taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CF48651D18CF0DFF248FF7BFFBFE6B.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus. Thermoarcturus Paul & Menzies, 1971.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D18CF0DFF248FF7BFFBFE6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Body flexed between pereonites 4 and 5. Head and pereonite 1 fused. Pereonite 4 of similar length to pereonite 3. All pleonites fused into pleotelson, suture visible in at least 1 species. Body tuberculate or spinose, with at least dorsolateral pairs of spines, not dominated by pair near end of pleotelson; cuticle finely tomentose; pleotelson without dorsolateral ridges ending in mediodorsal posterior spine. Dorsal coxal plates 2 – 7 obsolete, bases of pereopods exposed. Mouthparts and pereopod 1 visible in lateral view. Eyes small or absent. All limbs covered in fur of fine setae. Antennal flagellum of 2 articles plus distal claw. Maxillipedal palp compact, article 3 as wide as long or wider than long, with mesiodistal notch. Pereopod 1 gnathopod-like, pereopods 2 – 4 differentiated from ambulatory pereopods 5 – 7. Pereopod 1 dactylus evenly curved along anterior margin, evenly tapering, with mesial stiff seta (e). Pereopods 2 – 4 with marginal and mesial rows of well-spaced long stiff setae; with prominent dactylus, unguis at least half as long as dactylus; pereopod 4 similar to pereopod 3. Pereopods of males without dense fur of fine setae along flexor margins. Uropodal endopod and exopod triangular, of similar lengths, each with terminal robust seta (e). Oostegites 1 – 4 functional, supported by coxal lobes; oostegites 5 a pair of rounded plates. Penes fused as a single penial plate, apically barely slit. Pleopod 1 peduncle more elongate than on other pleopods; with marginal setae on rami longer than or equal to length of rami. Pleopod 1 exopod of male thickened and with groove on posterior face, ending laterally on complexly lobed margin, or without groove and setose. Pleopod 2 of male with appendix masculina as long as or longer than endopod, basally less than half width of endopod.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D18CF0DFF248FF7BFFBFE6B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The diagnosis is based on that of Antarcturidae (Poore 2001) which the new family most resembles. The most significant feature uniting members of the family is the arrangement of setae on pereopods 2 – 4, widely spaced, more or less alternating lateral and mesial, and stiff, without associated groups of shorter finer setae. All members of Antarcturidae have pairs of long flexible ‘ filter-setae’ and associated shorter finer setae (Fig. 1). These extend in Chaetarcturus Brandt, 1990 and Caecarcturus Schultz, 1981 on to the dactylus. In Thermoarcturidae the dactylus has one or more stiff mesial setae. In all species of Thermoarcturidae the uropodal rami are triangular and of similar lengths, the exopod only a little smaller, and have terminal robust setae. In Antarcturidae the exopod is rectangular with distal setae and shorter than the endopod. Oostegites 5 are present in the two genera for which females are known; the female is unknown in Califarcturus tannerensis (Schultz, 1966) comb. nov. whereas they are absent in all antarcturids. The maxillipedal palp is compact, article 3 wider than long with a mesiodistal notch in Spinarcturus and Califarcturus, or as wide as long in Spinarcturus; the palp is more linear in most antarcturids but similar to Spinarcturus in some genera. Lastly, the cuticle of the body and all limbs (antennae, maxillipeds, pereopods) are covered in a fur of fine setae not seen in Antarcturidae. The family Rectarcturidae Poore, 2001 (of seven southern species) and Arcturididae Poore, 2001 (of one species) were differentiated from Antarcturidae on body shape, structure of the male pleopod 1 and setation of the pereopods and reviewed in detail by Poore (2013). Rectarcturids have similar setation of pereopods 2 – 4 to that of thermoarcturids and also usually have small paired oostegites 5. However, all rectarcturids have straight nongeniculate bodies, long narrow dactyli and setiform ungues on pereopods 2 – 4. In Rectarcturidae the aperture of the groove on the exopod of pleopod 1 of the male is subdistal or distal on a lobe separate from the laminar exopod apex. The situation is somewhat similar in Califarcturus tannerensis and Thermoarcturus venezuelensis, but the latter is uniquely different from all rectarcturids and antarcturids with ancillary pleopodal structures without apparent homologies in other genera. Spinarcturus natalensis Kensley, 1978 differs from both, having a weak exopodal groove and a tuft of fine setae similar to that seen in the more distantly related arcturid genus Arcturus Latreille, 1829 (Poore 2001). Arcturides cornutus Studer, 1882 the only species of Arcturididae, has a straight body and only robust setae on pereopods 2 – 4. The strong stiff setae on pereopods 2 – 4 bear a superficial similarity to those seen in species of the arcturid genus Parastacilla Hale, 1924 (King 2000) but otherwise the taxa differ in the many family-level characters, notably the concealed mouthparts, elongate pereonite 4 and male pleopods.