identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CF7E313E65FFC2FF35FEF4FB7A9508.text	03CF7E313E65FFC2FF35FEF4FB7A9508.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Plekocheilus Guilding 1828	<div><p>Genus Plekocheilus Guilding, 1828</p><p>Subgenus Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) Guilding, 1828</p><p>Type species: Voluta aurissileni Born, 1780 . Distribution: West Indies (St. Vincent, Barbados), Venezuela, Ecuador, Colombia.</p><p>1. Plekocheilus (Plekocheilus) cardinalis (Pfeiffer, 1853)</p><p>Type locality: Quito. Lectotype ZMB 112721 (designated and figured by Köhler 2007).</p><p>Distribution:? Napo (Pilsbry 1899: 77); Pastaza, Mera (FLMNH 109841; FMNH 86698, 125478); Pichincha, near Mindo, circa 1000 m (Weyrauch 1967: 460); Nanegal; valley of Río Pilatón (both according to Pilsbry 1899: 77). “New Grenada ” (RMNH). “ Ecuador ” (ZMA).</p><p>Remarks: New Grenada was used in the 19th century and is referring to an area comprising Ecuador, Colombia and parts of Venezuela and Panama.</p><p>2. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) aristaceus (Crosse, 1869)</p><p>Type locality: Quito, reipublicae Aequatoris.</p><p>Distribution: Chimborazo, Bucay (IRSN); Cotopaxi, Páramo de Sigchos (IRSN); Pichincha, near Mindo (FMNH 216871)*; Río Pilatón (IRSN). “New Grenada ” (ZMB).</p><p>Remarks: These are the first precise localities for this species.</p><p>3. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) aureonitens (Miller, 1878)</p><p>Type locality: Pilatón valley, 1000 m.</p><p>Distribution: Pichincha, Río Pilatón. “ Ecuador ” (ANSP 78577). Remarks: This species may prove to be a synonym of Plekocheilus (Eurytus) taylorianus (Reeve, 1849) .</p><p>4. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) corydon (Crosse, 1869) Type locality: Quito.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known].</p><p>5. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) doliarius (Da Costa, 1898)</p><p>Type locality: Paramba. Lectotype BMNH 1907.11.21.110 (Breure 1979; see also Neubert &amp; Janssen 2004: 208, who figure a paralectotype (SMF 9513) in Pl. 1 Fig. 1).</p><p>Distribution: Carchi, Hacienda Paramba (BMNH, IRSN, SMF).</p><p>Remarks: As this species is also recorded from Colombia, the locality is most likely in Carchi, which is also the only province where Paramba is attributed to in the GNS-gazetteer.</p><p>6. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) eros (Angas, 1878)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1879.1.21.2. Distribution:? [no specific locality known].</p><p>7. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) floccosus (Spix, 1827)</p><p>Type locality: Brazil. Holotype ZSM (Simone 2006: 149).</p><p>Distribution: Morona-Santiago, Cusuimi (FMNH 170620); Río Macuma, ca. 10 km from Río Morona (FMNH 187606)*; Napo, Río Napo, 500 m (SMF 156306; see Weyrauch 1967: 462); Tungurahua, Topo (FMNH 86667); 0.7 km W Río Negro (RMNH)*. “ Ecuador ” (RMNH).</p><p>Remarks: This is a broad ranged species that is also known from Peru, Brazil and Bolivia. Weyrauch (1967: 462) placed Helix pentadina d’Orbigny, 1835 in the synonymy of this species.</p><p>8. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) jimenezi (Hidalgo, 1872)</p><p>Type locality: San José (according to Weyrauch 1967: 463 this is located 50 km E Baeza; it is most probably San José de Suno [00° 32' 00" S 077° 25' 00" W], also known as San José Viejo). Plekocheilus (Eurytus) gibbonius (Hidalgo, 1872), described from the same locality, is a synonym according to Pilsbry (1895: 87). Distribution: Orellana, San José de Suno. “Oriente Prov.” (FMNH 72336).</p><p>Plekocheilus (Eurytus) jimenezi oligostylus Pilsbry, 1939</p><p>Type locality: [Ecuador, between Baeza and Archidona, Nachiyacu, see Clench &amp; Turner 1962: 109]. Holotype: ANSP 170696.</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Nachiyacu; Sarayacu (see Weyrauch 1967: 463); valley of Río Quijos (FMNH 216872); Pastaza, Puyo (FLMNH 109855; FMNH 42168, 126934); Mera (FLMNH 184702).</p><p>9. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) lynciculus (Deville &amp; Hupé, 1850)</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Loreto, Sarayacu.</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Nachiyacu (ANSP 170694: Holotype of the synonym Plekocheilus (Eurytus) jacksoni Pilsbry, 1939; according to Weyrauch 1967: 463); Orellana, Loreto, 550 m [SMF 156302; see Weyrauch 1967: 463]; Pastaza, Chichirota (FMNH 78742).</p><p>10. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) mcgintyi ‘Pilsbry’ H.B. Baker, 1963</p><p>Type locality: Rio Napo, northeastern boundary of Ecuador. Holotype ANSP 227455. Distribution: Napo, Río Jatunyacu [= Río Napo] (ANSP).</p><p>11. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) nocturnus Pilsbry, 1939</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador, Puyo. Holotype ANSP 170695. Distribution: Pastaza, Puyo (FMNH 86644).</p><p>12. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) phoebus (Pfeiffer, 1863)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Lectotype BMNH 1975143 (Breure 1979). Distribution:? [no specific locality known].</p><p>13. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) pulicarius (Reeve, 1848)</p><p>Type locality: New Grenada. Lectotype BMNH 1975281 (designated and figured by Breure 1978: 15, Pl. 11 Fig. 6).</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific Ecuadorian locality known; the species is better known in Colombia]. “ Ecuador ” (FMNH 202082). “New Grenada ” (BMNH 1975282/2 paralectotypes).</p><p>14. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) roseolabrum (E.A. Smith, 1877)</p><p>Type locality: Malacatos. Lectotype BMNH 1975135 (Breure 1978).</p><p>Distribution: Loja, Malacatos (BMNH 1877.3.28.2/1 paralectotype); Zamora-Chinchipe, Tapichalaca* (B. Harris, personal communication and photograph).</p><p>Remarks: This is the first record and precise locality after the original description in 1877.</p><p>15. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) taylorianus (Reeve, 1849)</p><p>Type locality: Environs of Quito. Lectotype BMNH 1874.12.11.271 (Here corrected for BMNH 1975142 as given by Breure 1978). Pilsbry (1895) placed Eurytus taylorioides Miller, 1878 in the synonymy of this species; its type locality is: “circa Quito, Chimborazo”.</p><p>Distribution: Pastaza, Mera (FMNH 202059); Pichincha, Milpe (FLMNH 166225); Mindo, near Rio Blanco (FLMNH 166226); Nanegal (EPN); Pacto (EPN); Pintag (EPN); Gualea (FMNH 61138, 31173). “ Ecuador ” (CMC C11056, C11057; FMNH 100722; RMNH; ZMA).</p><p>Remarks: Köhler (2007) gives a figure of a paralectotype (ZMB 112722).</p><p>16. Plekocheilus (Eurytus) tricolor (Pfeiffer, 1853)</p><p>Type locality: New Grenada, Gualea. According to Pilsbry (1901: 131) Bulimus semipictus Hidalgo, 1869 is a junior synonym is, for which the type locality is Baeza.</p><p>Distribution: Cotopaxi, Sigchos (FMNH 70912); Imbabura, Ibarra (FMNH 70911); Napo, Baeza; Orellana, Ávila (FMNH 31171); Pichincha, Gualea. “ Ecuador ” (RMNH).</p><p>Subgenus Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) Weyrauch, 1967</p><p>Type species: Bulimus veranyi Pfeiffer, 1848 . Distribution: Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador, Colombia.</p><p>17. Plekocheilus (Aeropictus) tenuissimus (Weyrauch, 1967)</p><p>Type locality: 20 km W Quito, Tandayapa, 2500 m. Holotype IML 3364. Distribution: Pichincha, Tandayapa* (IML); near Nanegal (RMNH)*.</p><p>Plekocheilus sp.</p><p>Distribution: El Oro, 13.1 km WNW Pinas (FLMNH 36133)*; Napo, Archidona (FMNH 31133), labelled as P. blainvilleanus loveni (Pfeiffer), which is a Venezuelan species; Pichincha, 15 km NE Las Palmas, Río Faisanes (FLMNH 22917)*; 14.3 km NE La Palma, Río Faisanes (FLMNH 26611)*.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E65FFC2FF35FEF4FB7A9508	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E67FFCCFF35FAA9FB2E95E6.text	03CF7E313E67FFCCFF35FAA9FB2E95E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Thaumastus Albers 1860	<div><p>Genus Thaumastus Albers, 1860</p><p>Subgenus Thaumastus (Kara) Strebel, 1910</p><p>Type species: Bulimus thompsonii Pfeiffer, 1845 . Distribution: Venezuela, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.</p><p>18. Thaumastus (Kara) thompsonii (Pfeiffer, 1845)</p><p>Type locality: Quito. Lectotype BMNH 1975464. Junior synonyms of this species are Orphnus thompsoni nigricans Cousin, 1887 (type locality: Cuenca), Orphnus thompsoni olivacea Cousin, 1887 (type locality: Cuenca) and Orphnus thompsoni zebra Cousin, 1887 (type locality: near Azogues).