identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CFFA0FFFE2FF8D99D0F8E23861ABBF.text	03CFFA0FFFE2FF8D99D0F8E23861ABBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chromodoris Alder & Hancock 1855	<div><p>Genus Chromodoris Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855</p><p>Type species: Doris magnifica Quoy &amp; Gaimard, 1832 = Chromodoris magnifica (Quoy &amp; Gaimard 1832), by monotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFFA0FFFE2FF8D99D0F8E23861ABBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonomo, Lynn J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.	Bonomo, Lynn J., Gosliner, Terrence M. (2020): Adding stars to the Chromodoris (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) galaxy with the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4819 (3): 401-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.1
03CFFA0FFFE3FF9199D0FF663881AD38.text	03CFFA0FFFE3FF9199D0FF663881AD38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chromodoris balat Bonomo & Gosliner 2020	<div><p>Chromodoris balat Bonomo &amp; Gosliner sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 2A, 3, 4)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F4B47FEF-0F28-4701-A1C5-205BA105C686</p><p>Chromodoris sp. 12— Gosliner et al. 2018: 140, middle left photograph.</p><p>Goniobranchus striatellus — Gosliner et al. 2015: 227, middle right photograph, misidentification.</p><p>Chromodoris striatella —Gosliner et al. 2008: 225, middle photograph, misidentification.</p><p>Chromodoris striatella— Gosliner 2006: 90, Figure 5E, misidentification.</p><p>Type material. Holotype: NMP 041292 formerly from CASIZ 177676, one specimen, subsampled and dissected. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.9087&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.71449" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.9087/lat 13.71449)">Matotonngil Point</a>, 13.71449° N 120.9087° E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.9087&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.71449" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.9087/lat 13.71449)">Balayan Bay</a>, Mabini (Calumpan Peninsula), Batangas Province, Luzon, Philippines, 17 m depth, 19 April 2008, T. M. Gosliner.</p><p>Type locality. Matotonngil Point, Balayan Bay, Mabini, Batangas Province, Luzon, Philippines .</p><p>External morphology. The living animal (Fig. 2A) is moderately large, with a length around 45 mm. Body is a cream-white color with dark brown broken lines running vertically down the mantle. At several random places along the mantle, large dark brown blotches or spots appear covering the lines. The marginal band includes yellow-orange broken spots around the outside with a white inner marginal band. In the white area, there are small orange, yellow, and red spots around the whole nudibranch. Seven tripinnate gill branches are red brown and have bright opaque white spots across them. The perfoliate rhinophores are red brown and have 22 distinct lamellae with bright opaque white spots. The posterior end of the foot barely extends past the end of the mantle and has the same marginal band and color patterns as the mantle. On either side of the mouth there is a pair of digitiform oral tentacles.</p><p>Internal anatomy. Mantle glands. The mantle glands are subcutaneous, but hard to see in the preserved specimen and are unable to be seen in photographs of the live animal. The mantle glands are highly branched and are blotchy in shape (Fig. 3A).</p><p>Buccal mass and radula. The muscular portion of the buccal mass is the same size as the oral tube length (Fig. 3B). A chitinous labial cuticle is found at the anterior end of the muscular portion with widely forked, bifurcated jaw elements that have rounded tips (Fig. 4A). The radular formula for the holotype, NMP 041292, is 76 x 57– 58.1.57–58. The rachidian tooth is thin and linear without a distinct cusp. On either side of the rachidian, the inner lateral teeth have 2–3 denticles on the inner side and 5–7 on the outer side (Fig. 4B). The inner lateral tooth has an elongate central cusp that is about three times the length of the adjacent denticles. The remaining laterals only have denticles on the outer side of the central cusp. The middle lateral teeth have an elongate cutting edge with 7 to 9 pointed denticles (Fig. 4C). The outer lateral teeth are rounded and elongate with 0, 1, 2, or 3 denticles depending on the amount of wear that has occurred on the teeth (Fig. 4D).</p><p>Reproductive system (Fig. 3C). The thin pre-ampullary duct connects the ovotestis with the curved elongate ampulla. The ampulla narrows proximally and divides into a short oviduct and an elongate vas deferens. The distal portion of the vas deferens is wide, convoluted, and prostatic. The prostatic portion narrows proximally and enters the short curved muscular ejaculatory segment. This segment expands into the very wide bulbous penial bulb, which also joins with the distal end of the vagina. The penial bulb contains numerous black pigment spots. The vagina is moderately long and straight and enters the base of the thin-walled, spherical bursa copulatrix. Just below the base of the bursa is the receptaculum seminis duct, which connects with the pyriform curved receptaculum seminis. Along the length of the receptaculum seminis duct is a short branch of the uterine duct that enters the female gland mass. The female gland mass is composed of a small albumen and membrane glands and a larger mucous gland. A small bulbous vestibular gland is present near the opening of the genital atrium.