision, forming two acute-angled posterior processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 93) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 91 – 92) short, subcylindrical, ventrally with one feebly developed tufted tubercle near posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner slightly and acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 94) slightly arched, anteriorly slightly elevated at middle, posterior margin with extremely small V-shaped median incision and a pair of small denticles; lateral lobes digitiform, with apex strongly narrowed and incurved. Female unknown.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC9FFDEFF46AA5AFE6EFDB3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Fangcheng, Dongzhong, 360 – 700 m, 9. IV. 2002, Aimin Shi (HBU). Paratypes ɗ, CHINA: same data as holotype (HBU); ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Shangsi, Pinglongshan, 350 – 500 m, 6. IV. 2002, Aimin Shi (HBU); ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Shiwandashan, VIII. 2002, Ding Yang (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC9FFDEFF46AA5AFE6EFDB3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ lii ’ refers to Prof. Fasheng Li, who is a famous entomologist on Psocoptera and Hemiptera at the China Agricultural University. We thank him for his kind help with our studies to collect numerous megalopteran specimens during the past thirty years. Distributions. China (Guangxi).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFC9FFDEFF46AA5AFE6EFDB3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species somewhat resembles P. basiflavus, but can be easily separated by the smaller body size, the widely separated, small prothoracic black markings, the feebly developed ventral tufted turbercle of the male tenth tergum, and the male tenth sternum with the posterior margin bearing a pair of small denticles. In P. basiflavus, the body size and the prothoracic markings are much larger, the ventral tufted turbercle of the male tenth tergum is well developed, and the male tenth sternum posteriorly bears a pair of distinctly produced processes.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCAFFE0FF46AF7AFED7FD3B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with one pair of blackish markings on lateral margins; pronotum dark, with several indistinct yellowish brown markings; wings grayish brown with several whitish markings. Body length 27 – 28 mm; forewing length 35 – 36 mm, hindwing length 32 – 33 mm. Head (Fig. 95) yellow or yellowish brown with small post-ocular spine, vertex with one pair of blackish markings on lateral margins. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Median ocellus slightly transverse; posterior pair widely apart, but distance between them slightly shorter than that between antennal bases. Antennae black with scapes and pedicel yellowish brown. Mouthparts yellow; mandible distally black. Prothorax (Fig. 95) dark; pronotum with yellowish brown anterior margin, and with one slender yellow brown spot near each anterolateral corner and one long hook-shaped yellow brown marking following the former spot; central marking cuneiform, yellowish brown, extending to middle. Meso- and metathorax brown, each dorsally with one pair of brownish spots on lateral sides. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs pale brown with dense pale yellowish short setae, tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 16) grayish brown, with 1 large and 2 small whitish marking at base, 6 – 7 whitish markings at middle and 1 round whitish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal area brown. Hindwings grayish brown, with 1 indistinct round whitish marking at base, 1 indistinct round whitish marking at middle and 1 distinct round whitish marking on apical 1 / 3. Veins dark, except pale yellow on whitish markings. Rs 7 to 8 - branched, last branch bifurcate; 6 – 9 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 4 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen brown with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 96) subquadrate, with trapezoidal anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 97) broad, posterior margin with shallow trapezoidal incision, forming two broad acute-angled triangular processes; central portion feebly inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 98) unguiform and strongly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Fig. 99) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one well developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner not produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 100) arched with anterior margin feebly elevated; posterior incision triangular and extremely small; lateral lobes thick digitiform and slightly incurved. Female unknown.