</p><p>Distribution: Azuay, Cuenca (ANSP 168228; CMC C11040; EPN; FMNH 78736); Cañar, near Azogues; Pichincha, Nanegal (ZMB). “ Ecuador ” (CMC C11000, C11041, C11126; RMNH; ZMA; ZMH 7528). “Quito” (BMNH 1975465/2 paralectotypes; FMNH 103304).</p><p>19. Thaumastus (Kara) thompsonoides Oberwimmer, 1931 Type locality: Ecuador, Loja. Holotype SMF 5144.</p><p>Distribution: Loja,? [no specific locality known].</p><p>Subgenus Thaumastus (Scholvienia) Strebel, 1910</p><p>Type species: Bulimus bitaeniatus Nyst, 1845 . Distribution: Peru, Ecuador.</p><p>20. Thaumastus (Scholvienia) jaspideus (Morelet, 1863) **</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Huancavelica.</p><p>Distribution: Tungurahua, Baños (FLMNH 109807).</p><p>Remarks: This is the first record—if correctly identified—from outside the known distribution in Peru.</p><p>Subgenus Thaumastus (Thaumastiella) Weyrauch, 1956</p><p>Type species: Bulimulus sarcochrous Pilsbry, 1897 . Distribution: Peru, Ecuador.</p><p>21. Thaumastus (Thaumastiella) sarcochrous (Pilsbry, 1897) **</p><p>Type locality: Peru. Holotype ANSP 4705.</p><p>Distribution: Pichincha, 24 km N Quito (FMNH 106151, 106152).</p><p>Remarks: This subgenus is known from northern Peru (Depts. La Libertad, Cajamarca) and if the specimens have been correctly identified, this is an extension of the known range into Ecuador.</p><p>Subgenus Thaumastus (Thaumastus) Albers, 1860</p><p>Type species: Bulimus hartwegi Pfeiffer, 1846 . Distribution: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.</p><p>22. Thaumastus (Thaumastus) brunneus Strebel, 1910 Type locality: Ecuador.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known].</p><p>23. Thaumastus (Thaumastus) buckleyi (Higgins, 1872)</p><p>Type locality: San Lucas. Syntypes BMNH 1872.5.22.6.</p><p>Distribution: Loja, San Lucas (BMNH). “ Ecuador ” (ANSP 81285).</p><p>24. Thaumastus (Thaumastus) flori (Jousseaume, 1897) Type locality: Machala.</p><p>Distribution: El Oro, Machala; Pichincha, Nanegal (see Weyrauch 1967: 472).</p><p>25. Thaumastus (Thaumastus) hartwegi (Pfeiffer, 1846)</p><p>Type locality: “El Catamaija” near Loja. Syntype BMNH 1975126. Distribution: Loja, Catamayo (BMNH); Pichincha, probably vicinity of Nanegal (ANSP 195217). “ Ecuador ” (CMC C11020; RMNH).</p><p>26. Thaumastus (Thaumastus) indentatus (Da Costa, 1901)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1907.11.21.115.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “ Ecuador ” (BMNH 1907.11.21.116/1 paralectotype).</p><p>27. Thaumastus (Thaumastus) integer (Pfeiffer, 1855)</p><p>Type locality: Quito. Lectotype BMNH 1975244 (Breure 1979).</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “Quito” (BMNH 1975245/1 paralectotype).</p><p>28. Thaumastus (Thaumastus) loxostomus (Pfeiffer, 1853) Type locality: Andes of New Granada [Judging by the name this taxon may originate from the province of Loja].</p><p>Distribution:? Loja [no specific locality known].</p><p>29. Thaumastus (Thaumastus) orcesi Weyrauch, 1967 Type locality: Ecuador, basin of río Esmeraldas, 35 km NW Quito, region of Nanegal, 1500 m. Holotype IML 3165.</p><p>Distribution: Pichincha, Nanegal (IML).</p><p>30. Bostryx bilineatus (Sowerby, 1833)</p><p>Type locality: Santa Elena and in western Colombia [Although there are more places with this name, we suppose that here is meant Santa Elena in Prov. Guayas]. Syntypes ZMB 10261 (Köhler 2007: 131, Fig. 21).</p><p>Distribution: Guayas, 17 km WNW Progreso [= Gómes Rendón] (FLMNH 139140)*; 11 km W Progreso (FLMNH 139079)*; 1 km ENE Progreso (FLMNH 139047)*; 5 km NNE Progreso (FLMNH 139049)*; 4 km N Palmar (FLMNH 139078)*; 5 km N Palmar (FLMNH 139056)*; 4 km N Monteverde (FLMNH 139077)*; 3 km E Zapotal (FLMNH 139106)*; 9 km S Manglaralto (FLMNH 139114)*; Santa Elena (RMNH); 11.2 km NE Santa Elena (FMNH 106230)*; 32 km NE Santa Elena (FMNH 106153)*;. Manabí, Manta (FMNH 125507, 125216); 11 km WNW Jipijapa (FLMNH 139038)*; 1 km S Ayampe (FLMNH 139048)*.</p><p>Remarks: There are according to the GNS two places named Progreso in Guayas province [01° 46' 00" S 079° 45' 00" W and 01° 53' 00" S 079° 52' 00" W respectively]. Given the record for Zapotal, it is most probably that a place named Gómes Rendón was meant [02° 24' 00" S 080° 22' 00" W] for which the GNS lists as a variant name Progreso.</p><p>31.? Bostryx ceroplastus (Pilsbry, 1896)</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Río Marañon, Balsas. Lectotype ANSP 25468 (Breure 1979).</p><p>Distribution: Tungurahua, 32 km SE Ambato (FMNH 106156).</p><p>Remarks: This is a species from the eastern slopes of the Andes in northern Peru and its disjunct distribu-tion—both geographically and in altitude—makes a confirmation of this record necessary.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E67FFCCFF35FAA9FB2E95E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E69FFCDFF35F8E4FB589148.text	03CF7E313E69FFCDFF35F8E4FB589148.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulimulus Leach 1814	<div><p>Genus Bulimulus Leach, 1814</p><p>Type species: Helix exilis Gmelin, 1791 . Distribution: West Indies, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico.</p><p>33. Bulimulus fontainii (d’Orbigny, 1837)</p><p>Type locality: Near Guayaquil. Holotype BMNH 1854.12.4.165.</p><p>Distribution: Guayas, near Guayaquil (FMNH 31339).</p><p>Remarks: This is the only species of Bulimulus s.str. and is well outside the range of this genus. Once revised this taxon may prove to be a synonym, possibly of Drymaeus cactivorus (Broderip) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E69FFCDFF35F8E4FB589148	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E68FFD5FF35FE69FF7591BE.text	03CF7E313E68FFD5FF35FE69FF7591BE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naesiotus Albers 1850	<div><p>Genus Naesiotus Albers, 1850</p><p>Type species: Bulimus nux Broderip, 1832 . Distribution: West Indies, Venezuela, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia.</p><p>Remarks: Although some authors have listed the species of Naesiotus from the Galápagos as Bulimulus (Naesiotus), we have chosen to follow the classification as given in the most recent revision of the subfamily (Breure 1979). Most species of the Galápagos are highly endangered and several are considered extinct. See the actual list on http://www.iucnredlist.org (they are all listed under Bulimulus). There are a number of species described by Coppois (1985), but not according to the ICZN-rules; these are considered to be manuscript names and have not been listed here. Synonyms provided by Richardson (1995) have been mentioned under remarks, although his decisions remain unclear by lack of any explanatory notes. Awaiting a further revision of the Galápagos species we have chosen to give here only the type locality and the depository of the primary type material, if known. The distribution is based on the available data as given by Parent (2003) and Seddon (1996, 2000).</p><p>34. Naesiotus achatinellus (Forbes, 1850)</p><p>Type locality: Chatham Island. Holotype BMNH 1855.4.5.25.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristóbal; Isla Española.</p><p>Remarks: According to Köhler (2007: 136) it is unknown on how many specimens the description is based. He stated that Forbes did not explicitly designate a holotype and therefore considered the specimen in the Berlin museum as a syntype. According to the label, the BMNH-specimen is the holotype.</p><p>35. Naesiotus adelphus (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: Indefatigable Island. Holotype CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>36. Naesiotus akamatus (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: Indefatigable Island. Holotype CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>37. Naesiotus albemarlensis (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: Galápagos, near Villamil, 700–1000 m. Holotype CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Isabela, near Puerto Villamil [00° 56' 00" S 091° 01' 00" W].</p><p>38. Naesiotus alethorhytidus (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: Indefatigable Island, 105– 120 m. Holotype CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristobal.</p><p>40. Naesiotus approximatus (Dall, 1900)</p><p>Type locality: Galápagos, Hood Island. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Española.