identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CDAD65577B3C2EFF05F966BA4CAB95.text	03CDAD65577B3C2EFF05F966BA4CAB95.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clenchiellidae D. W. Taylor 1966	<div><p>Family Clenchiellidae D. W. Taylor, 1966</p><p>Clenchiellini Taylor, 1966: 181.</p><p>Description. Shell. Minute (1.1–2.3 mm in diameter); discoidal, planorbid-shape or depressed skeneimorph with wide umbilicus. Usually thick, opaque. Colour deep reddish brown, sometimes white. Distinct spiral cords on whorls; one genus ( Clenchiella) with pair of strong spiral keels dorsally and ventrally. Aperture round, prosocline, with or without varix on outer lip.</p><p>Operculum. Near circular, multispiral, with central nucleus, horny, translucent, concave. Inner surface without (species of Clenchiella) or with triangular, white, presumably calcareous, smear. Some species with low horny projection on central part of inner side.</p><p>Head-foot. Head with slender, long cephalic tentacles and cylindrical, bilobed snout. Cephalic tentacles, snout and foot with black pigment or colourless except for minute white spots. Cephalic tentacles long, parallel sided, with rounded tips, ciliated, with rather short stationary compound cilia at their tips and few ciliated ridges on outer proximal half of left tentacle (ciliation details not confirmed in some taxa). Anterior pedal mucous gland with long transverse slit on central part of anterior end of foot, gland cells extend to edge of foot, with large gland in median part. Sole slender, simple, with scattered mucous cells; metapodial pedal gland absent. Anterior end of foot indented; posterior end of foot pointed or rounded.</p><p>Mantle cavity. Long, occupies about two thirds of last whorl. Kidney opening small, in posterior-most corner of cavity. Kidney entirely behind mantle cavity, compact, consisting of mass of colourless, transparent cells. Ctenidium well developed, large, with row of 16 to 30 slender triangular filaments. Hypobranchial gland small, elongately-oval, transparent, situated on middle part of cavity along posterior end of rectum. Osphradium large, broad, rather long, elongately-oval, simple, transparent, containing conspicuous osphradial ganglion.</p><p>Digestive system. Mouth opens between pair of muscular lips into buccal cavity. Buccal mass slender, rather long, occupying most of snout. Radular sac very short and not visible laterally. Radula taenioglossate; cusps on all teeth narrow, sharp; cutting edge of central teeth about half width of tooth, lateral sides of central teeth with narrow extensions in their lower halves, ventral edge with U-shaped extension; dorsal edge distinctly concave; lateral teeth with well-developed basal tongue, long, narrow shaft on outer side, 3–4 times width of short cutting edge; inner marginal teeth with cusps on distal outer third of tooth, moderately expanded basally on inner side; outer marginal teeth narrow except for thin basal extension on outer side, with cusps on distal quarter of inner side, cusps slightly to markedly smaller than on inner marginals. Oesophagus in most species folded in retracted state, otherwise simple, opens widely into buccal cavity. Buccal pouches not visible. Salivary glands long, simple, club-like, located at dorso-lateral sides of buccal mass, not passing through nerve ring. Oesophagus simple, with few strong folds just behind nerve ring; enters stomach on right side at posterior end of posterior chamber. Stomach with single opening to digestive gland posterior to oesophageal opening. Digestive gland pale lemon-yellow, composed of two parts: anterior portion mass of small cells covering right lateral wall of anterior stomach and right ventral edge of posterior stomach; posterior part large mass of many small cells. Style sac large, elongately pyriform. Origin of intestine at right antero-ventral end of anterior chamber of stomach and tightly looped over middle part of style sac before continuing to rectum. Rectum forms 1–2 tight loops in middle of roof of mantle cavity. Oval faecal pellets queued in single file in intestine and rectum. Anus simple, slightly posterior to anterior mantle edge.</p><p>Male reproductive system. Testis extremely large, wide, pale yellow, consisting of more than 20 bundles of slender, long lobes. Coiled seminal vesicle arises from vas efferens in mid-ventral region of testis; tube of seminal vesicle narrow, highly convoluted. Posterior vas deferens runs from posterior end of seminal vesicle, forms straight duct that crosses over oesophagus and runs to posterior end of prostate gland behind posterior end of mantle cavity. Prostate gland very small, simple, rectangular. Anterior vas deferens arises from anterior part of prostate gland, passes straight across roof of mantle cavity and enters muscular wall of neck and from there enters base of penis. Penis situated on left dorsal side of head (except Coleglabra n. gen. with penis on right side), large for body size, simple in Colenuda n. gen. and Coleglabra but with distinct swellings in Clenchiella or lobe-like clusters of small glands in Coliracemata n. gen. on middle and distal parts. Penial duct almost straight to undulating, narrow throughout.</p><p>Female reproductive system. Ovary large, covering ventro-lateral area of digestive gland, consisting of large, white, regularly arranged tubules. Posterior oviduct wide, runs along oesophagus on right lateral edge; then bends toward posterior end of albumen gland before reaching end of mantle cavity. Beyond this latter bend, oviduct strongly curved making at least one distinct loop or fold. Seminal receptacles usually two (one in Coleglabra), very small, slender sacs, at posterior end of albumen gland. Pallial oviduct very short, thick, oval to rectangular, slightly longer than high, about half within roof of mantle cavity; clearly divided (in gross dissection) into two approximately equal parts, opaque albumen gland posteriorly and transparent capsule gland anteriorly. Histology of oviduct glands complex (sensu Ponder 1988). Muscular ventral channel continued from coiled oviduct, runs along ventral edge of albumen gland. Bursa copulatrix large, oval to elongately oval, at left side on middle part of oviduct; posterior 1/4 to 2/3 on albumen gland, rest on capsule gland. Bursal duct short but distinct, rather wide, runs from anterior portion of bursa to anterior end of ventral channel just behind genital opening. Genital opening subterminal to middle of capsule gland.</p><p>Nervous system. Circum-oesophageal nerve ring streptoneurous, epiathroid, with ganglia moderately concentrated. Cerebral ganglia large, between posterior end of buccal mass and folded part of oesophagus; cerebral commissure short. Pleural ganglia separated from each cerebral ganglion by a constriction. Tentacular nerves thick, with large swellings at their bases, each divided into two nerves distally. Optic nerves arise from cerebral ganglion just below points of origin of tentacular nerves. Cerebro-pedal and pleuro-pedal connectives rather short, about equal in length; no obvious asymmetry. Buccal ganglia very small, ovate, joined by long commissures passing along oesophagus near posterior end of buccal mass. Right pleural ganglion about half size of cerebral ganglion, round, partially fused with right cerebral ganglion, being separated by distinct constriction. Supraoesophageal ganglion small, round; right pleural and supraoesophageal ganglia completely separated by long, distinct pleuralsupraoesophageal connective. Left pleural ganglion about two thirds size of cerebral ganglion, oval, partially fused with right cerebral ganglion, separated by distinct constriction. Suboesophageal ganglion larger or smaller than left pleural ganglion, oval to round, abuts left pleural ganglion. Pedal ganglia connected posteriorly to cerebral ganglia. Pedal commissure rudimentary or very short. Metapodial and propodial ganglia distinct, globose, connected with pedal ganglia by very short, thick connectives; thick pedal nerves arise from these ganglia to innervate foot. Metapodial commissure not observed. Statocysts small, located dorsally on inner posterior edge of pedal ganglion. Osphradial ganglion large, elongated, in and beneath osphradium. Visceral ganglion not examined.