taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CF8A54004CFFDA90FEFB0AFA521190.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. San Pedro Sula, Honduras. Type: (BMNH): Holotype male: illustrated in Ackery & Smiles, 1976. pl 1. fig. 2.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004CFFDA90FEFB0AFA521190.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing length 48 – 52 mm. Philaethria diatonica is easily separated from all other species by the brown inner postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hindwing, black in P. dido. HW medial postdiscal band bone white (red in P. dido). The ventral forewing anal cell bar is brown, not black as in P. dido. The submarginal band is bone white (red in P. dido). FW with two subapical spots between veins R 4 - R 5 and R 5 - M 1 (one in P. dido between veins R 4 - R 5). VHW marginal cellular spot black (brown in P. browni).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004CFFDA90FEFB0AFA521190.taxon	materials_examined	Haploid chromosome number: n = 72 (voucher specimen fig. 7) Additional material examined from Mexico (Oaxaca) by Brown et al. (1992)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004CFFDA90FEFB0AFA521190.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Fig. 32): As illustrated. Saccus thin moderately long and straight, vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen medially, tegumen rounded distally; uncus long, curved dorsally, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos the same size of the uncus, curved distally and tapering to pointed tip; valvae with a long basal hook curved distally, reaching the tip of the uncus, with a swollen arm with a rounded head armed with microspines; aedeagus long and slightly curved, tapering gadually to pointed tip.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004CFFDA90FEFB0AFA521190.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. diatonica occurs from sea level to 1,110 m in association with rain forest habitats from Mexico to Panama. P. diatonica flies sympatrically with P. dido in Panama and Costa Rica. Adults fly above the the forest canopy and forest edges. Host plant. Passiflora vitifolia, P. edulis, P. ambigua (Passifloraceae) (DeVries, 1987). P. oerstedii, P. platyloba (Janzen & Hallwachs, 2008) in Costa Rica. Immature stages. Young (1974) and DeVries (1987) give detailed descriptions of the life history and larva of P. diatonica (as dido). Janzen & Hallwachs (2008) show the larva and pupa. Egg - yellow, laid singly on the underside of older leaves. Mature larva (Fig. 42 L) - body bone white throughout the fifth instar (white in P. dido) with irregular black spots on dorsum and sides. The supralateral thoracic scoli do not have black tips and the basal portion of each is distinctly orange while the shaft is red. The bases of the scoli are orange in color. The dorsal scoli are large and orange with black tips. The head capsule is shiny beige and head scoli black. Pupa- mottled with various shades of brown and gray and covered with warts, abdomen and thorax have keels, generally resembles a piece of broken-off, rough tree bark, being very cryptic.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004CFFDA90FEFB0AFA521190.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. MEXICO: CHIAPAS: Boca de Chajul, Ocosingo (De la Maza, J. E. & R. G. De la Maza, 1985); Chajul, Malpaso (De la Maza, R. R., 1987); Montebello, 20 km (Diaz, 1975); Ocozocuautla, Km 18 road to Malpaso (CAS) (Martinez et al. 2003); Palenque (De la Maza, R. R., 1987); San Antonio, Buenavista (Santa Rosa), Independencia; Santa Rosa, Comitán (MZFC) (Martínez et al., 2003); La Soledad (MZFC) (Martínez et al., 2003); Selva Lacandona (De la Maza R. G. & J. E. De la Maza, 1993); Cuenca del Grijalva; Cuenca del Tulijá; Macizo Central (De la Maza R. G. & J. E. De La Maza, 1993, Martínez et al. 2003); OAXACA: Mpo. Comaltepec, 200 m (MEL) (J. M. Maes, 1999); Cerro Armadillo (MZFC) (Martinez et al., 2003); Valle Nacional, Cerro Armadillo, 19 August 1981, L. González-Cota leg. (MHNUSM), Chacalapilla, Puente (De la Maza R. R., 1987); Metates (IBUNAM, MZFC) (De la Maza R. R. 1987); Naranjal, Chiltepec (MZFC) (Martinez et al. 2003); Chalchijapa (Martinez et al. 2003); Puerto Eligio (De la Maza R. R. 1976); Santa Marta Jacatepec (De la Maza, R. R., 1987); Sierra de Juarez, Soyolapan El Bajo, Valle Nacional, Vista Hermosa (Martinez et al, 2003); TABASCO: Cerro de Coconá (MZFC) (Martinez et al., 2003); Costa Rica, QUINTANA ROO: Zona Sur (De La Maza R. R. 1987); VERACRUZ: Región de los Tuxtlas (De La Maza, R. R., 1987; Ragusso & Llorente, 1991); Coatepec (DGSV) (Hernandez et al., 1981); Dos Amates, Catemaco (IBUNAM) (De la Maza, R. R., 1987); Estación de Biología Tropical de la UNAM, Los Tuxtla (Raguso & Llorente, 1997); Sierra de los Tuxtlas (Ross, 1967); Cerro El Vigia (IBUNAM) (De la Maza, R. R., 1987, Raguso & Llorente, 1997). BELIZE: TOLEDO: Rio Grande, Machaca Hill Lodge (Meerman, 2001). GUATEMALA: PETEN: Tikal National Park (Austin et al., 1996). HONDURAS: CORTES: San Pedro Sula (BMNH) (Ackery & Smiles, 1976), NICARAGUA: ATLANTICO NORTE: Zelaya, Caño El Macho (MEL) (J. M. Maes & J. Hernandez, 1999); CHONTALES: Chontales (MEL) (J. M. Maes & J. Hernandez, 1999); COSTA RICA: SAN JOSE: Est. Carillo, 700 m, La Montura, 1100 m (INBio); HEREDIA: Rio Tirimbina, La Virgen (Young, 1974), Quebrada Canta Rana, 300 m, El Plastico, 550 m, La Virgen, 500 m, La Selva, 50 m (INBio); PUNTA ARENAS: Cerro de Oro, 200 m, Sirena, 100 m, W. Manuel Antonio, 30 m (INBio); Puntarenas, nr. Esquinas, 08 ° 43 ' N, 83 ° 18 ' W, G. B. Small, Jr. leg. (MHNUSM); LIMON: Quebrada Molinete, 400 m, W. Rio Coen, 300 m, Rio Corinto, 250 m, Cuatro Esquinas, 10 m, Bribri, 30 m, Rio Sardina, 20 m (INBio); GUANACASTE: Area de Conservación Guanacaste (ACG) 05 - SRNP- 31534 (Janzen & Hallwachs, 2008) PANAMA: BOCAS DEL TORO: Kusapin, Chiriquí Grande, 50 m, 14 Feb. 2005, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC); VERAGUAS: Alto Piedras, Santa Fé, 820 m, Cordillera Central, 26 May 1981, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC); Arenas, Montijo, Cordillera Occidental de Azuero, 600 m, Peninsula de Azuero, 26 January 1988, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004AFFD990FEFC8CFDF217F3.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Guianas, Amazon basin. Type: (BMNH): Holotype male: illustrated in Johansson, B, 1763.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004AFFD990FEFC8CFDF217F3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing length 48 – 50 mm. Philaethria dido is recognized by the red inner postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hindwing. The ventral forewing anal cell bar is black. The ventral submarginal band is completely filled with red without white. The discal green area on the ventral surface has a silver reflection very extended all over the discal area. Both sexes similar.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004AFFD990FEFC8CFDF217F3.taxon	materials_examined	Haploid chromosome number: n = 88 (voucher specimen fig. 4). Additional material examined in Venezuela, and Brazil from different localities in the amazon basin by (Suomalainen & Brown, 1984; Brown et al., 1992.)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004AFFD990FEFC8CFDF217F3.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Fig. 33): As illustrated. Saccus stout and very short (long in P. diatonica), vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen basally, tegumen rounded distally with setae at the base of the uncus and the medial area; uncus long, curved dorsally, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos the same size of the uncus, curved distally and tapering to pointed tip; valvae with a long basal hook curved forward, reaching the tip of the uncus, with a swollen arm with a round head armed with microspines; aedeagus long and straight, tapering gadually to pointed tip.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004AFFD990FEFC8CFDF217F3.