identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CC87D7DE68FFB3F7B99076FE95C0E0.text	03CC87D7DE68FFB3F7B99076FE95C0E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Demospongiae Sollas 1885	<div><p>Class DEMOSPONGIAE Sollas, 1885</p> <p>Subclass HETEROSCLEROMORPHA Cárdenas, Pérez, and Boury-Esnault (2012) Order POECILOSCLERIDA Topsent, 1928 Family MYCALIDAE Lundbeck, 1905</p> <p>Genus Mycale Gray, 1867</p> <p>Mycale (Carmia) helios (Fristedt, 1887)</p> <p>(Figure 2 (a – e))</p> <p>Esperia helios Fristedt 1887, p. 450 – 451; pl. 25, figs 25 – 29; Lambe 1895, p. 117; pl. II, fig. 4a – c</p> <p>Mycale helios: Hentschel 1929, p. 931; Koltun 1959, p. 58 – 59</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 2 (a)) Sponge of more or less roundish form, up to 5.5 cm in diameter. The consistency is soft and compressible, but not strong in tension. The surface is slightly shaggy, sometimes with numerous elongated (up to 2 cm in height) and flattened projections. Colour ash grey. Two specimens examined.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>(Figure 2 (b)) The main skeleton consists of longitudinal and branching multispicular fibres, connected by single spicules crossed at right angles. All spaces in between filled by densely packed sigmas and chelae. These form a structure of rosette shapes. Surface skeleton with protuberances of spicules arranged in plumose manner.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 2 (c – e)) Styles straight or slightly curved at basal end, rather short-pointed, dimensions: 221.7 – 372 – 448.1 (n = 30) × 11 – 13.8 – 15.8 (n = 20) µm; palmate anisochelaes,</p> <p>dimensions: 50.2 – 55.3 – 60 (n = 15) µm; sigmas, both c- and s-shaped, dimensions: 26.3 – 31 – 36.2 (n = 15) µm.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>North of New Siberian islands (st. A-20, A-33), East Siberian Sea, Chukchi Sea (Pitlekai), Beaufort Sea, Behring Strait and Behring Sea, Sea of Okhotsk (northern part), Sea of Japan (the Olga gulf). Depth range 22 – 62 m.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Mycale helios, together with some other North Pacific species mentioned in this study (e.g. Polymastia rara), is a shallow-water form whose westernmost distribution limit within the Eurasian Arctic is apparently defined by the area of the New Siberian Islands. In contrast, the eastern border of the distribution range of some North Atlantic (e.g. Mycale (Mycale) lingua (Bowerbank 1866), Stylocordyla borealis (Lovén 1868)) and Arctic (e.g. Polymastia thielei Koltun 1964, Thenea valdiviae Lendenfeld 1907, Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter, 1874), Geodia hentscheli Cárdenas, Rapp, Schander, Tendal 2010) species is confined to the same area.</p> <p>The question of the existence of a New Siberian barrier that prevents the spread of western and eastern Arctic faunas has been intensively discussed since the middle of the twentieth century. It has been suggested that these range disjunctions are related to the environmental differences between the eastern and western Arctic during the Pleistocene glacial period (for details, see Mironov and Dilman 2008).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE68FFB3F7B99076FE95C0E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE6EFFBEF4039747FBEBC276.text	03CC87D7DE6EFFBEF4039747FBEBC276.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iophon koltuni Morozov & Sabirov & Zimina 2019	<div><p>Iophon koltuni sp. nov</p> <p>(Figure 3 (a – d 1))</p> <p>Iophon piceus dubius Koltun 1959, p. 151 – 152, fig. 107; pl. XXVI, fig. 2</p> <p>Iophon cf. nigricans: Dinn and Leys 2018, p. 33</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>The holotype was collected at the edge of the continental shelf at the central part of the Laptev Sea (76.76°N, 124.28°E), and deposited in the Edward Eversman Zoology Museum (identification number 2.2.8.443).</p> <p>The paratype was found in the east of the southern tip of Spitsbergen (75.82°N, 25.62°E).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>The examined fragment of sponge is massive and more or less leaf-shaped, with several poorly pronounced lobes, about 8 cm in width and 2 cm in height. Surface uneven, slightly scabrous, coarse-pored, covered with a thin dermal membrane. Disorderly scattered irregular openings (oscules) are often covered by a coarse sieve, or partly hidden by the edges of dermal membrane surrounding them. The dermal membrane (where undamaged) is pierced by numerous small roundish pores often lying in meshes. The consistence of the body is soft and compressible, but not strong in tension. Colour dark brown (in alcohol).