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1BCF0DFF248E90BF82FADE.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Microarcturus tannerensis Schultz, 1966, herein designated and by monotypy.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1BCF0DFF248E90BF82FADE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head, pereonites and all pleonites each with transverse rows of submedian, sublateral and lateral tubercles bearing bead-like spheres; pleotelson with short oblique lateral tubercles. Eyes absent. Male pleopod 1 exopod with well defined groove opening at notch about three-quarters along, without ventral tooth.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1BCF0DFF248E90BF82FADE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. For California, combined with Arcturus, a commonly used genus stem.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1BCF0DFF248E90BF82FADE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Microarcturus tannerensis Schultz, 1966 has remained without a valid genus name for almost 50 years, Microarcturus being a nomen nudum (Poore 2003). The species is still known only from its holotype. Its unique male pleopod 1 does not allow it to be placed in any known valviferan genus. The setation of pereopods 2 – 4 excludes the species from Antarcturidae and other similar families.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1BCF0CFF2488D7B84FFB18.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. USA, California, Tanner Canyon, 32 ° 33 ’ 36 ” N, 118 ° 55 ’ 40 ” W, 1298 m, green mud, 28 Jan 1960 (Velero IV stn 6832), LACM Cr 19600802 (male, 5.5 mm). [LACM label states: 236 ° from China Pt Light, San Clemente I., Channel Is, CA, 32 ° 31 ’ 15 ” N, 118 ° 54 ’ 02 ” W, 1320 m, Velero IV, 29 Jan 1960]. Supplementary redescription. Pereopod 2 carpus twice as long as merus, convex along flexor margin; propodus as long a carpus, almost linear; dactylus with unguis 0.7 length of dactylus body; ischium – carpus each with few marginal and submarginal setae, propodus with 4 mesial facial setae, dactylus with 1 strong mesial facial seta. Pereopods 3 and 4 similar, slightly shorter. Male pleopod 1 exopod ending in rounded setose lobe; posterior groove ending in deep fissure about 0.7 along length formed by a lateral lobe and a curved secondary lobe mesially; exopod 0.7 times length of endopod. Pleopod 2 endopod slightly longer than exopod; appendix masculina slightly curved, slightly longer than endopod, covered with fine setae. Pleopods 3 – 5 without marginal long setae. Uropodal endopod broader than long, with subdistal stout seta; exopod narrower than endopod, tapering, with longer distal stout seta.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1BCF0CFF2488D7B84FFB18.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern Pacific Ocean, off USA, California; 1300 m.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1BCF0CFF2488D7B84FFB18.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Schultz (1966) stated that his type was a female but labelled his figure 10 of the fused penes as ‘ first male pleopods’. The specimen is clearly a male; a female could be expected to have a wider midpereon. His dorsal habitus figure is reproduced here along with new illustrations of pereopod 2, pleopods 1 and 2, and the uropod, not figured in the original description. b d e	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1ACF0BFF2488FEBCF9FF4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Spinarcturus natalensis Kensley, 1978, by original designation and monotypy.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1ACF0BFF2488FEBCF9FF4B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pereonites 2 – 4 with prominent sublateral and lateral spines; pereonites 5 – 7 with prominent lateral spines; pleonite 3 with pair of acute sublateral spines, longer and stouter than other spines; pleotelson unarmed. Eyes present. Male pleopod 1 exopod with area of fine setae about one third along, groove weakly defined. Oostegites 5 apparent as pair of small flaps on anterior margin of pereonite 5.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1ACF0BFF2488FEBCF9FF4B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The genus, represented by one species, is included in the new family largely because of the absence of ‘ filter setae’, the covering of setules and the short uropodal rami. It differs from the other two in not having an obvious groove on the posterior face of the male pleopod 1 but instead a broad proximal depression filled with fine setae. This resembles the structure seen in species of Arcturus (family Arcturidae), e. g., A. baffini (Sabine, 1824) (see Kussakin 1982: fig. 238) but these have rows of numerous ‘ filter setae’ on pereopods 2 – 4. Kensley (1978 a) characterised the genus having pereonite 1 not fused with the head. While a clear furrow is visible dorsally there is not articulation as is typical of all arcturoid valviferans. He noted the difficulty of placing the type species and compared it with several genera now included in Arcturidae, Antarcturidae and Holidoteidae before erecting a new genus.