identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CCC337FFCA2F22FF7DCED97D2EFCC2.text	03CCC337FFCA2F22FF7DCED97D2EFCC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cumbre Evans 1955	<div><p>Cumbre Evans, 1955</p><p>Cumbre Evans, 1955 . Cat. Amer. Hesp. 4, p. 89, 169; type-species: [ Phanis] cumbre Schaus, 1902 .— Hemming, 1967. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Ent., Suppl. 9: 130.— Hayward, 1973. Op. Lill. 23: 78.— Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 16.— Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 2, p. 10.— Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 2, p. 17; App. 2, p. 1.— Bridges, 1988. Cat.-Fam.- Group &amp; Gen.-Group Nam. 4, p. 33; 5, p. 2.— Bridges, 1994. Cat. Fam.-Group, Gen.-Group and Sp.-Group Nam. Hesperioidea 4, p. 9; 9, p. 19.— Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 8, 65, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea- Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A.— Mielke, 2005. Cat. Amer. Hesperioidea 4, p. 902.</p><p>Systematic History. Genus described by Evans (1955) and mentioned in catalogs by other authors.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cumbre is distinguished from all other genera included in Moncini by the following characters: antenna long, reaching 70% of the costa, nudum black or dark rufous-brown, with 11 to 13 segments, present in all the apiculus and in part of the club; forewing with two groups of hyaline spots, one subapical with three small spots in R3–R4, R4–R5 and R5–M1 and another median, with two large nearly quadrate spots in M3–CuA1 and CuA1–CuA2, the last one more developed than the first; males with an inclined “V”-shaped brand at the origin of CuA2; forewing underside dark brown from discal region to anal margin; costal margin slightly rufous; submarginal patch pale brown to gray from R4 to CuA2, larger in M1; hindwing underside with a brown to dark brown basal band; a discal transverse pale brown to cream band from costal margin to 2A; a postdiscal transverse brown to dark brown band, from apex to 2A, with six postdiscal pale brown to gray spots in R s–M1, M1–M3 (two), M3–CuA1, CuA1–CuA2 and CuA2–2A (largest), sometimes fused with the submarginal patch; submarginal pale brown to gray patch from M1 to CuA2, larger in M3; male genitalia with a simple uncus; fenestra developed; ventral “S”-shaped arm of tegumen fused with the dorsal arm of saccus; anterior projection of saccus smaller, or equal to the length of tegumen+uncus; posterior projection of saccus absent; gnathos bifid, tubular, convergent and shorter than uncus; fultura inferior with developed anterior projections; valva with undeveloped costa, sacculus triangular, ampulla restricted to a small dorsal area, harpe developed with an upturned disto-dorsal spine (absent in C. meridionalis (Hayward, 1934)); aedeagus distally right-turned with a simple opening; cornuti present as innumerous micro spines; female genitalia with the ostium bursae opening located at the center of the sterigma; eighth tergum represented by two subrectangular lateral plates with a complete spiracular opening; bursa copulatrix eight to nine times longer than sterigma; ductus bursae elongated with two large bands of signa present throughout its extension, corpus bursae globular and corresponding to 1/5 of the bursae length.</p><p>Description. Head: dorsally dark brown with thin and elongated scales along the transfrontal suture, on frons and, beneath the eyes; eyes brown to dark brown; labial palpi quadrate, dark brown dorsally, becoming mixed with brown-white scales, with the first segment rectangular and short, second segment long, three times longer than the first, and third segment short, porrect, extending beyond the scales of the second segment; antenna long, reaching 70% of the costa, dorsally and ventrally black checkered with white at the base of all segments; club long, black dorsally and white ventrally; nudum with 11 to 13 segments, black or dark rufous-brown with white micro setae and one pair of spines laterally on each segment. Female as in male.</p><p>Thorax: entirely covered with dark rufous brown scales including the tegulae; legs latero-externally rufous brown and latero-internally pale yellow with white scales between femur-tibia. Female as in male.</p><p>Forewing length: males 12–17mm (n=46) and females 12.5–16.5mm (n=42); triangular, one and a half times longer than wide; origin of M2 closer to M3 than to M1; discal cell partially open due to the absence of dcm; 3A short. Females have a more rounded forewing than males and the dcm partially closes the discal cell.</p><p>Upper side: ground color brown to dark rufous brown; fringe pale brown; two groups of hyaline spots, one subapical with three small spots in R3–R4, R4–R5 and R5–M1 and one discal with two large spots, in M3–CuA1 and CuA1–CuA2, with the last one more developed than the first; males with an inclined “V”-shaped brand at the origin of CuA2 (Figs 17–20); costal margin slightly rufous; cream spot (sometimes absent) below the hyaline discal spot group on 2A. Female as in male, except for the absence of the brand and a fainter color pattern.</p><p>Underside: ground color brown to dark brown; fringe pale brown with dark brown scales at the end of the veins; outer marginal line dark brown, lighter at the veins; discal region dark, from the postdiscal region to anal margin dark; costal margin slightly rufous; apical region brown; pale brown to gray submarginal patch from R4 to CuA2, larger in M1. Female color pattern fainter than male.</p><p>Hindwing: oval-shaped with a prominent anal lobe; costal vein short; basal cell present; M2 absent in male; discal cell open, with a small branch of dci. Female has a subtriangular hindwing with a pronounced apex; M2 present and the discal cell closed.</p><p>Upper side: background color as in the forewing with several thin elongated scales in the median-posterior area; fringe pale brown; outer marginal line brown. Female color pattern fainter than male.</p><p>Underside: background color brown; fringe pale brown with dark brown scales at the end of the veins; outer marginal line brown, lighter at the veins; basal band brown to dark brown; discal transverse band pale brown to cream from costal margin to 2A; postdiscal area brown to dark brown; transverse band from apex to 2A with six pale brown to gray postdiscal spots in Rs–M1, M1–M3 (two spots), M3–CuA1, CuA1–CuA2, and a larger one in CuA2–2A; submarginal patch pale brown to gray from M1 to CuA2, larger in M3. Female color pattern fainter than male.</p><p>Abdomen: dorsally dark brown and ventrally cream with a black thin (sometimes absent) median line.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 21–44): tegumen quadrate to globose in lateral view, separated from uncus; ventral “S”- shaped arm of tegumen fused with the dorsal arm of saccus; fenestra developed; anterior projection of saccus smaller or equal to the length of tegumen+uncus; posterior projection of the saccus absent; uncus simple, thin or truncated with the distal portion downturned and equal or exceeding the length of the gnathos; gnathos bifid and formed by the superposition of two elongated plates, with a membranous area in the center; gnathos arms tubular, broader than uncus and with convergent tips (except C. meridionalis); fultura inferior “U” or “V” shaped; valva with undeveloped costa, sacculus triangular, ampulla restricted to a small dorsal area, harpe developed with an upturned disto-dorsal spine (absent in C. meridionalis). The ratio between valva and aedeagus is 0.8 to 0.87; aedeagus distally right-turned with simple opening; ejaculatory bulb opening wide, cornuti present as innumerous micro spines.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 45–60): sterigma sclerotized with the lamella antevaginalis restricted, narrow and with two lateral ribbed plates; lamella postvaginalis wide, distally divided and more sclerotinized; ostium bursae located centrally on the sterigma; eighth tergum represented by two subrectangular lateral plates with a complete spiracular opening (lost during the dissection of C. lamasi sp. nov.); papilla analis developed, rectangular or subrectangular; posterior apophysis present; bursa copulatrix eight to nine times longer than sterigma; ductus bursae elongated with two large bands of signa throughout its extension; corpus bursae globular and with 1/5 of bursa length.</p><p>Etymology. Cumbre is a tautonymy of its type species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CCC337FFCA2F22FF7DCED97D2EFCC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik;Casagrande, Mirna Martins	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, Casagrande, Mirna Martins (2014): Taxonomic revision of Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3841 (1): 47-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.1.2