</p><p>Remarks. The family is characterised by a minute discoidal to skeneiform shell, which is typically spirally sculptured, a circular, multispiral operculum with a central nucleus, long cephalic tentacles with short stationary compound cilia distally, no pallial or metapodial tentacles, an extremely short pallial oviduct, large anterior bursa copulatrix and, typically, two seminal receptacles (one in Coleglabra n. gen.).</p><p>The taenioglossate radula is very similar to that of many other truncatelloidean families such as Cochliopidae, Elachisinidae, Tornidae, Caecidae, Calopiidae, some Hydrobiidae s.l. and some Iravadiidae, in the central teeth having a single pair of basal denticles and long, divergent, narrow lateral processes, lateral teeth having a narrow cutting edge and long outer process, and narrow outer marginal teeth. The penis is simple to glandular, but the presence of apocrine glands in one genus ( Coliracemata n. gen.) is a character shared only with a few other truncatelloidean families ( Tornidae, Cochliopidae, Caecidae, Calopiidae, some Iravadiidae and the genus Botriophallus Ponder, 1990 of uncertain affinities; Ponder 1988, 1990, 1999; Hershler &amp; Thompson 1992; Table 2).</p><p>Circular multispiral opercula are found in a few other truncatelloideans (Table 2), although some families with taxa that have near circular apertures have a paucispiral circular operculum. As in most other truncatelloideans, the salivary glands do not pass through the nerve ring, there is no oesophageal gland and there is a short crystalline style in the style sac. The intestine runs across the middle part of the style sac in all the species dissected herein, a character seen in some other taxa (e.g., Elachisinidae Ponder 1985, fig. 2A) and the rectum is folded on the roof of mantle cavity.</p><p>The female genital system is unusually short, with the glandular oviduct being not much longer than it is wide. There are two slender seminal receptacles located posteriorly in three genera, whereas one genus only possesses one. The bursa copulatrix opens anteriorly to the vicinity of the genital opening by way of the bursal duct. The general configuration of the female genital system is generally similar to that in iravadiids (Ponder 1984), but differs in having a shorter capsule gland, in the seminal receptacles being located behind the albumen gland, not opening at the anterior edge, and in having a coiled oviduct (absent in iravadiids).</p><p>While the family does not exhibit any clear-cut autapomorphies, it possesses a unique combination of characters (see Table 2 for comparisons with similar family-group taxa) and does not fit comfortably with any other family-group taxon. In particular, clenchiellids differ from other related taxa in having a combination of a minute depressed shell with a spirally striate protoconch, a circular operculum with a central nucleus, a thickened coiled renal oviduct, an anterior bursa copulatrix and a short, triangular capsule gland. The foot is simple and there are no metapodial or pallial tentacles.</p><p>Taylor (1966) erected Clenchiellini within Cochliopinae to include Clenchiella and Carinulorbis Yen, 1949 (nom. nov. pro Carinorbis Yen, 1946, non Conrad, 1862), which he treated as a synonym. The type species of Carinulorbis is Carinulorbis planospiralis Yen, 1946 from the lower Eocene of Wyoming, USA. Later Taylor (1975) recorded and discussed this species and another undescribed taxon, which he also placed in Clenchiella . Both species were from the early Tertiary of the Powder River Basin, Wyoming and Montana, USA and these records have occasionally been referred to in other literature. Taylor (1975) correctly placed these American taxa in Cochliopidae, and some other members of that family are rather similar in shell morphology to clenchiellids, including Coahuilix Taylor, 1966, the flat-spired Balconorbis Hershler &amp; Longley, 1986 and the low-spired TABLE 2. (Continued)</p><p>Character Clenchiellidae Iravadiidae Calopiidae Hydrobiidae Cochliopidae Pomatiopsidae</p><p>and Tateidae</p><p>Thick-walled coiled Present Absent Absent Present Present Absent oviduct</p><p>Bursa copulatrix Anterior Anterior Posterior Posterior Posterior Posterior Bursal opening Subterminal to mid capsule Genital opening or Posterior ventral channel Posterior ventral channel Posterior to sperm tube Posterior to sperm tube</p><p>gland at genital opening ventral channel (in</p><p>Lantauia)</p><p>Seminal receptacles 1–2 at posterior end of 1–2 with duct at anterior Absent 1 usually present, 1 usually present 1 usually present</p><p>albumen gland end of albumen gland sometimes absent or</p><p>and extending posteriorly multiple</p><p>on left side of albumen</p><p>gland</p><p>Albumen gland Very short, rectangular Short to moderate; Short, wide Medium to long Moderately long to long, Medium (about same</p><p>rectangular to pyriform posteriorly twisted length as capsule gland) Female opening shape Small, subterminal to Short to long slit, Small, anterior Small, anterior to Terminal to subterminal Terminal, small position middle of capsule gland subterminal to mid subterminal</p><p>ventral</p><p>Shape of capsule gland Very short, triangular Moderate, to elongate, Moderate, tapering Ovoid to tapering Ovoid to tapering Elongate, tapering albumen gland ovoid to tapering</p><p>Sperm duct in female Ventral channel Sperm groove or ventral Ventral channel Ventral channel Sperm tube present, Sperm tube present.</p><p>channel Opens separately Opens separately or at</p><p>(posterior to anterior in common opening</p><p>mantle cavity, or to</p><p>pericardium) or at</p><p>common opening</p><p>References Herein Ponder 1984; Fukuda et Ponder 1999 Hershler &amp; Davis 1980; Davis &amp; McKee 1989; Davis 1967, 1979; Davis al. 1990; Fukuda &amp; Davis et al. 1989; Davis et al. 1982; et al. 1986a, 1986c, 1994; Ekawa 1997 Hershler &amp; Ponder 1998; Hershler &amp; Thompson Davis &amp; Kang 1990 Davis et al. 1988b; 1992</p><p>Ponder et al. 1989,</p><p>1991, 1999</p><p>… …continued on the next page TABLE 2. (Continued).</p><p>Apocrine glands on Absent Absent Absent Present or absent Absent Absent</p><p>penial glands Absent Present Absent Absent Present Absent</p><p>Penial stylet Present or absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent</p><p>……continued on the next page TABLE 2. (Continued)</p><p>Character Stenothyridae Elachisinidae Assimineidae Tornidae Hydrococcidae Falsicingulidae</p><p>Thick-walled coiled Present Present Present Present Weakly developed Absent</p><p>oviduct</p><p>Bursa copulatrix Posterior + accessory Middle Posterior Anterior or middle Middle Posterior anterior sperm pouch</p><p>Bursal opening Posterior to sperm tube Posterior ventral channel Posterior to oviduct Genital opening Separate opening to Copulation via pericardium</p><p>posterior mantle cavity</p><p>Seminal receptacles 1 posterior 2 posterior behind 1 usually present, absent 1–2 posterior 1 near posterior 1 posterior albumen gland or several in few genera</p><p>Albumen gland Medium (about same Short, rounded Very short to very long Short to very short, Elongate Medium length as capsule triangular to rounded gland)</p><p>Female opening shape Terminal, small Small, subterminal Usually terminal Small, subterminal Small, terminal Small, terminal</p><p>position</p><p>Shape of capsule gland Elongate, tapering Oval Elongate, often tapering Very short, triangular or Elongate, slightly Elongate, tapering</p><p>albumen gland bean-shaped tapering</p><p>Sperm duct in female Sperm tube present. Ventral channel Central to near ventral in Ventral channel Absent – direct opening Via pericardium and gono-</p><p>Opens separately to capsule gland to bursa pericardial duct posterior end of mantle</p><p>cavity Ponder 1985</p><p>References Kosuge 1969; Davis Marcus &amp; Marcus 1963; Bieler &amp; Mikkelsen 1988; Ponder 1982 Slavoshevskaya 1975, 1982;</p><p>et al. 1986b, 1988a Hershler 1987; Fukuda et Fretter 1956; Ponder Ponder 1985 al. 2006; Fukuda &amp; 1994</p><p>Ponder 2003, 2004, 2005,</p><p>2006</p><p>Cochliopina Morrison, 1946 (see Hershler &amp; Thompson 1992, figs 19, 16, and 22 respectively). While the shells of these taxa are convergent in shape with clenchiellids, their female genital morphology is very different as they possess the typical cochliopid twisted albumen gland, have a sperm tube and lack an anterior bursa (Hershler &amp; Thompson 1992).