taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CD9A77FF9DFFF27789452138447A3D.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 A-B, 3 A-B)	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9DFFF27789452138447A3D.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9DFFF27789452138447A3D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal FW postmedial band pale yellow, broadening in cells Cu 1 and Cu 2, reaching the edge of discal cell inside cell Cu 1. Dorsal HW postmedial band faded, reduced in both sexes. Ventral HW with homogeneous ripple-pattern, and a pale yellow halo around eyespots.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9DFFF27789452138447A3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil, from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul (D’Abrera 1987, Brown 1992, Brown and Freitas 2000, Testón and Corseuil 2002, Iserhard and Romanowski 2004, Uehara-Prado et al. 2004).	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9DFFF27789452138447A3D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The fourth and fifth instar larvae and pupa of D. creusa creusa were described by Casagrande and Mielke (2003), reared on the palm Geonoma schottiana (Arecaeae). Females were reported to oviposit on “ taquara ” (Gramineae) and “ palm tree ” by Hoffmann (1936), and larvae were also found on Astrocaryum aculeatum / vulgare? (Arecaceae) (Schmith and Hoffmann 1931) and Bactris sp. (Arecaceae) (Brown 1992). Casagrande (2004) listed two subspecies; nominal D. c. creusa from ‘ Brazil’ and D. c. baronesa Stichel, 1904 from Brazil, Espírito Santo.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF27789442C3BCC78FD.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 C-D, 3 C-D)	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF27789442C3BCC78FD.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF27789442C3BCC78FD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsal FW postmedial band pale yellow, narrow, not reaching discal cell inside cell Cu 1. Dorsal HW postmedial band well developed. Ventral HW with a broad, diffuse, pale yellow postmedial band across entire wing that masks the ripple-pattern.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF27789442C3BCC78FD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo. This species is known from Santa Leopoldina (Espírito Santo) and from Alto Rio Mucuri (Espírito Santo) near Teófilo Otoni (Minas Gerais) (A. V. L. Freitas pers. comm.). The records “ Bahia?, Pará ” in Stichel (1932) are probably erroneous (see also Appendix 1).	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF27789442C3BCC78FD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Immature stages unknown. This species mostly inhabits the interior forests of Minas Gerais state (A. V. L. Freitas pers. comm.) and it is currently listed as critically endangered in the Lista Oficial da Fauna Brasileira ameaçada de extinção (http: // www. biodiversitas. org. br / f _ ameaca / p _ fauna. asp, consulted on 26 January, 2009).	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF3778946EC3BE57D40.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 E-F, H-J, 3 E-F) Type species of the genus by original designation.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF3778946EC3BE57D40.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF3778946EC3BE57D40.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Transverse postmedial bands have different colors on FW and HW. FW postmedial band pale or darker yellow. HW band completely or mostly white, extended to anal margin or fading at cell Cu 2. HW blue iridescence more conspicuous in males than in females. Male genitalia indistinguishable from D. geraensis. In females only, dorsal FW postmedial band with a proximal branch, ventral HW with a small eyespot in cell M 1, and ventral HW postmedial band interrupted by eyespot in cell Cu 1.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF3778946EC3BE57D40.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil, from Bahia to Santa Catarina (D’Abrera 1987, Brown 1992, Brown and Freitas 2000, Uehara-Prado et al. 2004).	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9EFFF3778946EC3BE57D40.taxon	discussion	Remarks. d’Araújo e Silva et al. (1968) reported immature stages of D. rusina on “ palmito ” (Euterpe edulis, Arecaceae) and Bambusa sp. (Gramineae), and Brown (1992) found it on “ bamboos ” and “ palms ”, but a larval description was not provided by these authors. The fifth instar larva of D. rusina rusina was found to feed on the palm Geonoma schottiana (Arecaeae), and both larva and pupa were described by Casagrande and Mielke (2000). Casagrande (2004) listed three subspecies of D. rusina; nominal D. r. rusina from ‘ Brazil’, D. r. delanira Hewitson, 1862 from ‘ Brazil’, and D. r. principesa Stichel, 1904 from Espírito Santo, Brazil. In the Lista Oficial da Fauna Brasileira ameaçada de extinção, D. delanira is considered a separate species from D. rusina, and it is listed as critically endangered (http: // www. biodiversitas. org. br / f _ ameaca / p _ fauna. asp, consulted on 26 January, 2009). This butterfly inhabits high altitude areas (~ 1200 m) in the vicinities of Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro State, and its taxonomic status should be verified.