</p><p>41. Naesiotus bauri (Dall, 1893)</p><p>Type locality: Galápagos, SW end of Chatham Island. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristobal.</p><p>42. Naesiotus blombergi (Odhner, 1951)</p><p>Type locality: Galápagos, Santa Cruz Island, 200– 300m. Holotype NRS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>Remarks: Richardson (1995) considers Naesiotus deroyi A.G. Smith, 1972 as a synonym.</p><p>43. Naesiotus calvus (Sowerby, 1833)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos, James I[sland]. Dall &amp; Ochsner (1928) described the variety caryonis from Charles Island, 230 m. Holotype CAS 1686.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Salvador; Isla Floreana.</p><p>45. Naesiotus cavagnaroi A.G. Smith, 1972</p><p>Type locality: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz, 7 km NE Santa Rosa. Holotype CAS 13738. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>Remarks: Richardson (1995) considers Naesiotus gilderoyi (Van Mol, 1972) as a synonym.</p><p>46. Naesiotus chemnitzoides (Forbes, 1850)</p><p>Type locality: Galápagos, Chatham Island. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristobal.</p><p>48. Naesiotus cucullinus (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: Galápagos, Hood Island, 60– 180 m. Syntypes CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Española.</p><p>49. Naesiotus curtus (Reibisch, 1892)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Chatham Island. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristobal.</p><p>50. Naesiotus cymatias (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: Galápagos, Indefatigable Island, 120– 200 m. Syntypes CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>51. Naesiotus darwini (Pfeiffer, 1846)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos Islands.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santiago. According to Parent (2003) five subpopulations are known on the island and total range area is likely to be less than 2000 km 2. The species is found throughout the humid zone on Santiago Island.</p><p>53. Naesiotus duncanus (Dall, 1893)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos Island, Duncan Island. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Pinzón.</p><p>55. Naesiotus eos Odhner, 1951</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos, Santa Cruz Island. Holotype NRS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>Remarks: Richardson (1995) considers Naesiotus scalesiana A.G. Smith, 1972 as a synonym.</p><p>56. Naesiotus eschariferus (Sowerby, 1833)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristóbal. The species is known only from one location with a range size of approximately 3 km 2. The range was probably greater sometime in the past as suggested by the numerous empty shells found on that island (Parent 2003).</p><p>57. Naesiotus florschuetzi Breure, 1978</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador, Prov. El Oro, 50 km N Santa Rosa. Holotype FLMNH 22772. Distribution: El Oro, 50 km N Santa Rosa (FLMNH 22772, 22773/45 paratypes; RMNH 55184/10 paratypes)*; Guayas, 4 km N Palmar (FLMNH 139089)*.</p><p>58. Naesiotus galapaganus (Pfeiffer, 1855)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos Islands. Lectotype BMNH 1975146 (Breure 1979). Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Floreana (see Parent 2003).</p><p>60. Naesiotus habeli (Dall, 1892)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristóbal (see Parent, 2003).</p><p>61. Naesiotus hemaerodes (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos, Albemarle Island, Cowley Mountains, 640– 700 m. Syntypes CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Isabela; Isla Fernandina (see Parent 2003).</p><p>62. Naesiotus hirsutus Vagvolgyi, 1977</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador, Archipiélago de Colón [Galápagos], Santa Cruz Island, on southern slope, 4 km N Puerto Ayora, 120– 135 m. Holotype USNM 757715.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz. It is known from only one population with a range of less 2 km 2. The range was probably greater in the past as suggested by empty shells found on the ground. The total area of suitable habitat available for this species is likely to be less than 100 km 2 (Parent 2003).</p><p>63. Naesiotus hoodensis (Dall, 1900)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos, Hood Island. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Española.</p><p>64. Naesiotus indefatigabilis (Dall, 1900)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos, James and Indefatigable Islands.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Salvador. According to Parent (2003) this species is restricted to one small population of Isla Santiago [= San Salvador].</p><p>65. Naesiotus jacobi (Sowerby, 1833)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos, James Island. A probable syntype (ZMB 10283) is figured by Köhler 2007. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Salvador. Restricted to two subpopulations, with a range less than 10 km 2, on Isla Santiago [= San Salvador] (Parent 2003).</p><p>66. Naesiotus jervisensis (Dall &amp; Ochsner, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos, Jervis Island, 270– 300 m. Syntypes CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Rábida.</p><p>68. Naesiotus lycodus (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Indefatigable Island, 135– 165 m. Syntypes CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>69. Naesiotus nesioticus (Dall, 1896)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] James Island.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Salvador. Six subpopulations on the island of which the population size fluctuates widely from year to year (Parent 2003).</p><p>Remarks: Dall (1920: 121) emended the name to naesioticus.</p><p>71. Naesiotus nux (Broderip, 1832)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos, Charles Island. Lectotype BMNH 1975172 (Breure 1979). Junior synonyms for which type material is known are: Bulimus incrassatus Pfeiffer, 1853 (Lectotype BMNH 1975157; Breure 1979), Bulimus nuciformis Petit, 1853 (Lectotype MNHN; Breure 1976) and Bulimus verrucosus Pfeiffer, 1855 (Lectotype BMNH 1975168; Breure 1979). Dall &amp; Ochsner (1928) described two subspecies for the populations from Isla San Cristóbal: Bulimulus (Naesiotus) nux basiplicatus (Syntypes CAS) and Bulimulus (Naesiotus) nux perchloris (Syntypes CAS). A variety for which no type material is known to exist is Bulimus asperatus Albers, 1857 .</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristóbal; Isla Floreana. Four subpopulations known, with a total area less than 20 km 2 (Parent 2003).</p><p>72. Naesiotus ochseneri (Dall, 1893)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Indefatigable Island, 60– 200 m. Syntypes CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz. Only one population known, with a range of less than 10 km 2 (Parent 2003).</p><p>73. Naesiotus olla (Dall, 1893)</p><p>Dall published it as a new name for Bulimus jacobi Reeve, 1848 not Bulinus jacobi Sowerby, 1833 . Type locality: [Galápagos,] James Island.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Salvador. Two subpopulations, each of less than 200 individuals, with a total area of occupancy probably less than 5 km 2 (Parent 2003).</p><p>74. Naesiotus pallidus (Reibisch, 1892)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Albemarle Island. Lectotype ZMB 47951a (designated and figured by Köhler 2007: 138, Fig. 54).</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Isabela; Isla Pinta (Parent 2003).</p><p>Remarks: Considered by Richardson (1995) to be a synonym of Naesiotus jacobi (Reeve, 1848) .</p><p>75. Naesiotus perrus (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Narborough Island, rim of the crater, 60– 150 m. Syntypes CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Fernandina. Single population at the summit of the island (Parent 2003).</p><p>76. Naesiotus perspectivus (Pfeiffer, 1846)</p><p>Type locality: Locality unknown. Lectotype BMNH 1975166 (Breure 1979); “Galapagos” as locality mentioned on label.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristóbal; Isla Floreana.</p><p>77. Naesiotus pinzonensis Vagvolgyi, 1977</p><p>Type locality: Archipiélago de Colón [Galápagos], Pinzón Island, northern and western cliffs of main peak, 425– 455 m. Holotype USNM 757718.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Pinzón.