</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>Main skeleton composed of a quite diffuse network of acanthostyles lying in bundles and disorderly scattered single spicules of the same category. Skeleton of dermal membrane consists of similar network of tylotes lying more or less tangentially.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 3 (a – d 1)) Acanthostyles straight or slightly curved, dimensions: 226.1 – 296.9 – 324.7 (n = 40) × 6.3 – 10.2 – 12.1 (n = 15) µm; tylotes with slightly spined ends, dimensions: 249.8 – 266 – 286.2 (n = 15) × 6.5 – 7.8 – 9.6 (n = 15) µm; palmate anisochelae, dimensions: 15.4 – 22.6 – 38.7 (n = 15) µm; bipocilla, dimensions: 10.4 – 12.85 – 16.9 (n = 30) µm.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named in honour of Vladimir M. Koltun (1921 – 2004) – an outstanding Russian zoologist and spongiologist.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The Barents (south-east of Spitsbergen: 75.82°N, 25.62°E) and Laptev (st. O-18) seas, the Labrador Sea. Depth range: 92 – 141 m.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Lundbeck (1905) in his monograph provided detailed descriptions of three representatives of the genus Iophon that inhabit the Nordic seas and adjacent Arctic: I. piceus, I. dubius and I. frigidus. Regarding the delimitation of these species, he suggested some differences mainly concerning style spination, the form of tylotes, and spicule dimensions in general, as well as the presence or absence of bipocilla. As Burton (1932) and later Koltun (1959, p. 140 – 150) noted, such minor differences may hardly be considered sufficient reason for species delimitation. Koltun examined 152 specimens of Iophon and proposed two subspecies for the Arctic seas. The first, Iophon piceus piceus, was identical to Iophon piceum (Vosmaer 1882). Iophon dubium (Hansen 1885) and I. frigidus (Lundbeck 1905) were united under the name Iophon piceus dubius. However, the variety of Iophon piceus dubius described by Koltun differed from both mentioned species. I. frigidus (Lundbeck 1905) is characterised by the absence of bipocilla in its skeletal composition, while in I. dubius (Hansen 1885) the bipocilla differed significantly in morphology (Figure 4). In the case of I. p. dubius the bipocilla have the identical, distinctly reduced alae, the length of which is half the size of the shaft of the spicule, and are provided with laterally arranged elongated teeth. The same distinctions from previously described Iophon species were mentioned for the specimens of I. cf. nigricans found in the Canadian Arctic by Curtis and Leys (2018). Thus, the validity of Iophon koltuni sp. nov. removed any doubts.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE6EFFBEF4039747FBEBC276	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE63FFBFF79E92D9FE9CC681.text	03CC87D7DE63FFBFF79E92D9FE9CC681.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter 1874)	<div><p>Lycopodina cupressiformis (Carter, 1874)</p> <p>(Figure 5 (a – f 1))</p> <p>Esperia cupressiformis Carter 1874, p. 215 – 217; pl. XIV, figs 16a – f, 17, 18; pl. XV, fig. 37 Esperella cupressiformis var. robusta: Levinsen 1887, p. 364 – 365; pl. XXIX, figs 10 – 11; pl.</p> <p>XXXI, figs 7 – 14, 16a – c Cladorhiza cupressiformis: Fristedt 1887, p. 457 – 458; pl. 25, figs 66 – 69; pl. 31, fig. 27 Esperella fristedtii: Lambe 1900, p. 21 – 22; pl. I, fig. 2a – h Asbestopluma cupressiformis: Lundbeck 1905, p. 58 – 62; pl. II, figs 11 – 14; pl. XI, figs 4a – f, 5;</p> <p>Koltun 1959, p. 77 – 78, fig. 32; pl. VII, figs 3 – 4; Hentschel 1929, p. 934 Lycopodina robusta: van Soest 2016, p. 328 – 329, fig. 11a – e Lycopodina cupressiformis: Hestetun 2017, p. 38 – 43, figs 32 – 33, table 6</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 5 (b)) Leaf-shaped, slightly flattened body provided with thin cylindrical peduncle, with a slightly expanded base of attachment. From the main body, numerous small conical appendages (up to 2 mm in length) protrude. The consistency is soft and elastic. Colour beige. Two specimens examined.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>(Figure 5 (a)) Skeleton composed of stout spicule axis, surrounded by diffuse network of spicules. Surface appendages also possess a spicule axis at their base but do not connect with the main axis.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 5 (c – f1)) Cylindrical, slightly fusiform, straight (sometimes sinuous) styles (or tylostyles) of the main body, dimensions: 564.8 – 700.7 – 835.5 (n = 30) × 10.6 – 13.58 – 15.5 (n = 20) µm; styles (or ylostyles) of the peduncle (similar to previous in shape), dimensions: 375 – 616.7 – 769 (n = 20) × 8.4 – 12.19 – 15.4 (n = 20) µm; palmate anisochelae, dimensions: 20 – 24 – 25.4 µm (n = 30); forceps centrotylote, with slightly diverging legs, terminating in swellings, often rarely found, up to 40 µm in length.