03CCC337FFC82F22FF7DCB107B82FAFF.text	03CCC337FFC82F22FF7DCB107B82FAFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cumbre	<div><p>Key to species of Cumbre</p><p>1 Forewing with partially overlapped discal hyaline spots (M3–CuA1 and CuA1–CuA2), in both sexes (Figs 13–16). Species known only from the Andes in southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru at altitudes around 1000m .......... lamasi sp. nov.</p><p>- Forewing with non-overlapping discal hyaline spots (M3–CuA1 and CuA1–CuA2), in both sexes (Figs 1–12). Species from Peru, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay .............................................................. 2</p><p>2 Hindwing underside with postdiscal spots fused with the submarginal patch (Figs 10, 12). Species only known from southeastern Peru and northwestern Argentina ........................................................ haywardi sp. nov.</p><p>- Hindwing underside with postdiscal spots not fused with the submarginal patch (Figs 2, 4, 6, 8)....................... 3</p><p>3 Valva with a disto-dorsal spine at the harpe (Fig. 24). Lamella postvaginalis distally complete and without a central membranous area; ostium bursae ampule-shaped due to a median narrowing of the lamella postvaginalis (Fig. 49). Species widely distributed along the eastern Brazilian region, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul in areas above 500m (fig 61).......... cumbre</p><p>- Valva without a disto-dorsal spine at the harpe (Fig. 30). Lamella postvaginalis disjunct and with a central membranous area; ostium bursae subquadrangular (Fig. 50). Species distributed throughout southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, northeastern Argentina and Uruguay in lowland deciduous forest below 1000m (Fig. 61)............................... meridionalis stat. rev.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CCC337FFC82F22FF7DCB107B82FAFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik;Casagrande, Mirna Martins	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, Casagrande, Mirna Martins (2014): Taxonomic revision of Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3841 (1): 47-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.1.2
03CCC337FFC82F29FF7DCD007A8EFBC7.text	03CCC337FFC82F29FF7DCD007A8EFBC7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cumbre cumbre (Schaus 1902) Schaus 1902	<div><p>Cumbre cumbre (Schaus, 1902)</p><p>(Figs 1–4, 17, 21–26, 45, 49, 53–54, 61)</p><p>Phanis cumbre Schaus, 1902 . Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 24: 445; male type n° 6.026, Petrópolis, [Rio de Janeiro State], Brazil; USNM.</p><p>Phanes cumbre; Draudt, 1923, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 965.— F. Hoffmann, 1934. Ent. Rdsch. 51: 72.— J. Zikán &amp; W. Zikán, 1968. Pesq. agropec. bras. 3: 62.</p><p>Cumbre cumbre; Evans, 1955. Cat. Amer. Hesp. 4, p. 169, pl. 65 (male gen.); syn.: meridionalis .— Ebert, 1969. Jour. Lep. Soc. 23, Suppl. 3: 36.— Lewis, 1973. Butt. World, p. 82, fig. 3 (d), p. 245.— Lewis, 1975. Marip. Mundo, p. 82, fig. 3 (d), p. 245.— Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 1, p. 31, 75; 2, p. 10; syn.: meridionalis .— Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 1, p. 49, 118; 2, p. 17; syn.: meridionalis .— K. Brown, 1992, in Morellato. Hist. nat. Japi, p. 179, fig. 17 (v).— Bridges, 1994. Cat. Fam.-Group, Gen.-Group and Sp.-Group Nam. Hesperioidea 8, p. 59, 141; 9, p. 19; syn.: meridionalis .— C. Mielke, 1995. Revta bras. Zool. 11: 765.— Iserhard &amp; Romanoski, 2004. Revta bras. Zool. 21: 656.— Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 65, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A; syn.: meridionalis .— Mielke, 2005. Cat. Amer. Hesperioidea 4, p. 903; syn.: meridionalis .— Iserhard et al., 2010. Biota Neotrop. 10 (12): 316.— Dolibaina et al., 2011. Biota Neotrop. 11 (1): 345.— Mielke et al., 2012. Rev. Bras. Entom. 56 (1): 64.</p><p>(no genus) cumbre; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 120.</p><p>Taxonomic History. Schaus (1902) described the species in the genus Phanis Godman, 1901, based on the male (not mentioning the number of specimens) from Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Draudt (1923), F. Hoffman (1934) and J. Zikán &amp; W. Zikán (1968) treated the species in Phanes Godman, 1901, the first author described and illustrated the adult while the others just listed it. Evans (1955) described the genus Cumbre and designated [ Phanis] cumbre Schaus, 1902 as type species, re-describing and partially drawing the male genitalia, considering Poanes meridionalis Hayward, 1934 a synonym. The other authors listed it with distribution data, while Mielke (2004, 2005) included it in catalogues.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cumbre cumbre is easily distinguished from Cumbre haywardi sp. nov. by the hindwing postdiscal spots (ventral surface) not fused with the submarginal patch and, from Cumbre lamasi sp. nov. by the nonoverlapping discal hyaline spots on the forewing. However, Cumbre cumbre cannot be differentiated from C. meridionalis stat. rev. through the color or spot patterns on both wings. Thereby, these taxa are only separated by the geographic distribution and the morphology of the genitalia in both sexes. Thus, C. cumbre is differentiated from C. meridionalis stat. rev. by the following morphological characters: nudum with 13 segments in the males and 12 in the females; forewing length in males 13.2–16mm (n=20) and in females 12.5–15.5mm (n=20) (Figs 1–4); male “V”-shaped brand inclined at the origin of CuA2 having a smooth internal margin, inferior projection smaller than superior, and the basal portion one and a half times longer than the inferior projection (Fig. 17); male genitalia with the tegumen dorsally rounded, with a small anterior median concavity and two lateral disto-dorsal undeveloped projections (Fig. 21); subtriangular fenestra developed, longer than wider (Fig. 21); uncus distally thin and downturned, longer than gnathos and with a median lateral protuberance in dorsal view (Figs 21–23); gnathos tubular, thin and bifid, distally convergent, with a membranous central area from the base of the uncus to half of its length (lateral view) (Figs 22–23); sacculus with half of the valva width and irregular margins (Fig. 24); costa reduced (Fig. 24); harpe reduced with a distal upturned spine not exceeding the dorsal margin of the valva (Fig. 24); ampulla developed and distinctly separated from harpe (Fig. 24), and aedeagus slightly right turned with a distally broad opening (Fig. 26); female genitalia with a broad lamella postvaginalis, distally complete, with a disto-central sulcus and two undeveloped lateral projections (Figs 45–49); ostium bursae ampoule-shaped (Fig. 49).</p><p>Distribution and Phenology (Fig. 61). Species widely distributed throughout eastern Brazil, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul, in forested areas at altitudes ranging from 500m to 2000m. According to collection data, this species is recorded from every month, suggesting continuous generations throughout the year.</p><p>Etymology. Schaus (1902) did not explain the etymology for the name cumbre .</p><p>Discussion. Cumbre cumbre represents the type species of the genus and appears to be a very similar to its congeneric C. meridionalis stat. rev. . Despite the undifferentiated spot and color patterns among these species, the morphology of the male and female genitalia provides robust evidence to separate these taxa.</p><p>Furthermore, molecular techniques permit the distinction of these taxa, for instance the “barcode” indicates a 4% divergence between these species and the analysis of the hindwing metabolic profile for these species using near infrared spectroscopy also indicates the existence of two distinct taxa (Dolibaina &amp; Rodriguez-Fernandez in prep). Cumbre cumbre is the only species of the genus to occur along eastern Brazil from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul in areas above 500 m, although it also occurs in the central region of Paraná State (Dolibaina et al. 2011). However, there is no evidence to support the sympatric distribution with C. meridionalis stat. rev. and, apparently, this disjoint occurrence is due to ecological features, since there are no geographic barriers between the distribution of these species.</p><p>The literature contains a few misidentifications of this species in areas where this taxon does not occur. For example, Hayward (1939a, 1950) recorded C. cumbre from Tucumán, Argentina, which is probably a misidentification due to similarities in color and male genitalia with C. haywardi sp. nov. . Canals (2003) erroneously recorded this species from Misiones based on bibliographic data. Evans (1955) also cites the occurrence of C. cumbre from Sapucay, Paraguay based on a male deposited at the BMNH, certainly a misidentification or a mislabeled specimen.</p><p>Type Material. During the description of Phanis cumbre, Schaus (1902) did not mention the number of specimens used in the description, just indicated the voucher number 6.026 for the type, and notes its origin from Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro. After examining the type material deposited at the USN m, two males and three females with the same voucher number No 6.026 were discovered. However, only two males and one female are from Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, one of the remaining females, is from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro and the other female apparently represents a new species of Papias Godman, 1900 from Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro.</p><p>Thus, with the purpose of providing stability to the name proposed by Schaus (1902), one of the males from Petrópolis is hereby designated as the lectotype for Phanis cumbre and, the other two syntype specimens from the type locality (a male and a female) are paralectotypes. The other two females are not part of the type series, since Schaus (1902), during the original description, did not mention any specimens from any locality other than Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro.</p><p>The lectotype male hereby designated has the following labels: /Petropolis, [Rio de Janeiro] Brazil./ Phanis cumbre Sch [aus]/ Type No. 6026 U.S. N.M./ Collection W. Schaus/ and the following labels will be added: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotype Phanis cumbre Schaus, 1902 Dolibaina, Mielke &amp; Casagrande det. 2013/. The male and female paralectotypes have the same following labels: /Petropolis, [Rio de Janeiro] Brazil./ Phanis cumbre Sch [aus]/ Type No. 6026 U.S. N.M./ Collection W. Schaus/ and the following labels will be added: / PARALECTOTYPUS / Paralectotype Phanis cumbre Schaus, 1902 Dolibaina, Mielke &amp; Casagrande det. 2013/. These new labels will be sent to the curator of the USNM collection, where the specimens are deposited.</p><p>The lectotype of Phanis cumbre correspond to the first specimen illustrated by Warren et al. (2014) on the C. cumbre ’ webpage.</p><p>Examined material. BRAZIL— Bahia: Rio de Contas (Pico das Almas), 1400–1600 m, 2.II.2005, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 10.183). Minas Gerais: Alto Caparaó (Parque Nacional do Caparaó), 1500 m, 6–8.II.1987, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 2 ♂ (OM 13.687, OM 13.689) 4 ♀ (OM 13.697, OM 13.695, OM 13.688, OM 13.696); Barbacena, 1145 m, 19.V.1940, N. Almeida leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 20.877), 1100 m, 6.VIII.1952, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.953), 22.VIII.1952, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.932), (Serra da Mantiqueira), 1100 m, 21.VIII.1952, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.916), 5.X.1952, Ebert leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.862) 6.VII.1953, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.869), (Km 289 Rio-Belo Horizonte) 1200 m, 6.XII.1970, C. Callaghan leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL); Camanducaia (Monte Verde), 1650 m, 22.XII.1968, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.960), 23.XII.1968, Ebert leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.828, DZUP 16.863), 1500–1800 m, 3.XII.1988, O.—E. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 19.458) 3 ♀ (OM 19.459, OM 19.460, OM 19.461); Catas Altas (Caraça), 1500 m, 24.IV.1975, C. Callaghan leg. 2 ♀ (MGCL), 1300–1500 m, 1–5.II.1985, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 4 ♂ (DZUP 16.819, DZUP 16.877, DZUP 10.311, DZUP 16.841) 7 ♀ (DZUP 16.913, DZUP 16.910, DZUP 16.907, DZUP 16.917, DZUP 16.925, DZUP 16.955, DZUP 16.922); 1300 m, 1.XII.1988, O.—E. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 19.378), 1400 m, 9.I.2002, C. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 55.710) 1 ♀ (OM 55.661), 1300 m, 4–6.II.2003, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 3 ♂ (OM 59.092, OM 59.182, OM 59.371) 1 ♀ (OM 59.463), 1300 m, 16–18.IX.2006, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.838, DZUP 16.856) 1 ♀ (BC-DZUP 16.066); Conceição dos Ouros, 1300 m, 27.XII.2002, no collector 1 ♀ (BC-OM 60.027); Delfim Moreira (15 Km SE), 1500–1700 m, 22–23.I.2004, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.866, BC-DZUP 16.073) 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.894); Passa Quatro (Fazenda São Bento), 1500 m, 13.II.1984, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.858, DZUP 16.886) 2 ♀ (DZUP 16.947, DZUP 16.950); Poços de Caldas (Morro São Domingos), 1250 m, 30.III.1965, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 6.670) 1 ♀ (OM 6.671), 5.IV.1965, Mielke leg. 3 ♂ (OM 6.667, OM 6.668, OM 6.669), 12.XII.1966, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.888). Santana do Riacho (Serra do Cipó), 1000–1300 m, 30.I.1985, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.835, DZUP 16.836), 25–26.X.2003, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.893); Espírito Santo: Santa Cruz, 8–10.III.1973, C. Callaghan leg. 2 ♀ (MGCL). Rio de Janeiro: Itatiaia (Campo Belo), no data, Zikán leg. 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (USNM), (Itatiaia Mountains), II, no collector, 1 ♂ (AMNH); (Parque Nacional do Itatiaia), 1300 m, XII.1957, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.952), 16.VII.1961, Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (OM 3.831, OM 3825), 15.VII.1962, Mielke leg. 4 ♀ (OM 4.521, OM 4.520, OM 4.509, OM 4.522), 1.X.1962, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (OM 4.751), 3.VII.1963, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 5.077), 4.VII.1963, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (OM 5.076), 1000–1200 m, 26.VII.1963, Ebert leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.832), 25–30.VII.1963, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.895), 2.V.1965, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.867) 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.903), 3.V.1965, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 6.714), 15.I.1967, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.958), 15.I.1967, Mielke leg. 3 ♂ (DZUP 16.806, DZUP 16.814, DZUP 16.833), 750 m, 12.XI.1967, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 10.129), 1600 m, 12.I.1973, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.845) 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.935), 17.I.1973, Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.844, DZUP 16.848), 1200 m, 10.I.1973, Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.843, DZUP 16.850), 900 m, 1.X.1962, D'Almeida &amp; Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (OM 4.751), 1300–1700 m, 21.I.1969, Mielke &amp; Brown leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.813) 2 ♀ (DZUP 16.792, DZUP 16.914); 1500– 200 m, 31.III–1.IV.1972, Callaghan leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL), (Agulhas Negras), 1800 m, 17.II.1984, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.859); Nova Friburgo, no data, Schaus collection, 1 ♀ (non-paralectotype) (USNM), (Mury–Pico São João), 1000 m, 23.I.1983, O.—C. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.891) 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.968), 1400 m, 22–23.I.1996, O.—C. Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (OM 41.790, OM 16.873); Petrópolis, no data, Schaus collection, 2 ♂ (one paralectotype) 1 ♀ (paralectotype) (USNM), (Alto da Serra), 900 m, 15.IX.1963, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 5.425), 1400 m, 6.I.1971, Callaghan leg. 2 ♂ (MGCL); Resende (Mauá), 1200 m, XII.1957, Mitte leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.801); Teresópolis (Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos), 1500 m, 30.IV.1962, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 4.414), 9.II.1974, Callaghan leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL), 1100 m, 25.IV.1965, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (OM 6.621); 1500 m, 20.VII.1967, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.900), 29.IX.1994, Caldas leg. 1 ♂ (USNM), 6.XI.1995, Duarte leg. 1 ♀ (USNM), 17.XII.1996, Robbins &amp; Caldas leg. 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (USNM). São Paulo: Campos do Jordão, 1700 m, 2.III.1964, Ebert leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.834, DZUP 16.824), I.1966, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.890), (Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão), 8.II.1968, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.847), 1950 m, 10.II.1968, Mielke, Brown &amp; Laroca leg. 6 ♂ (DZUP 1.126, DZUP 16.805, DZUP 16.823, DZUP 16.874, DZUP 16.879, DZUP 16.884) 3 ♀ (DZUP 16.785, DZUP 16.926, DZUP 16.929), 1600–1700 m, 22–25.I.1992, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♂ (OM 29.006), 1700 m, 2.III.1964, Ebert leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.834, DZUP 16.824), 1600–2000 m, 8–12.II.1982, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 8 ♂ (DZUP 16.791, DZUP 16.807, DZUP 16.825, DZUP 16.827, DZUP 16.865, DZUP 16.876, DZUP 16.881, DZUP 16.880) 7 ♀ (DZUP 16.811, DZUP 16.897, DZUP 16.905, DZUP 16.896, DZUP 16.954, DZUP 16.956, DZUP 16.966), (Umuarama), 1800 m, 3–15.II.1937, Gagarin leg. 1 ♂ (OM 8.566); Cordeirópolis, 600 m, 12.VIII.1962, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.931), 25.XI.1962, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.921); Jundiaí (Serra do Japi), 30.I.1990, Brown leg. 1 ♂ (OM 25.609); Piquete (Barreira de Piquete), 1500 m, 1.V.1962, H. Schubart leg. 1 ♀ (OM 4.457), 1400–1600 m, 15.II.1984, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 5 ♂ (DZUP 16.837, DZUP 16.861, DZUP 16.860, DZUP 16.857, DZUP 16.852) 3 ♀ (DZUP 19.967, DZUP 16.944, DZUP 20.856); São José do Barreiro (Parque Nacional da Serra da Bocaína), 1500 m, 2–4.III.1967, Ebert leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 10.099), 1300 m, 2.I.1973, C. Callaghan leg. 1 ♀ (MGCL). Paraná: Balsa Nova (São Luis do Purunã), 1000 m, 1.II.1981, Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.829, DZUP 16.871), 950 m, 9.II.1981, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.937); Campina Grande do Sul, 925 m, 23.I.1970, Becker leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.794); Curitiba, 900 m, 22.IV.1967, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 10.140), 4.V.1967, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.854); (Uberaba–Tirol das Torres), 850 m, 14.IV.2005, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.964), 18.X.2009, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.669); General Carneiro, 1200 m, 2.IV.1980, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.949); Guarapuava, 1130 m, 13.I.1980, O.