</p><p>Like Ioganzen &amp; Starobogatov (1982), we treat this group as a family pending more detailed analysis. We justify this decision based on the combination of morphological characters that do not conform to any currently recognised family group taxon. In recent classifications, the clenchiellids have been included in Hydrobiidae sensu lato as a subfamily. However, the Clenchiellidae differ from the Hydrobiidae s.l. with regards to several important anatomical characters (see Table 2), notably the presence of stationary compound cilia on the distal ends of the tentacles, the female genital anatomy, apocrine glands (in one genus) and a multispiral operculum as opposed to paucispiral in the Hydrobiidae . These morphological distinctions from the Hydrobiidae are corroborated in a molecular study by Criscione &amp; Ponder (2013), showing the clenchiellids as genetically distinct from the Hydrobiidae s.l. and sister to the Iravadiidae and Calopiidae (see Table 2 for comparisons of these and other family-group taxa).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD65577B3C2EFF05F966BA4CAB95	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557723C2EFF05FBDCBE57AFAA.text	03CDAD6557723C2EFF05FBDCBE57AFAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clenchiella Abbott 1948	<div><p>Clenchiella Abbott, 1948</p><p>Clenchiella Abbott, 1948: 76 .</p><p>Type species: Clenchiella victoriae Abbott, 1948, original designation.</p><p>Diagnosis. Shell large for family (1.2–2.3 mm in maximum diameter, although Abbott incorrectly gives up to 4 mm for type species). Spire flat, umbilicus wide. Whorls typically with strong spiral mid-dorsal and mid-ventral keel and many distinct spiral cords (Fig. 1), keels subobsolete to absent in one species (Fig. 2). Aperture near circular, peristome simple, prosocline, external varix heavy, wide. Operculum near circular, thin, horny, of several whorls, nucleus near central; inner side lacks calcareous smear and has central projection (distinct peg to weak nipple-like protrusion). Head-foot usually with black pigment on cephalic tentacles and snout; posterior end of foot pointed. Radula as for family, cusps on inner outer marginal teeth slightly larger than those on outer marginals. Penis with two to four large, simple (i.e. with no apocrine glands) swellings on distal portion. Bursa copulatrix small to extremely large; bursal duct straight or strongly curved. Two posterior seminal receptacles.</p><p>Remarks. Clenchiella is distinguished from the other three genera introduced below in having the following combination of characters: dorsal and ventral prominent to weak keels on the shell (absent in one species), a strong external apertural varix, a pigment band on each cephalic tentacle and the penis has a few distinct distal lobes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557723C2EFF05FBDCBE57AFAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557723C29FF05F8BCBEADAECA.text	03CDAD6557723C29FF05F8BCBEADAECA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clenchiella victoriae Abbott 1948	<div><p>Clenchiella victoriae Abbott, 1948</p><p>Figures 1, 14</p><p>Clenchiella victoriae Abbott, 1948: 76 –78, pl. 5, 1–7.</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: San Joaquin River, 2 miles (3.2 km) inland, north of Tanauan, eastern side of Leyte Island, Republic of the Philippines. Brackish water, living in ‘black ooze’ under rotting nipa palm fronds, on the banks of a sluggish river, 29 June 1945. Coll. R.T. Abbott (USNM 488534). Paratypes: Same data (USNM 488535; ANSP 183548). Other paratypes were deposited in MCZ (Harvard), MCZ (Michigan) and Carnegie Museum.</p><p>Material examined. Paratypes: Estuary SE of Abuyog, eastern side of Leyte Island, Philippines, 14 Aug. 1945. Coll. R. T. Abbott (USNM 488536). Paratypes: San Joaquin estuary, 3 kms N of Tanauan, eastern Leyte Island, Philippines (Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 169007).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from brackish swamps on Leyte Island, Philippines, but probably has a broader distribution in the Philippines.</p><p>Description. (Based on Abbott 1948 and examination of shells using light microscope).</p><p>Shell. Small (up to 2.3 mm in maximum diameter; see Table 3 for shell dimensions of all species), spire flat (Fig. 1 A–C). Protoconch not elevated above spire, of 1.5 ‘smooth’ whorls, last whorl descends slightly just behind aperture. Teleoconch of 2.5–3.0 whorls, rounded except for angulations from two prominent carinae, one middorsal, one mid-basal; whole surface sculptured with fine spiral threads, interspaces about equal to width of threads; finer commarginal growth lines present, becoming more prominent towards thickened external varix. Periphery evenly convex, spiral lirae similar in strength on peripheral area as on dorsal and basal surfaces. Umbilicus wide (over half width of base), spiral sculpture continuous within. Sutures impressed. Aperture near circular, with peristome slightly thickened internally by slight rim, external varix moderately thickened, just behind apertural rim. Periostracum moderately thick, bright translucent red in life (Abbott 1948), brackish-brown in dry shells; shell white.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of 4 slowly increasing whorls. Interior with small pimple-like projection in middle part (from Abbott 1948).</p><p>Anatomy (Based on the description and figures of Abbott 1948). Head-foot. Snout bilobed distally, cephalic tentacles long and slender, with 6–7 cilial tufts on small raised areas (described as serrations by Abbott 1948) on outer edge of left tentacle. Foot with rounded anterior end, laterally extended, with weak indentation, tapering posteriorly. Mucous slit at anterior edge, anterior mucous gland typical of family. Tentacles with black band near distal end. Light orange cells embedded in tentacles and just above right eye. Snout black other than anterior margin and broken clear streak mid-dorsally. Dorsal head asymmetrically coloured with dark grey to black on left side. Patches of grey on right side of neck and anterior lateral dorsal foot. Sides of foot ‘translucent whitish’ with few yellow or orange cells.</p><p>Ctenidium . About 25–27 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae 4+1+4, 2+1+3, 18, 20, median cusps of central and lateral teeth a little longer than adjacent cusps, elongate, pointed; other cusps on all teeth triangular, pointed. [Note: Abbott’s figure of the radula (his fig. 7) shows the marginal teeth flattened so that they appear to be broader than the SEM images of those of other species of Clenchiella].</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus and rectum unknown.