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. dido occurs from sea level to 300 m in association with lowland rain forest habitats throughout the east Andean region from Colombia to eastern Ecuador, east of the Andes from Venezuela to Bolivia, northern Paraguay and Argentina, Brazil, the Amazon basin and Trinidad. Unlike other species of Philaethria, P. dido visits wet sand on the beaches along rivers in lowland rain forests, forming small aggregations (Fig. 42 a, b, c). P. d i d o flies at middle altitudes along rivers and forest edges. The adults visit flowers of Lantana camara and a variety of other plants that occur along forest edges. It is most abundant during the dry season. Host plant. Passiflora auriculata, P. guazumaefolia in Venezuela (Brown & Fernandez, 1985), P. coccinea, P. edulis, P. mucronata, P. speciosa, P. vitifolia in Brazil (Benson et a l., 1976, Brown & Mielke, 1972; Brown, 1981) P. vitifolia in Colombia (Constantino, 1998); P. laurifolia in Trinidad (Beebe et al., 1960) Immature stages. Beebe et al., (1960) give detailed descriptions of the life history of P. d i d o from Trinidad. Constantino (1998) describe the immature stages of P. d i d o chocoensis from Colombia. Egg- yellow, 1.6 mm high and 1.2 mm in diameter, with 22 vertical and 12 horizontal ridges, laid singly on tendrils and stipules (Fig. 42 I). Mature larva (Fig. 42 e, f )) - body white with black marking on dorsum and sides; base of each scoli with orange fused together forming small orange bands reduced in size (in P. diatonica the bands are much wider). Scoli large and orange with black tips; head capsule shiny beige and head scoli black. Pupa (Fig. 42 j) - mottled brown and gray covered with warts; abdomen with a white lateral band from the cremaster to the first segment; abdomen and thorax have keels; generally resembles a bird dropping.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54004AFFD990FEFC8CFDF217F3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. COLOMBIA: AMAZONAS: Leticia, Rio Amazonas, 100 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), km 4 via a Tarapacá, 100 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Puerto Nariño, Rio Loreto Yacu, 120 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), San Martin de Amacayacu, 120 m L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Rio Tacana, km 8, J. A. Salazar leg. (MHNUC) META: rio Losada, Serrania de la Macarena, 200 m, E. Schmidt-Mumm leg (ESM), Villavicencio, Rio Sosomuco, 300 m, L. M. Constantino leg (CFC) PUTUMAYO: Orito, 200 m, L. M. Constantino leg (CFC), Puerto Umbria, 200 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Villagarzón, 200 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC). FRENCH GUIANA: Cacao, Roura, 150 m, C. Brevignon leg. (LCB) (Brevignon, C. 2002); BRAZIL: ACRE: Brasileia, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), AMAZONAS: Tefé (K. S. Brown leg.) (KSB), Airport of Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira (K. S. Brown leg.) (KSB), Carauari, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Lago Paraiso 20 Km E of Humaitá, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Rodovia Transamazonica 105 Km E of Humaitá, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), 124 Km of the road to Mina Sao Francisco, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Rodovia Transamazonica 596 Km from Itaituba to Humaitá. RONDONIA: 81 km of the road from Vilhena to Pimienta Bueno, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Cachoeira do Samuel, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Jarú, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), km 32 of the road to Colorado, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Colorado, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), PARA: Serrra do Cachimbo near Quinze de Novembro, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Cachoeira do Curuá, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Belém, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB) (Suomalainen & Brown, 1984); BOLIVIA: BENI (MHNUSM), LA PAZ: PN ANMI Madidi, Rio Madidi, 900 m, M. A. Apaza leg. (MNKM) (Apaza, M. A. 2005); VENEZUELA: AMAZONAS: Yavita, 100 m, A. Neild leg (AFEN); Yavita, 40 km N. E. of Maroa, A. Neild leg. (AFEN). Gavilan, 100 m, 35 km S. E. of Puerto Ayacucho A. Neild leg. (AFEN), Gavilan, 150 m, F. de La Villa leg. (FDLV), Rio Negro, San Carlos de Rio Negro, J. A. Clavijo leg. (MIZA), Rio Negro, Santa Lucia, A. Chacon leg. (MIZA); BOLIVAR: Salto Pará, 150 m, Rio Caura, A. Neild leg. (AFEN), Bajo Rio Caura, via Maripa- Puerto Cabello, 80 m, J. C. De Sousa leg. (JCS), Bajo Rio Caura, 80 m, F. Romero leg. (CFR), Bajo Rio Caura, 50 m, 11 - 1985, F. Romero leg. (CFR). PERU: AMAZONAS: (MHNUSM); LORETO: Iquitos, Rio Amazonas, 100 m, L. M. Constantino leg (CFC), Yurimaguas, Rio Huallaga, 220 m (FC); CUZCO: (MHNUSM); HUÁNUCO: (MHNUSM); LORETO: (MHNUSM); MADRE DE DIOS: Puerto Maldonado (MHNUSM); PASCO: (MHNUSM); SAN MARTIN: (MHNUSM); UCAYALI: (MHNUSM); ECUADOR: NAPO: Apuya, km 14, Tena-Puyo rd., 600 m, K. Willmott leg. (KWJH). ORELLANA: nr. Coca, 300 m, Keith Willmott leg. (KWJH), Sacha Lodge, Rio Napo, 200 m, Keith Willmott leg. (KWJH), Estación Cientifica Yasuní, Río Tiputini, via Auca, 300 m, Keith Willmott leg. (KWJH).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540049FFD890FEFA81FBE6122B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Rio Tatabro, 200 m, Anchicayá, Valle, Colombia (Chocó biogeographic region). Type: (CFC): Holotype male: illustrated in Constantino, L. M. 1999: 61. fig. 9, 10; Constantino & Salazar, 2007: 354, figs. 27, 28.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540049FFD890FEFA81FBE6122B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing length 50 – 52 mm. Philaethria dido chocoenis is recognized by the red inner postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hindwing. The forewing anal cell bar is black. The submarginal band is completely filled with red without white. The medial postdiscal band is reddish with white. The postcellular spot 6, 5, 4 between veins 1 A-Cu 2, Cu 2 - Cu 1 and Cu 1 - M 3 much larger than in P. dido dido. Haploid chromosome number: n = 88 (voucher specimen fig. 4) from W. Colombia (Valle, rio Anchicayá)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540049FFD890FEFA81FBE6122B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. dido chocoensis occurs from sea level to 500 m in association with rain forest habitats throughout the west slope of Cordillera Occidental on the pacific slope from Colombia to western Ecuador in the Choco biogeographic region. Also in the Magdalena valley in Central Colombia. The adults fly along river edges and open areas where they visit wet sand and flowers. P. dido chocoensis flies sympatrically with P. constantinoi in western Colombia and Ecuador (Pacific slope). Host plant. Passiflora vitifolia (Constantino, 1998). Immature stages (fig. 42 e, f) like P. dido dido.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540049FFD890FEFA81FBE6122B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. COLOMBIA: VALLE: Rio Tatabro, Bajo Anhicayá river, pacific coast, 100 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Cordoba, Rio Dagua, 50 m, E. Constantino leg. (CFC), Llano Bajo, Bajo Rio Anchicayá, 50 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Bellavista, Hidroelectrica del Bajo Anchicayá, 400 m, C. A. Saldarriaga leg. (CFC). ANTIOQUIA: Rio Porce, 400 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Rio Cocorná, 400 m, G. Rodriguez leg. (GR). RISARALDA: Santa Cecilia, Rio San Juan, 400 m, J. A. Salazar leg. (MHNUC). ECUADOR: ESMERALDAS: km 18 San Lorenzo- Lita rd., 100 m, K. Willmott leg. (KWJH)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD890FEFEFCFE6D16F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. dido panamensis is recognized from P. dido dido by the reduced red medial postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hind wings and by the extended silver reflection over the FW green post medial area, the FW green medial area and the HW green discal area on the ventral surface of the wings.