—C. Mielke &amp; Miers leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.842); Morretes (Alto da Serra), 800 m, 5.II.1966, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 10.080) 2 ♀ (OM 10.078, OM 10.079), 6.II.1966, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 10.009) 4 ♀ (OM 9.975, OM 10.010, OM 10.008, OM 9.981), 4.II.1989, Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (OM 21.452, OM 21.408), 16.II.1975, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 8.717), 7.II.1989 1 ♂ (OM 22.043), 700 m, 1.IV.1988, O.—C. Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (OM 17.207), 850 m, 22.II.1997, Moser leg. 1 ♀ (MO); Palmeira (Colônia Witmarsum), 900 m, 1.III.1987, O.—C. Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (OM 52.424); Piraquara (Mananciais da Serra), 850 m, 5.XI.1972, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.808) 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.940), 21.III.1971, V. Becker leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.840); Ponta Grossa (Parque Estadual de Vila Velha), 900 m, 11.I.2009, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 17.057), (30 Km NW), 19.III.1991, Robbins, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♀ (USNM); Prudentópolis (RPPN Ninho do Corvo), 700m 15.VIII.2008, Dolibaina leg. 1 ♂ (DD); Quatro Barras (Banhado), 800 m, 7.III.1971, V. Becker leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 947), 17.IV.1971, V. Becker leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.797), 24.IV.1971, V. Becker leg. 2 ♀ (DZUP 16.786, DZUP 16.796), 850 m, IX.1966, Laroca, Giacomel, Marinoni &amp; Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.939); São José dos Pinhais, 850 m, 15.XII.1979, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.908), 17.II.1988, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 17.049), 20.III.1994, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 38.049); Tijucas do Sul (Voçoroca), 850 m, 20.III.1971, Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.878, DZUP 8.684) 6 ♀ (DZUP 16.787, DZUP 16.930, DZUP 16.934, DZUP 16.963, DZUP 16.942, DZUP 10.002), 8.III.1972, Mielke leg. 3 ♂ (DZUP 16.816, DZUP 16.849, DZUP 16.853) 3 ♀ (DZUP 16.911, DZUP 16.927, DZUP 16.938), 12.II.1977, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.909), 24.II.1980, Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.818, DZUP 16.825), 22.XI.1981, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.933), 30.XII.1983, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.892), 850 m, 20.III.1971, Moure &amp; Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.915), 7.IV.1971, Moure &amp; Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.846, DZUP 16.851) 3 ♀ (DZUP 16.788, DZUP 16.901, DZUP 16.928), IV.1971, Moure &amp; Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.809, DZUP 16.815) 4 ♀ (DZUP 16.799, DZUP 16.924, DZUP 16.936, DZUP 16.951), 850 m, 22.III.2007, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.864), (Rincão), 850 m, 13.II.1971, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.830), 8.III.1972, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.883), 15.III.1984, E. C. Olson leg. 1 ♀ (MGCL); Turvo (Britador), 950–1000 m, 08.IV.2007, Dolibaina leg. 1 ♀ (DD). Santa Catarina: Agrolândia, 600 m, 23.I.1982, Mielke &amp; West leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.820, DZUP 16.812); Rio dos Cedros, 650 m, 17.II.1973, Ebert leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 10.309); Blumenau, 10–12.III.1999, R. Leuschner leg. 1 ♂ (AMNH); Campo Alegre (Serra do Quiriri), 1300 m, 14.XI.2009, Mielke, Carneiro &amp; Melo leg. 3 ♂ (DZUP 16.767, DZUP 16.683, DZUP 16.697); Dalbérgia, no data, no collector, 1 ♀ (AMNH), XI, no collector, 1 ♂ (AMNH), III.1912, no collector, 1 ♂ (AMNH), III.1913, no collector, 2 ♂ (AMNH), I.1916, no collector, 1 ♂ (AMNH), X.1916, no collecor (AMNH); Ibirama (Vitor Meirelles), 700 m, 25.I.1982, Mielke &amp; West leg. 5 ♀ (DZUP 16.793, DZUP 16.795, DZUP 16.789, DZUP 16.906, DZUP 16.918) 3 ♂ (DZUP 16.875, DZUP 16.882, DZUP 10.318); Joinville (Rio Julio), 800 m, III.1912, no collector, 1 ♀ (USNM); Mafra (Bituva), 850 m, 22.II.1982, Mielke leg. 5 ♂ (DZUP 16.798, DZUP 16.810, DZUP 16.822, DZUP 16.831, DZUP 16.885); Massaranduba, I.1913, no collector, 1 ♂ (AMNH); Monte Castelo, 900 m, 24.I.1997, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♂ (OM 43.557); Praia Grande (Serra do Faxinal), 500 m, 22.IV.1995, Moser leg. 1 ♀ (MO); São Bento do Sul, 850 m, 5.VII.1969, Ebert leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.870, DZUP 16.868), 4.XII.1969, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.887), 10.III.1984, D.W. Jenkins leg. 2 ♂ (MGCL), (Rio Vermelho), 800 m, 17.I.1971, Rank leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.948), 31.I.1971 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.817), 23.III.1971, Rank leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 8.692), 850 m, 2.II.1973, Rank leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.803), 10.II.1973, Rank leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.961), 24.II.1973, Rank leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.802), 13.III.1973, Rank leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.872) 3 ♀ (DZUP 16.889, DZUP 16.919, DZUP 16.923), 21.III.1973, Rank leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.804), 2.IV.1973, Rank leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.904), 11.V.1973, Rank leg. 2 ♀ (DZUP 16.899, DZUP 16.912), 16.I.2001, Rank leg. 1 ♀ (OM 53.344), 31.V.2002, Rank leg. 1 ♀ (OM 58.538), 850 m, 11.III.1984, Mielke &amp; Rank leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.839) 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.962), 14.III.1987, Mielke &amp; Rank leg. 2 ♂ (OM 14.389, OM 14.390) 1 ♀ (OM 14.391), (Rio Natal), 600 m, 7.III.1987, O.—C. Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (OM 14.558), (Mato Preto), 11.IV.1971, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.855); São Joaqui m, 1–2.II.1973, Ebert leg., 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.821), (Pericó), 1320 m, 25.II.1973, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.920), (Rio Lavatudo), 900m; 24.II.1983, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.957); Urubici (Morro da Igreja), 1700–1800 m, 19.II.1997, O.-E. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 45.285), 1400 m, 20.II.1997, O.-E. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 45.218) 1 ♀ (OM 45.242), 29.II.1997, O.-E. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 45.266), 1400 m, 13–14.I.1998, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 48.159). Rio Grande do Sul: Canela, 850 m, 20.I.1973, Ebert leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.902); Morro Reuter, 600 m, 25.III.2001, Moser leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 21.089, DZUP 21.061); Riozinho, 600 m, 14.V.2005, Moser leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 21.110); São Francisco de Paula, 900 m, 3.V.1998, Moser leg. 1 ♂ (MO).</p><p>Note: Some specimens deposited at DZUP have labels indicating the locality of Santa Bárbara (Caraça). However, this location is currently part of the Catas Altas municipally, Minas Gerais State.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CCC337FFC82F29FF7DCD007A8EFBC7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik;Casagrande, Mirna Martins	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, Casagrande, Mirna Martins (2014): Taxonomic revision of Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3841 (1): 47-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.1.2