</p><p>Penis. Well behind right tentacle, coiled for half turn when retracted. Long, narrow (in life), expanded distally with two glandular lobes: one adjacent to short distal part of penis, and larger oval outer lobe (Abbott 1948, fig. 5). Tip narrow, bluntly pointed. Penial duct straight to slightly undulating, narrow throughout. Translucent and unpigmented except for few white cells in largest glandular lobe.</p><p>Female reproductive system and nervous system. Not known.</p><p>Remarks. This species is readily distinguished by its relatively thick shell which bears a very heavy, sharp keel on the base and a moderately strong keel on the shoulder. Based on Abbott’s description and figure the penis has only two glandular lobes, both located distally.</p><p>Abbott figured the aperture as somewhat horizontally elongated and with a very thin peristome, whereas the material inspected in this study appears to possess apertures that are close to perfectly circular and with a slightly thickened peristome. His dimensions are also incorrect giving a size (4 mm) twice that of the actual size of the holotype.</p><p>SW SH AH UW TW PW TWN</p><p>Clenchiella victoriae</p><p>Holotype 2.10 0.86 0.66 1.18 1.75 1.25 3.00 Paratype 2.17 0.95 0.61 1.17 1.75 - - Paratype (USNM 488535) 2.08 0.86 0.56 1.24 - - - Paratype (USNM 488535) 2.01 0.81 0.62 1.09 1.75 1.00 2.75 Clenchiella bicingulata n. sp.</p><p>Holotype 1.97 0.74 0.47 0.87 1.5 1.25 2.75 Paratypes 2.16 0.90 0.57 0.95 1.75 1.25 3 2.10 0.79 0.58 1.04 1.5 1.5 3 1.96 0.94 0.57 1.05 1.75 0 0 Clenchiella varicosa n. sp.</p><p>Holotype 1.96 0.70 0.57 0.89 1.5 1.25 2.75 Paratype (immature) 1.54 0.56 0.53 0.75 1.75 0 0 Paratype (immature) 1.59 0.65 0.00 0.74 1.75 0 0 Clenchiella iriomotensis n. sp.</p><p>Holotype 1.94 0.82 0.53 1.06 2 1.25 3.25 Paratypes 2.32 1.00 0.68 1.23 1.75 0 0 2.05 0.84 0.68 1.03 1.65 1.25 2.9 2.11 0.87 0.65 1.11 2 1.25 3.25 Clenchiella minutissima</p><p>Syntype 1.70 0.75 0.60 0.83 1.5 0 0 ANSP 319936 1.77 0.81 0.57 0.74 0 0 0 1.87 0.83 0.61 0.79 0 0 0 1.84 0.91 0.58 0.74 0 0 0 AMS C.412278 (Darwin) 1.29 0.47 0.40 0.59 1.5 1.25 2.75 1.35 0.56 0.40 0.70 1.75 1.12 2.85 1.23 0.49 0.38 0.57 1.5 1.25 2.75 C.412277 (Magnetic Is.) 1.38 0.51 0.42 0.64 1.5 1.35 2.85 1.66 0.56 0.51 0.77 1.5 1.12 2.62 1.52 0.56 0.49 0.82 1.5 1.25 2.75 ......continued on the next page</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557723C29FF05F8BCBEADAECA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557763C36FF05F9A4B963AB4E.text	03CDAD6557763C36FF05F9A4B963AB4E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clenchiella bicingulata	<div><p>Clenchiella bicingulata n. sp.</p><p>Figures 1, 3–9, 14</p><p>? Clenchiella microscopica; Brandt, 1974: 69 (in part), pl. 6, fig. 86 [not of Nevill, 1877]. Clenchiella cf. microscopica; Swennen et al., 2001: 114, fig. 320 [not of Nevill, 1877].</p><p>Etymology. bi -: two, cingulus: girdle (Latin).</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: Sembawang Estuary, opposite Admiralty Road, Singapore. In pools in mangroves, 1°27' N, 103°49'01" E, 5 Sep. 1979. Coll. W.F. Ponder and W.F. Ponder Jr (AMS, C.462959). Paratypes: same locality (AMS, C.460375, 20+ spms; AMS, C.463396, 20+ spms).</p><p>Material examined. Type material: Mandai River, in mangroves behind estuary, 1° 26' N, 103° 46' E, 6 Sep. 1979. Coll. W.F. Ponder, W.F. Ponder Jr and D. Murphy (AMS C.269814, 6 spms).</p><p>Sembawang Estuary, opposite Admiralty Road, on ground amongst mangroves, in back of estuary, 1° 27' N, 103° 49' E, 9 Sep. 1979. Coll. W.F. Ponder and W.F. Ponder Jr (AMS C.460374, 9 spms); Same locality, opposite pools and creeks in back of estuary, 1° 27' N, 103° 49' E, 9 Sep. 1979. Coll. W.F. Ponder and W.F. Ponder Jr (AMS C.460376, 1 spm).</p><p>Distribution. Known from mangroves in Singapore and possibly Thailand (Brandt 1974), suggesting that it may be more widespread in southeast Asia.</p><p>Description. Shell. Small (up to 2.2 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire flat (Figs 1 D–F and 3A–C). Protoconch not elevated above spire, about 1.5 whorls, surface slightly worn in available specimens but protoconch I appears to have about 4 widely spaced spiral threads and terminated by narrow, indistinct varix; protoconch II about 0.7 whorl, apparently smooth, terminated by weak varix. Teleoconch of about 2.0–2.2 whorls, rounded except for angulations from two prominent carinae, one mid-dorsal, one mid-basal; whole surface with distinct spiral sculpture: on inner dorsal part of shell spirals weak to subobsolete, with linear interspaces; on outer side of dorsal carina spiral lirae have interspaces 2–3 times their width while on periphery lirae slightly weaker, with narrow interspaces; about 4–8 lirae on outer side of dorsal carina and about 9–11 spiral threads on inner side at end of penultimate whorl; irregularly spaced commarginal growth lines cross spirals. Periphery evenly convex, spiral lirae weaker and closer together in middle part of peripheral area, similar in strength and spacing on lower peripheral area and base as on outer dorsal surface. Base evenly convex except for mid-basal carina, umbilicus wide (more than half width of base), basal spiral sculpture continuous within. Sutures moderately impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, external varix well developed, narrow, slightly behind edge of aperture. Periostracum light reddish brown, shell white.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of 4–5 slowly increasing whorls (Fig. 4 A, B). Interior with narrow, raised edge to muscle attachment area close to slightly thickened, ridge-like columellar edge and small raised nipple-like projection in middle.</p><p>Head-foot. Living animal (Mandai, Singapore) very similar to Cl. victoriae, with black pigment on snout except for median line which may not be as densely pigmented, and black band on distal half of each pale yellow tentacle little posterior to tip. Head and neck grey to black. Foot cleft anteriorly and expanded laterally as pointed extensions; evenly tapering posteriorly. Anterior edge of foot with black pigment; grey pigment laterally along dorsal sides of foot. Opercular lobe thin, inconspicuous. Sole translucent white except for scattered denser mucous gland cells and grey pigment showing through. Long, stationary cilia on distal ends of tentacles.</p><p>Ctenidium . About 30 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae 4–5+1+4–5, 4+1+4, 16–18, approx. 15, median cusps of central and lateral teeth long (about twice as long as adjacent cusps), narrowly triangular, pointed; other cusps on all teeth slender, pointed (Fig. 5 A, B).</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two very strong folds; rectum with one tight loop (Fig. 6).</p><p>Penis. Moderately long, wide distally and proximally (Figs 7 A, B and 8A); distal portion with three glandular lobes visible dorsally: on right edge two equally-sized large, round lobes, one of which is continuous ventrally with distal lobe on left; in addition, on left edge one small swelling very close to tip. Tip narrow, blunt, with no distinct papilla. Penial duct slightly undulating.</p><p>Oviduct. Albumen gland about as long as capsule gland (Fig. 7 E, F). Coiled oviduct wide, with single large coil. Seminal receptacles short, about equal in size. Ventral channel very short, straight. Bursa large, lying on left side of oviduct gland, about 2/3 behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; posterior part wide, narrows anteriorly to open to strongly curved bursal duct angled posteriorly at about 45˚ on left side of capsule gland. Genital opening simple, on ventral edge of meeting point of ventral channel and bursal duct.</p><p>Nervous system. Pleural-supraoesophageal connective extremely long. Suboesophageal ganglion longer and wider than left pleural ganglion (Fig. 9).