</p><p>78. Naesiotus pinzonopsis Vagvolgyi, 1977</p><p>Type locality: Archipiélago de Colón [Galápagos], Pinzón Island, northern and western cliffs of main peak, 425– 455 m. Holotype USNM 757719.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Pinzón.</p><p>80. Naesiotus prepinguis Vagvolgyi, 1977</p><p>Type locality: Archipiélago de Colón [Galápagos], Pinzón Island, secondary peak, 263 m, north of the crater. Holotype USNM 757720.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Pinzón.</p><p>81. Naesiotus quitensis (Pfeiffer, 1848)</p><p>Type locality: Quito. Lectotype BMNH 1975320 (Breure 1979). Bulimus catlowiae Pfeiffer, 1853 is a junior synonym of this species; the lectotype is also in the BMNH-collection (BMNH 1975414). Other synonyms are Bulimus irregularis Pfeiffer, 1848, also from Quito (syn. nov.) and Bulimus caliginosus Reeve, 1849 (syn. nov.).</p><p>Distribution: Carchi, 35 km N Ibarra on the road to El Angel, 1700 m (RMNH)*; Chimborazo, Riobamba (FLMNH); S of Cajabamba (FLMNH 176545)*; Cerro de Altar (Pilsbry 1897: 33); Imbabura, 9.4 km N Ibarra (FLMNH 189112, 189113)*; Otavalo (Pilsbry 1896: 159); Cerro Imbabura; Chota (MCZ 113825);?”Salinas Ibarre, 1659 m, coll. Stübel” (Pilsbry 1897: 34); Napo, slopes of Mt. Antisana (FMNH 70905, 107553); Pastaza, Cerros de Abitagua (FMNH 125462);?Río Pastaza, 3.2 km above Falls Agougou (ZMH 7373);?banks of Río Pastaza (ZMH 7374) [both localities not located in the GNS gazetteer]; Pichincha, “near Quito” (BMNH 1975321/1 paralectotype of Bulimus catlowiae Pfeiffer). Quito (CMC C11759, as B. catlowiae Pfeiffer; FLMNH; MCZ 0 74513, 140390; ZMZ 512411); 14.5 km NW Quito (FMNH 146936, RMNH); slopes Cerro Pichincha (FMNH 86651, 86652, 125440, 125442, 125444, 125464, 158902; MCZ 0 65114, 0 65115, 118581); Pomasqui (FLMNH); 13.9 km W Pifo (FLMNH 37396)*; Cayambe (FLMNH 37394, 37395)*; Tumbaco; Guaillabamba (both Pilsbry, 1897: 34); 1 km W Mitad del Mundo, 2400 m (RMNH)*; 22.6 km NNE Quito at the road to Cayambe, 2200 m (RMNH)*; Chimba, 3 km E Olmedo (FMNH 223385, 223386, 223387)*; Cumbayá, 9.6 km NE Quito (MCZ 083922); above Chillogallo (Pilsbry 1897: 33); Tungurahua, 8 km N San Antonio (FLMNH 39904)*; Ambato (Pilsbry 1897: 35; MCZ 045823); Cerro Cachigani near Ambato (FMNH 216992); Píllaro (FLMNH; FMNH 86654, 86686; MCZ 118583); Puñapi (MCZ 155442); Baños (FMNH 125482, 126162, 125700, 126207, 216987; MCZ 115666); Río Agoyán falls (FMNH 72346, 125472, 126183, 126239; MCZ 173383).</p><p>Remarks: This is a rather widespread and quite variable species, for which several subspecies have been described:</p><p>Naesiotus quitensis ambatensis Rehder, 1940</p><p>Type locality: Tunguragua, Ambato. Holotype: USNM 473973, paratypes MCZ 0 70604.</p><p>Naesiotus quitensis antisana Rehder, 1942</p><p>Type locality: Napo, slopes of Mt. Antisana. Holotype USNM 516940, paratypes FMNH 86659, 125369, 125371, 126188, 126988.</p><p>Naesiotus quitensis jacksoni Rehder, 1940</p><p>Type locality: Pichincha, Guaillabamba. Holotype USNM 473969, paratypes FMNH 86661, 158913, 306498.? Paratypes MCZ 118582.</p><p>Naesiotus quitensis orinus Rehder, 1940</p><p>Type locality: Chimborazo, near Riobamba, 3650 m. Holotype USNM 473971, paratypes FMNH 86660, 125402, 126268, 158871.? Paratypes MCZ 118580.</p><p>Naesiotus quitensis rufescens (Germain, 1910)</p><p>Type locality: Pichincha, Tumbaco. It is also mentioned from “Cujuja”, which we have been unable to locate.</p><p>Naesiotus quitensis vermiculatus Rehder, 1940</p><p>Type locality: Tungurahua, Agoyán. Holotype MCZ 112473, paratypes FMNH 126269, MCZ 0 64957.</p><p>82. Naesiotus rabidensis (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Jervis Island, 275– 300 m. Syntypes CAS. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Rábida.</p><p>84. Naesiotus rugatinus (Dall, 1917)</p><p>New name for Bulimulus acutus Reibisch, 1892 not Leach, 1814. Type locality: [Galápagos,] Chatham Island. Lectotype ZMB 47964a (designated and figured by Köhler 2007: 136, Fig. 44). Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Cristóbal; Isla Floreana (Parent 2003).</p><p>85. Naesiotus rugiferus (Sowerby, 1833)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] James Island. Lectotype BMNH 1975178 (Breure 1979). Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz; San Salvador (Parent 2003). Remarks: Köhler (2007) figures a probable paralectotype.</p><p>87. Naesiotus saeronius (Dall, 1917)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Indefatigable Island. Holotype USNM 274097.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>Remark: Parent (2003) mentions this species as being a synonym of Naesiotus rugiferus (Sowerby, 1833) in the summary, despite that otherwise she treats saeronius as a distinct species.</p><p>88. Naesiotus sculpturatus (Pfeiffer, 1846)</p><p>Type locality: Galapagos. Lectotype BMNH 1975174 (Breure 1979). Distribution: Galápagos, Isla San Salvador; it is only known from one population found in a small area near a natural fresh water source. There are probably no more than 200 individuals on a total range less than 1 km 2 (Parent 2003).</p><p>89. Naesiotus simrothi (Reibisch, 1892)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Albemarle Island.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Isabela.</p><p>90. Naesiotus snodgrassi (Dall, 1900)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Hood Island. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Española.</p><p>91. Naesiotus steadmani Chambers, 1986</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Santa Cruz, Cueva de Kubler. Holotype CAS 59358. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz.</p><p>92. Naesiotus tanneri (Dall, 1895)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Indefatigable Island.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz. May already be extinct (Parent 2003).</p><p>Naesiotus tanneri bartolomensis Vagvolgyi, 1977</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos], off Santiago Island, Bartolomé Island, at western foot of main peak. Holotype USNM 757717.</p><p>Naesiotus tanneri edenensis Vagvolgyi, 1977</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos], off Santa Cruz Island, Eden Island, on southern slope, 30– 45 m. Holotype USNM 757716.</p><p>93. Naesiotus tortuganus (Dall, 1893)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] South Albemarle Island, La Tortuga. Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Isabela. It is known from only one population at the top of Darwin Volcano (Parent 2003).</p><p>95. Naesiotus unifasciatus (Sowerby, 1833)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Charles Island. Lectotype BMNH 1975187 (Breure 1979). Distribution: Galápagos, no further data known (see Seddon 2000).</p><p>96. Naesiotus ustulatus (Sowerby, 1833)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Charles Island. A probable syntype is in the Berlin museum (ZMB 10239) and figured by Köhler 2007. Another syntype, originating from the Cuming collection, is in the Hamburg museum and labelled “Galapagos” (ZMH 7377). Syntypes of Bulimulus (Naesiotus) ustulatus pallescens Dall &amp; Ochsner, 1928 are in the CAS collection.</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, no further data known (see Seddon 1996).</p><p>98. Naesiotus wolfi (Reibisch, 1892)</p><p>Type locality: [Galápagos,] Indefatigable Island. Lectotype ZMB 47950 (designated and figured by Köhler 2007: 140, Fig. 59)</p><p>Distribution: Galápagos, Isla Santa Cruz. It is known from one population with a very restricted distribution (less than 2 km 2). Population size is no more than 500 indivduals (Parent 2003).</p><p>Remarks: Richardson (1995) considers this taxon to be synonymous with Naesiotus reibischii (Dall, 1895) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E68FFD5FF35FE69FF7591BE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E70FFD5FF35FDC4FB1697AD.text	03CF7E313E70FFD5FF35FDC4FB1697AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scutalus Albers 1850	<div><p>Genus Scutalus Albers, 1850</p><p>Remarks: Breure (1979) placed Thaumastus umbilicatus Miller, 1879 (type locality: Prov. Loja, Catamayo, 2000–3000 ft.) under Nomina inquirenda, doubtfully suggesting that it might be a Scutalus .</p><p>Subgenus Scutalus (Vermiculatus) Breure, 1978</p><p>Type species: Bulimus bicolor Sowerby, 1835 . Distribution: Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.