identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CFD07D041CF00C54D78EECFF67F9C0.text	03CFD07D041CF00C54D78EECFF67F9C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Copepoda	<div><p>3.5. Vertical distribution of Copepoda</p> <p>3.5.1. Orders</p> <p>Copepods observed during this study were from four orders: Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Mormonilloida, and</p> <p>Biovolume (mL 100 m-3)</p> <p>-240 -120 0 120 240 -240 -120 0 120 240</p> <p>-240 -120 0 120 240</p> <p>ng</p> <p>-240 -120 0 120 240 Harpacticoida, in decreasing order of abundance (Figure 8). Copepods of the order Calanoida averaging 36%–64% of the total copepod abundance in the central bay and 45%–76% in the western bay were at a minimum in the 200–300 m stratum. This coincided with the increased abundances of mormonilloid copepods (31%) in this stratum. Cyclopoida abundance averaged 30% in the water column with relatively higher abundance in the thermocline in the western bay. Harpacticoid percentage was negligible.</p> <p>3.5.2. Families</p> <p>From the 34 families of copepods that were recorded during this study, individuals of only eight families (Clausocalanidae, Eucalanidae, Lucicutiidae, Metridinidae, Paracalanidae, Oithonidae, Mormonillidae, and Oncaeidae) were dominant during this study. Copepods from 25–30 families were found in the first two strata compared to just 20–24 in the last two strata (Table 3). In general, Clausocalanidae, Paracalanidae, and Corycaeidae were abundant in the top 200 m and Oncaeidae in all three strata. Copepods from the families of Oithonidae, Metridinidae (in the central bay), and Sapphirinidae (in the western bay) peaked in the thermocline. Mormonillidae was dominant at 200–300 m and Eucalanidae (central bay) and Lucicutiidae (western bay) proportions increased with depth.</p> <p>3.5.3. Genera and species</p> <p>Copepods from 50 genera were identified in the central bay (Table 3), of which 42 each were present in the mixed layer and the thermocline and just 28 in the 200–300 m stratum. The number of copepod species found in these strata was 72, 61, and 39, respectively. In the western bay, 59 genera were identified (Table 3) with 48 genera each in the mixed layer and thermocline, 33 in the 200–300 m</p> <p>Biovolume (mL 100 m-3)</p> <p>-40 -20 0 20 40 -40 -20 0 20 40</p> <p>)</p> <p>m</p> <p>(</p> <p>strata -700 -350 0 350 700 -700 -350 0 350 700 Depth *</p> <p>stratum, and 31 in the 300–500 m stratum. The number of species in each of these strata was 80, 84, 49, and 37, respectively.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFD07D041CF00C54D78EECFF67F9C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Veronica;Received, Nagappa Ramaiahb;Online, Published;Version, Final	Fernandes, Veronica, Received, Nagappa Ramaiahb, Online, Published, Version, Final (2019): Spatial structuring of zooplankton communities through partitioning of habitat and resources in the Bay of Bengal during spring intermonsoon. Turkish Journal of Zoology 43 (1): 68-93, DOI: 10.3906/zoo-1805-6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1805-6
03CFD07D041FF00256728B5BFC1EFCDD.text	03CFD07D041FF00256728B5BFC1EFCDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oithona similis Claus 1866	<div><p>O. similis, and P. indica were present at all stations and depths sampled.</p> <p>3.7. Copepod diversity measures</p> <p>3.7.1. Alpha diversity (Shannon diversity H’, species richness d, and evenness J)</p> <p>Alpha diversity for copepod species varied greatly with depth and between stations. Diversity in the central bay ranged from 1 to 5 and was generally higher in the mixed layer, especially at CB1 (Figure 11). In the western bay H’ varied from 1.7 to 4.4 and a steady northward decline was noticed in the thermocline. The H’ values were the lowest in the 200–300 m strata in both transects with drastically low values in the north in the central bay.</p> <p>Species richness ranged from 0.5 to 4.8 in the central and from 1.5 to 4.4 in the western bay. The maximum value of species richness was found in the mixed layer at CB1 and in the thermocline at WB1. In both transects, the ‘d’ was greatly diminished in the 200–300 m stratum, decreasing northwards, especially between CB3 and CB5.</p> <p>3.7.2. Beta diversity</p> <p>The relative variability of the copepod species assemblage within each of the strata sampled showed higher values of MVDISP in the 200–300 m stratum, indicating higher beta diversity (Figure 12). Beta diversity was higher also in the central bay.