</p><p>Remarks. This species is somewhat similar to Cl. victoriae but the shell differs in being smaller, more depressed, the basal keel being weaker, as well as the spiral sculpture being less pronounced on the dorsal surface. In addition, the main penial lobe is extended ventrally so that it gives the appearance of a third lobe when viewed dorsally. The coiled oviduct appears to be wider in Cl. bicingulata than in the other clenchiellids studied here.</p><p>Brandt (1974) recorded Clenchiella microscopica from Thailand and Swennen et al. (2001) recorded and figured Cl. cf. microscopica . We have examined only one lot from Brandt’s collections, and that lot is not conspecific with the species he illustrated but appears to be Clenchiella minutissima (see below). The shell of the specimen he illustrated resembles Cl. bicingulata, as does the figure of Cl. cf. microscopica given by Swennen et al. (2001), and we have tentatively identified these as such pending a more detailed comparison. Brandt noted that the penis in the specimens he examined was short and blunt and had “one large, but low glandular lobe”, features that do not agree with Cl. bicingulata or Cl. minutissima . In addition, his description of the animal does not mention the distinctive black bands on the tentacles characteristic of species of Clenchiella, although he mentioned “a few darker pigment spots, particularly on the rostrum” (p. 69). His radular description agrees reasonably well with Cl. bicingulata but differs in having a smaller number of cusps on the lateral and inner marginal teeth. Further, his description differs from the radula of Cl. minutissima in having fewer cusps on both marginal teeth. Thus it is clear that two species were included in Brandt’s concept of microscopica . However, his description of the animal appears to be based on another, probably as yet unnamed taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557763C36FF05F9A4B963AB4E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD65576C3C32FF05FA5BB89EABE1.text	03CDAD65576C3C32FF05FA5BB89EABE1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clenchiella varicosa	<div><p>Clenchiella varicosa n. sp.</p><p>Figures 1, 3, 4, 8, 10, 14</p><p>Clenchiella sp.; Tong, 1986: 443: 443 (in part?), fig. 2F.</p><p>? Clenchiella cf. microscopica; Ueng &amp; Wang, 2006: 31 –36, figs 1–3 [not of Nevill, 1887].</p><p>Etymology. Varicose: strictly meaning a dilated vein (Latin, but here based on varix, a commonly used term for a thickening on the shell, typically behind the aperture).</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: E Mong Tseng Wai, Hong Kong, in mud and leaves etc. in mangroves, 22°30’ S, 114°00’ E, 16 Apr. 1983. Coll: W.F. Ponder (AMS C.462960). Paratypes: Same data (AMS C.460738, 6 spms).</p><p>Material examined. Type material.</p><p>Specimens from Taiwan, Tainan City, Wildlife Reserve, 23° N, 120°06’E, 1 Oct. 2006. Coll: Y. Ueng (AMS, C.462993, 6 spms).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Hong Kong and Taiwan, but is presumably more widespread in China.</p><p>Description. Shell. Small (up to 2 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire mostly flat with apex slightly raised (Fig. 1 G–I). Protoconch slightly elevated above spire, damaged in available specimens but protoconch I with 4 widely spaced spiral threads, protoconch II smooth. Teleoconch of about 2 whorls, rounded, moderate to rather weak mid-dorsal spiral cord, causing weak subangulation especially in subadults (in some adults not sufficiently strong to cause angulation), with 2–5 slightly weaker spirals on outer side of main spiral; on inner dorsal part of shell spirals very weak to subobsolete or absent; on outer side of dorsal carina spiral lirae have approximately linear interspaces while on periphery lirae with narrow interspaces. Periphery evenly convex. Outer base with 1–2 mid-ventral spiral cords, not sufficiently strong to cause subangulation; several weaker cords on outer and inner side of mid-ventral spiral(s). Base evenly convex; umbilicus wide (more than half width of base), spiral sculpture subobsolete within inner part of umbilicus. Sutures moderately impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, external varix weakly to moderately developed, narrow, slightly behind edge of aperture. Colour yellowish (periostracum), shell white.</p><p>Operculum and radula . Not examined.</p><p>Ctenidium . About 30 filaments.</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two weak folds, rectum with two tight loops.</p><p>Penis. Similar to Cl. bicingulata, but two lobes on distal portion, one round lobe on right edge, more proximal lobe horizontally elongated; on left edge only one small swelling very close to narrow, pointed tip (Figs 8 B and 10A, B). Penial duct slightly undulating.</p><p>Oviduct. Albumen gland slightly shorter than capsule gland (Fig. 10 C, D). Coiled oviduct narrow, with single, very large coil. Seminal receptacles short, dorsal (left) longer than ventral (right). Ventral channel short, narrow, straight. Bursa small, lying on left side of oviduct gland, about 4/5 behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; posterior part wide, narrows anteriorly to nearly straight, short bursal duct on left side of capsule gland. Genital opening simple, on anterior end of bursal duct.</p><p>Nervous system. Pleural-supraoesophageal connective short. Suboesophageal ganglion shorter and narrower than left pleural ganglion.</p><p>Remarks. This species is similar to Cl. bicingulata but has a smaller shell, weaker dorsal and ventral ridges and a weaker varix (shells of both species can be compared in Figures 1 and 3) The penial morphology also differs in the arrangement of the glands (see description above), notably in having only two distinct glandular lobes distally instead of three (Figure 8). Unfortunately, the condition of available shell material from Hong Kong was rather poor due to corrosion in the preservative, so SEM figures are not provided.</p><p>Shells of the species recorded as Clenchiella cf. microscopica from Shihchu Wildlife Reserve, Tainan City, Southwest Taiwan (Ueng &amp; Wang 2006) are very similar to this species and we treat them as conspecific. These authors provided photographs of the living animal and SEM figures of the shell and inner side of the operculum. We obtained specimens from the same locality from Dr Y.-T. Ueng, and from our examination of the shells (Fig. 3 D–F), we regard them as this species pending a more detailed study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD65576C3C32FF05FA5BB89EABE1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD65576E3C3DFF05FC8CB8A7AD6D.text	03CDAD65576E3C3DFF05FC8CB8A7AD6D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clenchiella iriomotensis	<div><p>Clenchiella iriomotensis n. sp.</p><p>Figures 1, 3, 4, 11–14</p><p>Clenchiella sp.; Yamashita et al., 2005: 48, 51, 61, fig. 1; Fukuda, 2012: 40, text fig.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the type locality, Iriomote Island.</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: In shallow tide pools on the back marsh with mangrove trees of the Urauchi River Estuary, 1500 m SW from the Urauchi Bridge, Iriomote Island, Taketomi-chô, Yaeyama-gun, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, 24˚23’53” N, 123˚45’53” E, 22 Nov. 2004. Coll. H. Fukuda, H. Yamashita, M. Kimura, K. Suzukida, K. Kuroda and C. Mori (AMS, C.462961). Paratypes: Same data (AMS, C.460377, 18 spms; AMS, C.445413. 20+ spms; OKCAB, M17940, 100+ spms).