</p><p>Etymology. The name Chromodoris balat comes from the Filipino word for blotch or mark. Since the external morphology has strikingly large blotches across the mantle, we wanted to connote that with the name. The word balat in Filipino also comes with a negative connotation associated with birthmarks and means unlucky or misfortunate.</p><p>Geographical distribution. This species is only known from Matotonngil Point in the Philippines.</p><p>Remarks. In our molecular phylogeny C. balat is sister to Chromodoris lineolata (van Hasselt 1824) . Our ABGD and bPTP analyses clearly show that they are distinct species. The minimum COI uncorrected pairwise distance between C. balat and C. lineolata is 2.79%. Externally, it differs from C. lineolata in having large brown blotches with areas of white and brown stripes, whereas C. lineolata has solid brown pigment and white lines, without blotches. Chromodoris striatella Bergh 1877 has a single medial blotch. In C. balat the orange marginal band is interrupted whereas it is continuous in both C. lineolata and C. striatella . Two other undescribed species found in Layton et al. (2018) are similar in external features, but they both lack distinctive brown blotches on the dorsal surface (see Chromodoris sp. 16 and Chromodori s sp. 17 in Gosliner et al. 2015). Chromodoris burni Rudman 1982, also has similar coloration with brown pigment and white longitudinal lines. However, it has orange rhinophores and gill that lack opaque white spotting. In Rudman (1982), Chromodoris clavata (Risbec 1928) was determined to be a synonym of C. striatella after Rudman compared two specimens of C. clavata from New Caledonia to C. striatella . From the original description and location of C. clavata, the physical attributes of C. balat do not match C. clavata and the biogeographical separation of the known locations of each species are fairly far apart. Chromodoris clavata has only two dark concentrations of brown pigment on either side of the mantle anterior to the gill and a solid continuous marginal band, indicating that C. balat is distinct from what Risbec documented from New Caledonia. Also, the radular teeth of C. balat are less acutely pointed than those of C. clavata and the inner lateral teeth have more denticles on the outer side of the central cusp.</p><p>Rudman (1982) illustrated the radular teeth of C. lineolata and C. striatella (Figs. 9, 10, respectively). In C. balat, the radular teeth are more strongly curved with a longer, sharper primary cusp than in the other two species. The reproductive systems of these C. lineolata, C. clavata, and C. striatella were not described and cannot be compared with the present species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFFA0FFFE3FF9199D0FF663881AD38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonomo, Lynn J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.	Bonomo, Lynn J., Gosliner, Terrence M. (2020): Adding stars to the Chromodoris (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) galaxy with the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4819 (3): 401-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.1
03CFFA0FFFFEFF9299D0FA983AA3AB0C.text	03CFFA0FFFFEFF9299D0FA983AA3AB0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chromodoris baqe Bonomo & Gosliner 2020	<div><p>Chromodoris baqe Bonomo &amp; Gosliner sp. nov.</p><p>Figures (2B, 5, 6)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E0B9C945-09D3-40C1-9445-C8512B7F1ED6</p><p>Chromodoris aspersa — Rudman 1983: 145, Figures 12D, 18C, 19 B, D, &amp; F, misidentification, not C. aspersa (Gould, 1852); Yonow, 2008: 180, four photos, misidentification.</p><p>Chromodoris sp. 18— Gosliner et al. 2018: 141, middle right photograph.</p><p>Chromodoris sp. 6— Gosliner et al. 2015: 213, top right photograph.</p><p>Type material. Holotype: CASIZ 192285, one specimen, subsampled. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.31733&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.22667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.31733/lat 18.22667)">Marka Island</a> 18.22667° N 41.31733° E, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, 6 March 2013, Arthur Anker.</p><p>Paratype: CASIZ 192279, two specimens, one specimen subsampled. Zahrat Durakah, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, 11 March 2013 , T.M. Gosliner . CASIZ 192287, four specimens, one specimen (A) subsampled and dissected. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=41.199&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.79767" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 41.199/lat 16.79767)">Abulad Islands</a>, 16.79767° N 41.199° E, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, 7 m depth, 10 March 2013 , T.M. Gosliner .