</p><p>99. Scutalus (Vermiculatus) aequatorius (Pfeiffer, 1853)</p><p>Type locality: Mountain Schinchulagua. Lectotype BMNH 1975377 (Breure 1979).</p><p>Distribution: Chimborazo, Cerro Chanchalahua, a foothill of Cerro Chimborazo (BMNH 1975178/1 paralectotype); “Chimborazo” (ZMZ 512209); Cotopaxi, Cerro Cotopaxi (ZMB); Napo, Antisana (FMNH 124573; MCZ 193333; ZMB); Pastaza, Cerros de Abitagua (FMNH 129020); “Quito” (CMC C11763, ZMH 7625).</p><p>100. Scutalus (Vermiculatus) anthisanensis (Pfeiffer, 1853)</p><p>Type locality: Mountain Anthisana. Lectotype BMNH 1975372. Bulimus cotopaxensis Pfeiffer, 1853 (type locality: Mountain Cotopaxi, lectotype BMNH 1975370) and Bulimus subfasciatus Pfeiffer, 1853 (type locality: Anthisana, lectotype BMNH 1975368) are considered synonyms, following Weyrauch 1967: 385 [see Breure 1978: 185].</p><p>Distribution: Chimborazo, Cerro Altar (ZMB); Cotopaxi, Cerro Cotopaxi (BMNH 1975371/1 paralectotype); Sigchos (RMNH); Napo, Cerro Antisana (BMNH 1975373/1 paralectotype of Bulimus anthisanensis Pfeiffer; BMNH 1975369/1 paralectype of Bulimus subfasciatus Pfeiffer; ZMB); Pichincha, Cayambe (BMNH); San Francisco (HMNH)*. “Quito” (CMC C11762; ZMZ 512211, as B. subfasciatus Pfeiffer). “ Ecuador ” (ZMZ 512218, 512219; ZMZ 512213, as B. subfasciatus Pfeiffer; ZMZ 512228, as B. cotopaxiensis Pfeiffer).</p><p>Remarks: As Cerro Cotopaxi forms the cross of intersection of the provinces of Cotopaxi, Pichincha and Napo, we have arbitrarily attributed the locality to Cotopaxi, not knowing on which slope the type material was taken.</p><p>101. Scutalus (Vermiculatus) cousini (Jousseaume, 1887) Type locality: “Concha”. Holotype MNHN.</p><p>Distribution:? Morona-Santiago, Conchay (MNHN). Remarks: Conchay is the only name that turns up in the GNS, that is closely resembling the original locality.</p><p>Scutalus sp.</p><p>Distribution: Azuay, Paute (FLMNH 151259); Pichincha, near Pucará (HMNH).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E70FFD5FF35FDC4FB1697AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E73FFD6FF35FF51FF7B91F6.text	03CF7E313E73FFD6FF35FF51FF7B91F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stenostylus Pilsbry 1898	<div><p>Genus Stenostylus Pilsbry, 1898</p><p>Type species: Bulimus nigrolimbatus Pfeiffer, 1854 . Distribution: Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia. 102. Stenostylus colmeiroi (Hidalgo, 1872)</p><p>Type locality: Baeza. Holotype MNHN (refigured by Breure 1976).</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Baeza.</p><p>Remarks: Material in the Florida museum has been found under the name of Simpulopsis colmeiroi . However, compared to the figure of the type, these specimens lack the whitish axial streaks on the last whorls and have the aperture slightly more elongate. They proved to be S. citrinovitrea (Moricand) . See also Breure (2008).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E73FFD6FF35FF51FF7B91F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E73FFDCFF35FCFCFAE790C0.text	03CF7E313E73FFDCFF35FCFCFAE790C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drymaeus Albers 1850	<div><p>Genus Drymaeus Albers, 1850</p><p>Subgenus Drymaeus (Drymaeus) Albers, 1850</p><p>Type species: Helix hygrohylaea d’Orbigny, 1835 . Distribution: Venezuela, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico.</p><p>104. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) aequatorianus (E.A. Smith, 1877)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Lectotype BMNH 1975137 (Breure 1979).</p><p>Distribution: Carchi, 1,5 hour walk W Chical (FLMNH 26617)*; San Nicolás (FMNH 31409). “ Ecuador ” (ANSP 25752, 78535; BMNH 1975137/1 paralectotype; ZMZ 512312).</p><p>Remarks: These are the first exact localities reported for this species.</p><p>105. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) albolabiatus (E.A. Smith, 1877)</p><p>Type locality: Malacatos. Holotype BMNH 1877.3.28.3.</p><p>Distribution: Loja, Malacatos. “Oriente Prov.” (FMNH 72339).</p><p>106. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) ambustus (Reeve, 1849)</p><p>Type locality: No locality given. Syntypes BMNH 1975441, 1975442; labelled “between Tucunga and Ambato”. Bulimus chamaeleon Pfeiffer, 1855 is considered a junior synonym (Syntypes BMNH 1975443; labelled as “near Quito”).</p><p>Distribution: Pichincha, Pomasqui (FLMNH 176052)*; 3 km NE Cayambe (FLMNH 37397)*; Cotopaxi/Tungurahua: between Jacunga [Latacunga] and Ambato (BMNH 1975441, 1975442). “Quito” (CMC C11760; FMNH 31480, 61126; ZMA). “ Ecuador ” (ZMA).</p><p>107. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) andai (Jousseaume, 1898)</p><p>Type locality: Tena. Lectotype MNHN (designated and figured by Breure 1976). Distribution: Napo, Tena (MNHN).</p><p>108. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) baezensis (Hidalgo, 1869) Type locality: Baeza.</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Baeza. Without locality (RMNH).</p><p>109. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) bourcieri (Pfeiffer, 1853)</p><p>Type locality: Pichincha. Lectotype BMNH 1975446 (Breure 1979).</p><p>Distribution: Pichincha [no specific locality] (BMNH 1975447/1 paralectotype); Tungurahua, Chaupi (FMNH 72599). “ Ecuador ” (ANSP 5249; RMNH; ZMA; ZMZ 512161).</p><p>Remarks: This is the first precise locality for this species.</p><p>110. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) buckleyi (Sowerby, 1895)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Lectotype BMNH 1907.11.21.48 (designated, redescribed and figured by Breure &amp; Eskens 1981).</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “ Ecuador ” (BMNH 1907.11.21.49-50/2 paralectotypes).</p><p>111. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) chimborasensis (Reeve, 1848)</p><p>Type locality: Chimborazo. Syntypes BMNH 1975460.</p><p>Distribution: Chimborazo [probably on the slopes of Mt. Chimborazo, which could also be in provs. Bolívar or Tungurahua].</p><p>112. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) decoratus (Lea, 1838)</p><p>Type locality: Colombia, near Carthagena.</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Llanganate [Cordillera de Llanganatis] (NRS).</p><p>113. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) elegantissimus (Mousson, 1873) ** Type locality: Northern part of South America.</p><p>Distribution: Morona-Santiago, Cusuimi (FMNH 173042, 173043)*. Remarks: This is the first Ecuadorian locality for this species, which has been reported from Colombia (Pilsbry 1899: 211).</p><p>114. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) expansus (Pfeiffer, 1848)</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Huallaga.</p><p>Distribution: Tungurahua, Topo (ANSP 306773)*. “ Ecuador ” (ZMZ 511962).</p><p>Drymaeus (Drymaeus) expansus altorum (Weyrauch, 1958)</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Río Chanchamayo, Quirimi Sur, above Puente Herreria. Holotype SMF 156295.</p><p>Distribution: Morona-Santiago, Cusuimi (FMNH 173050)*.</p><p>Drymaeus (Drymaeus) expansus orcesi (Weyrauch, 1958)</p><p>Type locality: Montalvo, Río Bobonaza, 340 m. Holotype SMF 156292 (refigured by Neubert &amp; Janssen 2004).</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Sarayacu; Orellana, Loreto; Pastaza, Montalvo (all Weyrauch 1958).</p><p>115. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fallax (Pfeiffer, 1853)</p><p>Type locality: Tungurahua. Bulimus abscissu s Pfeiffer, 1855 is now considered a junior synonym (syn. nov.). The type material is labelled “Quito” (ex Cuming collection, BMNH 1969142).</p><p>Distribution: Pastaza, Puyo (ANSP 170713); Pichincha, Quito (ANSP 5247; ZMZ 512145; ZMZ 512413, as Bulimus abscissus Pfeiffer), Nono [Mitad del Mundo] (CMNH 86212); near Nanegal (ANSP 195213; ZMB); Santo Domingo de los Colorados (ANSP 306782)* (FMNH 85376). “ Ecuador ” (MCZ 227645).</p><p>Remarks: There are two places called Puyo, one is in Azuay province at 2850 m altitude, the other is in Pastaza province at 1000 m. Given the type locality and the altitudinal range of the other localities (up to 1500 m), it is probable that the Pastaza locality is meant, rather than the centrally located Puyo in Azuay province.</p><p>116. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fordii Pilsbry, 1898</p><p>Type locality: None given. Lectotype ANSP 72368a (Breure 1979).</p><p>Distribution: Morona-Santiago, Miasal; Orellana, Loreto (both according to Weyrauch 1958).</p><p>117. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fucatus (Reeve, 1849)</p><p>Type locality: [Colombia] Sebundoi. Lectotype BMNH 1874.12.11.224 (Breure 1979); labelled “ New Granada ”.</p><p>Distribution: Pichincha, near Nanegal (ZMB). “ Ecuador ” (ZMZ 512131).</p><p>Remarks: Sebundoi, often referred to as an Ecuadorian locality, is most likely Sibundoy in Colombia, Department of Putumayo [01° 11' 00" N 76° 55' 00" W]. We have been unable to locate the other localities mentioned by Pilsbry (1898: 234): “Lumaco”; “near San Florencio and on the way to Manabe” [Manabí?].</p><p>118.? Drymaeus (Drymaeus) fusoides (d’Orbigny, 1835)</p><p>Type locality: Bolivia, Dept. La Paz, Prov. Yungas.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “Quito” (ZMZ 512101). “ Ecuador ” (ANSP 78538). Remarks: The occurrence of this Bolivian species remains to be corroborated.</p><p>119. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) hidalgoi (Da Costa, 1898)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1907.11.21.28.</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Nachiyacu (ANSP 170712); Pastaza, Mera (FMNH 125503, labelled as “Meva”). “ Ecuador ” (BMNH 1907.11.21.29-30/2 paratypes).</p><p>Remarks: These are the first exact localities for this species.</p><p>120. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) inaequalis (Pfeiffer, 1857)</p><p>Type locality: Peru, banks of the Maranhon [Río Marañon]. Distribution: Napo, Nachiyacu (ANSP 170711).</p><p>121. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) membielinus (Crosse, 1867)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador.</p><p>Distribution: Napo (see Pilsbry 1898: 210); Orellana, Loreto (Weyrauch 1958). “ Ecuador ” (ZMH 7269).</p><p>122. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) murrinus (Reeve, 1848)</p><p>Type locality: Colombia, Bogotá. Lectotype BMNH 1975213 (Breure 1979). A synonym is Bulimus convexus Pfeiffer, 1855 (type locality: New Granada; lectotype BMNH 1975192, figured by Breure &amp; Eskens 1981: Pl. 8 Fig. 7).</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “ Ecuador ” (BMNH, type of Bulimus convexus Pfeiffer; ZMZ 512156).</p><p>123. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) nystianus (Pfeiffer, 1853)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Lectotype BMNH 1975573 (Breure 1979).</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Cerro Antisana (ANSP 186859; FMNH 125506; MCZ 193332); Pichincha, Pomasqui (ANSP 25804; BMNH 1975574/1 paralectotype, labelled “Valley of Pomasqui”; ZMA); Machachi (FLMNH 22973)*; Tumbaco (Pilsbry 1898: 263). “near Quito” (ANSP 76001); “Quito” (CMC C11761; FMNH 31326, 78753; RMNH; ZMH 7271; ZMZ 512148). “ Ecuador ” (RMNH; ZMA).</p><p>124. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) ochrocheilus (E.A. Smith, 1877) Type locality: Malacatos. Holotype BMNH 1877.3.28.4. Distribution: Loja, Malacatos.</p><p>125. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) orthostomus (E.A. Smith, 1877)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1975132.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “ Ecuador ” (BMNH 1975133/2 paratypes; ZMZ 512105).</p><p>Remarks: This species is only known from the type material, a lot in the ZMZ (both with the imprecise locality) and a lot in FMNH without locality (FMNH 31469). E.A. Smith (1877) compared this species with Drymaeus albolabiatus, which is said to have a slightly different colour pattern and a somewhat smaller aperture. The two taxa may prove to be synonyms.</p><p>126. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) peeliii (Reeve, 1859)</p><p>Type locality: Peruvian side of Amazonas.</p><p>Distribution: Pastaza, Canelos (Pilsbry 1898: 205). “ Ecuador ” (FMNH 77540; ZMZ 512573).</p><p>127. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) petasites (Miller, 1878)</p><p>Type locality: Nanegal, Sebondoi, Pilatón valley.</p><p>Distribution: Los Rios, 35 mi E of Quevedo (FMNH 106260)*; Pichincha, Nanegal; valley of Río Pilatón;?, “Los Puentes” (FMNH 31083). “ Ecuador ” (ZMA).</p><p>Remarks: As the type locality as given by Miller (1878) is a mixture of localities from Ecuador and Colombia [see also the remarks under Drymaeus (D.) fucatus], it is here restricted to Nanegal.</p><p>128. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) planibasis Pilsbry, 1932</p><p>Type locality: above Chunchi, Pagma forest. Holotype ANSP 148436a. Distribution: Chimborazo, Chunchi (ANSP).</p><p>129. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) quadrifasciatus (Angas, 1878)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Lectotype BMNH 1879.1.21.3. Bulimus napo Angas, 1878 (type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1879.1.21.4) is considered a junior synonym by Weyrauch (1958: 128). Distribution: Pichincha, Nanegal (EPN, according to Weyrauch 1958); Tungurahua, Cerro Tungurahua near Baños (FMNH 72597).</p><p>130. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) rabuti (Jousseaume, 1898)</p><p>Type locality: Tena. Lectotype MNHN (designated and figured by Breure 1976). Distribution: Napo, Tena.</p><p>131. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) rhoadsi Pilsbry, 1932 Type locality: Pachijal. Holotype ANSP 148440. Distribution: Pichincha, Río Pachijal (ANSP).</p><p>132. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) rubrovariegatus (Higgins, 1868) **</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Huamachuco. Syntypes BMNH 1868.4.3.1.</p><p>Distribution: El Oro, 6 km N Zaruma on road to Malvas (FLMNH 37402)*.</p><p>133. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) sachsei (Albers, 1854)</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Río Marañon. Lectotype ZMB 10290a (designated and figured by Köhler 2007).</p><p>Distribution: Chimborazo, Huigra (FMNH 78757); Loja, Catamayo (type locality of the junior synonym Mormus catamayensis Miller, 1879); Loja (ZMH 9768). ” Ecuador ” (ZMA).</p><p>134.? Drymaeus (Drymaeus) scitulus (Reeve, 1849) **</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Chachapoyas. Lectotype BMNH 1975217 (designated by Breure &amp; Eskens 1981). Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. ” Ecuador ” (FLMNH 109353, 109354). Remarks: The occurrence in Ecuador of this easily recognizable Peruvian species needs corroboration. If so, it may be expected in the southern part of the country.</p><p>135. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) strigatus (Sowerby, 1833)</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Huallaga.</p><p>Distribution: Morona-Santiago, Cusuima (FMNH 173048). “ Ecuador ” (FMNH 77563; ZMZ 512121).</p><p>136. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) subeffusus (Philippi, 1869) ** Type locality: Peru, Huancayo, Coyllorbamba.</p><p>Distribution: Loja, Macará (FMNH 31317).</p><p>137. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) tigrinus (Da Costa, 1898)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1907.11.21.55.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known].</p><p>Remarks: Pilsbry (1898: 231) suggests that this taxon may be a junior synonym of Drymaeus strigatus (Reeve, 1848), which occurs in northern Peru. If he is correct, this species might be expected to occur in southern Ecuador.</p><p>138. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) violaceus (Mousson, 1873)</p><p>Type locality: In the northern part of South America.</p><p>Distribution: Pichincha, hill N of Tandapi, 71.7 km SW Quito on the road to Santo Domingo, 1600 m (RMNH)*.</p><p>139. Drymaeus (Drymaeus) volsus Fulton, 1907</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1907.5.3.162. Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “ Ecuador ” (BMNH). Remarks: Known from the type material only.</p><p>Subgenus Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) Albers, 1850</p><p>Type species: Helix virgulata Férussac, 1821 . Distribution: West Indies, Venezuela, Guiana, Surinam, French Guyana, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, USA.</p><p>140. Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) cactivorus (Broderip, 1832)</p><p>Type locality: Colombia “ad montem Chris”. A junior synonym is Mormus occidentalis Miller, 1879, type locality: Guyaquil.</p><p>Distribution: Guayas, 3 km E Zapotal (FLMNH 139105)*; 11 km W Progreso (FLMNH 139108)*.</p><p>Remarks: The type locality might be Cerro Montecristi in Manabí [01° 03' 00" S 080° 40' 00" W] instead of a place in Colombia, where this species has not been found so far. According to the GNS there are two places named Progreso in Guayas province [01° 46' 00" S 079° 45' 00" W and 01° 53' 00" S 079° 52' 00" W respectively]. Given the record for Zapotal, it is most probably that a place named Gómes Rendón was meant for which the GNS lists as variant Progreso.