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD890FEFEFCFE6D16F6.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 49 – 51 mm. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of the hind wings with submarginal band red in color. Medial post discal band red and narrow (wide in P. dido dido), with scattered white scales (brown in P. diatonica). Post cellular spot 4 and 5 between veins Cu 2 - M 3 of the same size (larger in P. diatonica). Inner post discal band on the ventral surface of the hind wing black. The forewing anal cell bar is black. The submarginal band completely filled with red without white. The discal green area on the ventral surface has a silver reflection very extended all over the discal area. Both sexes similar, but females much larger in size with a fore wing length of 50 – 52 mm.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD890FEFEFCFE6D16F6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: PANAMA: Veraguas, Serrania de Tabasará, 500 m, 3 August 1994, L. M. Constantino leg. Deposited in MHNUC. Allotype female: PANAMA: Chirquí, Cerro Azul, 800 m, 3 August 1994, L. M. Constantino leg. (MHNUC). Paratypes: 1 male, PANAMA: Veraguas, Guabal, 10 January 1988, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC); 3 males, Bocas del Toro: Kusapin, Chiriqui Grande, 50 m, 14 Feb. 2005, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC); 4 males, 1 female, Veraguas: Santa Fe, 820 m, 26 May 1981, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC); 2 males, 2 females, Alto de Piedra, Santa Fe, Cordillera Central, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC); 2 males, Colon: Donoso, Coclesito 25 August 1988, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC); 3 males, 1 female, Panamá: Ancon, Summit Garden, Pacific slope, 4 July 1976, Donald Seitz leg. (FDLC); 1 male, Isla Majé, Chepo, 18 June 1989, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC); 2 males, San Blas: Armila, Tubala, 18 March 2006, F. Delgado leg. (FDLC) Haploid chromosome number: n = 88 (voucher specimen fig. 5) from Panama (Cerro Azul, Chiriqui) and Serrania de Tabasará, Veraguas.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD890FEFEFCFE6D16F6.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name refers to the country of Panama, where this subspecies is found.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD890FEFEFCFE6D16F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. dido panamensis occurs along streams and forest edges in rain forest habitats in Panama, in both slopes, Pacific and Caribbean, in the province of Chiriquí, Bocas del Toro, Veraguas, along the Cordillera Central, San Blas, and Colon, between 100 – 800 m above sea level. This is the first confirmed record of P. dido in Central America. P. dido panamensis flies sympatrically with P. diatonica in Panama and Costa Rica (province of Puntarenas)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD690FEF983FAF01023.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Rio Tatabro, 600 m, Anchicayá, Valle, Costa Pacifica, Colombia. Type: (MHNUC): Allotype female: illustrated in Salazar (1991). fig. 1. Paratype male, illustrated in Constantino & Salazar, 2007: 354, figs. 25, 26 (CFC).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD690FEF983FAF01023.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing length 58 – 60 mm in males and 60 – 62 mm in females. Philaethria constantinoi is easily separated from the other species by the intense orange inner postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hindwing, not red as in P. dido. HW medial postdiscal band orange; FW postmedial area very reduced; VFW medial cell bar orange. P. constantinoi is the largest species of Philaethria in the neotropical region and is also the largest of all the heliconiini reaching a wingspan of 62 mm from base to apex. Haploid chromosome number: n = 62 (voucher specimen fig. 8) from W. Colombia (RioTatabro-Anchicayá, Valle)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD690FEF983FAF01023.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Fig. 34): As illustrated. Saccus short and straight, vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen basally, tegumen rounded distally with setae in the medial area; uncus long, curved dorsally, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos short and slightly curved; valvae with a very long basal hook curved forward, reaching the base of the tegumen (in P. dido do not reach the tegumen), tip of uncus, with a swollen arm with a round head armed with microspines; aedeagus long and straight, tapering gadually to pointed tip.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD690FEF983FAF01023.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. constantinoi is an endemic and rare species from the Chocó biogeographic region in W. Colombia and Ecuador. It occurs from 100 to 800 m in association with rain forest habitats in the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental in Colombia (Chocó, Valle, Cauca) to northwestern Ecuador (Esmeraldas). P. constantinoi flies sympatrically with P. dido chocoensis. Adults fly above the forest canopy as solitary individuals and never visit wet sand. Hostplant and Immature stages. unknown.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540048FFD690FEF983FAF01023.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. COLOMBIA: CHOCO: San José del Palmar, 800 m, J. A. Salazar leg. (JAS). RISARALDA: Santa Cecilia, 400 m, J. A. Salazar leg. (JAS). VALLE: Bajo Anchicayá, Rio Tatabro, 100 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (MHNUC), Rio Tatabro, 200 m, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), Bellavista, Central Hidroelectrica del Bajo Anchicayá, 800 m, C. A. Saldarriaga leg. (CFC), Yatacué, Hidroelectrica del Alto Anchicayá, 600 m, L. M. Constantino leg (CFC). ECUADOR: ESMERALDAS: Cerro Mutiles, 100 m, K. Willmott leg. (KW JH).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540046FFD590FEFCF1FAD41253.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Brazil Illustrated in D' Abrera, B. Butt. Neotrop. Reg., 2: 290 (1984) (BMNH)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540046FFD590FEFCF1FAD41253.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing length 45 – 47 mm in males and 47 – 49 mm in females. P. wernickei is easily separated from the other species of Philaethria by the dark brown inner postdiscal band and the bone white medial postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hind wing which is as wide as the inner postdiscal band (very reduced in P. pygmalion). HW submarginal cellular spots diffuse and continuous. Postmedial, medial and discal area on the ventral surface of both wings dark green in coloration (yellow-green in P. dido). Postcellular spots on the hind wings large. Subapical spot on FW large and round. Haploid chromosome number: n = 29 for material examined from E. Brazil (Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Macae, Sao Paulo, Campinas (Suoamalainen & Brown, 1984)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540046FFD590FEFCF1FAD41253.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Fig. 35): As illustrated. Saccus short and straight, slightly curved at the end, vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen, tegumen rounded distally without setae; uncus long, curved dorsally, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos long and curved distally; valvae with a long basal hook curved forward, reaching the medial area of the uncus; valvae with a swollen arm with a round head armed with microspines; aedeagus long and straight, tapering gadually to pointed tip.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540046FFD590FEFCF1FAD41253.