</p> <p>3.8. Copepod community structure</p> <p>Multivariate analysis of data of all the 129 copepod species combined from all the stations and depths in the central and western bay distinguished through the 30% cut-off level of the Bray–Curtis similarity dendrogram yielded three clusters. Most of the thermocline (T) and OMZ (O) strata clustered into Group I, those from the mixed layer</p> <p>(M) strata and a few thermocline (T) strata into Group II, and OMZ strata from three stations CB3, CB4, and CB5 as Group III (Figure 13). The same was confirmed by two-dimensional ordination of the samples by NMDS (stress: 0.1; Figure 14), suggesting that the depths within each of the three groups shared similar copepod species communities. One-way ANOSIM testing further substantiated the observed significant differences between these groups of assemblages (global R: 0.826; P: 0.1%) in the study area.</p> <p>Similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis based on abundance estimates of all copepod species revealed the percent contribution of species to intragroup similarity (‘characterizing species’) as well as intergroup dissimilarity (‘discriminating species’). Table 4 summarizes information on (characterizing) species that contribute foremost to the average similarity together with their percent contribution to the total copepod abundance within each group. There was little variation in the intragroup similarities (36.47%– 82.27%).</p> <p>Group I characterized 25 species with average similarity 49.6%, of which the top 8 most-contributing species are listed in Table 4. These are O. venusta, C. arcuicornis, O. similis, P. indica, L. flavicornis, C. speciosus, C. catus, and E. monachus, contributing over 50% of the average similarity of Group I. Similarly, 20 species from depths between 200 and 500 m characterized Group II, of which the top 7 species contributed to over two-thirds of the average similarity. The composition of assemblages in the subsurface Group II was not very different from the surface Group I. However, the abundances of species in Group II were low and the relative importance of O. venusta (17%), M. minor (15%), P. indica (11%), and O. similis (10%) was higher. Group III was characterized by just 3 species of copepods with an average similarity of 82.27%. Except for a few specimens of these species that were found in the three stations CB3, CB4, and CB5 at 200–300 m depth, no other copepod was found here. The reason for this is probably the intensely low oxygen concentration in this zone.</p> <p>Table 5 shows the key copepod species that differentiate between the assemblages within MLD–thermocline (Group I) and thermocline– 500 m (Group II) strata, thus identifying them as ‘discriminating species’ in this study. As seen in the tables, the average dissimilarity between the surface and subsurface groups is smaller when compared with Group III. Though O. venusta is the predominant species at most depths and stations, M. minor, E. monachus, C. arcuicornis, C. catus, O. similis, Corycaeus speciosus, Acartia negligens, A. gracilis, O. venusta, Cosmocalanus darwinii, and Acrocalanus monachus are good discriminating species for being abundant in the mixed layer and having low to nil abundance in the strata below.</p> <p>Copepods like Conaea gracilis, Heterostylites major, Heterorhabdus sp., Gaussia princeps, and Haloptilus acutifrons are also good discriminators as they were found in deeper waters and never in the surface strata. The exclusive presence of the copepods Gaetanus kruppii, Gaussia princeps, and Pleuromamma xiphias in the 200– 300 m zone (Figure 15), where DO concentration was 5–10 µM, is indicative of them as discriminators of deep water hypoxia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFD07D041FF00256728B5BFC1EFCDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Veronica;Received, Nagappa Ramaiahb;Online, Published;Version, Final	Fernandes, Veronica, Received, Nagappa Ramaiahb, Online, Published, Version, Final (2019): Spatial structuring of zooplankton communities through partitioning of habitat and resources in the Bay of Bengal during spring intermonsoon. Turkish Journal of Zoology 43 (1): 68-93, DOI: 10.3906/zoo-1805-6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1805-6
03CFD07D0408F01A573D88CAFAA7FF2C.text	03CFD07D0408F01A573D88CAFAA7FF2C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrocalanus grac	<div><p>Acrocalanus grac l s Calocalanus pavo</p> <p>0-MLD</p> <p>TT-BT</p> <p>200-300 m</p> <p>300-500 m</p> <p>Corycaeus spec osus Corycaeus catus 0-MLD Clausocalanus arcu corn s Clausocalanus furcatus</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFD07D0408F01A573D88CAFAA7FF2C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Fernandes, Veronica;Received, Nagappa Ramaiahb;Online, Published;Version, Final	Fernandes, Veronica, Received, Nagappa Ramaiahb, Online, Published, Version, Final (2019): Spatial structuring of zooplankton communities through partitioning of habitat and resources in the Bay of Bengal during spring intermonsoon. Turkish Journal of Zoology 43 (1): 68-93, DOI: 10.3906/zoo-1805-6, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1805-6