</p><p>Material examined. Type material. Iriomote Island, Okinawa; mangrove swamp in Nakara River Estuary, Shirahama, 24˚21’31” N, 123˚45’09” E (OKCAB, M17940, 9 spms); Maera River Estuary, Komi, 24˚18’47” N, 123˚54’19” E (OKCAB, M17942, 9 spms); swamp 200 m SW from Ôhara Elementary School, Ôhara, 24˚16’15” N, 123˚52’35” E (OKCAB, M17943, 3 spms); among green algae in mangrove swamp around Urauchi-bashi Bridge, 24˚24’10” N, 123˚46’34” E (OKCAB, M17939, 14 spms; M17944, 31 spms).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Iriomote Island, SW Okinawa.</p><p>Description. Shell. Shell small (up to 2.3 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire flat (Figs 1 J–L and 3H–L). Protoconch not elevated above spire, about 1.4 whorls, surface slightly worn in available specimens but protoconch I with traces of few widely spaced spiral threads, termination indistinct; protoconch II about 0.75 whorl, apparently smooth, terminated by very weak varix. Teleoconch of about 2 whorls, rounded except for weak angulations from two carinae, one mid-dorsal, one mid-basal; whole surface sculptured with distinct spiral sculpture: on inner dorsal part of shell spirals weak to subobsolete, with linear interspaces; on outer side of dorsal carina spiral lirae have interspaces up to twice their width while on periphery lirae weaker to subobsolete, with narrow interspaces; at end of penultimate whorl about 5–6 lirae on outer side of dorsal carina, spirals on inner side subobsolete; irregularly spaced commarginal growth lines cross spirals. Periphery evenly convex. Outer base with spiral sculpture as on outer dorsal surface. Base evenly convex except for mid-basal carina; umbilicus wide (more than half width of base), spiral sculpture weaker than on base, becoming subobsolete within. Sutures moderately impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, external varix weakly to well developed, narrow, slightly behind edge of aperture. Periostracum variable in colour between individuals; some are reddish brown, some beige, some bluish grey, with few individuals with combinations of these colours. Shell white.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of up to 8 slowly increasing whorls (Fig. 4 C, D). Interior with narrow, raised edge to muscle attachment area close to slightly thickened, ridge-like columellar edge and very small, hardly raised nipple in middle.</p><p>Head-foot. Living animal generally similar to Cl. victoriae . Snout with several narrow longitudinal stripes of black pigment, and black near distal bands on tentacles (Fig. 11). Bright lemon yellow pigment cells scattered along tentacles. Black pigment also found on neck and around eyes, anterior lateral foot and lateral stripe along dorsal sides of foot. Foot expanded laterally anteriorly and anterior edge indented; tapers posteriorly to point. Opercular lobe thin. Sole translucent white except for scattered white mucous gland cells. Long, stationary cilia on distal ends of tentacles. Cilial tufts on left tentacle not noted.</p><p>Ctenidium . About 30 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae 4+1+4, 3–4+1+4-5, 20–22, 23–25, median cusps of central and lateral teeth long (twice as long as adjacent cusps or longer), slender, pointed; other cusps on all teeth slender, pointed (Fig. 12).</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two weak folds; rectum with one tight loop.</p><p>Penis. Moderately long (Fig. 13 A–C), wide distally and narrow proximally; on distal portion two large, distinct, round lobes, one on right edge, another on middle part. Narrow papilla arising from left edge of penis, with pointed tip. Penial duct very slightly undulating to almost straight.</p><p>Oviduct. Albumen gland slightly shorter than capsule gland (Fig. 13 D, E). Coiled oviduct wide, with single very large coil. Seminal receptacles short, about equal in size. Ventral channel rather long, narrow, straight. Bursa extremely large, elongately-oval, lying on left side of oviduct gland, about 1/3 behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; posterior part as wide as anterior part; bursal duct with C-shaped curve at anterior end on left side of capsule gland. Genital opening simple, on ventral edge of meeting point of ventral channel and bursal duct.</p><p>Nervous system. As for Cl. bicingulata .</p><p>Remarks. The shell of this species is very similar to that of both Cl. varicosa and Cl. bicingulata . The spiral cords are weaker and fewer in Cl. varicosa, as are the main keels, while Cl. bicingulata has stronger spiral sculpture, especially on the periphery and the aperture is more strongly inclined. The rectum of Cl. iriomotensis has only one loop, a character shared with Cl. varicosa whereas other species in the family have two loops (condition in Cl. victoriae unknown). These two latter species also have a somewhat similar penial morphology, although one of the distal glands is smaller in Cl. varicosa . Clenchiella iriomotensis differs significantly, however, from Cl. varicosa in the female genital system, with the bursa copulatrix having a very different configuration (cf. Figs 10 C, D and 13D, E), although it is rather similar to that of Cl. bicingulata .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD65576E3C3DFF05FC8CB8A7AD6D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557613C39FF05FB70B864A9E6.text	03CDAD6557613C39FF05FB70B864A9E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clenchiella minutissima (Wattebled 1884) Wattebled 1884	<div><p>Clenchiella minutissima (Wattebled, 1884)</p><p>Figures 2–4, 14, 15, 33</p><p>Valvata minutissima Wattebled, 1884: 131, pl. VI, fig. 8. Clenchiella papuensis Benthem Jutting, 1963: 438 –439, fig. 6a–c. Clenchiella sp.; Wilke et al., 2013: 725.</p><p>Clenchiellid n. gen. n. sp.; Criscione &amp; Ponder, 2013: 1077. Clenchiella minutissima (Wattebled); Golding, 2014: 4.</p><p>Types and type localities. Valvata minutissima . Holotype: “L’arroyo [stream] de Long-Xuyen”, Conchinchine (Vietnam) (Long-Xuyen is in An Giang Province, Mekong Delta region of southwestern Vietnam) (MNHNP, no number).</p><p>Clenchiella papuensis . Holotype: Robinson River Plantations near Cloudy Bay, E. of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (NHML, registration number not known). Paratypes “numerous”, 6 examined.</p><p>Material examined. Type material of V. minutissima and Cl. papuensis .</p><p>Singapore: Mandai River, mangroves behind estuary, 1° 25' 59”N, 103° 46' 01”E, 6 Sep. 1979. Coll. W.F. Ponder &amp; D. Murphy (AMS C.463397, 20 spms). Same locality, mangroves near river mouth. 6 Sep. 1979. Coll. W.F. Ponder &amp; D. Murphy (AMS C.462967, 7 spms).</p><p>Thailand: Thonburi, Klong Bang, O., 13° 45' 32.4" N, 100° 29' 13.1994" E, 29 Oct. 1966. Coll. R. Brandt &amp; P. Temcharoe (AMS C.460379, 3 spms). Thonburi Province, Thonburi Town. Bang Phlad District. Coll. ‘S.M.R. Team’ 8 Feb. 1967 (Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 318936 4-6-268, 7 spms).</p><p>Australia, Western Australia: Port Hedland, Four Mile Creek, on leaf litter from pools at back of dense mangrove forest beside road, 20° 19' 18.66"S, 118° 38' 44.18"E, 0 2 Jul. 2012. Coll: R. Golding &amp; M. Hill (AMS C.476007, 20+ spms).</p><p>Northern Territory: Darwin, East Point, Ludmilla Creek, on deep muddy sand, upper edge of mangroves, 12° 25' S, 130° 50' E, 14 Jun. 1976. Coll. W.F. Ponder (AMS C.412278, 3 spms); East Arm Boat Ramp, Elizabeth R., in pools near road amongst mangroves, 12° 32' 16" S, 130° 58' 38" E, 22 Mar. 2005. Coll. W.F. Ponder (AMS, C.463248, 15 spms); Darwin, mouth of Rapid Ck, 12° 22' 43" S, 130° 51' 37" E, 19 Mar. 2005 Coll. W.F. Ponder, V. Kessner &amp; H. Fukuda (AMS C.452018, 4 spms); Rapid Creek, dead mangrove leaves in pools, 12° 23' 2" S, 130° 51' 56" E, 14 Aug. 2010. Coll. F. Criscione (AMS C.475884, 10 spms); Arnhem Land, Liverpool River mouth, 12° 5' S, 134° 12' E, 5 Jun. 1976. Coll. W.F. Ponder (AMS C.463108, 4 spms).