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. wernickei occurs along the eastern coast of Brazil from Rio Grande do Norte south into Uruguay and Northern Argentina. P. wernickei flies sympatrically with P. dido dido. Host plants: Passiflora caerulea, P. elegans, P. mansoni, P. mucronata, P. rhamnifolia, P. sidaefolia, P. suberosa, P. actinia (Passifloraceae) (Brown & Mielke, 1972; Benson et al., 1976; Brown, 1992; Beccaloni et al., 2008) in Brazil. P. quadrangularis and P. caerulea in Uruguay (Biezanko et al., 1974). Immature stages: According to Barao & Moreira (2010) egg yellow, 1.2 mm high and 1.3 mm in diameter, with 19 to 22 vertical and 10 horizontal ridges (P. d i d o has 22 / 12 ridges), laid singly on tendrils and stipules. Mature larva - body yellow-green with black markings on dorsum and sides; Scoli large and black (orange with black tips in P. dido); head capsule yellowish brown (beige in P. d i d o and red in P. pygmalion) and head scoli black. Pupa - mottled brown and gray covered with warts; abdomen and thorax have 3 keels. Pairs of golden spots are present on the prothorax and metathorax.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540046FFD590FEFCF1FAD41253.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BRAZIL: SAO PAULO: Campinas, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Sao Miguel Arcanjo, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Praia de Pereque, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), (Suomalainen & Brown, 1984); Campinas, A. V. L. Freitas leg. (UEC). RIO DE JANEIRO: Río de Janeiro, K. S. Brown leg, (KSB), Macaé, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB). 1 male, PARANA: Morretes, Alto da Serra, 850 m, 22 - II- 2001, G. Lamas leg. (MHNUSM), 1 female, Curitiba, 850 m, 1 - II- 1983, O. Mielke leg. (MHNUSM). SANTA CATARINA: Sao Beno do Sul, Rio Natal, 550 m, 23 - II- 1980, G. La m a s leg. (MHNUSM). ESPIRITO SANTO: Linhares, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB). MINAS GERAIS: Paracatu, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB) (Suomalainen & Brown, 1984). URUGUAY: CERRO LARGO: nr. Melo, 300 m, C. Arzua leg. (MNKM). ARGENTINA: MISIONES: Rio Paraná, nr El Dorado, 250 m, C. Arzua leg. (BMNH)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Obidos, Brazil. Type: (BMNH): Holotype male: illustrated in Ackery & Smiles, 1976. pl 1. fig. 1.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing length 48 – 49 mm in males and 49 – 51 mm in females. P. pygmalion is easily separated from the other species of Philaethria by the dark brown inner postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hind wing, similar to P. wernickei, but with the bone white medial postdiscal band very reduced. HW submarginal cellular spots diffuse and continuous. FW postmedial area reduced in size (larger in P. w e r ni c ke i). Postmedial, medial and discal area on the ventral surface of both wings light green in coloration. Subapical spot on FW small and reduced in size.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5.taxon	materials_examined	Haploid chromosome number: n = 29 for material examined from Brazil (Pará, Amazonas, Matto Grosso) (Suoamalainen & Brown, 1984)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Fig. 36): like P. wernickei but valvae with swollen arms with a distal head deflaeted. Saccus short and straight, vinculum stout, tegumen rounded distally with setae at the base of the uncus and the medial; aedeagus short and straight with the apex pointed.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. pygmalion is restricted to rainforest habitats between 100 – 300 m in the Amazon basin from Colombia (Amazonas), Venezuela (Amazonas) to central Brazil down the Amazon river. P. pygmalion pygmalion flies sympatrically with P. dido dido in dense forest. Host plants: Passiflora coccinea, P. faroana, P. hexagonocarpa, P. mansoi (Passifloraceae) in Brazil (Benson et al., 1976). P. phaeocaula in Venezuela (Brown & Fernandez, 1985; Beccaloni et al., 2008) Immature stages. Brown (1981) illustrates the fifth instar larva of P. pygmalion pygmalion. In this paper, the fifth instar larva of P. pygmalion metaensis n. ssp. from Villavicencio, Colombia is illustrated in color for the first time (Fig. 42 g-h). Egg- yellow, 1.5 mm high and 1.1 mm in diameter, with 20 vertical and 8 horizontal ridges, laid singly on tendrils, stipules and old leaves. Mature larva (Fig. 42 g-h) - body white with black irregular rings on dorsum and sides; base of each scoli with red spots fused together forming small red bands (in P. dido with orange spots). Scoli large and black (in P. dido orange with black tips); head capsule bright red with head scoli black. Prolegs on abdominal segments red (yellow in P. dido). Pupa - mottled brown and gray covered with warts; abdomen and thorax have keels; generally resembles a bird dropping.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD590FEFE24FC9715C5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. COLOMBIA: AMAZONAS: Araracuara, Rio Caquetá, 200 m, W. Winhard leg. (WWC). VENEZUELA: AMAZONAS: Yavita, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB). BRAZIL: PARA: Obidos, 100 m (BMNH), Santarem, 100 m, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), Porto Tromberas, 100 m, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB). AMAZONAS: Humaita, R. Madeira, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB). MATO GROSSO: Buriti, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB) (Suomalainen & Brown, 1984). 1 female, PERU: MADRE DE DIOS, Santuario Nacional Pampas del Heath, Rufugio Juliaca, 220 m, bosque de galería, 16 - VI- 1992, G. Lamas leg. (MHNUSM)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD490FEF8D5FBF71706.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. pygmalion metaensis is recognized from P. pygmalion pygmalion by the dark brown inner postdiscal band on the ventral surface of the hind wing which is wider, the FW postmedial green area larger, and the HW postcellular spots smaller. P. pygmalion metaensis flies in open areas (savannas in the Orinoco basin) unlike P. pygmalion pygmalion that flies in dense forest in the Amazon basin.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD490FEF8D5FBF71706.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 49 – 52 mm in males and 52 – 55 mm in females. Sexes similar. Dorsal forewing ground color black with light green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of the hindwings with inner postdiscal band dark brown and wide (narrower in P. pygmalion pygmalion), bone white medial postdiscal band very narrow, outer postdiscal band black. Postcellular spots small (larger in P. pygmalion pygmalion). Submarginal band dark brown. HW submarginal cellular spots diffuse and continuous. Ventral side of forewing with anal cell bar black. Postmedial green area large with the band between veins M 2 - M 3 large (very reduced or almost absent in P. pygmalion pygmalion). Subapical spot large and rounded.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD490FEF8D5FBF71706.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: COLOMBIA: Meta, Rio Ariari, 450 m, 20 August 1989, L. M. Constantino leg. Deposited in MHNUC. Allotype female: COLOMBIA: Meta, Rio Ariari, 21 August 1989, L. M. Constantino leg. (MHNUC). Paratypes: 1 male, COLOMBIA: Meta, Villavicencio, 500 m, 25 August 1989, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC), 1 male, Meta, Rio Ariari, 450 m, J. A. Salazar leg. (JAS) Haploid chromosome number: n = 29 (voucher specimen fig. 12) for material examined from Rio Ariari (Meta)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD490FEF8D5FBF71706.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name refers to the Department of Meta in Eastern Colombia in which this subspecies is found.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540045FFD490FEF8D5FBF71706.