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCAFFE0FF46AF7AFED7FD3B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Fengqing, Sanchahe, 1200 m, 24. VII. 1980 (CAU). Paratypes: ɗ, CHINA: same data as holotype (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Lincang, 1750 m, 4. VII. 1980, Qiaosheng Li (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Fengqing, Sanchahe, 1400 m, 20. VII. 1980 (CAU). ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Tengchong, Houqiao, 1700 m, 2. VI. 2005, Hao Huang (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Tengchong, Jietou, 1500 m, 17. V. 2006, Ping Zhao (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Nanjiangonglang, 9. VII. 1981, Dazhi Dong (KIZCAS); 2 ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Baoshan, Wayao, 7. VI. 1983, Dazhi Dong (KIZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Lincang, 20. VI. 1979, Yunzhen Wang (KIZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Lincang, 4. VII. 1981, Dazhi Dong (KIZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Lincang, 5. VII. 1981, Pingzhi Yang (KIZCAS); 2 ɗ, CHINA: Lincang, Yongde, 10 – 23. VII. 1981, Wenguo Yang (KIZCAS).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCAFFE0FF46AF7AFED7FD3B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFCAFFE0FF46AF7AFED7FD3B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is distinguished from the other species of the P. c o s t a l i s group by the distinct blackish pronotum.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF4FFE1FF46AA72FCC1FCD3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Head with three blackish markings on each side of vetex; antenna entirely black; pronotum with two blackish markings on each side; legs almost dark; male ninth sternum with extremely shallow trapezoidal posterior incision. Body length 25 – 32 mm (male) and 32 – 35 mm (female); forewing length 31 – 39 mm (male) and 41 – 45 mm (female), hindwing length 30 – 31 mm (male) and 36 – 38 mm (female). Head (Fig. 101) yellowish brown, without post-ocular spine; vertex with three blackish markings on each side, anterior marking large and subquadrate, posterolateral marking cuneiform, posteromedial marking punctuate. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellowish brown, darkly margined medially. Antennae black. Mouthparts yellowish brown; maxillary palpus and labial palpus dark brown, mandible with distal half black. Prothorax (Fig. 101) yellowish brown; pronotum with two blackish markings on each side. Meso- and metathorax dark, dorsally with each center pale yellow. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and meta thorax. Legs dark with dense yellowish short setae; fore and mid legs with trochanters and dorsal surface of femora black; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 17) pale smoky brown, with 1 yellowish marking at base, 3 – 4 yellowish markings at middle and 1 round yellowish markings on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with brownish stripes; veins dark except veins in yellowish markings pale yellow. Hindwings much paler than forewings, respectively with 1 yellowish marking at middle and apical 1 / 3; veins dark, except veins in yellowish markings and at base pale yellow. Rs 9 to 10 - branched, last branch bifurcate; 9 – 11 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 6 to 7 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 to 3 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen dark with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 102) subquadrate, with arched anterior margin and truncate posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 103) subquadrate, posterior margin with extremely shallow incision, leaving a pair of small widely separated subtriangular posterior processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 104) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Fig. 102 – 103) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one feebly developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner distinctly and acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 105) arched, anteriorly slightly elevated at middle; posterior incision extremely small and V-shaped; lateral lobes elongated and digitiform, distally incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 106 – 107) strongly sclerotized, subtriangular in lateral view, and subtrapezoidal in ventral view, posterior margin slightly incised, forming pair of obtuse processes; ninth segment (Fig. 106) laterally inflated in one pair of small sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one somewhat long digitiform upper and one short lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF4FFE1FF46AA72FCC1FCD3.taxon	materials_examined	Type materials. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 11. V. 1999, Jian Yao (IZCAS). Paratypes ɗ, CHINA: same data as holotype (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 28. IV. 1999, Wanyu Zhang (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 11. V. 1999, Chunmei Huang (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 11. V. 1999, Runzhi Zhang (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 15. V. 1999, Jian Yao (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Fujian, Jiangle, Longqishan, 16. V. 1999, Jian Yao (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Guangxi, Jinxiu, Luoxiang, 200 m, 14. V. 1999, Xuezhong Zhang (IZCAS); ɗ Ψ, CHINA: Guangxi, Maoershan, Tongren, 350 m, 2. V. 2004, Ding Yang (CAU); 6 ɗ 10 Ψ, CHINA: Jiangxi, Jiulianshan, 400 m, VII. 1986, Zuyao Liu (SEMCAS).