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9FFFF3778943213F7A7BE0.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 G, 3 G)	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9FFFF3778943213F7A7BE0.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Brazil, Minas Gerais, Passa Quatro.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9FFFF3778943213F7A7BE0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Transverse postmedial bands of same color on FW and HW, both homogeneously yellow. FW and HW blue iridescence patches smaller than in D. rusina. HW medial band slightly broader than in D. rusina and clearly extended to the anal margin. Male genitalia indistinguishable from D. rusina.	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9FFFF3778943213F7A7BE0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Brazil, Minas Gerais (Mantiqueira mountain range), Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo (Casagrande 2004, A. V. L. Freitas pers. comm., Appendix 1).	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF9FFFF3778943213F7A7BE0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. d’Araújo e Silva (1968) reported “ uricana ” (Bactris tormentosa, Arecaceae) as host plant. This taxon was originally described as a subspecies of D. rusina by Rebel (1922), who considered it a ‘ local form’ worthy of a name. The male genitalia are identical to those of D. rusina. Females were not available for examination in the collections that were used in this study (Appendix 1). This species higher elevation forests (~ 1200 m) and it is currently listed as endangered in the Lista Oficial da Fauna Brasileira ameaçada de extinção (http: // www. biodiversitas. org. br / f _ ameaca / p _ fauna. asp, consulted on 26 January, 2009).	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
03CD9A77FF94FFF9778946C73E5A7840.taxon	description	1. Eye pubescence: absent (0), present (1). Fig. 1 H. Character 1 in Penz (2007). 2. Male FW anal margin: strongly bowed, distance between veins Cu 2 and 1 A + 2 A conspicuously decreasing toward distal margin (0), mildly bowed, distance between veins Cu 2 and 1 A + 2 A nearly homogeneous from medial area to distal margin (1). Fig. 1 C, G. 3. Dorsal FW blue iridescence below discal cell: absent (0), present (1). Fig. 1 C, E. 4. Edge of dorsal FW yellow scales located inside cell R 5: bifid (0), trifid (1). 5. Male dorsal FW postmedial band reaching cell 3 A: near tornus (0), near wing base (1). Note: Fig. 1 shows that females have a different pattern than males. See Discussion for details. Fig. 1 A, E. 6. Dorsal FW yellow markings across costal margin: absent in males, present in females (0), present in both sexes (1). Fig. 1 A-B, E-F. 7. Ventral FW eyespot in cell R 5: absent (0), present (1). Fig. 1 C, E. 8. Dorsal HW medial band: well-developed (0), reduced (1). Fig. 1 A, E. 9. Male dorsal HW medial band: fully developed up to the costal margin (0), fading toward the costal margin (1). Fig. 1 E. 10. Dorsal HW medial band: same color as dorsal FW medial band (0), lighter color than dorsal FW medial band (1). Fig. 1 C, E. 11. Dorsal HW hairpencil at base of discal cell: absent (0), present (1). Fig. 1 C. 12. Color of the dorsal HW hairpencil at base of discal cell: pale-yellow (0), brown (1). Fig. 1 C, G. 13. Dorsal HW androconial patch at the Rs-M 1 fork: absent (0), present (1). Fig. 1 C. 14. Color of the dorsal HW androconial patch at the Rs-M 1 fork: pale-yellow (0), brown (1). Fig. 1 C. 15. Ventral HW eyespot in cell M 1: absent (0), present (1). Fig. 1 A, E. 16. Ventral HW postmedial band: edges well defined (0); edges diffuse, interspersed by ripple-pattern (1). Fig. 1 C, E. 17. In ventral view, distal half of valva: gradually decreasing in width as compared to proximal half (0), strongly decreasing in width as compared to proximal half (1). Fig. 3 E. 18. In ventral view, distal portion of valva: strongly arched (0), moderately arched (1). Fig. 3 G. 19. Anterior ribs of the intersegmental sac between sternite 7 and sterigma: continuous (0), broken (1). Character 62 in Penz (2007). Fig. 3 F. 20. Posterior portion of sterigma: extended towards midline nearly enclosing the ostium bursae (0), further away from midline, not enclosing the ostium bursae (1). Fig. 3 B. 21. Posterior portion of sterigma, small midline extension: absent (0), present (1). Fig. 3 F. Appendix 3. Character matrix. 1 22 0 01 Dynastor darius 01010? 0? 0? 0? 0? 1? 0001 0 Dynastor napoleon 01010? 0 ??? 0? 0? 1? 0101 0 Dasyophthalma rusina 10100 0 & 1 0001 1111001011 1 Dasyophthalma geraensis 10100 0 0000 11111010 ??? Dasyophthalma creusa 10011 1 1110 10101? 1010 0 Dasyophthalma vertebralis 10011 1 1010 1010111010 0	en	Penz, Carla Maria (2009): Phylogeny of Dasyophthalma butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Brassolini). Insecta Mundi 2009 (69): 1-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5405005