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The Davis Strait, Baffin Bay, Hudson Bay. The East Greenland Shelf, between Iceland and Faroe, northern slope of the Wyville-Thomson Ridge, the Rockall Bank (?). The Barents, Kara and Laptev seas (st. O-20), north of the New Siberian Islands (st. А-70). Depth range: 41 – 1000 m.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Lycopodina cupressiformis and L. lycopodium (Levinsen 1887) are fairly eurybathic Arctic species frequently found in the Nordic seas, where their habitat is confined by the bathyal zone. In the western Arctic seas (the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas) they are often recorded in shallow-water areas as well. These distributional peculiarities are reviewed in the Discussion section.</p> <p>Both species exhibit remarkable intraspecific variation, and are supposedly represented by complexes of morphologically close species (Hestetun et al. 2017). It is particularly interesting to note some morphological differences between species populations inhabiting the areas to the north and south of the Greenland-Iceland-Faroe Ridge, which almost completely excludes the exchange of deep water masses of the Nordic seas and Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, it is quite doubtful that gene flow occurs between them.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE63FFBFF79E92D9FE9CC681	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE62FFBAF7E59524FC14C2B7.text	03CC87D7DE62FFBAF7E59524FC14C2B7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Artemisina lundbecki Morozov & Sabirov & Zimina 2019	<div><p>Artemisina lundbecki sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 6 (a – d))</p> <p>Artemisina apollinis: Lundbeck 1905, p. 114 – 116, pl. XIII, figs 4a – g; Hentschel 1929, p. 876, 939; Koltun 1966, p. 140 – 141, fig. 97</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>The holotype was collected at the north-eastern part of the Laptev Sea (77.76°N, 131.86° E); deposited in the Edward Eversman Zoology Museum (identification number 2.2.8.442).</p> <p>Paratype locality same as holotype locality (78.05°N, 133.41°E).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Sponge of cup- or fan-like shape, up to 4.5 cm in height. Surface coarse-pored, slightly setose. Circular oscules about 2 mm in diameter scattered over the surface. The dermal membrane is a thin, translucent film. The consistency is soft, loose and quite fragile. Both examined specimens possess gemmules of roundish and slightly flattened shape (up to 650 µm in diameter), distributed throughout the interior. Colour from light to dark brown.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>The main skeleton consists of multispicular, longitudinal tracts and disorderly scattered single spicules. The dermal skeleton is composed of a layer of small styles, lying more or less tangentially.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 6 (a – d)). Large choanosomal styles, slightly curved and spined at the basal end, dimensions: 548.6 – 658.8 – 782.9 (n = 20) × 12 – 16.5 – 20 (n = 15) µm; small dermal styles straight, roughly spined at the basal end, dimensions: 310 – 434.5 – 487.2 (n = 15) × 5.15 – 7.4 – 8.7 (n = 15) µm; toxa (fully developed) with spined ends: 279 – 409 – 498.6 (n = 10) × 3.8 – 5 – 5.7 (n = 10) µm; palmate isochelae: 12.7 – 14.7 – 16.2 (n = 10) µm.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named in honour of William Lundbeck, a Danish zoologist, whose brilliant monographs on sponges have remained a model of systematic description to be followed.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The term ‘ bipolar ’ usually refers to a species found in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres, with a gap in distribution at lower latitudes (i.e. in temperate and tropical waters). Numerous hypotheses for this distribution have been proposed (see Ekman 1953). As Bergh (1920) pointed out (referring to the work of Charles Darwin), the general cooling of equatorial waters and extension of cold/temperate regions during glaciation resulted in some cold-water species becoming capable of crossing the equatorial belt and penetrating farther into the Southern Hemisphere. With the onset of gradual warming, some populations that inhabited temperate and tropical waters retreated to higher latitudes or became extinct. As a result, a bipolar distribution was established and the Northern and Southern Hemisphere species populations became isolated.