03CCC337FFC32F2DFF7DCC1C7B43FD7F.text	03CCC337FFC32F2DFF7DCC1C7B43FD7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cumbre meridionalis (Hayward 1934) Hayward 1934	<div><p>Cumbre meridionalis (Hayward, 1934), stat. rev.</p><p>(Figs 5–8, 18, 27–32, 46, 50, 55–56, 61)</p><p>Poanes meridionalis Hayward, 1934 . Rev. Soc. ent. arg. 6: 102, 118, 198, pl. 5, fig. 17 (d); holotype female, 1928, Iguazu, Misiones, Argentina.— Hayward, 1934. Rev. Soc. ent. arg. 6: 218.— Hayward, 1937. Rev. Soc. ent. arg. 8: 72.— Hayward, 1941. Rev. Mus. La Plata, n. s., Zool. 2: 290.— Hayward, 1950. Gen. Sp. Anim. Arg. 2, p. 71, 76, pl. 17, Figs 21, 22 (female d, v).</p><p>Phanes triumviralis Hayward, 1939 . An. Soc. cient. arg. 126: 452, fig. 23 (male gen.); holotype male, Puerto Aguirre, Misiones, Argentina; Hayward collection.— Hayward, 1941. Rev. Mus. La Plata, n. s., Zool. 2: 311.— Hayward, 1964. Acta zool. Lill. 19: 327. n. syn..</p><p>Phanes belli Hayward, 1939 . An. Soc. cient. arg. 127: 291, fig. 4 (male gen.); holotype male, XII-1933, Puerto Bemberg, Misiones, Argentina, Hayward leg.; Hayward collection.— Hayward, 1941. Rev. Mus. La Plata, n. s., Zool. 2: 311.— Hayward, 1964. Acta zool. Lill. 19: 323. n. syn..</p><p>Mnestheus triumviralis; Hayward, 1950. Gen. Sp. Anim. Arg. 2, p. 187, 190, pls 9, fig. 10 (male gen.), 21, fig. 27 (d).</p><p>Mnestheus belli; Hayward, 1950. Gen. Sp. Anim. Arg. 2, p. 187, 191, pls 9, fig. 11 (male gen.), 21, fig. 22 (d).</p><p>Cumbre triumviralis; Evans, 1955. Cat. Amer. Hesp. 4, p. 170, pl. 65 (male gen.).— Biezanko, 1963. Arq. Ent., sér. A, Pelotas, p. 18.— Biezanko &amp; Mielke, 1973. Acta biol. paranaense 2: 85.— Hayward, 1973. Op. Lill. 23: 78.— Mielke, 1980. Acta biol. paranaense 8-9: 146.— Bridges, 1983. Lep. Hesp. 1, p. 121; 2, p. 10.— Bridges, 1988. Cat. Hesp. 1, p. 191; 2, p. 17; syn.: triunviralis .— Bridges, 1994. Cat. Fam.-Group, Gen.-Group and Sp.-Group Nam. Hesperioidea 8, p. 229; 9, p. 19; syn.: triunviralis .— Canals, 2003. Marip. Misiones, p. 459.— Mielke, 2004. Hesperioidea, p. 65, in Lamas (ed.). Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A; syn.: triunviralis .— Mielke, 2005. Cat. Amer. Hesperioidea 4, p. 903; syn.: triunviralis .— Núñez B., 2008. Trop. Lep. Res. 18 (2): 80.—Núñez B., 2009. Trop. Lep. Res. 19 (2): 77</p><p>Cumbre cumbre [misidentification]; Biezanko &amp; Ruffinelli, 1962. Rev. Fac. Agron., Montevideo, 50: 149.— Biezanko, 1963. Arq. Ent., sér. A, Pelotas, p. 18.— Canals, 2003. Marip. Misiones, p. 458.</p><p>Cumbre triunviralis [sic]; Mielke, 1968. Atas Soc. Biol. Rio de Janeiro 12: 77.— Núñez B. et al., 2011. Trop. Lep. Res. 21 (1): 41.</p><p>(no genus) triumviralis; Beattie, 1976. Rhop. Direct., p. 278.</p><p>Cumbre belli; Bridges, 1994. Cat. Fam.-group, Gen.-Group and Sp.-Group Nam. Hesperioidea 8, p. 28; 9, p. 19.</p><p>Cumbre sp. Kochalka et al., 1996, in Romero M. Col. Flora Fauna Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Paraguay, p. 179. Cumbre belli belli; Canals, 2003. Marip. Misiones, p. 458.—Núñez B., 2009. Trop. Lep. Res. 19 (2): 77.</p><p>Taxonomic History. Hayward (1934) described Poanes meridionalis Hayward, 1934 based on a female from Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. After that, Hayward (1939a, b) described Phanes triumviralis Hayward, 1939 from Puerto Aguire, Misiones and Phanes belli Hayward, 1939 from Puerto Bemberg (currently Puerto Liberdad), Misiones, both descriptions based on males and the latter with a broken distal portion of the valva. Hayward (1950) placed all these taxa in Mnestheus Godman, 1901, illustrating the adults. Evans (1955) transferred these taxa in Cumbre, synonymizing Poanes meridionalis with Cumbre cumbre and described Cumbre belli eberti from Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil (for this taxon see discussion below). The remaining authors listed the species with geographic data, while Mielke (2004, 2005) included it in catalogues.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cumbre meridionalis stat. rev., is easily distinguished from Cumbre haywardi sp. nov. by the hindwing postdiscal spots (ventral surface) which are not fused with the submarginal patch and, from Cumbre lamasi sp. nov. by the non-overlapping discal hyaline spots on the forewing. As previously mentioned, Cumbre meridionalis stat. rev., cannot be differentiated from C. cumbre by the color or spot wing patterns. Nevertheless, these species are easily separated by their geographical distribution and by the morphology of the male and female genitalia. Thus, C. meridionalis stat. rev., has the following distinctive morphological characters: nudum with 12 segments in both sexes; forewing length in males 13.2–16mm (n=20) and in females 12,5–15,5mm (n=20) (Figs 5–8); male “V”-shaped brand inclined at the origin of CuA2 having a smooth internal margin, inferior projection smaller than superior, and the basal portion half the length of the inferior projection (Fig. 18); male genitalia with the tegumen dorsally quadrate, with a wide anterior median concavity and two lateral disto-dorsal pronounced projections (Fig. 27); well-developed semi-circular fenestra, wider than long (Fig. 27); uncus distally truncated not exceeding the length of the gnathos (Fig. 27–29); gnathos tubular, twice as wide as in C. cumbre, bifid, and distally convergent, with a central membranous area (in lateral view) (Fig. 29); sacculus short, semi-circular and with smooth margins (Fig. 30); costa reduced, but wider than in C. cumbre (Fig. 30); harpe reduced, without disto-dorsal spine (Fig. 30); ampulla developed, indistinct of harpe (Fig. 30); aedeagus slightly more right turned than in C. cumbre, with a thin distal end, and a broad dorsal opening (Fig. 32); opening of the ejaculatory bulb wide (Fig. 32); female genitalia with the lamella postvaginalis broad, however narrower than in C. cumbre, with the disto-median portion disjunct and the ostium bursae rectangular-shaped (Fig. 50).</p><p>Distribution and Phenology (Fig. 61). This species is restricted to the Paraná and Uruguay river basins from Brazil (Minas Gerais to Rio Grande do Sul), Paraguay (Alto Paraná), Argentina (Misiones) and Uruguay (Montevideo) (Fig. 61), in deciduous forest reaching 1000m. Based on collection data, this species has been registered during all months, suggesting several continuous generations throughout the year.</p><p>Etymology. The name meridionalis is a reference to the southern distribution of the species; triumviralis to the presence of three subapical hyaline spots on forewing and belli in honor of Ernest Layton Bell, a hesperid taxonomist.</p><p>Discussion. This species has the largest synonymic list of the genus. Hayward (1934) described it based on a female from Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina. After that, Evans (1955) concluded that it was a synonym of C. cumbre . The possible reasons that led Evans to this conclusion must have been the similarity in the color and wing spots between C. meridionalis and C. cumbre, together with the record of C. cumbre from Argentina made by Hayward (1939a, 1950). Furthermore, the fact that the type of C. meridionalis is a female could have influenced Evans’s interpretation, since female genitalia were not used during that time.</p><p>Subsequently, Hayward described Phanes triumviralis (Hayward 1939a) and Phanes belli (Hayward 1939b), both based on males from Misiones, the latter species having the distal portion of the valva broken (Hayward 1939b). After examining the holotype genitalia and illustrations of these species, it is concluded that P. belli is a synonym of P. triumviralis (n. syn). Furthermore, since the females of P. triumviralis or of its synonym (P. b e l l i) were never mentioned, in spite of the abundant material from Misiones and adjacent areas which Hayward had access to (type region for innumerous species described by him), led us to hypothesize that Poanes meridionalis could be the unknown female of P. triumviralis, and was not a synonym of C. cumbre .</p><p>In order to clarify this hypothesis, legs were detached from males and females to extract the ‘DNA Barcode’ in order to confirm their sexual pairing. As a result, the males and females for C. cumbre and C. triumviralis could be correctly associated. With these results, the females of C. triumviralis were analyzed and, it was concluded that they represent C. meridionalis . Thus, it is confirmed that C. meridionalis is a valid species (stat. rev.), distinct from C. cumbre and whose males were subsequently described as C. triumviralis and C. belli, and these names are here recognized as their new synonyms (n. syn).</p><p>Evans (1955) failed when he identified Phanes belli . Cumbre belli (sensu Evans 1955) is a new species belonging to a new genus, which is yet to be described. Consequently, C. belli eberti also belongs to this new genus which is being revised (Dolibaina et al., in prep).