</p><p>Type locality. Marka Island, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia.</p><p>External morphology. Living animals (Fig. 2B) are relatively large, with a maximum length of 25 mm. The body is cream-white with different sized spots that cover the entire mantle and foot. The larger spots are dark purple and diffuse outwards, while the smaller spots are solid dark purple in color. The marginal band is orange and surrounds the entire mantle and visible portion of the foot. Eight to ten unipinnate gill branches are a solid yellowish-cream to orange in color. The perfoliate rhinophores are orange with 20 distinct lamellae. The posterior end of the foot extends well past the posterior end of the mantle and is ornamented the same as the mantle. On either side of the mouth is a pair of digitiform oral tentacles.</p><p>Internal morphology. Mantle glands: The mantle glands are subcutaneous, but hard to see in the preserved specimen. The mantle glands are located around the entire mantle, except for the anterior portion of the specimen. These mantle glands are visible in photographs (Fig. 2B) and are in single lined offshoots from the main connections. The shorter glands are small rounded bifurcated blobs that look similar to a heart in shape (Fig. 5A).</p><p>Buccal mass and radula: The muscular portion of the buccal mass is slightly larger than the oral tube length. A chitinous labial cuticle is found at the anterior end of the muscular portion (Fig. 5B) with bifurcated jaw elements (Figs. 6 A–B). The radular formula in two paratypes, CASIZ 192279A and CASIZ 192287A, is 59 x 39.1.39 and 63 x 46.1.46, respectively (Fig. 6C). The rachidian tooth is thin and linear without a distinct cusp. On either side of the rachidian, the inner lateral teeth have 2–3 denticles on the inner side and 2–3 on the outer side (Fig. 6D). The inner lateral tooth (Fig. 6D) has an elongate central cusp that is twice the length of the adjacent denticles. The remaining laterals only have denticles on the outer side of the central cusp. The middle lateral teeth have an elongate cutting edge with 5 to 7 pointed denticles (Fig. 6E). The outer lateral teeth are rounded and elongate with 3 to 6 denticles depending on the amount of wear that has occurred on the teeth (Fig. 6F).</p><p>Reproductive system (Fig. 5C): The thin pre-ampullary duct connects the ovotestis with the elongate ampulla. The ampulla narrows proximally and divides into a short oviduct and an elongate vas deferens. The distal portion of the vas deferens is wide, convoluted, and prostatic. The prostatic portion narrows proximally and enters the short curved ejaculatory segment. This segment expands into the very long bulbous penial bulb, which also joins with the distal end of the vagina. The vagina is moderately long and straight and enters the base of the thin-walled, spherical bursa copulatrix. Just below the base of the bursa is the receptaculum seminis duct, which connects with the pyriform curved receptaculum seminis. Along the length of the receptaculum seminis duct is a short branch of the uterine duct that enters the female gland mass. The female gland mass is composed of a small albumen and membrane glands and a larger mucous gland. A small bulbous vestibular gland is present near the opening of the genital atrium.</p><p>Etymology. This species is named Chromodoris baqe after the Arabic word for spots, since the entire nudibranch is covered in black spots and looks similar to a cow.</p><p>Geographical distribution. This nudibranch is only known from the Red Sea.</p><p>Remarks. Doris aspersa Gould, 1852 was originally described from the Hawaiian Islands and has been documented from several localities throughout most of the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Gosliner et al. 2018, as Chromodoris aspersa). Kay and Young (1969) described the anatomy of Hawaiian specimens and Rudman (1983) detailed the anatomy of specimens of Chromodoris aspersa (Gould 1852) and compared the morphology of western Pacific and Red Sea specimens, concluding that the Red Sea specimens were not distinct enough to be considered as a separate species. However, in Rudman (1973) and Gohar &amp; Soliman (1967), the Red Sea species was not considered as distinct from C. aspersa . Rudman did note that Hawaiian specimens differed from those found in the western Pacific in that they lacked the orange marginal band present in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean specimens. Layton et al. (2018) found that all Pacific specimens of C. aspersa represented a single lineage and showed insignificant differentiation between populations found from the Hawaiian Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Australia, Wake Island, Japan, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. However, they did find significant genetic differences between Red Sea specimens and the remainder of the specimens, which prompted the inclusion of this species in the present paper.