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1DCF0AFF248C79B80AFC3B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. South Africa, off Natal, 27 ° 59 ’ 5, 32 ° 40.8 ’ E, 550 m (Meiring Naude stn SM 86), SAM A 15473 (male, 6.0 mm). Paratype. Collected with holotype, SAM A 15473 (ovigerous female, 8.2 mm). Other material. South Africa, off Natal (Meiring Naude stn SM 103), SAM A 15474 (1 male, 2 juveniles). Supplementary redescription. Pereopod 2 carpus twice as long as merus, convex along flexor margin; propodus almost as long a carpus, convex distally on flexor margin; dactylus with unguis as long as dactylus body; ischium with 1 marginal and 1 submarginal setae, merus with 2 marginal and 2 submarginal setae, carpus with 4 marginal and 3 submarginal setae, propodus with 3 marginal and 3 facial setae, dactylus with 3 marginal and 3 mesial facial seta. Pereopod 3 with similar setation, articles about as long but broader than those of pereopod 2. Pereopod 4 with similar setation to but distal articles especially shorter than pereopod 2. Pereopod 6 linear, 1.2 times as long as pereopod 2. Male pleopod 1 exopod thickened proximally, lamellar distally, with broad curved proximal depression on posterior face, filled with mat of long fine setae extending to mesial margin; exopod margin otherwise with plumose setae; endopod as long as exopod. Male pleopod 2 with appendix masculina simple, tapering, 1.8 times as long as endopod. Uropodal endopod subtriangular, with 2 or 3 distal robust setae, exopod slightly shorter than endopod, ovoid-tapering, with 2 distal robust setae. Ovigerous female with ovoid oostegites on pereopods 1 – 4, each supported by oblique coxal spines, most prominent on pereopod 4; oostegite 5 an oval disc on anterior margin of pereonite 5 supported by short coxal projection.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1DCF0AFF248C79B80AFC3B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indian Ocean, off South Africa, Natal; 550 – 680 m.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1DCF0AFF248C79B80AFC3B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Examination of the male and female types confirmed most of Kensley’s (1978 a) observations and illustrations. He mislabelled his illustration of pereopod 2 (fig. 8 A) as ‘ pereiopod VII’ and stated that ‘ pereiopods II to IV essentially similar to pereiopods V to VII’. This is not so, pereopods 2 – 4 are stouter, with well-spaced long stiff setae arranged almost in pairs, while pereopods 5 – 7 are long, thin and with few short robust setae. Kensley did not figure the facial setae on distal articles but showed the tomentum of setules.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1CCF0AFF248EA9B8F7FA40.taxon	materials_examined	Type species. Thermoarcturus venezuelensis Paul & Menzies, 1971, by original designation and monotypy.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1CCF0AFF248EA9B8F7FA40.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Head and pereonites 2 – 4 with simple sublateral spines, pleotelson scarcely ornamented; pereonites 5 – 7 and anterior pleon scarcely armed; pleotelson with minute lateral wings. Eyes present. Male pleopod 1 exopod with well defined groove opening at end of rounded lobe, with prominent ventral ridge-tooth mesially. Oostegites 5 apparent as pair of small ovoids covering oopores.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1CCF0AFF248EA9B8F7FA40.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Abundant material of both sexes of the type species enables the genus to be diagnosed more precisely and for it to become the type of the new family. Paul & Menzies’ (1971) stated that pereonite 1 was free from the cephalon, but this is wrong and is never the case in arcturoid valviferans, and that the pleon is composed of three free somites. This too is not so and their crude drawing does not suggest it; a strong dorsal groove distinguishes pleonite 1 from the remainder of the pleotelson but without allowing any articulation.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1CCF07FF248B60B984FD71.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Off Venezuela, 11 ° 03 ’ N, 64 ° 37.5 ’ W, 95 m, USNM 136427 (female, 4.5 mm) Material examined. West Indies [US Virgin Islands], Saint Croix, W of Frederiksted, [c. 17 ° S, 65 ° W], 500 fm [900 m], T. Mortensen, Ingolf Expedition, 18 Jan 1906, ZMUC CRU- 7102 (male, 8.8 mm); ZMUC CRU- 7141 (ovigerous female, 7.4 mm); ZMUC CRU- 7142 (4 mancas, 3.0 – 4.2 mm; 9 males, 5.1 – 6.2 mm; 2 ovigerous females, 7.1 mm); NMV J 58377 (1 manca, 3.2 mm; 5 males, 5.4 – 7.3 mm; 2 ovigerous females, 6.7 mm).	