</p><p>141.? Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) fidustus (Reeve, 1849)</p><p>Type locality: [Colombia, Sibundoy]. Lectotype BMNH 1975517 (Breure 1979).</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “New Grenada, Sebundoi” (BMNH 1975518/1 paralectotype).</p><p>Remarks: This species is tentatively referred to Ecuador on the authority of Miller (1878). The type locality is just across the border from northern Ecuador, in southwestern Colombia.</p><p>142. Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) flavidulus (E.A. Smith, 1877)</p><p>Type locality: South Ecuador, Zarama. Lectotype BMNH 1975134.</p><p>Distribution: El Oro, “Zarama” [sic, Zaruma] (BMNH 1877.3.28.1/1 paralectotype).</p><p>143. Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) loxanus (Higgins, 1872)</p><p>Type locality: Loja. Lectotype BMNH 1975552.</p><p>Distribution:? Loja [no specific locality known]. “ New Granada ” (ZMB).</p><p>144. Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) loxensis (Pfeiffer, 1846)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador, El Catamaija prope Loxa. Lectotype BMNH 1975553 (Figured by Breure &amp; Eskens 1981).</p><p>Distribution: Loja, Catamayo (BMNH 1975554/1 paralectotype). “Quito” (ZMZ 512331). “ Ecuador ” (CMNH 42426).</p><p>145.? Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) nigrofasciatus elongatulus Pilsbry, 1898</p><p>Type locality: Not given.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “ Ecuador ” (ZMZ 512303, as Thaumastus nigrofasciatus “Reeve 1849 or Pfeiffer”).</p><p>Remarks: Pilsbry (1898: 308) mentions this subspecies from “Tequendano” on the authority of Strebel. We have been unable to locate this place in Ecuador. As this species is quite common around Bogotá, it is possible that Tequendama (W Bogotá) is meant.</p><p>146.? Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) serenus (Philippi, 1867) **</p><p>Type locality: Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, Hacienda Sunchubamba.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known]. “ Ecuador ” (FMNH 31279).</p><p>Remarks: The occurrence of this Peruvian species needs to be corroborated. It could possibly be expected in the southern part of the country.</p><p>147. Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) subpellucidus (E.A. Smith, 1877) Type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1872.5.22.19. Distribution:? [no specific locality known].</p><p>148. Drymaeus (Mesembrinus) wintlei Finch, 1929 Type locality: Ecuador. Holotype BMNH 1929.6.11.1. Distribution:? [no specific locality known].</p><p>Drymaeus sp.</p><p>Carchi, 2 km E Maldonado, 1550 m (FLMNH 26610)*; Loja, Loja (ZMH 9771) [labelled as Drymaeus poecilus (d’Orbigny), which is however a Bolivian species]; Napo, 14.7 km NE Río Salado (FLMNH 22928)*; Pichincha, 9.5 km ESE Chiriboga (FLMNH 22942)*; Tungaruhua, Río Negro (MCZ 271635).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E73FFDCFF35FCFCFAE790C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E79FFDCFF35FEC9FDAB931E.text	03CF7E313E79FFDCFF35FEC9FDAB931E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Simpulopsis Beck 1837	<div><p>Genus Simpulopsis Beck, 1837</p><p>149. Simpulopsis (Eudioptus) citrinovitrea (Moricand, 1836)</p><p>Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, near Salvador. Syntypes MNHN.</p><p>Distribution: Napo, Baeza; 5.5 km SSE Baeza (FLMNH 37384)*; 19.3 km NNE Baeza (FLMNH 37385)*; Pichincha, 59 km by road W Machachi, 1250m (RMNH)*.</p><p>Remarks: The material from the Florida Museum was labelled as Simpulopsis colmeiroi (Hidalgoi) . This appears to be a misidentification, comparing the material with other specimens of S. citrinovitrea at hand, both from Ecuador and from Brazil.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E79FFDCFF35FEC9FDAB931E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E79FFDDFF35FBDCFCEE9480.text	03CF7E313E79FFDDFF35FBDCFCEE9480.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sultana Shuttleworth 1856	<div><p>Genus Sultana Shuttleworth, 1856</p><p>Subgenus Sultana (Sultana) Shuttleworth, 1856</p><p>Type species: Helix sultana Dillwyn, 1817 . Distribution: Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador.</p><p>150. Sultana (Sultana) sultana (Dillwyn, 1817) **</p><p>Type locality: New Zealand [sic].</p><p>Distribution: Los Rios, Centro Científico Río Palenque (FLMNH 181509)*; Morona Santiago, 59 km SSE Patuca (FLMNH 139123)*; Cusuimi (FMNH 173044); Río Macuma, ca. 10 km from Río Merona (FMNH 170626); Orellana, Loreto (ANSP 195216).</p><p>Remarks: This is the first record of the nominal subgenus for Ecuador. There is also a lot collected by Cousin and labelled “Rio Napo ” (FLMNH 166126). In the Philadelphia museum is a lot of Orthalicus sultana angustior Preston, which is a taxon described from eastern Peru, and labelled “Topo, Ecuador ” [prov. Tungurahua] (ANSP 306772).</p><p>Subgenus Sultana (Metorthalicus) Pilsbry, 1899</p><p>Type species: Bulimus yatesi Pfeiffer, 1855 . Distribution: Peru, Ecuador.</p><p>151. Sultana (Metorthalicus) augusti (Jousseaume, 1887)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador.</p><p>Distribution: Azuay, Quebrada Machai (Pilsbry, 1899: 195); Pastaza, Mera (ANSP 306612); Puyo (FMNH 86638); Tungurahua, Topo (FMNH 86639).</p><p>152. Sultana (Metorthalicus) deburghiae (Reeve, 1859) Type locality: Peruvian side of the Amazon.</p><p>Distribution:? Morona-Santiago, Mirador (Strebel 1909: 173); Napo, 6.5 km SSE Baeza (FLMNH 36103)*; Nachiyacu (ANSP 170702; FLMNH 166252); Pastaza, Cerros de Abitagua (FMNH 126171, 125467); Mera (FMNH 86674; MCZ 193330); Porvenir (Strebel 1909: 173); Pichincha, Nanegal (ZMB); Tungurahua, Topo (FMNH 86673); Baños (FMNH 126172, 125514, 124582); Río Negro (MCZ 271635). “ Ecuador ” (FLMNH 166253; RMNH).</p><p>Remarks: Although there are different localities named “Mirador”, there is only one in the eastern part of the country. “Porvenir”, which is also a locality mentioned by Strebel, could be either in Prov. Orellana or Pastaza. The latter place is located in the easternmost part of the country, close to the border with Peru.</p><p>153. Sultana (Metorthalicus) kellettii (Reeve, 1850)</p><p>Type locality: Ecuador? Holotype BMNH 1975241.</p><p>Distribution: Azuay, Cuenca (ZMH 7637); Nabón (Strebel 1909: 160); Loja, Malacatos (Strebel 1909: 159); Pastaza, Mera (FLMNH 109372); Cerros de Abitagua (FMNH 125477); Tungurahua, Rio Negro (MCZ 271634); Zamora-Chinchipe, Tapichalaca* (B. Harris, personal communication and photograph). “ Ecuador “ (CMNH 86211; FLMNH 166255; RMNH; ZMH 7636, 7641).</p><p>Subgenus Sultana (Trachyorthalicus) Strebel, 1909</p><p>Type species: Bulimus fraseri Pfeiffer, 1858 . Distribution: Ecuador.</p><p>Remarks: We have retained here the classification of Trachyorthalicus as a subgenus of Sultana, although we are doubtful if it is warranted given the slight differences with the previous one.</p><p>154. Sultana (Trachyorthalicus) fraseri (Pfeiffer, 1858)</p><p>Type locality: Prov. Cuenca. Holotype ANSP 78573, variety brevispira Pilsbry, 1899. Distribution: Azuay, near Cuenca; Loja (Strebel 1909: 154, as forma brevispira; no specific locality mentioned); Morona-Santiago, Gualaquiza (SMF 90606). “ Ecuador ” (ANSP 78573, as type of variety brevispira Pilsbry, 1899; FLMNH 109360, 109358; RMNH; ZMH 7654).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E79FFDDFF35FBDCFCEE9480	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E78FFDEFF35FB2BFCF097C6.text	03CF7E313E78FFDEFF35FB2BFCF097C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Orthalicus Beck 1837	<div><p>Genus Orthalicus Beck, 1837</p><p>Type species: Buccinum zebra O.F. Müller, 1774 . Distribution: West Indies, Venezuela, Guiana, Surinam, French Guyana, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico, USA.</p><p>Remarks: The species of this genus are generally very variable, with different colour forms and transitions between them. Strebel (1909) has made a useful revision, although this does not prevent that there are obviously quite some misidentifications in collections.</p><p>155. Orthalicus bensoni (Reeve, 1849)</p><p>Type locality: Banks of the Amazon. Syntypes BMNH 1975582, labelled “ Brazil ”. Distribution: Napo, Sarayacu (Pilsbry 1899: 148); Río Napo (CMC C10806).