</p><p>Rudman (1983: 145) listed several synonyms of Chromodoris aspersa . Doris amabilis Kelaart 1859 from Sri Lanka was not illustrated and little can be said about its relationship to C. aspersa . Although it was not illustrated by Kelaart (1859), Eliot (1906: pl. 42, fig. 1) did depict it. Doris amabilis has smaller spots that appear reddish, rather than purple, on its mantle and has no yellow marginal band. Chromodoris inornata (Pease 1871), also known as Glossodoris inornata Pease 1871, from French Polynesia has small purple spots and no large yellow marginal band. Chromodoris pallescens Bergh 1874 (pl. 7, fig. 4), also from French Polynesia, has a white mantle and purple spots with a longer narrower body and an extended posterior foot. This indicates that C. pallescens is indeed C. aspersa as Rudman (1983) suggested and not C. baqe . Doris punctulifera Bergh 1874 (pl. 1, figs. 19 &amp; 20) has a white mantle and purple spots with a narrow orange marginal band. This would indicate that it is actually C. aspersa as Rudman (1983) noted. Rudman (1983) also included several other synonyms for C. aspersa or misidentified specimens in his discussion. Due to these species having distinct morphological differences and biogeographical distributions, they do not represent the same species that was described here as Chromodoris baqe .</p><p>The ABGD and bPTP analyses conducted by Layton et al. (2018) and that of the present study, shows that this species represents a distinct, unnamed taxon that is sister to C. aspersa . There is a minimum genetic distance of 11.12% uncorrected pairwise distance between C. baqe and C. aspersa according to the ABGD analysis. These two species are sister to the remaining species of Chromodoris according to a BI posterior probability of 1, but only had a ML bootstrap support of 48%. However, they do form a strong clade together that has strong BI posterior probabilities and ML bootstrap support.</p><p>The Red Sea specimens described here as C. baqe have several distinct external characters that clearly distinguish them from C. aspersa . First and foremost, the body of C. baqe is ovoid with a significant overhang of the mantle over the lateral edges of the foot, whereas C. aspersa is long and narrow with the edge of the mantle does not extend much beyond the lateral edge. The general body color of C. baqe is a cream color as compared to the translucent white color of C. aspersa . The dark purple spots of C. baqe are larger, slightly raised, and diffuse, whereas they are smaller with a faint purple ring in C. aspersa that almost make the spots appear out of focus as previously discussed in Rudman (1983). In C. baqe spots are present on the posterior end of the foot, whereas spots are entirely absent on the posterior foot in C. aspersa .</p><p>The mantle glands of C. baqe are found along the margins of the mantle from almost the posterior end of the body to just beyond the midpoint (Fig. 5A). In C. aspersa the mantle glands are absent from the posterior end of the animal and are continuous from just behind the gill for about three fourths of the body length, terminating just posteriorly to the rhinophores. The radular characters and tooth shape do not vary significantly between C. aspersa and C. baqe . The reproductive system of C. baqe has a much shorter receptaculum seminis and a broader penial bulb than that described for C. aspersa by Kay and Young (1969, fig. 42A, B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFFA0FFFFEFF9299D0FA983AA3AB0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonomo, Lynn J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.	Bonomo, Lynn J., Gosliner, Terrence M. (2020): Adding stars to the Chromodoris (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) galaxy with the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4819 (3): 401-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.1
03CFFA0FFFFAFF9699D0FF663C50AD38.text	03CFFA0FFFFAFF9699D0FF663C50AD38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chromodoris kalawakan Bonomo & Gosliner 2020	<div><p>Chromodoris kalawakan Bonomo &amp; Gosliner sp. nov.</p><p>Figures (2C, 2D, 2E, 7, 8)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F18F8F3B-E46E-426D-BD29-9C65185B9B16</p><p>Chromodoris sp. 23—Gosliner et al. 2008: 229, second from the top photograph.</p><p>Goniobranchus sp. 40— Gosliner et al 2015: 230, bottom right photograph.</p><p>Goniobranchus sp. 43— Gosliner et al 2018: 160, upper left photograph.