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF4FFE1FF46AA72FCC1FCD3.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ orientalis ’ refers to the oriental distribution of this species.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF4FFE1FF46AA72FCC1FCD3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Fujian, Guangxi, Jiangxi).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF4FFE1FF46AA72FCC1FCD3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to P. acutatus in having a similar appearance, but can be easily separated by the male ninth sternum which has extremely shallow posterior incision. In P. acutatus, the male ninth sternum is deeply incised posteriorly.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF6FFE3FF46A9DAFAAAFD9B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with one large blackish marking on each side; pronotum with two pairs of blackish markings on each side; forewings with distinct brownish stripes on costal cellules; male ninth sternum with trapezoidal posterior incision; male tenth sternum with extremely small V-shaped posterior incision and short digitiform lateral lobes. Body length 30 – 32 mm (male) and 40 – 45 mm (female); forewing length 42 – 44 mm (male) and 50 – 52 mm (female), hindwing length 39 – 41 mm (male) and 45 – 46 mm (female). Head (Fig. 108) pale yellowish brown to reddish brown without post-ocular spine; vertex with one large blackish marking on each side, occasionally separated into three markings. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black, with scapes and pedicel brown. Mouthparts yellowish brown; mandible with distal half black. Occiput yellowish brown with one pair of blackish markings on lateral sides. Prothorax (Fig. 108) yellowish brown or entirely brown; pronotum with two blackish markings on each side. Meso- and metathorax yellowish brown, each dorsally with one pair of brownish markings on sides. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs yellow to brown with dense yellowish short setae; tibiae and tarsi black; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 18) pale smoky brown, with 1 – 3 yellowish markings at base, 4 – 8 yellowish markings at middle and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brownish stripes. Hindwings much paler than forewings, respectively with 1 round yellowish marking at middle and apical 1 / 3. Veins pale brown, except costal crossveins pale yellow and veins in yellowish markings yellow. Rs 9 to 10 - branched, last branch trifurcate; 10 – 13 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 5 to 7 - branched, M 3 + 4 4 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen brown with short, yellow setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 109) subtrapezoidal, with trapezoidal anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 110) broad with arched lateral margins; posterior margin with trapezoidal incision, forming two broad acute-angled triangular processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 111) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 108 – 109) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one feebly developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner slightly produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 112) arched, anteriorly slightly elevated at middle; posterior incision V-shaped; lateral lobes short digitiform and slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Fig. 113 – 114) strongly sclerotized and subtrapezoidal in lateral view, posterior margin apparently elevated with shallow median incision, forming pair of obtuse processes; ninth segment (Fig. 113) laterally inflated one pair of small suboval sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one thick digitiform upper and one round lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF6FFE3FF46A9DAFAAAFD9B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Sichuan, Ya-an, VIII. 1984 (CAU). Allotype Ψ, CHINA: same data as holotype (CAU). Paratypes, ɗ, CHINA: same data as holotype (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Emeishan, Qingyinge, 22. VII. 1962, Zhenghong Yu (CAU); 2 Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Yanjin, 800 m, 12. VI. 1980, Zongli Hu (CAU). ɗ, CHINA: Sichuan, Emeishan, Wanniansi, 23. V. 1962, Zhaorong Chen & Yizheng Wang (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Emeishan, Wanniansi, 28. VII. 1962, Zhaorong Chen (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Qingchengshan, Tianshidong, 1000 m, 4. VI. 1979, Ping Gao (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Qingchengshan, 1000 m, 5. VI. 1979, Jinwen