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. pygmalion metaensis flies in open areas and grasslands in the vast savanna of the Orinoco basin (Rio Meta, Rio Ariari, Llanos Orientales) and along the eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia. It is possible that P. pygmalion metaensis may occur in the state of Apure in Venezuela, down the Orinoco river since both countries share the same savanna ecosystem (Llanos Orientales) but no records available from Venezuela were found for this subspecies. P. pygmalion metaensis flies sympatrically with P. dido dido in E. Colombia. Host plant. reared on Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae) in E. Colombia (Meta) (Gregory Nielsen pers. comm.). Immature stages. fifith instar larva (Fig. 42 g) like P. pygmalion pygmalion.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540044FFD290FEFBEEFD7912C3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. n e i l d i is one of the largest Philaethria species reaching a wingspan of 56 – 60 mm from base to apex (P. dido dido has a mean wingspan of 49 mm). P. neildi is recognized from P. dido dido by the VHW inner postdiscal band terracotta, (red in P. dido, and brown in P. o s t a r a and P. browni), medial postdiscal band white, HW postcellular spots very large and FW postmedial green area very large. VHW submarginal cellular spots white and well developed and separated by a black line. DFW green subapical spot well developed. Discal, medial and postmedial green areas on ventral side of wings do not have silver reflection as in P. dido. This species flies in premontane and montane forest habitats between 100 – 1500 m along the Cordillera de Merida in Venezuela unlike P. dido dido that flies in lowland rain forest in the Amazon basin (100 – 200 m).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540044FFD290FEFBEEFD7912C3.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 56 – 58 mm in males and 58 – 60 in females. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen black, ventral side of abdomen and thorax white. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of hind wings with sub marginal band terracotta with scattered white scales. VHW inner postdiscal band terracotta and wide (brown and very narrow in P. ro m e ro i), medial postdiscal band white (cream and wide in P. romeroi and narrow in P. browni), HW postcellular spots very large and FW postmedial green area very large (in P. d i d o are small). The forewing anal cell bar is brown (black in P. dido). VFW medial cell bar terra cotta with scattered white scales. VHW inner radial sector bar terracotta. Both sexes similar, but female much larger in size. Haploid chromosome number: n = 52 (voucher specimen fig. 15) from N. Colombia. Male genitalia (Fig. 37): As illustrated. Saccus long and slightly curved distally (short in P. dido), vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen, tegumen rounded distally with setae at the base of the uncus; uncus long and straight, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos long and curved distally; valvae with a long basal hook curved forward, reaching the medial area of the uncus; valvae with a swollen arm with a round head armed with microspines all over; aedeagus long and straight, tapering gadually to pointed tip.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540044FFD290FEFBEEFD7912C3.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Barinas, ca. km 20 San Miguel, 950 m, 26 October 1998, A. Neild leg. Deposited in MIZA. Alotype female: VENEZUELA: Barinas, ca. km 20 San Miguel, 950 m, 26 October 1998, A. Neild leg. (MIZA). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: 1 male, Barinas, La Chimenea, 1500 m, 28 May 1973, J. Salcedo leg. (MIZA). 2 males, 1 female, Aragua: Rancho Grande, 1100 m, August 1987, F. Romero leg. (CFR) Etymology: This species is named for Andrew Neild, author of the series Butterflies of Venezuela, who collected the type material and whose collection supplied important information on the distribution of this species. Distribution and habitat. P. neildi neildi occurs along the Cordillera de Merida on the eastern slope in the state of Barinas, between 900 – 1500 m in premontane forest habitats and along the Cordillera de La Costa in the state of Aragua. P. n e il di flies sympatrically with P. o s t a r a and P. browni at high altitudes. Host plant and immature stages. unknown.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD290FEFDD4FEA015E9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. neildi tachiraensis is recognized from P. neildi neildi by the narrow HW inner postdiscal band terra cotte (P. neildi neild has the inner postdiscal band wider) the medial postdiscal band white, HW postcellular spots very large and FW postmedial green area very large. Discal, medial and postmedial green areas on ventral side of wings do not have silver reflection as in P. dido. This subspecies flies in premontane and montane forest habitats between 100 – 1200 m in the state of Tachira and Serrania de Perijá in Venezuela. P. neildi tachiraensis contains a haploid chromosome number of n = 52	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD290FEFDD4FEA015E9.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 56 – 59 mm in males and 58 – 60 in females. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen black, ventral side of abdomen and torax white. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of hindwings with submarginal band terracotta with scattered white scales. HW inner postdiscal band terracotta, medial postdiscal band white wider (narrow in the nominal species), HW postcellular spots very large and FW postmedial green area very large (in P. d id o are small). HW submarginal cellular spots white and well developed and fused together. The forewing anal cell bar is brown (black in P. dido). FW medial cell bar terracotta with scattered white scales. HW inner radial sector bar terracotta. Both sexes similar, but female much larger in size.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD290FEFDD4FEA015E9.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Táchira, Rio Frio, 600 m, Sierra El Tamá, Parque Nacional El Tamá, August 1985, F. Romero leg. (MIZA), Alotype female: VENEZUELA: Táchira, Via Chorro del Indio, 1.100 m, ca San Cristobal, May 1985, F. Romero leg. (MIZA). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: 1 male, Táchira, via Chorro del Indio, 1100 m, May 1987, F. Romero leg. (CFR), Táchira, 1 female, via chorro del Indio, 1100 m, ca San Cristobal, June 1982, F. Romero leg. (CFR), 1 female, Táchira, via chorro del Indio, 1100 m, ca San Cristobal, May 1988, F. Romero leg. (CFR), 2 males, Táchira, La Parada, 1200 m, June 1987, F. Romero leg. (CFR), 1 hembra, Táchira, La Fundación, 1200 m, 2 April 1992, N. Flauger leg. (CNF), 1 male, Táchira, La Fundación, via Los Naranjos, 1050 m, J. Salcedo leg. (MIZA). 1 male, Zulia, Sierra de Perijá, 3 January 1951 (MIZA), 1 female, Kusarí, Sierra de Perija, 3 January 1951 (MIZA).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD290FEFDD4FEA015E9.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name refers to the state of Táchira in Venezuela, the type locality where this subspecies is found.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD290FEFDD4FEA015E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. neildi tachiraensis occurs along the Sierra El Tamá between the states of Táchira and Apure in Parque Nacional El Tamá and up to Sierra de Perija in the state of Zulia, between 600 – 1200 m in premontane forest habitats. It is possible that P. neildi tachiraensis may occur in the Department of Norte de Santander inColombia along the Venezuela-Colombian border. P. neildi tachiraensis flies sympatrically with P. ostara meridensis.