</p> <p>Recent studies support this point of view. Using molecular methods, Halvorsen (2010) investigated two closely related Micromesistius (Pisces: Gadidae) species with an ‘ antitropical ’ distribution, and found that the time divergence between them was about 2 million years, roughly coinciding with climatic changes.</p> <p>In view of the above, it becomes evident that we should delimit the Antarctic and Arctic representatives of Artemisina apollinis (Ridley and Dendy 1886) as separate species. Initially described by Ridley and Dendy from the vicinity of the Kerguelen Islands, this species has repeatedly been recorded in Antarctic and Subantarctic waters. Later, Lundbeck (1905), Hentschel (1929) and Koltun (1955) described a close species from the Arctic waters and synonymised it with A. apollinis despite some morphological differences between them. The main differences are in the morphology of choanosomal styles, which in Arctic species show slight spination at the basal end of spicules and are characterised by their greater length in general: 326 – 670 µm (Antarctic species) vs 500 – 842 µm (Arctic species). Lundbeck (1905) examined the holotype, and insisted on the presence of slight spination on the choanosomal styles; this statement needs to be verified since none of the other authors ever mentioned it in the Antarctic specimens. Also, Lundbeck did not attach any importance to the differences in size of the spicules. However, the studies of past decades have proved the significance of a morphometric approach in the analysis of sponge spiculation (see e.g. Sara et al. 1992).</p> <p>Order POLYMASTIIDA Morrow and Cárdenas, 2015</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE62FFBAF7E59524FC14C2B7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE67FFBBF7E49152FC08C572.text	03CC87D7DE67FFBBF7E49152FC08C572.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polymastia rara Koltun 1966	<div><p>Polymastia rara Koltun, 1966</p> <p>(Figure 7 (a – g))</p> <p>Polymastia mamillaris rara Koltun: 1966, p. 70 – 72, fig. 41; pl. XXIX, fig 6</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 7 (b)). Flattened, roundish body of more or less disc-shaped form, firmly attached to substrate (represented by shells and stones) by its basal part. Dimensions of about 2 cm in height and up to 4.5 cm in diameter. Surface provided with numerous cylindrical papillae from 2 mm to 1.6 cm in length. Among them, at the centre of the body, 1 – 2 rather large (up to 2 cm in height) conical exhalant papillae with oscula on the summits occur. The body relatively dense, cork-like in consistency. Surface is even. Sometimes the sponge possesses a fringe of extra-long spicules. The colour is beige.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>(Figure 7 (a)). Main skeleton composed of thick radial bundles of large styles that extend from the base to the surface of the sponge, but usually do not cross the upper cortex. Skeleton of the cortex consists of two layers: the upper layer of small styles is arranged in palisade manner; this layer is underlain by disorderly intermediate styles.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 7 (c – g)). Large, straight and fusiform styles, dimensions: 860 – 1350 – 1800 (n = 30) × 17.2 – 24.4 – 30 (n = 20) µm; intermediate styles, identical to the previous, except the dimensions: 349.3 – 478 – 620 (n = 30) × 11.5 – 13.4 – 16.6 (n = 20) µm; small styles (tylo- and subtylostyles), straight or slightly curved, dimensions: 127 – 169.6 – 253.2 (n = 30) × 4.5 – 6.3 – 7.9 (n = 20) µm; slender exotyles, slightly fusiform styles of the marginal fringe, up to 3 mm in length and about 11 µm in thickness.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Near the east coasts of Kamchatka Peninsula and Kuril Islands, East Siberian Sea [north of New Siberian islands, st. A-74), Laptev Sea (st. L-19 (two species) and L-12 (one species)]. Depth range: 36 – 126 m.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>This is the first record of P. rara after Koltun (1966) described it based on two specimens collected in the Sea of Okhotsk. In addition to the differences in spicule composition, P. rara differed from the closely related P. grimaldii (Topsent 1913) by the structure of its cortex. In the case of P. grimaldii, it encompasses an additional middle layer of collagen fibres (Plotkin et al. 2017), which is absent in P. rara.