Gao (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Emeishan, 710 m, 20. VI. 1979, Ping Gao (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Sichuan, Emeishan, Qingyinge, 800 – 1000 m, 30. VI. 1957 (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Emeishan, 710 m, 20. VI. 1979, Ping Gao (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Ya- an, 1973 (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Ya-an, 1974 (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF6FFE3FF46A9DAFAAAFD9B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF6FFE3FF46A9DAFAAAFD9B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Protohermes similis appears to have a close affinity with P. acutatus in having similar general structure of the male genitalia and similar pattern of markings on head, prothorax and wings. But this species is distinguished from P. acutatus by having the forewings with distinct brown stripes on the costal cellules and round yellowish markings at the apical 1 / 3, while in P. acutatus the forewings are much paler, with indistinct stripes on the costal cellules and the apical portions of the forewings. Protohermes sichuanensis was established by Yang and Yang (1997) according to one male and one female specimen. After examination to the type series of P. sichuanensis, no distinct differences from P. similis were found. Contrary to what was stated in the original description, P. sichuanensis has the trapezoidal apical incision on the male ninth sternum, which is the same as P. s i m i l i s. Therefore, P. sichuanensis is undoubtedly a new synonym of P. similis.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF7FFE5FF46AE0FFBF9FB96.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with one transverse dark marking anterior to ocellar triangle and three blackish markings on each lateral side of vertex; pronotum with one dark vitta on each lateral side; forewing costal region entirely hyaline; male ninth sternum with wide shallow V-shaped posterior incision. Body length 20 – 25 mm (male) and 29 – 40 mm (female); forewing length 35 – 37 mm (male) and 45 – 47 mm (female), hindwing length 31 – 33 mm (male) and 39 – 43 mm (female). Head (Fig. 115) pale yellow to brown without post-ocular spine; a transverse dark marking occurs anterior to ocellar triangle; vertex with three blackish markings on each side, anterior marking large and subquadrate, posterolateral marking cuneiform, posteromedial marking punctuate. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black, with scapes and pedicel pale yellow or brown. Mouthparts yellowish brown; mandible with distal half black. Thorax pale yellow to brown. Pronotum (Fig. 115) with one dark vitta on each side. Meso- and metanota each with one pair of blackish markings laterally. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs dark with dense yellowish short setae; coxae, trochanters and basal tibiae yellow, sometimes tibiae entirely brown; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 19) pale smoky brown, with 1 yellowish marking at base, 3 – 4 suboval yellowish markings at middle and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; veins brown, except veins in yellowish markings yellow. Hindwings much paler than forewings, with 1 round yellowish marking at middle and apical 1 / 3; veins brown, except veins in yellowish markings and basal longitudinal veins yellow. Rs 9 to 11 - branched, last branch bifurcate or trifurcate; 9 – 12 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 5 to 7 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 to 3 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen brown with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 116) subquadrate, with trapezoidal anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 117) subquadrate with straight lateral margin, apical margin with shallow V-shaped incision, forming two small acutely angled apical processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 118) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Fig. 119) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one feebly developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner not produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 120) arched, anterior slightly elevated at middle; posterior incision extremely small and V-shaped; lateral lobes digitiform and slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 121 – 122) strongly sclerotized and subtrapezoidal in lateral view, posterior margin elevated with shallow median incision, forming pair of obtuse processes; ninth segment (Fig. 121) laterally inflated as a pair of small suboval sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with a digitiform process on tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one somewhat long digitiform upper and one short round lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF7FFE5FF46AE0FFBF9FB96.