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD190FEF8B4FDD210DA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. neildi winhardi is recognized from P. neildi neildi by the narrow HW inner postdiscal band terra cotte (P. neildi neild has the inner postdiscal band wider) the medial postdiscal band white, HW postcellular spots smaller than in P. neildi neildi and FW postmedial green area very large. Discal, medial and postmedial green areas on ventral side of wings do not have silver reflection as in P. dido. P. neildi winhardi contains a haploid chromosome number of n = 52. This is the first record for a Philaethria collected in Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. This subspecies is rare and seldom collected.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD190FEF8B4FDD210DA.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 60 mm in males. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen black, ventral side of abdomen and torax white. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of hindwings with submarginal band terra cotta with scattered white scales. HW inner postdiscal band terracotta, medial postdiscal band white wider (narrow in the nominal species), HW postcellular spots very large and FW postmedial green area very large (in P. dido are small). HW submarginal band with pink scattered scales, not white as in P. neildi neildi. HW submarginal cellular spots white and well developed and fused together. The forewing anal cell bar is brown (black in P. dido). FW medial cell bar terracotta with scattered pink scales. HW inner radial sector bar terracotta. Haploid chromosome number: n = 52 (voucher specimen fig. 15) from N. Colombia (Magdalena, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD190FEF8B4FDD210DA.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: COLOMBIA: Magdalena: Honduras, Alto Mamey, camino a Ciudad Perdida, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 500 m, 8 January 2003, Walter Winhard leg. Deposited in MHNUC. Paratypes: 1 male, Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, sector norte, Filo Cartagena, 1000 m, 18 November 1995, A. Amarillo leg. (ICN). 1 male, Magdalena: Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 900 m, J. A. Salazar leg. (CFC). 1 male, Magdalena: Honduras, Alto Mamey, camino a Ciudad Perdida, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 500 m, 8 January 2003, Walter Winhard leg. (WWC).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD190FEF8B4FDD210DA.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This subspecies is named for Walter Winhard (Bogotá) who collected the type material and supplied important information on the distribution of P neildi in Colombia.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540042FFD190FEF8B4FDD210DA.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. neildi winhardi flies in premontane and montane forest habitats between 500 – 1000 m in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in N. Colombia, in the Department of Magdalena. This subspecies flies high up on the forest canopy.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540041FFD090FEFBACFABF12B0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Carapa, Macouria, French Guyana. Type: (LCB): Holotype male: illustrated in Brevignon, 2002: 470, figs. 5 – 8 and figs. 18,19 in this paper.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540041FFD090FEFBACFABF12B0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing length 51 mm in males and 57 mm in females. P. andrei andrei is distinguished from P. dido and P. o s t a r a by the VHW outer submarginal band brown; VHW submarginal band brown and wide (very narrow in P. o s t a r a), inner postdiscal band black, medial postdiscal band brown with scattered gray scales. FW anal cell bar black. HW postcellular spots 1 – 3 small.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540041FFD090FEFBACFABF12B0.taxon	materials_examined	Haploid chromosome number: n = 12 (voucher specimen fig. 20). Additional material examined from French Guiana (Brevignon 2002), Venezuela (Delta del Amacuro) Brazil (Pará, Marajó island) (Suoamalainen & Brown, 1984)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540041FFD090FEFBACFABF12B0.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Fig. 38): As illustrated. Saccus short and straight, vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen, tegumen rounded distally without setae; uncus long and straight, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos long and curved distally; valvae with a long basal hook, reaching the tip of the uncus; valvae with a swollen arm with a round head armed with microspines all over; aedeagus long and straight, tapering gadually to pointed tip.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540041FFD090FEFBACFABF12B0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. andrei andrei is restricted to rainforest habitats in the lower Amazon basin (Guiana shield from Venezuela (El Manteco, Bolivar) down to French Guiana (Carapa, Macouria), extending south along the coast to northern Pará (Island of Marajó, Brazil) between 100 – 200 m. P. andrei andrei flies sympatrically with P. dido dido. Host plants. Passiflora laurifolia (Passifloraceae) in French Guiana (Brevignon 2002) Immature stages. Brevignon (2002) illustrates the egg, larva and pupa of P. andrei from French Guiana. Eggyellow, 1.6 mm high and 1.2 mm in diameter, with 22 vertical and 12 horizontal ridges, laid singly on tendrils. Mature larva - body white cream with black marking on dorsum and sides; base of each scoli with orange fused together forming small orange bands. Scoli large and orange with black tips; head capsule beige and head scoli black. Pupa (Fig. 42 k) - shape like P. dido but with wing pads light brown, mottled with white. Abdomen with a lateral brown band from the cremaster to the first segment; abdomen with four pairs of keels; thorax with 4 dorsal gold reflective dots.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540041FFD090FEFBACFABF12B0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. FRENCH GUIANA: MACOURIA: Carapa, 100 m, C. Brevignon leg. (LCB); Larivot, 100 m, C. Brevignon leg. (LCB). VENEZUELA: BOLIVAR: El Manteco, 100 m, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB), BRAZIL: PARA: Souré, Illha de Marajó, Amazon river, K. S. Brown leg. (KSB) (Suomalainen & Brown, 1984)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFD090FEFE40FE3A17CF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. andrei orinocensis is recognized from P. andrei andrei by the shape of the FW postmedial green area, the HW inner postdiscal band, the HW medial postdiscal band gray scattered with cream scales, HW postcellular green spots 3, 4, 5 larger between veins M 2 - M 3; M 3 - Cu 1; Cu 1 - Cu 2. This population flies in open grasslands in the Orinoco basin, whereas P. andrei andrei flies in dense forest in the Amazon basin. There are few records available of this rare subspecies from Venezuela due to the lack of collecting in this remote area.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFD090FEFE40FE3A17CF.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 55 mm in males and 56 mm in females. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen black, ventral side of abdomen and thorax white. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of hindwings with medial submarginal band brown with scattered white scales. HW inner postdiscal band black. HW medial postdiscal band gray scattered with cream scales, HW postcellular spots larger than in P andrei andrei, FW medial cell bar dark brown scattered with cream scales and wider (in P. a n d re i andrei the medial cell bar is narrower. Haploid chromosome number: n = 12 (voucher specimen fig. 20) from E. Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, Isla Burojoida) in the Orinoco river.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFD090FEFE40FE3A17CF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Delta Amacuro: Isla Burojoida, 50 m, 22 November 1952 (collected by La Salle Expedition) Deposited in MIZA. Paratypes: 1 female, VENEZUELA: Bolivar: Rio Caura, Jabillal, 50 m, 23 August 1997, J. C. De Sousa leg. (JCSC)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFD090FEFE40FE3A17CF.