</p><p>Type material. Holotype: CASIZ 109740, one specimen. Uchelbeluu Reef, Palau, 24 m depth, 10 mm length, 21 September 1996, T. M. Gosliner . Paratypes: CASIZ 178286, one specimen. NW Tutuba Island, 15.5500° S 167.2800° E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.28/lat -15.55)">Tutuba Island</a>, Vanuatu, 10 September 2006 , M. Pola-Perez, Y. Camacho-Garcia et al . CASIZ 178300, one specimen, dissected, SE Matewulu, 15.4983° S 167.1983° E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=167.1983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.4983" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 167.1983/lat -15.4983)">Espiritu Santo Island</a>, Vanuatu, 28 September 2006 , M. Pola-Perez, Y. Camacho-Garcia et al . CASIZ 222016, one specimen, subsampled. South side of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.2438&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.58355" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.2438/lat 12.58355)">Lugbung Island</a> between Nabagbagan Rocks and Logbon Sandbar, 12.58355°N 122.24380°E, Lugbung Island, Romblon Island, Romblon Province, Philippines, 3 April 2017 , T.M. Gosliner . NMP 041293 (formerly from CASIZ 222019 a), one specimen, Cobrador Rocks, 12.65180°N 122.23113°E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.23113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6518" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.23113/lat 12.6518)">Cabugaan Island</a>, Cobrador Island (Naguso Island), Romblon Province, Philippines, 6 April 2017 , J. Maestro. CASIZ 222019, one specimen, subsampled. Cobrador Rocks, 12.65180°N 122.23113°E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.23113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6518" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.23113/lat 12.6518)">Cabugaan Island</a>, Cobrador Island (Naguso Island), Romblon Province, Philippines, 6 April 2017 , J. Maestro. CASIZ 224653, one specimen, subsampled and dissected. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.23082&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.65212" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.23082/lat 12.65212)">Bangug Island</a>, 12.65212°N 122.23082°E, Romblon Island, Romblon Province, Philippines, 19 March 2018 , K.L. Larkin. CASIZ 224654, one specimen, subsampled. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.24429&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.58418" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.24429/lat 12.58418)">Lugbong Island</a> 12.58418°N 122.24429°E, Romblon Island, Romblon Province, Philippines, 18 March 2018 , C. Alahado.</p><p>Type locality. Uchelbeluu Reef, Palau .</p><p>External morphology. Living animals (Fig. 2 C–E) are small, with a maximum length of 20 mm. Body is a translucent white or light gray color with bright opaque white spots across the body. The white spots are found on the tips of short conical projections. Some of the bright white spots are interconnected by diffuse opaque white lines. The marginal band includes small orange dots around the whole nudibranch. Nine to ten unipinnate gill branches that are white in color with bright opaque white spots and orange brown markings (Fig. 7A). The perfoliate rhinophores are white and have eight distinct lamellae with an orange accent at the top and the bright white opaque spots (Fig. 7B). The posterior end of the foot extends well beyond the posterior end of the mantle and is ornamented with a network of diffuse opaque white markings. On either side of the mouth there is a pair of digitiform oral tentacles.</p><p>Internal morphology. Mantle glands: The mantle glands are subcutaneous around the entire mantle margin, except for the anterior margin. There are approximately six mantle glands per side of the mantle (Fig. 7C). They are slightly yellower in color on the preserved holotype. The mantle glands in C. kalawakan are Y-shaped.</p><p>Buccal mass and radula: The muscular portion of the buccal mass is slightly smaller than the oral tube length. A chitinous labial cuticle is found at the anterior end of the muscular portion (Fig. 7D) with widely-forked, bifurcated jaw elements (Figs. 8 A–B). The radular formula in two paratypes, CASIZ 224653 and CASIZ 178300, is 43 x 32.1.32 and 43 x 29–31.1.29–31, respectively (Fig. 8C). The rachidian tooth is thin and linear without a distinct cusp. On either side of it, the inner lateral teeth have 1–3 denticles on the inner side and 2–3 on the outer side (Fig. 8D). The inner lateral tooth has an elongate central cusp that is about twice the length of the adjacent denticles. The remaining laterals only have denticles on the outer side of the central cusp. The middle lateral teeth have an elongate cutting edge with 3 to 7 acutely pointed denticles (Fig. 8E). The outer lateral teeth are elongate with 2 to 6 more rounded denticles (Fig. 8F).</p><p>Reproductive system (Fig. 7E): The thin pre-ampullary duct connects the ovotestis with the wider elongate ampulla. The ampulla narrows proximally and divides into a short oviduct and an elongate vas deferens. The distal portion of the vas deferens is wide, convoluted, and prostatic. The prostatic portion narrows proximally and enters the short muscular ejaculatory segment. This segment expands into the wider penial bulb, which also joins with the distal end of the vagina. The vagina is moderately long and curved and enters the base of the thin-walled, spherical bursa copulatrix. Also, joining at the base of the bursa is the receptaculum seminis duct, which connects with the pyriform curved receptaculum seminis. Along the length of the receptaculum seminis duct is a short branch of the uterine duct that enters the female gland mass. The female gland mass is composed of a small albumen and membrane glands and a larger mucous gland.