</p><p>Examined material. BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Carmo do Rio Claro, 810 m, 20.II.1959, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (OM 2.777). São Paulo: Araras, 700 m, 30.V.1975, C. Callaghan leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL); Socorro, 750 m, 7.XI.1965, Ebert leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 15.330). Paraná: Campo Mourão (Parque Estadual do Lago Azul), 500–600 m, 9–11.X.2010, Mielke, Dolibaina, Carneiro &amp; Maia leg. 4 ♂ (DZUP 23.367, DZUP 23.397, DZUP 23.407, DZUP 23.337) 3 ♀ (DZUP 23.357, DZUP 23.377, DZUP 23.297); Cândido de Abreu, 525 m, 10.XII.1994, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♂ (OM 40.739); Cianorte, 500 m, 9.XII.1975, Moure, Mielke &amp; Wedderhoff leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 17.009) 1 ♀ (DZUP 8.652), 11.XII.1975, Moure, Mielke &amp; Wedderhoff leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.064); Foz do Iguaçu, 250 m, 10.XII.1966, DZUP leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.035), 17.II.1969, Moure &amp; Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 1.127) 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.047), 6.IX.1985, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 4 ♂ (DZUP 16.973, DZUP 16.975, DZUP 16.978, DZUP 16.970) 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.066), (Parque Nacional do Iguaçu), 20–26.VIII.2000, Mielke leg. 2 ♂ (OM 51.259, OM 51.252) 2 ♀ (OM 51.322, OM 51.272); Jussara (Horto CMNP), 390 m, 16.XI.1975, Mielke &amp; Rosado leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 17.049, DZUP 17.039) 1 ♀ (BC-DZUP 16.987); Londrina, 540 m, 10.X.1982, Mielke leg. 5 ♂ (DZUP 17.044, DZUP 17.011, DZUP 17.023, DZUP 17.008, DZUP 17.014) 2 ♀ (DZUP 17.013, DZUP 10.322), 30.IX.1983, Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.979) 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.017), 10.IX.1985, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 13 ♂ (DZUP 3.915, DZUP 16.981, DZUP 16.965, DZUP 16.986, DZUP 16.992, DZUP 17.007, DZUP 17.004, DZUP 17.016, DZUP 17.005, DZUP 16.943, DZUP 17.022, DZUP 17.028, DZUP 16.945) 9 ♀ (DZUP 17.040, DZUP 17.041, DZUP 17.034, DZUP 17.051, DZUP 17.048, DZUP 17.038, DZUP 17.030, DZUP 17.025, DZUP 17.054), (Fazenda Santa Helena), 490–650 m, 7.XII.1975, Moure, Mielke &amp; Wedderhoff leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.060); Maringá, 550 m, 28.I.1978, Becker leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.993, DZUP 17.018); Manoel Ribas (rio Ivaí), 450–600 m, 12.X.2010, Mielke, Dolibaina, Carneiro &amp; Maia leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 23.317); Mauá da Serra, 1080 m, 5.I.1985, Mielke leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.024); Roncador (15 Km SW), 550–600 m, 11.X.2010, Mielke, Dolibaina, Carneiro &amp; Maia leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 23.347), (Unidade de Conservação São Domingos), 700 m, 11.X.2010, Mielke, Dolibaina, Carneiro &amp; Maia leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 23.327) 2 ♀ (DZUP 23.307, DZUP 23.387); Terra Boa (CMNP), 650 m, 10.XII.1975, Moure, Mielke &amp; Wedderhoff leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.982, DZUP 16.974) 3 ♀ (DZUP 17.037, DZUP 17.053, DZUP 17.056); Ventania (12,5 Km N), 750 m, 22–23.I.2006, O.-C. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 17.046) 2 ♀ (DZUP 15.360, BC-DZUP 16.059), 29–30.I.2006, Mielke leg. 3 ♂ (DZUP 17.050, DZUP 17.019, DZUP 8.645) 1 ♀ (DZUP 16.898), (8 Km N), 950 m, 08.IX.2007, O.-C. Mielke leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 17.006) 2 ♀ (DZUP 17.003, BC-DZUP 16.080). Santa Catarina: Seara (Nova Teutônia), 350–700 m, XII.1960, Plaumann leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.995), II.1969, Plaumann leg. 3 ♂ (DZUP 16.991, DZUP 17.010, DZUP 17.001), III.1971, Plaumann leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.977) 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.002), 1.II.1972, Plaumann leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.988), II.1973, Plaumann leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.994), VI.1973, Plaumann leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.990). Rio Grande do Sul: Candelaria, 160 m, 11.II.1976, Mielke &amp; Buzzi leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 1.473); Catuípe, 330 m, 18.XI.2008, Santos leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 21.115); Derrubadas (ex Tenente Portela) (Parque Florestal Estadual do Turvo), 400 m, 10.XI.1985, Mielke, Araújo &amp; Casagrande leg. 8 ♂ (DZUP 16.971, DZUP 16.946, DZUP 16.941, DZUP 16.985, DZUP 16.996, DZUP 16.989, DZUP 16.997, DZUP 17.012) 9 ♀ (DZUP 17.063, DZUP 17.045, DZUP 17.033, DZUP 17.027, DZUP 17.031, DZUP 17.029, DZUP 17.065, DZUP 17.059, DZUP 17.058), (Rio Uruguai), 27.II.1995, Moser leg. 1 ♀; Guaraní, 75 m, 8.I.1954, Biezanko leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 1.130, DZUP 10.380) 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.043); Ivoti, 200 m, 30.I.1994, Moser leg. 1 ♂ (MO), 19.IV.1994, Moser leg. 1 ♂ (MO), 17.VII.1994, Moser leg. 1 ♂ (MO), 2.XII.1994, Moser leg. 1 ♀ (MO), 24.XII.1994, Moser leg. 1 ♀ (MO), 28.XII.1994, Moser leg. 1 ♂ (MO); Pelotas, 10 m, 7.II.1961, Biezanko leg. 1 ♂ (USNM), 19.IV.1961, Biezanko leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.998) 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.042), 29.IV.1961, Biezanko leg. 1 ♂ (AMNH), 13.V.1961, Biezanko leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 1.128, DZUP 1.129), 2.VI.1961, Biezanko leg. 1 ♂ (AMNH), 2.VI.1963, Biezanko leg. 1 ♂ (USNM), 1.V.1964, Biezanko leg. 1 ♂ (OM 6.991), 15.IV.1967, V. Becker leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL); Porto Mauá, 140–270 m, 5.VII.2008, Thiele leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 21.122), 13.IX.2008, Thiele leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 20.940), 12.X.2008, Thiele leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 20.919, DZUP 20.912), 18.I.2009, Thiele leg. 3 ♂ (DZUP 20.947, DZUP 20.933, DZUP 20.905), 22.II.2009, Thiele leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 20.926). PARAGUAI: Alto Paraná: Itaquyry, 400 m, 15–20.I.1980, O.-C. Mielke &amp; Miers leg. 3 ♂ (DZUP 17.015, DZUP 16.980, DZUP 16.969) 6 ♀ (DZUP 17.021, DZUP 17.020, DZUP 16.999, DZUP 17.000, DZUP 17.055, DZUP 17.052);. ARGENTINA: Misiones: Almirante Brown (Gal. Belgrano—Reserva Yacutinga), 250 m, 13.III.2003, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 1 ♂ (DZUP 16.972), 02–05.III.2007, Mielke &amp; Casagrande leg. 2 ♂ (DZUP 16.976, BC-DZUP 15.598); Aristóbulo del Valle (Salto Encantado), 450 m, 4.I.2001, Klimartis leg. 1 ♀ (DZUP 10.134); Campo Grande, 445 m, no date, no collector 1 ♀ (DZUP 17.026); Puerto Iguazú, 150 m, 20.XII.1922, no collector, 1 ♂ (AMNH), 23.XII.1931, no collector, 1 ♂ 1 ♀ (AMNH), 30.I–13.III.1945, Hayward, Willink &amp; Golbach leg. 2 ♀ (DZUP 17.036, DZUP 17.032), (Parque Provincial Uruguai), 250–500 m, 19.XI.1986, Genise leg. 1 ♀ (OM 40.464).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CCC337FFC32F2DFF7DCC1C7B43FD7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik;Casagrande, Mirna Martins	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, Casagrande, Mirna Martins (2014): Taxonomic revision of Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3841 (1): 47-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.1.2
03CCC337FFC72F2FFF7DCF777B92F8A7.text	03CCC337FFC72F2FFF7DCF777B92F8A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cumbre haywardi	<div><p>Cumbre haywardi sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 9–12, 19, 33–38, 47, 51, 57–58, 61)</p><p>Phanes cumbre [misidentification]; Hayward, 1939. An. Soc. cient. arg. 126: 451, fig. 22 (male gen.).— Hayward, 1941. Rev. Mus. La Plata, n. s., Zool. 8: 311.</p><p>Mnestheus cumbre [misidentification]; Hayward, 1950. Gen. Sp. Anim. Arg. 2, p. 187, 189, pls 9, fig. 9 (male gen.), pl. 21, fig. 26 (d).</p><p>Taxonomic History. Hayward (1939a) described and partially illustrated the male genitalia of this species, however considering it to be Phanes cumbre Schaus, 1902 due the similarities in the male genitalia. Later, Hayward (1950) re-described it and illustrated the adult, placing it in Mnestheus Godman, 1901 . The locality of Cochuna river, Ibatin, Tucumán, Argentina, cited by Hayward (1939a) is near the type locality of this new species.</p><p>Diagnosis. This new species can be easily recognized by: non-overlapping discal hyaline spots (M3–CuA1 and CuA1–CuA2) in the forewing (Figs 9–12); postdiscal spots in the ventral hindwing which are fused with the submarginal patch (Figs 10, 12); male genitalia with a circular fenestra, thinner than C. lamasi sp. nov. (Fig. 33), uncus upturned (Fig. 35); and distal spine of harpe exceeding the dorsal margin of valva (Fig. 36) and; female genitalia with the ostium opening as an inverted triangle (Fig. 51). Furthermore, it is the only species known to occur in northwestern Argentina and southeastern Peru in Andean environments (Fig. 61).</p><p>Description. Head: dorsally brown, ventrally and posteriorly surrounding the eyes white; eyes brown; labial palpi quadrate, covered with white-black mixed scales except for the dark brown third segment, first segment short, second segment elongated and third segment short and erect; antennae long, about 70% of the costa, reaching the subapical hyaline spots, dorsally black, ventrally black checkered with white scales at the base of all segments, club long, dorsally black and ventrally white; nudum rufous brown covering 12 segments, including the apiculus and part of the club.