</p><p>Queensland: Magnetic Is, Ned Lee Creek, under wood in pools in middle of mangroves, 19° 10' 5" S, 146° 48' 47" E, 22 Sep. 1980. Coll. W.F. Ponder &amp; Ian Loch (AMS C.412277, 3 spms); Magnetic Island, Cockle Bay, Ned Lee Creek, pools in middle mangroves with leaf litter, rocks and sticks, 19° 9' 59" S, 146° 49' 4" E. 24 Sep. 2011. Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470868, 1 spm); Port Douglas, 16° 29' S, 145° 27' 33" E, 1960 Coll. B. Page. (AMS C.462958, 1 spm); Townsville, N side of Ross River, 1 km from mouth, mainly under leaves in mangroves, 19° 17' S, 146° 48' 53" E, 31 May 1977. Coll. I. Loch &amp; P.H. Colman (AMS C.412276, 2 spms); Brisbane River, Breakfast Creek, 27° 26' 00" S, 153° 03' 00" E, 1862. Coll. J. Brazier (AMS C.63868, 2 spms); Brisbane, Nudgee Beach, pool in upper mangroves near road, below stormwater outlet; leaf litter; also sand flat in front of mangroves, 27° 20' 38" S, 153° 5' 57" E, 12 Oct. 2011. Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470975,&gt;20 spms); Ningi Creek, stormwater drainage gutter leading to mangrove forest; leaf litter in water and damp litter, 27° 3' 18" S, 153° 4' 24" E, 12 Oct. 2011 Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470966, 10 spms); Tin Can Bay, corner of Toolara and Trevally Streets, pool of brackish water near stormwater outlet and damp leaf litter, 25° 55' 19" S, 153° 30" E, 11 Oct. 2011 Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470959, 20+ spms); Turkey Beach, near water treatment plant, sparse, small-leaved mangroves (multi-stemmed) with small pools and moist leaf litter on surface of mud, 24° 5' 17" S, 151° 38' 50" E, 10 Oct. 2011. Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470947, 1 spm); Sarina Beach, pools in mangrove forest with leaf litter and roots, 21° 23' 30" S, 149° 18' 42" E, 9 Oct. 2011. Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470933, 20+ spms); Sarina Beach, N end behind Coral Point, seepage in mangroves, 21° 22' 30" S, 149° 19' E, 29 May 1977. Coll. I. Loch &amp; P. H. Colman (AMS 413700, 7 spms); Tin Can Bay, mouth of Crab Creek, sandy mud in upper mangroves with damp leaf litter from small-leaved, multistemmed mangroves, 25° 55' 52" S, 153° 49" E, 11 Oct. 2011 Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470954, 14 spms); Bowen, Magazine Creek, flat area with mangroves and many pools containing roots and litter; also partially buried logs; area between canals, 20° 54" S, 148° 15' 40" E, 5 Oct. 2011. Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470910, 20+ spms); Hervey Bay, River Heads, muddy path through mangrove forest, 25° 24' 3" S, 152° 54' 54" E, 20 Sep. 2011. Coll. R. Golding &amp; S.A. Clark (AMS C.470846, 1 spm); Hervey Bay, Point Vernon, Gatakers Bay, dead green filamentous algal mat in clearing in beach mangroves, 25° 15' S, 152° 49' E), 23 Oct. 1976. Coll. I. Loch (AMS C.41367, 3 spms); Hervey Bay, Pulgul Creek, 0.5 km S of Urangan Boat Anchorage, under leaves &amp; timber &amp; in reeds at back of mangroves, 25° 18' 36" S, 152° 55' E, 24 Oct. 1976. Coll. I. Loch &amp; B. Duckworth (AMS C.413699, 6 spms); Boyne Is, S of Gladstone, on dead leaves, among mangroves, 23° 55' 47" S, 151° 21' E, 22 May 1992. Coll. G.A. Clark (AMS C.378421, 5 spms); Cape Gloucester, S end Dingo Beach, under stones in seepage in mangroves, 20° 5' S, 148° 30' 30" E, 30 May 1977. Coll. I. Loch, P. H. Colman &amp; R. Creese (AMS C.413698, 2 spms); Three Mile Creek, Palarenda, Townsville, in creek on leaves and roots, 19° 12' 36" S, 146° 46' 30" E, 23 Feb. 1997. Coll. W. F. Ponder &amp; J. Leroi (AMS C.410968, 3 spms); Lucinda, at outer edge of mangroves, near pier, 18° 32' S, 146° 18' 23" E, 27 Sep. 1980. Coll. W.F. Ponder (AMS C.425065, 2 spms); Central Lakes, Townsville, along edges, under palm frond and amongst mussels, 19° 16' S, 146° 49' E, May 1992. Coll. G.A. Clark (AMS C.463391, 20 spms); Moreton Bay, Wellington Point, mangroves, 27° 28' S, 153° 14' E, 1978 (AMS C.412279, 2 spms); Pine River, under bark on log in mud, Sep. 1975. Coll. J. McNalty (AMS C.187053 [SEM]).</p><p>Distribution. Based on current records, this is the most widespread of all clenchiellid species (see Figure 14). It is known to occur in tropical northwestern, northern and eastern Australia, Singapore, Papua New Guinea, Vietnam and Thailand.</p><p>Description. Shell. Minute (up to 1.9 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire flat (Fig. 2). Protoconch not elevated above spire, about 1.6 whorls, protoconch I of about 2/3 whorl, with three widely spaced weak spiral threads on first half whorl, remainder smooth, no varix at termination; protoconch II smooth except for indistinct growth lines, terminated by weak varix. Teleoconch of about 1.8 convex whorls, surface usually sculptured with distinct, spiral lirae with interspaces up to twice their width, about 10 at end of penultimate whorl, innermost spirals become subobsolete on last whorl, rest becoming weak to subobsolete on last third of last whorl; finer, close-spaced weak, irregularly-spaced commarginal growth lines intersect spirals. Periphery evenly convex, spiral lirae weaker on peripheral area. Base evenly convex, umbilicus wide (more than half width of base), spiral sculpture continuous within in penultimate whorl, although very weak to absent in some, subobsolete to obsolete on inner part of umbilicus in first half of last whorl; spirals generally subobsolete to obsolete over all of base in last half of last whorl, although quite strong in some. Sutures impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, external varix well developed. Colour variable, periostracum generally bright reddish brown to dark red, amber in some specimens, sometimes lighter toward varix.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of approximately 8 slowly increasing whorls (Fig. 4 E–F). Interior with narrow, raised edge to muscle attachment area close to thickened, ridge-like columellar edge. Small slightly to moderately raised third to half-spiral projection in middle part.</p><p>Head-foot. Similar to Clenchiella iriomotensis (Fig. 15 A–C).</p><p>Ctenidium . About 20 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae 4+1+4, 2–3+1+3–4, 20–22, 21–24. Median cusps of central and lateral teeth long (about 1.5 times as long as adjacent cusps), narrowly triangular, pointed; other cusps on all teeth slender, pointed (Fig. 5 C, D).</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two folds; rectum with two tight loops (Fig. 15 D).</p><p>Penis. Small, rather short, wide distally and narrow proximally; on distal portion four large (5 in some, see remarks), distinct, round swellings, two on right edge, another on middle part (Fig. 15 E–G). Tapering papilla arising from central part of penis, with pointed tip. Penial duct slightly undulating.</p><p>Oviduct. Albumen gland about as long as capsule gland (Fig. 15 I, J). Coiled oviduct narrow, with single large coil. Seminal receptacles moderate in length, about equal in size. Ventral channel long, distinctly curved. Bursa large, lying on left side of oviduct gland, about half behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; posterior part wide, narrows anteriorly to strongly curved bursal duct angled posteriorly at about 45˚ on left side of capsule gland. Genital opening simple, on ventral edge of meeting point of ventral channel and bursal duct.</p><p>Nervous system. Similar to Cl. bicingulata .