</p> <p>Order SUBERITIDA Chombard and Boury-Esnault 1999</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE67FFBBF7E49152FC08C572	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE66FFB9F7BF95E9FE32C75D.text	03CC87D7DE66FFB9F7BF95E9FE32C75D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberites montalbidus Carter 1880	<div><p>Suberites montalbidus Carter, 1880</p> <p>(Figure 8 (a – h))</p> <p>Suberites montalbidus Carter 1880, p. 256; Fristedt 1887, p. 428 – 429; Swartschewsky</p> <p>1906, p. 318 – 319, pl. XIII, fig. 3 Suberites sp.: Vosmaer 1882, p. 32 – 33; pl. I, figs 22 – 23; pl. IV, figs 140 – 144 Suberites montalbidus: Lambe 1895 (?), p. 127 – 128; pl. III, fig. 6a – c Suberites domuncula fi cus: Koltun 1959 (?), p. 95, figs 66 – 67; pl. XXXIV, figs 1 – 3; pl. XXXVI,</p> <p>figs 1 – 2</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 8 (c – d)). Sponge elongated, pear shaped or conical, sometimes laterally flattened, up to 5.5 cm in height and 4.5 cm in width. Body slightly narrows downwards forming a short peduncle, by which the sponge attaches on stones or on polychaetes tubes. The surface is rugose, sometimes nearly smooth (only juvenile forms). The consistency is soft and elastic. The single osculum of roundish or slit-like form (about 2 mm in diameter) is placed at the summit and surrounded by the short (about 0.8 mm in height) spicular collar (not always). Colour (in alcohol) ash grey or pale pink. Six specimens examined.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>(Figure 8 (a – b)). The main skeleton consists of a quite loose or diffuse network of spicule bundles and single spicules. Only near the surface, spicules (mostly small tylostyles) become more or less regularly arranged, and grouped in the radial bundles.</p> <p>The cortex is composed of a thin layer of microscleres. In the underlying tissues (choanosome) microscleres are absent. Only in rare exceptions were they found in the walls of the aquiferous system.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 8 (e – h)). Styles (tylo- and subtylostyles) straight, rather short-pointed (spicules with blunt apical ends occasionally found), dimensions: 167.7 – 387.8 – 538.9 × 5.4 – 11 (n = 200) µm; microxea and microstrongyles centrotylote, spined, dimensions 16.7 – 38.29 – 62.9 (n = 60) µm and 8.2 – 19.57 – 36 (n = 60) µm, respectively.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Bering Sea, West and East Greenland Shelf. Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Laptev Sea, Kara Sea, Barents Sea, White Sea, North Sea. Depth range: 5 – 113 m.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Widespread circumpolar boreal-Arctic species. Quite polymorphic, and is represented by at least two morphologically close species. It is possible that some specimens of Suberites montalbidus examined by Fristedt (1887), Lambe (1895) and Koltun (1959) are actually represented by a similar, newly allocated species, Suberites cebriones sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE66FFB9F7BF95E9FE32C75D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE64FFA7F7E39735FD1BC1B3.text	03CC87D7DE64FFA7F7E39735FD1BC1B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Suberites cebriones Morozov & Sabirov & Zimina 2019	<div><p>Suberites cebriones sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 9 (a – f))</p> <p>Material examined</p> <p>The holotype was collected in the central part of the Laptev Sea (75.19°N, 128.46°E); it is deposited in the Edward Eversman Zoology Museum (identification number 2.2.8.441).</p> <p>Paratypes localities: one specimen from same locality as holotype (75.19°N, 128.46°E); two specimens from north of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=122.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=76.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 122.75/lat 76.05)">New Siberian Islands</a> (76.25°N, 139.05° E; 77.23°N, 137.06°E); one specimen from the central part of the Laptev Sea (76.05° N, 122.75°E).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 9 (d – e)). Sponge cup shaped or club shaped (only small juvenile forms), up to 3.5 cm in height and 4 cm in width. The inner surface of cup-shaped sponge is covered with evenly scattered small pores (about 0.1 mm in diameter), forming a sieve. In the case of juvenile forms (which may easily be confused with corresponding forms of S. montalbidus) the single osculum is located on the top. Surface is smooth. The body is tolerably firm, only slightly compressible in consistency. Sometimes provided with weakly pronounced peduncle. Colour (in alcohol) is beige.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>Styles (tylo- and subtylostyles) straight, rather short-pointed (spicules with blunt apical end occasionally found), dimensions: 124.8 – 395.4 – 677 × 5.5 – 11.4 (n = 200) µm; microxea and microstrongyles centrotylote, spined, dimensions 21.3 – 41 – 67.4 (n = 60) µm and 9.87 – 19.37 – 28.22 (n = 60) µm, respectively.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>In Greek mythology, Cebriones was the illegitimate son of King Priam of Troy and participated in the Trojan War as charioteer for his half-brother Hector.