</p><p>Etymology. This species is named Chromodoris kalawakan after the Filipino word for galaxy, since the coloration pattern looks like stars floating in a space cloud. The lines connecting some of the white dots appear as if astronomers were drawing the constellation patterns between the stars.</p><p>Geographical distribution. This species is known from Vanuatu, Indonesia, Philippines and Palau.</p><p>Remarks. In our molecular phylogeny, Chromodoris kalawakan is a member of a large, polytomous clade that includes: Chromodoris annae Bergh, 1877; Chromodoris elisabethina Bergh, 1877; C. lineolata; Chromodoris mandapamensis Valdés et al., 1999; Chromodoris michaeli Gosliner &amp; Behrens, 1998; Chromodoris orientalis Rudman, 1983; Chromodoris quadricolor; C. striatella; Chromodoris strigata Rudman, 1982; and several undescribed species. The shortest uncorrected pairwise genetic distances for COI are of 10.07%, 10.07%, 10.77%, 9.20%, 10.94%, 9.72%, 9.97%, 8.86%, and 9.89% respectively to the described species stated in the previous sentence. This species was not included in the study by Layton et al. (2018) as it was originally thought to be a species of Goniobranchus .</p><p>Externally, C. kalawakan is the only species of Chromodoris that is entirely devoid of black lines or dark brown to black spots. It shares having white spots on the rhinophores and gill with several other species including, Chromodoris willani Rudman, 1982, C. lineolata, C. striatella, C. mandapamensis, and six undescribed species. Internally, the Y-shaped mantle glands in C. kalawakan are distinct from the more highly ramified mantle glands of other Chromodoris species that have been examined (Gosliner &amp; Behrens 1998). The radula is smaller and contains fewer rows of radular teeth than do other species of Chromodoris, with a maximum of 43 rows of teeth. The rachidian teeth are short and narrow with a linear shape as in most other species of Chromodoris (Rudman 1982; Gosliner &amp; Behrens 1998), whereas a rachidian row of teeth appears to be absent in Chromodoris africana Eliot, 1904; Chromodoris kuiteri Rudman, 1982; and Chromodoris joshi Gosliner &amp; Behrens, 1998 . Chromodoris willani is the only species that has a well-developed rachidian row of teeth that are large and triangular (Rudman 1982). Like most species of Chromodoris, C. kalawakan has a long prostatic portion of the vas deferens and short ejaculatory portion. The ABGD and bPTP analyses distinctive coloration of this species clearly differentiate it as a distinct species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFFA0FFFFAFF9699D0FF663C50AD38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonomo, Lynn J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.	Bonomo, Lynn J., Gosliner, Terrence M. (2020): Adding stars to the Chromodoris (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) galaxy with the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4819 (3): 401-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.1
03CFFA0FFFF9FF9899D0FE9F3B24AD40.text	03CFFA0FFFF9FF9899D0FE9F3B24AD40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chromodoris mandapamensis	<div><p>Chromodoris aff. mandapamensis</p><p>Figures (2F, 9, 10)</p><p>Chromodoris sp. 15— Gosliner et al. 2018: 140, bottom right photograph.</p><p>Material examined. CASIZ 181260, one specimen, subsampled and dissected. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.9004&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.82012" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.9004/lat 13.82012)">Ligpo Island</a>, 13.82012°N 120.9004° E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.9004&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.82012" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.9004/lat 13.82012)">Balayan Bay</a>, Batangas Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, 15 May 2009, Roger Steene .</p><p>Geographical distribution. The only known specimen was found at Ligpo Island in the Philippines.</p><p>External morphology. The living animal (Fig. 2) was small, with a length around 18 mm. The body is an opaque white color with many black spots surrounded by a grey color forming a figure eight around the rhinophores and the gill. In the center of the figure eight there are some pale orange spots. The marginal band has discontinuous orange spots along the margin. There are five unipinnate gill branches that are bright orange with bright, opaque white spots across them. The perfoliate rhinophores are bright orange and have twelve distinct lamellae with bright opaque white spots. The posterior foot barely extends past the end of the mantle and has the same discontinuous orange spots along the marginal band. On either side of the mouth there is a pair of digitiform oral tentacles.