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Zhejiang, Lishui, 2. V. 1978 (CAU). Allotype Ψ, CHINA: same data as holotype (CAU). Paratypes 7 ɗ 14 Ψ, CHINA: same data as holotype (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Hunan, Cili, 20. V. 1981 (CAU). 2 Ψ, CHINA: Zhejiang, Moganshan, 22 – 23. V. 1936 (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Henan, Luoshan, Lingshan, 300 m, 21 – 25. V. 2000, Xiaocheng Shen & Yingdang Ren (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Henan, Huanglianshu, 600 m, 5. VI. 2000 (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF7FFE5FF46AE0FFBF9FB96.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Henan, Hunan, Zhejiang).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF7FFE5FF46AE0FFBF9FB96.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. xanthodes in having similar wing coloration, but it can be easily separated from P. xanthodes by the subcylindrical male tenth tergum and the presence of the sac-like lobes in the female genitalia. The male ninth sternum of P. s i n e n s i s is distinguished from the other species of the P. c o s t a - lis group in having extremely shallow and wide V-shaped posterior incision.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF1FFE6FF46ADE0FB5CFC75.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head without dark markings; pronotum with two pairs of blackish markings at anterolateral corner and three pairs of blackish markings at posterolateral corner; male ninth sternum has a wide U-shaped posterior incision, leaving two short acutely angled digitiform processes; tenth sternum with posterior incision strongly developed, leaving two large papillate processes with slender digitiformed tip, lateral lobes short and digitiform, proximally strongly inflated and narrowing toward tip. Body length 25 mm; forewing length 38 mm, hindwing length 35 mm. Head (Fig. 123) yellow with short and obtuse post-ocular spine; vertex without markings. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellowish brown, darkly margined medially. Antennae black, with scapes and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal half black. Prothorax (Fig. 123) yellow; pronotum with two pairs of blackish markings at anterolateral corner and three pairs of blackish markings at posterolateral corner. Meso- and metathorax pale yellowish brown. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs yellow with dense yellowish short setae; distal half of fore tibiae and all fore tarsi black, middle and hind tarsi with 2 nd – 5 th tarsomeres black; tarsal claws pale reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 20) pale grayish brown except anal region entirely hyaline, with 1 subtriangular yellowish marking near base, 1 broad and 1 narrow yellowish markings at middle, 1 round and 1 narrow yellowish markings on apical 1 / 3 and several extremely small yellowish markings on crossveins at apical portion; costal cellules with distinct grayish brown stripes. Hindwings entirely hyaline. Veins pale yellow except veins in dark regions of forewings and apical portion of hindwings pale brown. Rs 8 - branched, last branch bifurcate; 9 – 12 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 4 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen pale yellowish brown with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 124) much wider posteriorly, with deep U-shaped anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 125) suboblong with central portion apparently inflated; posterior margin with wide U-shaped incision, forming two short, acutely angled digitiform processes. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 126) unguiform and elongated, slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 124 – 125) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one feebly developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 127) arched, produced anteromedially; posterior incision strongly developed, forming two large median papillate processes, lateral lobes slender digitiform; lateral arms short and digitiform, proximally inflated and strongly narrowing toward tip. Female unknown.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF1FFE6FF46ADE0FB5CFC75.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, 31. iii. 2004, reared from larva, Liang Tang (SNU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF1FFE6FF46ADE0FB5CFC75.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ stigmosus ’ refers to the complex pattern of the markings on the pronotum and the forewings of this species.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF1FFE6FF46ADE0FB5CFC75.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF1FFE6FF46ADE0FB5CFC75.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species is distinguished from all the other members in the P. c o s t a l i s group based on the ten small dark, lateral spots on the pronotum, by the male ninth sternum with a wide, U-shaped posterior incision, and by the male tenth sternum with the abnormal posterior lobes. However, the more complicated wing patterns somewhat show the close affinity between P. s t i g m o s u s and P. triangulatus.