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>In the examined materials, we observed that several specimens differed substantially in their outer morphology from the above-mentioned representatives of Suberites montalbidus. However, the spicular analysis did not reveal any differences between them. The reason to allocate Suberites cebriones sp. nov. as a new species is the uniqueness of its skeletal architecture; in the case of S. montalbidus, the microscleres are confined to the thin cortical layer, while in S. cebriones sp. nov., they are also distributed in large numbers throughout the interior (Figure 9 (a – b)).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE64FFA7F7E39735FD1BC1B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE7AFFA7F7969039FB9CC5F8.text	03CC87D7DE7AFFA7F7969039FB9CC5F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudosuberites montiniger (Carter 1880)	<div><p>Pseudosuberites montiniger (Carter, 1880)</p> <p>(Figure 10 (a – d))</p> <p>Suberites montiniger Carter 1880, p. 256 – 257; Vosmaer 1882, p. 31 – 32; pl. I, fig. 26; pl. IV,</p> <p>figs 137 – 139; Koltun 1966, p. 96 – 97, fig. 69; pl. XXIV, fig. 3; pl. XXXIII, figs 1 – 2 Pseudosuberites montiniger: Hentschel 1916, p. 6 – 7; Hentschel 1929, p. 870, 927 Stylotella gorbunovi: Rezvoi 1931, p. 510 – 512, figs 3 – 5</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 10 (a – b)). Sponge massive, laterally flattened, about 5 cm in height and 4 cm in width. Surface even. The consistency is dense, but quite elastic. The single osculum, surrounded by the short spicular collar, opens at the summit. Colour ash grey. One specimen examined.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>(Figure 10 (c)). Skeleton of irregular form and composed of numerous disorderly scattered short spicula-bundles and single spicules. Only near the surface do bundles become arranged radially, forming a distinct brush of spicules.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 10 (d)). Tylostyles often slightly sinuous, rather sharply pointed, with weakly pronounced basal swelling, dimensions: 264.7 – 313.3 – 363.7 (n = 30) × 3.9 – 5.3 – 6.5 (n = 20) µm.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The Greenland and Norwegian seas, Barents Sea (south-west of Novaya Zemlya, near northern tip of Kanin Peninsula, Spitsbergen), East Siberian Sea (Bennett Island, st. A-30), Chukchi Sea, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Strait of Tartary. Depth range: 10 – 426 m.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE7AFFA7F7969039FB9CC5F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE79FFA2F7C59686FB55C213.text	03CC87D7DE79FFA2F7C59686FB55C213.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halichondria Fleming 1828	<div><p>Genus Halichondria Fleming, 1828 Halichondria (Halichondria) sp.</p> <p>(Figure 11 (a))</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Body elongated, cylindrical, with peduncle. Consistency is fragile and crumbly. The surface is uneven, scabrous, and coarse-pored. Dermal membrane is a thin crust filled with a layer of disorderly scattered spicules lying tangentially; easily separated from the tissues below. The largest of the fragments examined was about 2 cm in height and 1 cm in diameter. Colour (in alcohol) is light grey.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>The main skeleton consists of quite compact, more or less longitudinally arranged, branching bundles, which have a thickness of 3 – 6 spicules. Numerous disorderly scattered single spicules fill the spaces between the main bundles. Towards the surface the bundles of the main skeleton become oriented more or less perpendicular to the ectosome, supporting the superficial crust.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 11 (a)) Slightly curved, rather long-pointed oxea, dimensions: 243.7 – 443 – 604.2 (n = 30) × 8.5 – 15 – 18.5 (n = 25) µm.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>East Greenland Shelf, north-west of the Faroe Islands, the Barents and Kara seas, north of the New Siberian Islands (st. A-57). Depth range: 18 – 494 m.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>This species is quite similar to H. oblonga (Hansen 1885) except for the skeletal structure. As Lundbeck noted (1902, p. 24 – 26), the main skeleton of H. oblonga consists of an irregular network of loose fibres, in which the ‘ spread spicules outside the fibres as good as none are found ’. Furthermore, examined specimens are characterised by the absence of special ectosomal skeleton. To assess these differences, additional specimens need to be examined.