</p><p>156. Orthalicus bifulguratus (Reeve, 1849)</p><p>Type locality: Andes of Colombia.</p><p>Distribution: El Oro, 10.2 km W Pinas (FLMNH 26616)*; Pichincha, Río Pilatón (Pilsbry 1899: 143 mentions Pilaton Valley on the basis of specimens collected by Wolf); Tungurahua, Topo (FMNH 86649).</p><p>157. Orthalicus maracaibensis (Pfeiffer, 1856) Type locality: Venezuela, Maracaibo.</p><p>Distribution: Guayas, Guayaquil (ZMH 9883); San Juan (Pilsbry 1899: 140 mentions “ Ecuador, San Juan de la Costa” as locality for his colour form imitator. From among the many places named San Juan this is the only one located near the coast).</p><p>159. Corona pfeifferi (Hidalgo, 1869)</p><p>Type locality: Canelos.</p><p>Distribution: Pastaza, Canelos; Tungurahua, Topo (ANSP 306620).</p><p>161. Corona regina (Férussac, 1823)</p><p>Type locality: Not given. Lectotype MNHN (Simone 2006).</p><p>Distribution: “ Ecuador ” (FLMNH 109375).</p><p>Remarks: The attribution of authorship and year of publication of this species has been confusing, but can be summarized as follows:</p><p>Helix regina Férussac, 1821: 40 [nomen nudum].</p><p>Helix regina Férussac, 1823 in Férussac &amp; Deshayes, 1819 –1851: pl. 119.</p><p>not Helix regina Fér., Bowdich, 1823: Pl. 8 Fig. 26 [= Liguus virgineus Linné, 1766; see Pilsbry, 1901: 165].</p><p>The confusion was probably due to the complex publication history of Férussac’s Histoire ... which was continued after his death by Deshayes; Kennard (1942) has sorted out the publication dates of the different volumes in which this work was issued. Helix regina was originally mentioned by Férussac in 1821, but not validly published according to the ICZN-rules. It was referred to by Simone (2006: 160) as Corona regina (Férussac in Bowdich, 1822).</p><p>162. Corona rosenbergi Strebel, 1909 **</p><p>Type locality: Not given.</p><p>Distribution: Orellana, Loreto (ANSP 195205). Remarks: This is the first precise locality for this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E78FFDEFF35FB2BFCF097C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E7AFFD8FF35FF51FCC79270.text	03CF7E313E7AFFD8FF35FF51FCC79270.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Porphyrobaphe Shuttleworth 1856	<div><p>Genus Porphyrobaphe Shuttleworth, 1856</p><p>Subgenus Porphyrobaphe (Porphyrobaphe) Shuttleworth, 1856</p><p>Type species: Bulinus iostoma Sowerby, 1824 . Distribution: Peru, Ecuador.</p><p>163. Porphyrobaphe (Porphyrobaphe) iostoma (Sowerby, 1824)</p><p>Type locality: Not given.</p><p>Distribution: El Oro, near Machala (FMNH 72337); Chacras; Santa Rosa (both Pilsbry 1899: 151); Esmeraldas, 9 km SW Atacames (FLMNH 139140)*; San Lorenzo (FLMNH 109870, 166241); ravine W of Camarones (FLMNH 182642)*; Camarones, near Esmeraldas (CMC C10825, 10826); Esmeraldas [without further indication] (FMNH 94931, 127535; ZMH 9886); Guayas, 3.1 miles [5 km] N Santa Elena (FLMNH 21274)*; 5 km N Palmar (FLMNH 139104, 139116, 139117)*; 4 km N Palmar (FLMNH 139117)*; 5 km NNE Progreso [= Gómez Rendón] (FLMNH 139141)*; 4 km N Monteverde (FLMNH 139144)*; Isla Puna (FMNH 146951); Colonche (Pilsbry 1899) (ANSP 266744); Cerro Colorado, 15 km N Guayaquil (ANSP 195221); Guayaquil (ZMB); Chongón (Strebel 1909: 104); Manabí, Manta (CMC C11029, 11030; FLMNH 109869, 182643; FMNH 72331, 86701; ZMB); Machalilla (ZMB; ZMH 28452, 28453); Quebrada Balsa- Maragua, N of Jaramijo (ANSP 195222; FMNH 216972); 6 km SSE Jipijapa (FLMNH 139103, 139134)*; 11 km WSW Jipijapa (FLMNH 139136)*; 9 km WSW Paján (FLMNH 139135)*; 8 km NNW Cascol [= Cascajal] (FLMNH 139143)*; Portoviejo (Pilsbry 1899); Manabi [without further details] (ZMH 7634). “ Ecuador ” (CMC C10823, 10824, 11121; CMC C11125, as P. iostomus phasianella Valenciennes; FLMNH 48927, 48928; ZMA).</p><p>Remarks: In the ANSP-collection is a lot (ANSP 306623) labelled “Mindo” [Prov. Pichincha], on the western slopes of the Andes but at an altitude of 1100 m. This might be P. i r ro r a t u s, which is a species of higher altitudes and has also been reported from the same locality. Another lot (ANSP 142458) identified as P. iostoma is labelled “Punta Ayancay”, which suggests a location on the coast. The only name in the GNS-database is a place called Ayancay, which is in Prov. Cañar at 2375 m on the eastern slopes of the Andes.</p><p>164. Porphyrobaphe (Porphyrobaphe) saturnus (Pfeiffer, 1860)</p><p>Type locality: Pallatanga.</p><p>Distribution: Chimborazo, Pallatanga (FLMNH 109376); Riobamba (ZMB); El Oro, 10 km S Piñas (FLMNH 36106, 37404)*; 6 km N Zaruma on road to Malvas (FLMNH 36125)*; Loja, Malacatos (Strebel 1909: 107, as “Malacates”). “ Ecuador ” (CMC C10819, 11028, 11122, 11123).</p><p>Remarks: Besides the village Pillatanga in Prov. Chimborazo on the western slopes of the Andes at 1700 m, there is a Hacienda Pallatanga in Prov. Azuay on 2475 m altitude [02° 44' 00" S 078° 38' 00" W].</p><p>Subgenus Porphyrobaphe (Oxyorthalicus) Strebel, 1909</p><p>Type species: Bulimus irrorata Reeve, 1849 . Distribution: Ecuador, Colombia. Remarks: Richardson (1993) lists this subgenus as synonym of the nominal one, but as he gives no arguments we have retained the classification of Zilch (1959 –1960).</p><p>165. Porphyrobabphe (Oxyorthalicus) irrorata (Reeve, 1849)</p><p>Type locality: Brazil? New Granada?. Syntypes BMNH 1975248, labelled “Quito, Ecuador ”.</p><p>Distribution: Napo, “Oriente” (FMNH 126177, 125476, 125499); Pastaza, Puyo (ANSP 170707); Mera (FLMNH 109894; FMNH 126254, 127526); Pichincha, hill N of Río Tandapi, 71.7 km SW Quito on road to Santo Domingo, 1600 m, secundary forest, in leaf litter (RMNH)*; Santo Domingo (ZMB); Mindo (ANSP 337840; FLMNH 166234; FMNH 86681, 216973); near Nanegal (ANSP 195218, 195219); Gualea (CMNH 86210); Río Cinto (ZMB); valley of Río Pilatón; (Pilsbry 1899:156); Tungurahua, Topo (ANSP 306611; 166. Porphyrobaphe (Oxyorthalicus) subirroratus (Da Costa, 1898)</p><p>Type locality: Paramba. Holotype BMNH 1907.11.21.114.</p><p>Distribution: Carchi, Hacienda Paramba; Pastaza, Mera (ANSP 220422 /1 paratype; FMNH 86675, 125481);? Pichincha, Mera (FLMNH 166243).</p><p>Remarks: The GNS-gazetteer lists two localities in Pichincha named “Hacienda Mera”, one directly south of Quito [00° 25' 00" S 078° 33' 00" W], the other now being part of that city. It is more likely—also in view of the material from the FMNH—that Mera in Pastaza is meant. The specimens are labelled Porphyrobaphe subirroratus yeronta Miller, which is an unpublished name.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E7AFFD8FF35FF51FCC79270	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
03CF7E313E7DFFD8FF35FD01FD5095B6.text	03CF7E313E7DFFD8FF35FD01FD5095B6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemibulimus Martens 1885	<div><p>Genus Hemibulimus Martens, 1885</p><p>Subgenus Hemibulimus (Hemibulimus) Martens, 1885</p><p>Type species: Liguus (Hemibulimus) excisus Martens, 1885 . Distribution: Ecuador, Colombia.</p><p>167. Hemibulimus (Hemibulimus) excisus (Martens, 1885)</p><p>Type locality: Colombia, near Popayán.</p><p>Distribution:? Azuay, Macas (Strebel 1909: 108, as “Maccas”).</p><p>Remarks: There are two places called Macas, one in Prov. Azuay the other in Prov. Morona-Santiago which we think is too low in altitude compared with the Colombian type locality (2400 m). Besides, there are two places called Quebrada de Macas, one in Prov. Chimborazo (near Riobamba), the other in Prov. Cotopaxi. We have tentatively attributed the locality, which is based on material traded by Rolle, to the one in Azuay, near Cuenca. The species has thus a remarkably disjunct distribution, which may be in part a reflection of insufficient sampling.</p><p>168. Hemibulimus (Hemibulimus) magnificus (Pfeiffer, 1848)</p><p>Type locality: Quito.</p><p>Distribution:? [no specific locality known].</p><p>Remarks: This species is only known from the original description, translated by Pilsbry (1899: 185). Type specimen refigured by E.A. Smith (1907).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CF7E313E7DFFD8FF35FD01FD5095B6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Breure, Abraham S. H.;Borrero, Francisco J.	Breure, Abraham S. H., Borrero, Francisco J. (2008): An annotated checklist of the land snail family Orthalicidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Orthalicoidea) in Ecuador, with notes on the distribution of the mainland species. Zootaxa 1768: 1-40, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.274265