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1CCF07FF248B60B984FD71.taxon	description	Description. Male, 8.8 mm. ZMUC CRU- 7102. Cuticle with tomentum of fine setae over body and appendages. Body linear, strongly geniculate, length about 8.5 times greatest width (pereonite 3); head comprising 0.15 and pleotelson 0.25 total length. Head with pair of dorsolateral spines; pereonites 1 – 4 each with pair of sublateral acute tubercles long, less prominent on pereonite 1; pereonites 2 – 4 each with pair of triangular lateral supracoxal projections, slightly anteriorly directed, coxae unarmed; pereonite 5 with small tubercles on posterior margin; pereonites 5 – 7 each with median tubercle, pair of short dorsolateral tubercles and pair of supracoxal tubercles; pleonite 1 0.2 length of whole pleotelson, marked from it by dorsal and lateral groove, with pair of lateral tubercles; remaining pleotelson tapering in lateral profile, parallel-sided in dorsal view over two-thirds length, with pair of small lateral wings before tapering to acute apex. d c n p 4 e o p b p 5 p 5 a k l m f g h i j a b d c e Antennule 0.2 body length; flagellum with annular basal article, article 2 as long as peduncle, with 4 single and 3 pairs of aesthetascs. Antenna 0.75 body length, peduncular articles 4 and 5 of equal length, longer than articles 1 – 3 together, articles 4 and 5 each with 4 and 5 pairs of long setae respectively; flagellum of 1 linear article and fine claw. Maxillipedal endite with 6 distal plumose setae; palp article 3 broadest, with distinct concavity on mesiodistal margin; article 4 ovate, with 3 marginal setae; article 5 with 4 distal setae. Pereopod 1 with compact ischium – carpus, dactylus as long and closing on propodus; ischium with 1 marginal and 2 mesial pectinate setae; merus with 2 marginal and 2 mesial pectinate setae; carpus with 6 marginal pectinate setae; propodus with 6 marginal pectinate setae, mesial face with oblique rows of 1, 2, 8 and 6 pectinate setae; dactylus with 3 mesial and 2 marginal (extensor) pectinate setae, unguis half as long as dactylus body. Pereopod 2 carpus as long as ischium and merus together, convex on flexor margin, propodus and dactylus of similar lengths and slightly shorter than carpus; ischium and merus each with 2 marginal and 2 submarginal setae, carpus with 6 marginal and 4 mesial setae, propodus with 5 marginal-lateral and 3 mesial setae, dactylus with 4 setae near midlength, unguis half as long as dactylus body. Pereopods 3 and 4 progressively slightly longer than pereopod 2, of similar proportions and similar setation. Pereopods 5 – 7 of simple articles with few setae, progressively shorter. Pleopod 1 exopod thickened proximally, with an oblique keel on anterior face (ventral in situ) ending in a rounded tooth at about midpoint; groove ending on a ventral subterminal distolateral lobe curved mesially; lamellar apex rounded, with long marginal setae, posterior (dorsal) surface with irregular row of sharp robust setae; endopod narrow, little longer than exopod. Pleopod 2 with appendix masculina tapering to sharp apex, 1.3 times as long as endopod. Pleopods 3 – 5 with lamellar rami, exopods shorter than endopods and with 1, 2 and 3 distal setae respectively. Uropodal endopod triangular, with distal robust seta; exopod triangular, of similar dimensions to endopod, with 2 distal robust setae. Ovigerous female, 7.4 mm. ZMUC CRU- 7141. Body 4.6 times as long as wide. Pereopods 1 – 4 with broad overlapping oostegites; coxae with narrow ventral plates, without extended coxal supports; pereonite 5 with paired small midventral oval oostegites forming a hemispherical dome covering oopores.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1CCF07FF248B60B984FD71.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Caribbean Sea, off Venezuela; Saint Croix; 95 – 900 m.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
03CF48651D1CCF07FF248B60B984FD71.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Paul & Menzies’ (1971) description and small figures are sufficient to identify the species. The female holotype was examined by me in the 1990 s but not reillustrated. However, the abundant new material from near the type locality could confidently be assigned to this species. The collection, especially the presence of both sexes, enables to species to be redescribed in more detail and the genus to be better diagnosed. The pleopod 1 of the male has a complex exopod unlike anything seen elsewhere in valviferans. It is figured from more than one aspect.	en	Poore, Gary C. B. (2015): Thermoarcturidae, a new crustacean family of three genera (Isopoda: Valvifera). Zootaxa 4007 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4007.3.7