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE79FFA2F7C59686FB55C213	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE7FFFA0F79A92FCFB8EC38E.text	03CC87D7DE7FFFA0F79A92FCFB8EC38E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetractinellida Marshall 1876	<div><p>Order TETRACTINELLIDA Marshall, 1876</p> <p>Suborder SPIROPHORINA Bergquist and Hogg, 1969 Family TETILLIDAE Sollas, 1886</p> <p>Genus Tetilla Schmidt, 1868</p> <p>Tetilla sibirica (Fristedt, 1887)</p> <p>(Figure 12 (a – h))</p> <p>Tethya sibirica Fristedt 1887, p. 436 – 437; pl. 24, figs 22 – 28; pl. 28, fig. 17; Hentschel 1929, p. 860 – 861, 916</p> <p>Tetilla sibirica: Koltun 1966, p. 61 – 63, figs 32 – 33; pl. XVII, figs 1 – 3; pl. XVIII, fig. 1</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 12 (a – b)). Body elongated, more or less egg shaped, up to 6 cm in height and 5 cm in diameter; provided with long root-like processes, by which the sponge is anchored to the substrate. The surface is markedly hispid, often with alternating lengthwise ridges and grooves (only occasionally may specimens with quite even surfaces be found). A few oscula of roundish form often grouped at the summit. The consistency is rather firm. Colour from beige to dark brown. Ten specimens examined.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>Skeleton of radially spiral structure. Cortex absent.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 12 (c – h)). Large oxea, usually with unequal ends, dimensions: 1519.9 – 4125.85 – 6860 (n = 50) × 14.25 – 39.8 – 63.6 (n = 50) µm. Small oxea, slightly fusiform, with equal ends, dimensions: 516 – 1029 – 1471 (n = 50) × 19.6 – 34.55 – 44.7 (n = 50) µm. Anatriaenes, rhabdome length: 2241 – 3617.8 – 5838 (n = 50) × 7.6 – 12.6 – 18 (n = 50) µm; cladome length: 81.9 – 197.8 – 283.5 (n = 50) µm. Sagittal protriaenes, rhabdome length: 701 – 1241 – 2648.4 (n = 50) × 2.4 – 3.6 – 5.9 (n = 50) µm; length of paired cladomes: 23 – 39.6 – 97.3 (n = 50) µm; unpaired cladome length: 58.5 – 87.3 – 178.4 (n = 50) µm. Normal protriaenes, rhabdome length: 1417.6 – 2868 – 4424.8 (n = 20) × 5 – 9.2 – 13.3 (n = 20) µm; cladome length: 45 – 86.8 – 146.2 (n = 20) µm. Sigmas sinuous, spiny, dimensions: 14 – 20.5 – 27.3 (n = 50) µm.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>The east coast of Spitsbergen. The Kara (west of Yamal Peninsula; Taimur Island, Actinia Bay) and Laptev seas (st. L-9, L-11, L-12, L-19, O-8, O-12). The New Siberian Islands (st. A- 31, A-51, A-70, A-74), Chukchi Sea. Pacific coast of the Kuril Islands. Depth range: 7 – 54 m (Arctic seas), 127 – 414 (Pacific Ocean).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Fristedt, in his monograph (Fristedt 1887), proposed Tetilla sibirica as a new species that differed from the previously described T. polyura Schmidt, 1870 on the basis of microsclere morphology. In accordance with Fristedt, the microscleres are represented in both cases by sigmas, but were spiny in T. polyura and smooth in T. sibirica.</p> <p>Although all T. sibirica specimens examined in our study were characterised by the distinctly pronounced spination of sigmas, the accuracy of identification removed any doubts, firstly because Craniella polyura has an additional category of spicules, represented by raphides, and secondly because the T. polyura sigmas exceeded 13 – 14 µm only in rare exceptions, and always had a globular swelling (tyle) on the shaft.</p> <p>The macrosclere composition, morphology and dimensions of the examined specimens agree well with the original description of Tetilla sibirica. Despite the fact that Fristedt insisted on the absence of spines on the sigmas in T. sibirica, he might have overlooked them. Unfortunately, the presence (or absence) of spines was disregarded by both Hentschel (1929) and Koltun (1966). Re-examination of the type material is necessary.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE7FFFA0F79A92FCFB8EC38E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE7DFFA1F7C29244FEB7C173.text	03CC87D7DE7DFFA1F7C29244FEB7C173.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Craniella polyura (Schmidt 1870)	<div><p>Craniella polyura (Schmidt, 1870)</p> <p>(Figure 13 (a – h))</p> <p>Tetilla polyura Schmidt 1870, p. 66; pl. VI, fig. 8; Vosmaer 1885, p. 9 – 10; pl. I, figs 1 – 3; pl. II, fig. 16; pl. V, figs 3 – 7; Breitfuss 1911, p. 213; Rezvoi 1928, p. 76; Van Soest 2016, p. 322, fig. 5a – g</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 13 (a)). Sponge egg shaped, up to 4 cm in height and 2.5 cm in width. Surface even, slightly setose. The consistency is rather soft and elastic. Single conical osculum slightly displaced to the side from the summit. Comparatively long spicules protrude from the lower end of the body, forming a felt-like mass. Colour light brown. Two specimens examined.