</p><p>Thorax: dorsally and ventrally brown to gray; tegulae brown; legs latero-externally rufous brown and laterointernally pale yellow.</p><p>Forewing length: males 16mm (n=2) and female 15.5m m, (n=1); triangular, elongated and narrow, with a slightly curved costal margin; apex pointed; outer margin slightly convex and tornus rounded.</p><p>Upper side: ground color uniformly brown, dark brown in discal area; fringe pale brown; two groups of hyaline spots, one subapical, with three small spots in R3–R4, R4–R5 and R5–M1, each one longer than wide and diagonally inclined toward outer margin, second group discal with two large spots, one in M3–CuA1, rectangular, as long as wide and aligned with the subapical hyaline spots and, another, in CuA1–CuA2, distally surrounding the brand, twice longer than the first, with an irregular distal margin; “V”-shaped brand, inclined at the origin of CuA2 (Fig. 19), with a long and wide superior projection, and an irregular internal margin, basal portion twice longer than inferior projection, which is short, thin and with a smooth internal margin; two cream spots in CuA2–2A below the larger discal hyaline spot, the first is small and ventral to CuA2 and the second is large and subtriangular, on 2A. Female as in male, but without a brand and the color pattern is fainter.</p><p>Underside: ground color brown to dark brown, rufous brown along the costal margin, brown along the postdiscal area and dark brown on discal area; fringe pale brown with dark brown scales on the veins; outer marginal line dark brown, broken by the lighter veins; hyaline spots as upper side; marginal gray patch from apex to CuA2, enlarged on M1.</p><p>Hindwing: rounded; costal margin straight, with a prominent curve at the base (Fig. 10); outer margin convex; tornus rounded and slightly pronounced due to a small indentation between CuA1–2A.</p><p>Upper side: uniformly rufous brown; fringe pale brown; outer marginal line thin, brown and continuous. Underside: ground color brown; fringe pale brown with dark brown scales on the veins; outer marginal line thin and dark brown, broken by the lighter veins; basal band rufous brown from humeral area to 2A, extending to the first half of the discal cell; transverse discal band pale brown, from costal margin to 2A, covering the second half of the discal cell; postdiscal transverse band dark brown from apex to 2A, enlarged from end cell to submarginal patch; submarginal patch pale brown surrounding the outer margin from Rs to 2A, enlarged in M3; speckled with gray scales from 2A to anal margin.</p><p>Abdomen: dorsally brown, ventrally pale brown with a central dark brown line.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 33–38) (n=1): tegumen quadrate with two lateral projections on distal portion (dorsal view), laterally globular and distinct from the uncus; fenestra circular; ventral arm of tegumen fused with the dorsal arm of saccus, slightly bent ventrad in the middle; anterior projection of saccus slender, as long as tegumen+uncus with a rounded end; uncus simple, distally thinning with a pointed end, downturned and exceeding the gnathos; gnathos slender, bifid and convergent, slightly upturned; valva long and dorsally straight, second half of the ventral margin upturned, costa narrow, ampulla narrow and indistinct from harpe, harpe large with a dorsal spine that exceeds the dorsal margin of the valva, sacculus triangular, half the width of the valva; fultura inferior “V”-shaped in posterior view with the median portion not sclerotinized and two short anterior projections (in lateral view); aedeagus slender, slightly right-turned with anterior portion more sclerotized and shorter than the posterior portion, ejaculatory bulb opening narrow and elongated, aedeagus opening right-turned with a rounded distal margin; cornuti present, comprising several small spines as illustrated for C. cumbre .</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 47, 51, 57–58) (n=1): papilla analis rectangular with a short and downturned posterior apophysis, inserted near the dorsal margin of the papilla; eighth tergum subrectangular with a central and complete spiracular opening; sterigma sclerotized, laterally upturned with a “L”-shaped inverse ventral margin due to the opening of the ostium bursae, ventrally formed by a narrow lamella antevaginalis with a short and undeveloped sclerotized lateral plate, and a narrow lamella postvaginalis, having a wide median depression on the distal margin creating two lateral lobes, and a more sclerotized boomerang-shaped central band; ostium bursae inserted in the center of the sterigma, with an inverted spear-shaped opening; bursa copulatrix consisting of a thick membrane about nine times longer than the sterigma; ductus bursae around 3/4 of the bursa length with two large and lateral signa bands, formed by several small spicules; corpus bursae short and rounded.</p><p>Distribution and Phenology (Fig. 61). Cumbre haywardi sp. nov. is known from Andean region of northwestern Argentina (Salta and Tucumán provinces) and southeastern Peru (Pasco and Cuzco) in altitudes from 450 to 1700 m. The few specimens known were collected in January, February, May, June, August and November, suggesting that this species has several generations per year.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Kenneth J. Hayward, a systematics of the Neotropical Hesperiidae .</p><p>Discussion. Different from the previously mentioned species, C. haywardi sp. nov. inhabits low altitude environments of the northwestern and southeastern Andes in Argentina and Peru respectively, isolated from other species of the genus. The distributional pattern of C. haywardi sp. nov. is congruent with the phylogeny for the group, and together with C. lamasi sp. nov. form a clade with an Andean related distribution (Dolibaina et al. in prep.).</p><p>The wings of this new species are longer than in C. cumbre and C. meridionalis . Nevertheless, it shares several male genitalia characters with C. cumbre, the more notable is the presence of a dorsal spine in the distal margin of the valva. This characteristic was the possible reason that Hayward (1939a), and subsequently Evans (1955), failed to recognize it as a new species, confusing it with C. cumbre . In fact, the record of C. cumbre from Argentina (Hayward 1939) is a misidentification, as C. cumbre is restricted to the eastern Brazilian region and, the locality of Cochuna river, Tucumán cited by Hayward (1939) is near the type locality of C. haywardi sp. nov. .</p><p>Evans (1955) could have made the same confusion as Hayward when he mentions a record of C. cumbre in Paraguay, without specifying the locality. Therefore, it is necessary to check this specimen to verify if it has been mislabeled or misidentified.</p><p>Material examined. Holotype male with the following labels: / HOLOTYPUS / Pueblo Viejo, Ibatin, Tuc[umán]., Arg[entina] 850 m, 25-I-1970 Mielke leg/ HOLOTYPUS Cumbre haywardi Dolibaina, Mielke &amp; Casagrande det. 2012/ BC-DZ/ DZ 3917/. The holotype is deposited at the Lepidoptera Section of the Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil (DZUP).</p><p>Allotype female with the following labels: /ALLOTYPUS/ Pueblo Viejo, Ibatin, Tuc.[umán], Arg[entina] 850 m, 25-I-1970 Mielke leg/ ALLOTYPUS Cumbre haywardi Dolibaina, Mielke &amp; Casagrande det. 2012/ gen. prep. Mielke 1990/ DZ 3916/ (DZUP). The allotype is deposited at the Lepidoptera Section of the Coleção Entomológica Padre Jesus Santiago Moure, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil (DZUP).</p><p>Paratypes: PERU— Pasco: Huancabamba (10º23’S, 75º33’W), 1700 m, 13-VIII-1975, G. Lamas leg. 1 ♂ (MUSM). Cuzco: San Pedro (13º03’S, 71º32’W), 1375 m, 10-XI-2008 M. McInnis leg. 1 ♂ (MM), (13º03’S, 71º33’W), 1400 m, 27-I-2013, M. McInnis leg. 1 ♂ (MUSM). ARGENTINA— Salta: Aguas Blancas (Rt 19 Km 8 nr. Quebrada del Remanso), 450 m, 27-II-1970, R. Eisele leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL), 18-VI-1974, R. Eisele leg. 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ (MGCL), (Km 6–8 nr. Quebrada del Remanso), 450 m, 20-V-1977, R. Eisele leg. 2 ♂ and 2 ♀ (MGCL); Oran (Baritú Lodge) 700 m, 17-XI-2003, D.L. Lindsley leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL). Tucumán: same holotype data, 1 ♂ (DZ 948); Monteros (Acheral to El Mollar, Rt. 307, km 22—above Piedras Coloradas), 731 m, R. Eisele leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CCC337FFC72F2FFF7DCF777B92F8A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik;Casagrande, Mirna Martins	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, Casagrande, Mirna Martins (2014): Taxonomic revision of Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3841 (1): 47-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.1.2