</p><p>Internal morphology. Buccal mass: The muscular portion of the buccal mass is slightly larger than the oral tube length. A chitinous labial cuticle is found at the anterior end of the muscular portion (Fig. 9) with forked, bifurcated jaw elements that have rounded tips (Figs. 10 A–B). The radular formula for the specimen, CASIZ 181260, is 53 x 38.1.38 (Fig. 10C). The rachidian tooth is thin and linear without a distinct cusp and has a wide base that is triangular in shape. On either side of the rachidian, the inner lateral teeth have 2–3 denticles on the inner side and 2–3 on the outer side (Fig. 10D). The inner lateral tooth has an elongate central cusp that is slightly longer than the length of the adjacent denticles. The remaining laterals only have denticles on the outer side of the central cusp. The middle lateral teeth have an elongate cutting edge with 4 to 7 widely-spaced, pointed denticles (Fig. 10E). The outer lateral teeth are rounded and elongate with 4 to 6 denticles depending on the amount of wear that has occurred on the teeth (Fig. 10F).</p><p>Reproductive system: The reproductive structure is not fully developed because the single known specimen is a juvenile.</p><p>Remarks. This species is distinct based on our molecular phylogeny and subsequent ABGD and bPTP analyses where it is sister to C. mandapamensis, from the Indian Ocean. The bPTP analysis reached convergence and has a probability of 0.94 that C. mandapamensis and C. aff. mandapamensis are distinct species from one another and an uncorrected pairwise distance of 2.0% for COI gene. However, this differs from the results found by Tibiriçá et al. (2020), which found them to be the same taxa. Some possibilities to pursue to resolve these alternating results are that the C. mandapamensis sequenced in Layton et al. (2018) is not the true C. mandapamensis and is not from the type locality (India). Therefore, this could potentially not be a true C. mandapamensis . Additionally, C. aff. mandapamensis is similar in characteristics to a juvenile form of Goniobranchus pruna (Gosliner 1994), however molecular data are not available for G. pruna . Molecular data need to be obtained from G. pruna and further morphological comparisons need to be made to distinguish if these species are the same or different. We did not choose to describe C. aff. mandapamensis here since it is known solely from a single juvenile specimen and further comparisons with additional adult specimens is required. Chromodoris aff. mandapamensis is included in the descriptions because the radula and jaws are distinct enough from C. mandapamensis that we wanted to have a record of those differences for potential future use in descriptions.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFFA0FFFF9FF9899D0FE9F3B24AD40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonomo, Lynn J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.	Bonomo, Lynn J., Gosliner, Terrence M. (2020): Adding stars to the Chromodoris (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) galaxy with the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4819 (3): 401-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.1
03CFFA0FFFF7FF9B99D0FE473BEDABAF.text	03CFFA0FFFF7FF9B99D0FE473BEDABAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chromodoris quagga Bonomo & Gosliner 2020	<div><p>Chromodoris quagga Bonomo &amp; Gosliner sp. nov.</p><p>Figures (2G, 2H, 11, 12)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 4833E0CD-5B91-419E-8267-59C4CBE74E7C</p><p>Chromodoris sp. 11— Gosliner et al. 2018: 139, middle right photograph.</p><p>Chromodoris burni — Gosliner et al. 2015: 212, bottom right picture, misidentification.</p><p>Type material. Holotype: NMP 041294 formerly from CASIZ 177428, one specimen, subsampled. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.8413&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.6728" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.8413/lat 13.6728)">Bethlehem</a> dive site, 13.67280°N 120.84130°E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.8413&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.6728" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.8413/lat 13.6728)">Maricaban Island</a>, Tingloy, Batangas Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, 21 m depth, 19 March 2008, T. M. Gosliner et al . Paratypes: CASIZ 177426, one specimen, subsampled and dissected. Bethlehem dive site, 13.67280°N 120.84130°E, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.8413&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.6728" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.8413/lat 13.6728)">Maricaban Island</a>, Tingloy, Batangas Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, 19 March 2008 , T.M. Gosliner et al. CASIZ 184320, one specimen. Bethlehem, Maricaban Island, Batangas Province, Philippines, 2 October 2010 , Peri Paleracio. CASIZ 229987, one specimen, dissected. Red Rocks dive site, Batangas Bay, Batangas Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, 12 November 2017 , Peri Paleracio.</p><p>Type locality. Bethlehem dive site, Maricaban Island, Tingloy, Batangas Province, Luzon Island, Philippines .