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>Skeleton of radially spiral structure. Cortex absent.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 13 (a – h)). Large oxea, usually with unequal ends, dimensions: 1532.6 – 2904.5 – 4375.3 (n = 20) × 11.7 – 28 – 42.3 (n = 20) µm. Small oxea, slightly fusiform, with equal ends, dimensions: 556.5 – 776 – 1117.9 (n = 30) × 6.2 – 17.6 – 29.4 (n = 25) µm. Anatriaenes, rhabdome length up to 5 cm and thickness 4 – 4.5 – 5.2 (n = 10) µm; cladome length: 64 – 74.7 – 86.3 (n = 10) µm. Sagittal protriaenes, rhabdome length: 1073 – 1637.9 – 2575 (n = 15) × 2.6 – 3.66 – 5.6 (n = 15) µm; length of paired cladomes: 20.2 – 33.3 – 69.4 (n = 15) µm; unpaired cladome length: 66.7 – 106.5 – 179.7 (n = 15) µm. Normal protriaenes, rhabdome length: 510 – 617.8 – 931.7 (n = 10) × 4.7 – 5.8 – 6.9 (n = 10) µm; cladome length: 22 – 27.8 – 33.2 (n = 10) µm. Raphides, dimensions: 192 – 347.7 – 473 (n = 10) × 1 – 2 µm. Sigmas centrotylote, spined, dimensions: 9 – 12.7 – 16 (n = 25) µm.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Iceland. Barents, Kara, Laptev (st. A-102, L-12) and East Siberian seas (st. A-31). Depth range: 33 – 313 m.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE7DFFA1F7C29244FEB7C173	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
03CC87D7DE7CFFAEF7E4911FFC3CC555.text	03CC87D7DE7CFFAEF7E4911FFC3CC555.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tetilla sandalina Sollas 1886	<div><p>Tetilla sandalina Sollas, 1886</p> <p>(Figure 14 (a – g))</p> <p>Tetilla sandalina Sollas 1886, p. 179; Sollas 1888, p. 1 – 3; pl. I, figs 16 – 27; BrØndsted 1933, p. 7; Cárdenas and Rapp 2015, p. 1504 – 1505, fig. 24; Van Soest 2016, p. 323, fig. 6a – f</p> <p>Description</p> <p>(Figure 14 (a – b)). Sponge pear shaped, up to 4.5 cm height and 3 cm in width. Surface even, slightly setose. The consistency is rather soft and elastic. Single conical osculum slightly displaced to the side from the summit. Numerous short papillae, represented by relatively thick bundles of spicules of main skeleton, protrude out from the base of the body (absent in juvenile forms). Colour light brown. Five specimens examined.</p> <p>Skeleton</p> <p>Skeleton of radially spiral structure. Cortex absent.</p> <p>Spicules</p> <p>(Figure 14 (c – g)). Large oxea, usually with unequal ends, dimensions: 1172 – 2545 – 3565.6 (n = 15) × 13.15 – 26.85 – 38.65 (n = 15) µm. Small oxea, slightly fusiform, with equal ends, dimensions: 567.25 – 734.2 – 990 (n = 15) × 10.1 – 16.3 – 22 (n = 15) µm. Sagittal protriaenes, rhabdome length: 1002 – 1821.3 – 3361.5 (n = 15) × 2.1 – 3.8 – 7.8 (n = 15); length of paired cladomes: 21.6 – 33.8 – 77.1 (n = 15) µm; unpaired cladome length: 64.5 – 115.9 – 223 (n = 15) µm. Raphides, dimensions: 206 – 299 – 370 (n = 10) × 1 – 2 µm. Sigmas centrotylote, spined, dimensions: 9.5 – 11.9 – 13.6 (n = 10) µm.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Azores, off Labrador, and the Kara, Laptev (st. A-102, L-9, O-22) and East Siberian seas (A- 31). Depth range: 33 – 1828.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>All studied samples fit well with the species description presented in the monographs of Sollas (1886, 1888)), except for the dimensions and morphology of microscleres (sigmas). The latter, in our case, were characterised by a distinctly pronounced tyle on the shaft and relatively smaller sizes in general. The same distinctions from the original description were mentioned by BrØndsted (1933) and Van Soest (2016), who examined specimens obtained from the Labrador and Kara seas, respectively.</p> <p>Another discrepancy concerns the distinctions in the depth distributions of the Arctic specimens (33 – 314 m) on the one hand and those collected in the Azores (1742 – 1818 m) on the other. However, since the phenomenon of equatorial submergence has frequently been observed in animals of higher latitudes (Ekman 1953), the aforementioned differences can be neglected. On the contrary, minor but persistent morphological differences may serve for the delimitation of the Arctic and Atlantic forms as separate species, but this requires the analysis of the additional materials.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87D7DE7CFFAEF7E4911FFC3CC555	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Morozov, Grigori;Sabirov, Rushan;Zimina, Olga	Morozov, Grigori, Sabirov, Rushan, Zimina, Olga (2019): Sponge fauna of the New Siberian Shoal: biodiversity and some features of formation. Journal of Natural History 52 (47 - 48): 2961-2992, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1554166