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF2FFE8FF46AE0DFE1AFC23.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with two small blackish markings on each side of vertex; pronotum with two large blackish markings on each side; male ninth sternum with deep V-shaped posterior incision; tenth tergum with an exceptionally well developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner. Body length 27 – 34 mm (male) and 35 – 41 mm (female); forewing length 37 – 41 mm (male) and 46 – 50 mm (female), hindwing length 32 – 36 mm (male) and 39 – 44 mm (female). Head (Fig. 128) pale yellow without post-ocular spine; vertex with two small blackish markings on each side, lateral marking cuneiform, medial marking punctuate, and sometimes markings almost absent. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black, with scapes and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow; mandible with distal 1 / 3 black. Occiput with one pair of blackish markings on lateral sides. Thorax yellow. Pronotum (Fig. 128) with two small blackish markings on each side. Meso- and metanota each with one pair of brownish markings on lateral sides. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and meta thorax. Legs yellow with dense yellowish short setae; tibiae and tarsi mostly dark, and sometimes only 2 nd – 5 th mid and hind tarsomeres dark; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 21) light smoky brown, with 1 whitish marking at base, 4 – 5 mostly fused whitish markings at middle and 1 round whitish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brownish stripes. Hindwings mostly hyaline, respectively with 1 indistinct round whitish marking on apical 1 / 3. Veins yellowish brown, with costal crossveins much paler. Rs 9 - branched, last branch bifurcate or trifurcate; 9 – 10 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 4 to 6 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen pale brown with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 129) subquadrate, with arched anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 130) broad with nearly straight lateral margin; posterior margin with deep V-shaped incision; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 131) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 129 – 130) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one well developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner distinctly and acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 132) arched, anteriorly slightly elevated at middle; posterior incision V-shaped and moderately developed; lateral lobes digitiform and slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 133 – 134) strongly sclerotized and subtrapezoidal in lateral view, with truncate posterior margin; ninth segment (Fig. 133) laterally inflated in one pair of small suboval lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one subtriangular upper and one round lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF2FFE8FF46AE0DFE1AFC23.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Xinping, 19. VII. 1980 (CAU). Paratypes Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Shuangjiang, 858 m, 5. VI. 1980, Wang Zhang (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Yongping, 1700 m, 26. V. 1980 (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Anning, 2000 m, 17. VII. 1980 (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Fengqing, Songxiangchang, 1500 m, 3. VII. 1980, Fu Zhang (CAU); ɗ Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Gejiu, 11. VIII. 1980, Guoxiu Li (CAU); 1 without genitalia, CHINA: Yunnan, Yimen (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Jingdong, 1170 m, 30. V. 1956 (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Jingdong, 1170 – 1300 m, 30. V. 1956 (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Jingdong, 1170 m, 2. VI. 1956 (IZCAS); ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Lancang, 1000 m, 3. III. 1957, Shuyong Wang (IZCAS); Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Xishuangbanna, Yunjinghong, 2. VII. 1958, Chuanlong Li (IZCAS).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF2FFE8FF46AE0DFE1AFC23.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ triangulatus ’ refers to the triangular or V-shaped posterior incision of the male ninth sternum in the new species.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF2FFE8FF46AE0DFE1AFC23.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFF2FFE8FF46AE0DFE1AFC23.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The new species appears to be closely related to P. arunachalensis, but can be easily separated by the V-shaped posterior incision of the male ninth sternum. In P. arunachalensis, the male ninth sternum has a U-shaped posterior incision.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFCFFEAFF46AD1AFCDDFE13.