03CCC337FFC42F30FF7DCC347A5DFDB7.text	03CCC337FFC42F30FF7DCC347A5DFDB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cumbre lamasi	<div><p>Cumbre lamasi sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 13–16, 20, 39–44, 48, 52, 59–61)</p><p>Taxonomic History. This species is not mentioned in previous studies.</p><p>Diagnosis. Cumbre lamasi sp. nov. is easily recognized because it is the only species in this genus with the forewing discal hyaline spots (M3–CuA1 and CuA1–CuA2) which are twice as big than in the other species and partially overlap in both sexes (Figs 13–16). Furthermore, it is the only species known to occur in the Andean areas of southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru.</p><p>Description. Male— Head: dorsally brown, ventrally and behind the eye white; eye brown; labial palpi quadrate, covered with white-black mixed scales, except for the dark brown ends of the second and third segments, first segment short, second segment elongated and third segment short and erect; antennae long, about 70% of costa, reaching the forewing subapical hyaline spot group, dorsally black, ventrally black checkered with white scales at the base of all segments, club long, dorsally black with sparse white scales and ventrally totally white; nudum rufous brown, covering 11 to 13 segments in males, including the apiculus and part of the club. The only known female has damaged antennae.</p><p>Thorax: dorsally and ventrally brown to pale brown; tegulae brown; legs dorsally brown and ventrally white. Forewing length: males 15–17mm (n=4) and female 16,5mm (n=1); triangular and elongated, costal margin slightly curved at the base; apex pointed; outer margin convex with more pronounced ends of median veins; tornus rounded.</p><p>Upper side: ground color uniformly brown, dark brown in discal area; fringe pale brown (damaged in all specimens examined); two groups of hyaline spots, first subapical, with three small spots in R3–R4, R4–R5 and R5–M1, each one as long as wide, diagonally inclined toward outer margin, and second discal with two large spots, longer than wide, one in M3–CuA1, rectangular, aligned with the subapical hyaline spots and another in CuA1–CuA2, distally surrounding the brand, twice as long as the first, with irregular margins; “V”-shaped brand, inclined on the origin of CuA2 (Fig. 20), superior projection long and large, and with an irregular internal margin, basal portion twice as long as the inferior projection, and inferior projection short, thin and with an irregular internal margin; one cream spot, subtriangular, as long as the largest discal hyaline spot in CuA2–2A, below the origin of CuA2, on 2A. Female as in male, but without a brand, and with a second circular and smaller cream spot, immediately below the larger median hyaline spot.</p><p>Underside: ground color brown to dark brown, rufous brown along the costal margin, brown along the postdiscal area and dark brown on discal area; fringe pale brown with dark scales on the veins (damaged in all individuals); outer marginal line brown, broken by the lighter veins; hyaline spots as on upper side; marginal gray patch from apex to CuA2, enlarged on M1.</p><p>Hindwing: subtriangular with rounded margins; costal margin straight, with a prominent curve at the base (Fig. 13); outer margin convex, strongly projected from apex to CuA1; tornus rounded and slightly pronounced; anal margin slightly convex.</p><p>Upper side: uniformly pale brown, dark on costal margin; fringe pale brown; outer marginal line brown and continuous.</p><p>Underside: ground color brown; fringe pale brown, dark on the veins; outer marginal line thin, dark brown and broken by lighter veins; brown basal band from the humeral area to 2A, extending to the first half of the discal cell; transverse discal band pale brown from costal margin to 2A, covering the second half of the discal cell; postdiscal brown transverse band from apex to 2A, wider at the end of the cell; pale brown postdiscal spots fused with the submarginal patch, not differentiated; submarginal pale brown patch surrounding the outer margin from Rs to 2A, enlarged in M3; speckled with pale brown scales from 2A to anal margin.</p><p>Abdomen: dorsally brown, ventrally pale brown with a broken central dark brown line.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 39–44) (n=2): tegumen quadrate, anteriorly with rounded edges and two distal slightly lateral projections (dorsal view—smaller than in C. haywardi sp. nov.), laterally angular and distinct from the uncus; fenestra circular; ventral arm of tegumen fused with the dorsal arm of the saccus, bent ventrad in the middle; anterior projection of saccus longer than in other species, but as long as tegumen+uncus; uncus simple, placed below the dorsal margin of the tegumen, distally thinning, with a downturned pointed end, exceeding the gnathos; gnathos slender, bifid, slightly convergent with a slightly upturned end; valva long and distally narrowed; costa narrow and longer than in previous species; ampulla undivided from costa; harpe with a deeply concave dorsal margin and the dorsal spine wider than other species of the genus but never exceeding the dorsal margin of the valva; upturned second half of the ventral margin of valva; sacculus triangular with 1/4 of the valva’s height; fultura inferior “U”-shaped in posterior view, with the median portion narrow and two anterior projections more developed (in lateral view) than in C. haywardi; aedeagus slender, slightly right-turned with the anterior portion more sclerotinized and shorter than posterior portion, ejaculatory bulb opening narrow and longer than in other species, aedeagus opening right-turned with a pointed distal margin; cornuti present, comprising several small spines as illustrated for C. cumbre .</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 48, 52, 59–60) (n=1): papilla analis subtriangular, wider than longer, with posterior apophysis short and inserted in the inferior portion of the papilla; eighth tergum lost during the dissection of the only known female; sterigma sclerotinized, formed by a short and narrow lamella antevaginalis and a large and distally bifid lamella postvaginalis, with large rounded distal projections and a more sclerotinized semicircular band; ostium bursae subrectangular with rounded margins inserted at the center of the sterigma (a few anteriorly dislocated); bursa copulatrix consisting of a thick membrane about ten times longer than the sterigma; ductus bursae around 3/4 the length of the bursa with two large lateral signa bands, formed by several small spicules, corpus bursae short and rounded.</p><p>Distribution and Phenology (Fig. 61). Cumbre lamasi sp. nov. is the only known species of the genus which is restricted to the Andean region of southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru, occurring above 1000 m. This species was collected in February, March and May, similar to C. haywardi sp. nov., this species can have several generations per year.</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is in honor of Dr. Gerardo Lamas, a friend and a great Neotropical butterflies researcher who collected most of the type series.</p><p>Discussion. This new species represents the northern distribution limit of the genus and occurs in the western Andes above 1000 m in southern Ecuador and northwestern Peru. As already mentioned in the discussion of C. haywardi sp. nov., these two new species form a clade, which is congruent with their spatial distribution, occurring in environments found in or near the Andes (Dolibaina in prep.). Cumbre lamasi sp. nov. cannot be confused with any other species of the genus due to the enlarged and overlapping median hyaline spots of the forewing. Furthermore, the morphology of the male and female genitalia clearly distinguishes this species from other taxa.</p><p>Examined material. Holotype male with the following labels: / HOLOTYPUS / PERU, Pi[ura], Canchaque 1200 m, 18.V. [19]82 G. Lamas &amp; E. Perez/ HOLOTYPUS Cumbre lamasi Dolibaina, Mielke &amp; Casagrande det. 2012./ BC-DZ/ (MUSM). The holotype is deposited at the Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru (MUSM).</p><p>Allotype female with the following labels: /ALLOTYPUS/ PERU, CA[JAMARCA], Hacienda Monteseco 1200–1400m 17.v. [19]82 G. Lamas y E. Pérez/ gen. prep. Mielke 1990/ ALLOTYPUS Cumbre lamasi Dolibaina, Mielke &amp; Casagrande det. 2012/. The allotype is deposited at the Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru (MUSM).</p><p>Paratypes: the same data of the allotype 3 ♂ (MUSM), PERU— Cajamarca: 7 Km S de Hacienda Udima, 2000 m, 24.III.1985, Lamas leg. 1 ♂ (MUSM). EQUADOR— Loja: Cariamanga, 1860 m, II-1973, R. de Lafebre leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL); Vilcabamba, 1600 m, III-1974, R. de Lafebre leg. 1 ♂ (MGCL).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CCC337FFC42F30FF7DCC347A5DFDB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo;Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik;Casagrande, Mirna Martins	Dolibaina, Diego Rodrigo, Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, Casagrande, Mirna Martins (2014): Taxonomic revision of Cumbre Evans, 1955 (Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Moncini), with the description of two new species. Zootaxa 3841 (1): 47-66, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3841.1.2