</p><p>External morphology. Living animals (Figs. 2 G–H) are moderately large, with a length around 35 mm. Body is light brown in color with long black stripes across the mantle. The marginal band is a bright yellow that surrounds the entire mantle and there are black spots between the marginal band and the stripes on the mantle. Twenty unipinnate gill branches are translucent white in color with bright orange on the rachis of the gill branches. The perfoliate rhinophores are orange with an opaque white band around the bottom and have 16 distinct lamellae. The posterior end of the foot extends past the posterior end of the mantle and has a thinner yellow marginal band and a few brown stripes. On either side of the mouth there is a pair of digitiform oral tentacles.</p><p>Internal morphology. Mantle glands (Fig. 11A): The mantle glands are subcutaneous around the edges of the mantle margin. However, in preserved specimens it is difficult to observe the exact shape of the mantle glands and pictures of the live nudibranchs also do not show the shape of mantle glands. The mantle glands of C. quagga are U-shaped with extensions heading out both sides of the U.</p><p>Buccal mass and radula: The muscular portion of the buccal mass is slightly smaller than the oral tube length. Two long, straight salivary glands extend from the anterior end of the esophagus and the posterior end of the muscular portion. These salivary glands are on either side of the esophagus and connect at the point where the esophagus joins the buccal mass. A chitinous labial cuticle is found at the anterior end of the muscular portion (Fig. 11B) with long, bifurcated jaw elements (Fig. 12 A–B). The radular formula for the two paratypes, CASIZ 177426 and CASIZ 229987, is 73 x 68.1.68 and 64 x 55.1.55, respectively (Fig. 12C). The rachidian tooth is thin and triangularly shaped without a distinct cusp but appears to twist as it extends. On either side of it, the inner lateral teeth have 3 denticles on the inner side and 3–4 denticles on the outer side (Fig. 12D). The inner lateral tooth has an elongate center cusp that is about twice the length of the adjacent denticles. The remaining laterals only have denticles on the outer side of the central cusp. The middle lateral teeth have an elongate cutting edge with 5 to 7 acutely pointed denticles with the central cusp being three times the length of the denticles (Fig. 12E). The outer lateral teeth are elongate with 4 to 6 rounded denticles (Fig. 12F).</p><p>Reproductive system (Fig. 11C): The thin pre-ampullary duct connects the ovotestis with the elongate and convoluted ampulla. The ampulla narrows proximally and divides into a short oviduct and an elongate vas deferens. The distal portion of the vas deferens is wide, convoluted, and prostatic. The prostatic portion narrows proximally and enters the short curved ejaculatory segment. This segment expands into the wider penial bulb, which also joins with the distal end of the vagina. The vagina is moderately long and curved and enters the base of the thin-walled, massive, spherical bursa copulatrix. Also, joining at the base of the bursa is the receptaculum seminis duct, which connects with the large pyriform curved receptaculum seminis. Along the length of the receptaculum seminis duct is a short branch of the uterine duct that enters the female gland mass. The female gland mass is composed of a small albumen and membrane glands and a larger mucous gland. There is a large, bulbous vestibular gland joining the base near the genital opening.</p><p>Etymology. The name Chromodoris quagga comes from the scientific name of the Plains zebra ( Equus quagga). The striped nature of this nudibranch reminded us of the well-known striped pattern that zebras use for disruptive coloration.</p><p>Geographical Distribution. This species has been found in the Philippines.</p><p>Remarks. Our phylogenetic, ABGD, and bPTP analyses indicate that C. quagga represents a distinct species. The shortest COI uncorrected pairwise distance between C. quagga and C. orientalis, the sister taxa, is of 7.00%. For C. burni, C. striatella, and C. lineolata, the more similar looking Chromodoris, minimum uncorrected pairwise distances are of 8.52%, 7.51%, and 6.51% respectively. Chromodoris quagga is most similar to C. burni, with brown pigment on the body, a series of white longitudinal lines, and an orange gill and rhinophores that lack white spots. Chromodoris striatella, C. lineolata, and C. balat all have opaque white spots on the rhinophores and gill. The body size of C. quagga (35 mm) is much larger than C. burni (9–11 mm). The radula of C. quagga has a long thin rachidian tooth whereas C. burni (Rudman 1982: fig. 11) has a shorter tooth with a medial thickening. The lateral teeth of C. quagga have a longer more acutely pointed cusp than do those of C. burni . The outer lateral teeth are much longer than those found in C. burni . The reproductive system of C. burni was not described or illustrated and cannot be compared with that of C. quagga .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CFFA0FFFF7FF9B99D0FE473BEDABAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bonomo, Lynn J.;Gosliner, Terrence M.	Bonomo, Lynn J., Gosliner, Terrence M. (2020): Adding stars to the Chromodoris (Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae) galaxy with the description of four new species. Zootaxa 4819 (3): 401-435, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.3.1