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head with two blackish markings on each side of vertex; pronotum bivittate black; wings grayish brown with distinct whitish markings; male ninth sternum with deep V-shaped posterior incision; male tenth tergum strongly and roundly produced distolaterally. Body length 31 – 34 mm (male) and 35 – 40 mm (female); forewing length 37 – 40 mm (male) and 38 – 45 mm (female), hindwing length 33 – 35 mm (male) and 35 – 41 mm (female). Head (Fig. 135) yellowish brown without post-ocular spine; vertex with two blackish markings on each side, lateral marking band-like, medial marking punctuate. Compound eyes grayish brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Antennae black, scapes and pedicel brown with tip and basal half pale yellow. Mouthparts yellowish brown; distal three joints of maxillary palpus and distal three joints of labial palpus brown, mandible with distal half dark. Occiput yellowish brown with one pair of blackish markings on lateral sides. Prothorax (Fig. 135) yellowish brown; pronotum with one blackish vitta on each side, vittae sometimes narrowed medially. Meso- and metathorax pale brown, and mesonotum dorsally with pale yellow center. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs pale yellow to brown with dense yellowish short setae; wide apical portion of tibiae and tarsi black; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 22) grayish brown, with 1 subtriangular whitish marking at base, 2 large and 5 – 6 small whitish markings at middle and 1 extremely enlarged round whitish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with distinct brownish stripes. Hindwings pale brown with basal half mostly hyaline, with 1 round whitish marking on apical 1 / 3. Veins yellowish brown, except veins on apical half pale brown. Rs 8 to 10 - branched, last branch bifurcate or trifurcate; 9 – 11 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 6 to 7 - branched, M 3 + 4 2 to 3 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen dark with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 136) subquadrate, with trapezoidal anterior margin and shallowly incised posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 137) broad with straight lateral margin; posterior margin with deep V-shaped incision, forming two large triangular processes; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 138) unguiform and strongly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 136 – 137) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one feebly developed tufted tubercle at posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner distinctly and roundly produced; tip densely setose and sometimes slightly incised. Tenth sternum (Fig. 139) arched, anteriorly with one subtriangular median process; posterior incision small and Vshaped; lateral lobes digitiform and slightly incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 140 – 141) strongly sclerotized and subtriangular in lateral view, posterior margin elevated without incision, forming a pair of triangular processes; ninth segment (Fig. 140) laterally inflated forming a pair of small suboval sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one subtriangular upper and one round lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFCFFEAFF46AD1AFCDDFE13.taxon	materials_examined	Type materials. Holotype ɗ, VIETNAM: Mt. Pia Oac, 14. V. 1998, F. Hayashi (CAU). Paratypes: 3 ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Tianlin, Langping, 1300 m, 2. VI. 2002, Jianwen Liu (CAU); 2 ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Tianlin, Langping, 1300 m, 1. VI. 2002, Jianwen Liu (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Linaoshan, 1400 m, 28. V. 2002, Jianwen Liu (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Linaoshan, 1400 m, 28. V. 2002, Guofang Jiang (CAU); ɗ, CHINA: Guangxi, Tianlin, Laoshan Forestry Center, 1400 m, 5. VI. 2002, Guofang Jiang (CAU); ɗ Ψ, CHINA: Gaungxi, Tianlin, Yaojiawan, 1200 – 1400 m, 1. VI. 2002, Xiujuan Yang (HBU); Ψ, CHINA, Guangxi, Tian-e, Buliuhe, 6. VIII. 2002, Ding Yang (CAU); Ψ, CHINA: Guizhou, Pingtang, Yenanzhou (CAU).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFCFFEAFF46AD1AFCDDFE13.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet ‘ yangi ’ refers to the famous entomologist Prof. Chikun Yang, who passed away in 2006, for his great contributions to the systematics of the Chinese Megaloptera.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFCFFEAFF46AD1AFCDDFE13.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guangxi, Guizhou); Vietnam (Mt. Pia Oac).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFCFFEAFF46AD1AFCDDFE13.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This new species might have a close affinity with P. hunanensis and P. fujianensis due to the similar wing pattern with extremely enlarged round whitish marking on the apical 1 / 3 of both wings. However, the male ninth sternum of the new species bears a deep V-shaped posterior incision. Alternatively, the posterior incision of the male ninth sternum is trapezoidal in both P. hunanensis and P. fujianensis. The new species also somewhat resembles P. triangulatus in having the similar V-shaped posterior incision of the male ninth sternum, but it can be distinguished by the male tenth tergum ventrally with feebly developed tubercle. In P. triangulatus, the ventral tubercle is well developed.