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name refers to the Orinoco river basin where this subspecies is found in Venezuela.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFD090FEFE40FE3A17CF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. andrei orinocensis flies in open grasslands in the Orinoco river basin in Venezuela from sea level to 100 m. Also in the state of Bolivar (rio Caura). P. andrei orinocensis flies sympatrically with P. dido dido.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFCF90FEFAD7FE591023.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Colombia, Cauca. Type: (AMNH): Holotype 3: illustrated in Röber, 1906: 177, fig 2.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFCF90FEFAD7FE591023.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Forewing length 47 mm in males and 50 mm in females. P. ostara ostara is recognized from P. dido by the VHW medial postdiscal band bone white (red in P. dido), inner postdiscal band dark brown (black in P. dido and P. andrei). VFW anal cell bar black. VHW postcellular spots 1 – 3 small; VHW submarginal cellular spots fused and small (large in P. o s t a r a araguensis and P. ostara meridensis). HW submarginal band brown with white scattered scales. Haploid chromosome number: n = 21 (voucher specimen fig. 21, 22).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFCF90FEFAD7FE591023.taxon	description	Male genitalia (Fig. 39): As illustrated. Saccus short and curved at the end, vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen, tegumen rounded distally with seta at the base of the uncus; uncus long and straight, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos long and curved distally; valvae with a very long basal hook, reaching the base of the uncus (in P. romeroi the tip of the valvae do not reach the base of the uncus); valvae with a swollen arm with a round head armed with microspines; aedeagus long and straight, tapering gadually to pointed tip.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFCF90FEFAD7FE591023.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. o s t a r a is an Andean species restricted to high altitudes in the eastern slope of the Andes in Colombia (Cauca, Putumayo, Caqueta, Meta) to Peru and Bolivia, restricted to premontane and montane forest between 450 – 1600 m. This species flies high up in the forest canopy. Host plants and Immature stages. unknown	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540040FFCF90FEFAD7FE591023.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ECUADOR: ZAMORA-CHINCHIPE: Chinapintza, 1200 m, K. Willmott leg. (KWJH). COLOMBIA: CAUCA: Bota Caucana, Rio Villalobos, 1500 m, via Pitalito-Mocoa, L. M. Constantino leg. (CFC); CAQUETA: via Altamira-Florencia, 1600 m, E. Schmidt-Mumm leg. (ESM). META: Alto Rio Negro, ca Villavicencio, 1500 m, E. Schmidt-Mumm leg. (ESM). PERU: 2 males, HUANUCO, Parque Nacional Tingo Maria, Alto Rio Huallaga, 1400 m, 4 - IV. 2007, M. Rojas leg. (CFC), 1 female, Cordillera del Sira, 800 m, ca., IX-. 1987, Exp. Univ. Viena (MHNUSM); 1 male, SAN MARTIN: Juanjui, 1934 (MHNUSM); 1 male, 86 km W Rioja, 1500 m, 21 - II- 78, G. Lamas leg. (MHNUSM); 1 male, km 18 Tarapoto-Yurimaguas, 1250 m, 18 - XI- 98, G. Lamas leg. (MHNUSM); 1 male, PASCO: Cacazú, 23 - VIII- 1968, P. Hocking leg. (MHNUSM); 1 male, JUNIN: Satipo, 630 m, 16 - VIII- 1975, G. lamas leg. (MHNUSM); 1 male, alto Yurinaqui, 1000 m, 20 - V- 1988, P. Hocking leg. (MHNUSM),; 1 male, CUZCO: 20 – 28 km E Buenos Aires, Río Cosñipata, 1200 – 1500 m, 12 - XII- 1979, G. Lamas leg. (MHNUSM); 1 female, CUZCO: 20 – 28 km E Buenos Aires, Río Cosñipata, 1200 – 1500 m, 12 - XII- 1979, G. Lamas leg. (MHNUSM); 1 female, PUNO: Zona Reservada Tambopata-Candamo, Río Távara, 450 – 1050 m, 27 - VII- 1995, J. Grados leg. (MHNUSM). BOLIVIA: 3 males, LA PAZ: Caranavi, 1200 m, II- 1989, C. Tello leg. (MHNUSM).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54005FFFCF90FEFCF4FEBD14ED.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. ostara araguensis is recognized from P. dido by the VHW medial postdiscal band beige in color (red in P. dido). VHW medial postdiscal band narrow (wide in P. ostara ostara); VHW inner postdiscal band dark brown (black in P. andrei and P. dido), the inner postdiscal band with irregular sides, straight in P. ostara ostara; VHW outer postdiscal band black; VFW anal cell bar dark brown (black in P. dido), VFW medial cell bar beige with white scattered scales; VHW submarginal band very narrow, wider in P. ostara ostara.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54005FFFCF90FEFCF4FEBD14ED.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 48 – 50 mm in males and 50 – 52 mm in females. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen black, ventral side of abdomen and thorax white. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of hindwings with submarginal band beige with scattered white scales. VHW inner postdiscal band black. VHW submarginal cellular spots fused and large (small in P. o s t a r a ostara), VHW medial postdiscal band beige scattered with white scales, VHW medial postdiscal band very narrow between veins 2 A- 1 A, (wide in P. o s t a r a ostara), FW medial green area large (smaller in P. ostara ostara), VFW medial cell bar dark brown scattered with cream scales and narrow (wide in P. andrei andrei). Haploid chromosome number: n = 21 (voucher specimen fig. 21,22) from N. Venezuela (Aragua, Rancho Grande)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54005FFFCF90FEFCF4FEBD14ED.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Aragua: Choroni, 350 m, 23 February 2002, J. C. De Sousa leg. Deposited in MIZA, Allotype female: VENEZUELA: Aragua, Catica, 10 m, October 1976, F. Romero leg. (MIZA). Paratypes: 1 male, VENEZUELA: Aragua: Choroni, 350 m, 23 February 2002, J. C. De Sousa leg. (JCSC), 3 males, Aragua: Choroni, 200 m, December 2007, R. Romero leg. (CFR), 1 female, Aragua: Cordillera de la Costa, Rancho Grande, 1100 m, June 1972, F. Romero leg. (CFR), 3 females, Aragua: Rancho Grande, Cordillera de la Costa, 1100 m, August 1987, F. Romero leg. (CFR), 1 male, Aragua: Rancho Grande, August 1987, F. Romero leg. (CFR), 2 males, Aragua: Choroni, 250 – 300 m, 23 – 24 February 2002, J. C. De Sousa leg. (JCSC), 1 male: Aragua. Choroni, 200 m, December 2006, J. C. De Sousa leg. (JCSC), 1 male, Trujillo: Betijoque, La Gira, 550 m, 9 December 1993, J. C. De Sousa leg. (JCSC); 1 female, Carabobo: San Esteban, C. J. Rosales leg. 19 September 1953 (MIZA).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54005FFFCF90FEFCF4FEBD14ED.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name refers to the state of Aragua (the type locality) where this subspecies is found in Venezuela.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54005FFFCF90FEFCF4FEBD14ED.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. ostara araguensis flies in premontane and montane forest habitats along the Cordillera de La Costa in the states of Aragua, Trujillo and Carabobo in N. W. Venezuela between 10 – 1100 m in the Caribbean coast.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54005DFFC990FEF938FE3E1208.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. ostara meridensis is recognized by the HW medial postdiscal band beige in color (red in P. di d o) and wide (in P. ostara araguensis is narrow), HW inner postdiscal band dark brown (black in P. dido), HW with submarginal band very narrow with inner and outer black borders, HW postcellular spots small, FW anal cell bar black. Haploid chromosome number: P. ostara meridensis contains a haploid chromosome number of n = 21 Description. Forewing length 46 – 48. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen black, ventral side of abdomen and thorax white. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of hindwings with medial postdiscal band beige and wider between cells Cu 2 - Cu 1, and Cu 1 - M 3, (inner and outer bands parallel in P. o s t a r a o s t a r a), HW inner postdiscal band black. HW medial postdiscal band beige scattered with white scales, HW medial postdiscal band very narrow between veins 2 A- 1 A, (wide in P. o s t a r a ostara), FW medial green area large (smaller in P. ostara ostara), FW medial cell bar dark brown scattered with cream scales and narrow (wide in P. andrei andrei).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54005DFFC990FEF938FE3E1208.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Barinas, El Cacao, Barinitas, 800 m, October 1987, F. Romero leg. Deposited in MIZA, Paratypes: VENEZUELA: Tachira, N. Tamá, Rio Negro, 500 m, February 1991, F. Romero leg. (CFR).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A54005DFFC990FEF938FE3E1208.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name refers to Cordillera de Merida where this subspecies is found in Venezuela. Distribution and habitat. P. ostara meridensis flies in premontane and montane forest habitats along the Cordillera de Merida (east slope) in the states of Barinas and Tachira, in central Venezuela between 500 – 800 m. This subspecies is rare in collections and seldom seen. P. ostara meridensis flies sympatrically with P. neildi neildi along the Cordillera de Merida.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC990FEFE07FD7E16DF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. browni is recognized by the brown HW inner postdiscal band which is very wide (in P. o s t a r a the band is narrow), HW medial postdiscal band beige in color (white in P. neildi), the medial postdiscal band is very narrow (in P. o s t a r a the band is wider), VHW postcellular spots 6, 5 and 4 between veins 1 A-Cu 1, Cu 1 - Cu 2, Cu 2 - M 3 very large and elongated (small in P. diatonica), FW postmedial green area large, VFW anal cell bar brown, VHW marginal cellular spots brown (black in P. diatonica and P. dido).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC990FEFE07FD7E16DF.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 54 – 56 in males and 57 – 58 in females. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen black, ventral side of abdomen and thorax white. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Ventral surface of hindwings with submarginal band light brown, VHW inner postdiscal band dark brown (black in P. dido and terra cotte in P. neildi) and wide (narrow in P. ro m e ro i), HW medial postdiscal band beige and narrow, HW postcellular spots 4,5,6 between veins 1 A-Cu 2, Cu 2 - Cu 1, Cu 1 - M 3 large and elongated (smaller in P. diatonica and P. dido), FW medial cell bar light brown scattered with white scales, VHW marginal cellular spots light brown (black in P. diatonica, P. dido and P. o s t a r a), sexes similar but female larger. Haploid chromosome number: n = 67 (voucher specimen fig. 26) from Venezuela (Barinas) Male genitalia (Fig. 40): As illustrated. Saccus short and thin, vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen, tegumen rounded distally with seta at the base of the uncus and the medial area; uncus short and straight, tapering gradually to pointed tip; gnathos long and curved distally; valvae with a long basal hook, reaching the medial area of the uncus; aedeagus long and slightly curved at both ends.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC990FEFE07FD7E16DF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Barinas, Barinitas, 700 m, October 1988, F. Romero leg. Deposited in MIZA. Allotype female: VENEZUELA: Barinas, Barinitas, 800 m, February 1987, F. Romero leg. (MIZA). Paratypes: VENEZUELA: 1 male, Barinas, ca Socopo, 1300 m, 20 December 1992, C. Garcia leg. (CFC), 1 male, Barinas, Pozo Negro, 1450 m, 19 December 1992, C. Garcia leg. (CFC).	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC990FEFE07FD7E16DF.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This species is named for Keith S. Brown (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil), who made important contributions about the genetic variation within the populations of Philaethria butterflies in South America and suggested the existing of good sibling species in the P. dido species complex.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC990FEFE07FD7E16DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. browni occurs along the Cordillera de Merida (east slope) in the state of Barinas, between 600 – 1200 m in premontane forest habitats. P. browni flies sympatrically with P. ostara meridensis and P. neildi. Hostplant and immature stages. unknown.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC890FEF9ABFD7E100F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. P. ro m e ro i is recognized by the shape of the FW and HW which are wider than the other Philaethria species, FW postmedial green area large, FW medial green band extended, FW tornus between veins 1 A- Cu 2 with three spots, HW with very large postcellular spots, and with unike row of 8 small marginal dots on the dorsal side of the hind wing not seen in any other Philaethria species, medial postdiscal band bone white with inner postdiscal band dark brown.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC890FEF9ABFD7E100F.taxon	description	Description. Forewing length 50 – 52 mm. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen black, ventral side of abdomen and thorax white. Dorsal forewing ground color black with green-lemon bands like in P. dido. Dorsal surface of hindwings with four pairs of small marginal green dots between veins M 2 - M 3, M 3 - Cu 1, Cu 1 - Cu 2, Cu 2 - 1 A (P. browni, P. neildi, P. ostara and P. dido without marginal green dots), ventral surface of hindwings with submarginal band light brown, HW inner postdiscal band dark brown, VHW medial postdiscal band beige with scattered white scales, VHW postcellular spots large, VFW medial cell bar black, VHW marginal cellular spots brown (black in P. dido and P. n e i l d i), DFW tornus with three small green dots on dorsum (two in P. browni and two in P. neildi). Haploid chromosome number: n = 21 (voucher specimen fig. 28) from Venezuela (Aragua) Although this species has 21 chromosomes, the pattern and shape of the wing is different from P. o s t a r a. Male genitalia (Fig. 41): As illustrated. Saccus long, straight and thin, vinculum stout, slightly curved and swollen, tegumen rounded distally with seta at the base of the uncus; uncus short and slighlty curved; gnathos long and curved distally; valvae with basal hook, reaching the tip of the uncus; aedeagus long and straight, pointing distally.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC890FEF9ABFD7E100F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype male: VENEZUELA: Aragua, Rancho Grande, Cordillera de La Costa, 1100 m, August 1970, F. Romero leg. Deposited in MIZA. Paratypes: 1 male, VENEZUELA: Aragua, Rancho Grande, Cordillera de La Costa, 1100 m, June 1975, F. Romero leg. (CFR)	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC890FEF9ABFD7E100F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for Francisco Romero (Maracay, Venezuela) who collected the holotype specimen and whose collection supplied important information on the distribution of Philaethria species from Venezuela.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
03CF8A540059FFC890FEF9ABFD7E100F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat. P. romeroi is only known from Rancho Grande in the state of Aragua in N. Venezuela at 1100 m above sea level in montane forest habitats. It is probable that P. romeroi may occur along the Cordillera de La Costa. P. romeroi flies sympatrically with P. o s t a r a and P. n e il di. Hostplant and immature stages. unknown.	en	Constantino, Luis Miguel, Salazar, Julian A. (2010): A review of the Philaethria dido species complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) and description of three new sibling species from Colombia and Venezuela. Zootaxa 2720: 1-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199882