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFEFFEBFF46AB6FFB7DFD9B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head immaculate; pronotum with two narrow, dark markings on each side; male ninth sternum with truncate posterior margin. Body length 30 – 31 mm (male) and 38 – 43 mm (female); forewing length 31 – 39 mm (male) and 48 – 50 mm (female), hindwing length 35 – 36 mm (male) and 40 – 43 mm (female). Head (Fig. 142) yellow, without post-ocular spine; vertex without markings. Compound eyes brown; ocelli yellow, darkly margined medially. Anttenae black with scapes and pedicel yellow. Mouthparts yellow or yellowish brown; mandible with distal half black. Thorax yellow. Pronotum (Fig. 142) with two narrow blackish markings on each side. Meso- and metanota each with posterolateral corners pale brown. Thoracic pilosity yellow, much longer on meso- and metathorax. Legs pale yellow with dense yellowish short setae; apical 1 / 3 of fore tibiae, fore tarsomeres, and 2 nd – 5 th mid and hind tarsomeres dark; tarsal claws reddish brown. Forewings (Fig. 23) pale smoky brown, with 1 yellowish marking at base, 4 – 5 mostly connected yellowish markings at middle and 1 round yellowish marking on apical 1 / 3; costal cellules with brownish stripes; veins pale yellow except basal anal veins and veins on apical half pale brown. Hindwings almost hyaline; veins pale yellow except pale brown veins at tip. Rs 10 - branched, last branch trifurcate; 10 – 12 crossveins between R 1 and Rs; M 1 + 2 5 to 6 - branched, M 3 + 4 3 to 4 - branched; 1 A 3 - branched. Abdomen dark with yellowish short setae. Male ninth tergum (Fig. 143) subquadrate, with parabolic anterior margin and truncate posterior margin. Ninth sternum (Fig. 144) broad with curved lateral margin and truncate posterior margin; central portion inflated. Ninth gonostylus (Fig. 145) unguiform and slightly curved dorsomedially. Tenth tergum (Figs. 143 – 144) short and subcylindrical, ventrally with one well developed tufted tubercle near posteromedial corner; posterolateral corner slightly and acutely produced; tip slightly incised and densely setose. Tenth sternum (Fig. 146) arched, anteriorly elevated at middle; posterior incision extremely small and V-shaped, forming two triangular processes; lateral lobes digitiform with distal half rather narrowed and apparently incurved. Female eighth sternum (Figs. 147 – 148) strongly sclerotized, subtriangular in lateral view, posterior margin elevated with moderately developed median incision, forming pair of obtuse processes; ninth segment (Fig. 147) laterally inflated in one pair of large subquadrate sac-like lobes; ninth gonocoxite valvate and membranous with one digitiform process at tip; tenth tergum short, with posterior margin medially incised, leaving one subtriangular upper and one round lower lobe.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFEFFEBFF46AB6FFB7DFD9B.taxon	materials_examined	Materials examined. Holotype ɗ, CHINA: Yunnan, Yunxian, 1100 m, 20. VI. 1980, Ming Zhang (CAU). Paratype 1 without genitalia, CHINA: Yunnan, Tengchong (CAU). Ψ, CHINA: Yunnan, Weishan, Weibaoshan, 1800 m, 24. VII. 2003, Kunjie Chen (CAU); 2 ɗ 2 Ψ, CHINA: Sichuan, Xichang, Lushan, 2280 m, 5. VIII. 1974 (IZCAS).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFEFFEBFF46AB6FFB7DFD9B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Sichuan, Yunnan).	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
03CF87E5FFFEFFEBFF46AB6FFB7DFD9B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. After our examination of the types of this species, we found that the male genitalia of the holotype as well as the appearance are rather different from its original description. However, the features of the four male paratypes differ greatly from the original description. So, based on the four male paratypes of P. yunnanensis and some other material, we established a new species, P. triangulatus, as described above. Redescription of P. yunnanensis was made based on the holotype male and some other materials from Sichuan and Yunnan. Protohermes yunnanensis appears to be closely related to P. costalis in having the same pattern of markings on head, thorax and wings, but the general body coloration in P. yunnanensis is much paler than P. c o s t a - lis. In addition, P. yunnanensis is unique in the form of the male ninth sternum with the truncate posterior margin. In P. c o s t a l i s, the male ninth sternum has a deep trapezoidal posterior incision.	en	Liu, Xingyue, Hayashi, Fumio, Yang, Ding (2007): Systematics of the Protohermes costalis species-group (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). Zootaxa 1439: 1-46, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.175948