</p><p>Remarks. This species differs from the other species of Clenchiella in having the dorsal and ventral keels extremely weak to absent, with most specimens appearing to be uniformly spirally striate. In a few specimens the spiral threads are also very weak to absent (e.g., in one lot from Nudgee Beach, near Brisbane AMS C.470975, which is genetically identical to spirally ribbed specimens). Comparison of shells from Darwin, Port Hedland, Queensland and Thailand with the type specimen of V. minutissima from Vietnam shows that they are virtually indistinguishable, indicating that this taxon has a broad distribution in the Indo-West Pacific region. Furthermore, Cl. minutissima is very similar to one of two new taxa introduced from Papua New Guinea by Benthem Jutting (1963), Cl. papuensis, and we treat them as synonyms. Benthem Jutting (1963: 439) noted that “it was not impossible” that Cl. papuensis may be Valvata microscopica . However, a “co-type” of V. microscopica figured in Annandale &amp; Kemp (1916) shows that it has a narrower umbilicus and lacks a varix, and we therefore regard it as a separate taxon (see below). Brandt (1974: 69) synonymised Cl. papuensis and Cl. microscopica with V. minutissima and recorded Cl. microscopica from several locations in Thailand and Burma. However, his figure does not resemble any of these taxa, having a dorsal and ventral keel somewhat similar to that seen in Cl. bicingulata . Specimens from Brandt in the USNM and AM collections are similar to V. minutissima and we have been unable to examine any of his specimens that resemble his figured keeled specimen.</p><p>Cl. minutissima differs from the other congeners in having a flat spire, wide umbilicus, fine spiral striae, and lacks the strong mid-dorsal and mid-ventral spiral cords characteristic of the other species of Clenchiella . It is possible that more than one species is contained within our current concept of this species, but this cannot be further resolved until comparative anatomical or molecular studies are carried out on specimens from other parts of its supposed range.</p><p>In lacking distinct dorsal and ventral keels, the shell of this species is superficially similar to that of some species of Coliracemata n. gen. (see below). However, like other species of Clenchiella, the head-foot has distinct black pigment, including the near distal band on each cephalic tentacle, the shell has a prominent apertural varix, and the smooth penial glands are also typical of Clenchiella, although this species has 4–5 (see below) rather than the usual 2–3.</p><p>Specimens from Magnetic Island, Queensland are attributed to this species and are indistinguishable in shell characters. The pigmentation of the living animal is similar and the penis has smooth penial glandular lobes, but five instead of four. We know little of the potential variation in this character so this difference may or may not be significant. Another clenchiellid, a species of Coliracemata n. gen., occurs in the Townsville area and is similar in shell characters (see below).</p><p>Partially uncoiled shells were observed in some specimens from Tin Can Bay and Bowen, Queensland (AMS C.470954 and C.470910 respectively), in which the whorls are not in contact with the preceding whorls. The specimens are otherwise identical with typical Cl. minutissima .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557613C39FF05FB70B864A9E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557653C39FF05FEFEB82DAD67.text	03CDAD6557653C39FF05FEFEB82DAD67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coliracemata	<div><p>Coliracemata n. gen.</p><p>Type species: Coliracemata mortoni n. sp.</p><p>Etymology. Colis (Latin): penis; racemus (Latin): bearing bunches or clusters of grapes. Gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Shell minute (less than 1.9 mm in diameter; Fig. 16). Spire flat except for raised protoconch, or slightly raised, periphery evenly convex; umbilicus moderate to wide. Whorls with many distinct, minutely wavy, spiral cords; spiral keels absent. Aperture near circular, peristome simple, prosocline, external varix absent. Operculum similar to Clenchiella with central peg but with triangular white, possibly calcareous, plate-like deposit covering muscle insertion area on middle of inner side. Head-foot colourless with no pigment; posterior end of foot rounded. Radula as for family, cusps on inner outer marginal teeth slightly larger than those on outer marginals. Penis with two or three clusters of many apocrine glands on dorsal edge of middle portion. Bursa copulatrix small to large; bursal duct short. Two seminal receptacles.</p><p>Remarks. Members of this genus are distinguished from Clenchiella in having evenly rounded shells (no keels; although spiral threads cover the shell surface as in Clenchiella) which lack an apertural varix, no black pigment on the head-foot, rounded posterior end of the foot (instead of pointed) and massive glandular extensions from the penis that are composed of many small but distinct apocrine glands. The radula is very similar to those of species of Clenchiella but the operculum differs in having a white smear covering the muscle insertion area on its inner side.</p><p>Three species are confirmed as members of this genus as they are known anatomically. Two additional species with unknown anatomy are provisionally included here based on a general similarity in shell morphology. Specimens from a mangrove forest in Sembawang, Singapore were examined alive and are probably a member of this genus but the material is unavailable for description.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557653C39FF05FEFEB82DAD67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557653C05FF05FB0EB9C8AB4F.text	03CDAD6557653C05FF05FB0EB9C8AB4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coliracemata mortoni	<div><p>Coliracemata mortoni n. sp.</p><p>Figures 16–22, 26</p><p>Etymology. Named for Professor Brian Morton as a small recognition of his enormous contributions to marine biological and malacological studies on the Hong Kong marine fauna.</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: Under wood, front edge of mangrove. Mong Tseng Wai, Southern Deep Bay, Hong Kong. 22˚29’ N, 114˚00’E, 16 Apr. 1983. Coll. W. F. Ponder (AMS C.269811). Paratypes: Same data (AMS C.460381, 5 spms).</p><p>Material examined. Type material.</p><p>Hong Kong: Same data as type material (AMS C.460380, 20+ spms); Tsim Bei Tsui near Lau Fau Shan, seaward edge in mangroves, 22° 28' N, 113° 59' E, 15 Apr. 1992. Coll. W.F. Ponder (AMS C.463401, 2 spms); Tsim Bei Tsui, Deep Bay, mangroves, 22° 28' N, 113° 59' E, 15 Apr. 1983. Coll. W.F. Ponder (AMS C.463405, 3 spms).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Hong Kong, but is presumably more widespread in southern China.</p><p>Description. Shell. Minute (up to 1.9 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire flat (Figs 16 A–C and 17A–C). Protoconch depressed to slightly elevated above spire, about 1.7 whorls, surface of protoconch I sculptured with about three well-spaced very fine spiral threads, terminated by weak varix; protoconch II of one whorl, smooth, terminated by weak varix. Teleoconch of about 1.6 convex whorls, sculptured with distinct, minutely wavy spiral lirae in middle of dorsal part of shell, inner third of dorsal whorls lacking distinct spirals, interspaces about twice width of lirae, about 4–5 lirae and a few finer spiral threads on outer side of whorl at end of penultimate whorl; finer, close-spaced commarginal growth lines intersect spirals, resulting in netted appearance where stronger spirals occur. Periphery evenly convex, spiral weak to subobsolete on peripheral area. Base evenly convex, with wavy spiral lirae, umbilicus wide (nearly half width of base), distinct spiral sculpture lacking in umbilicus. Sutures deeply impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, external varix absent. Colour yellow-brown to dark brown due to periostracum and deposits; shell white.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of 4–5 slowly increasing whorls, each sculptured externally with fine, oblique wrinkles (Fig. 18 A, B). Interior with narrow, raised edge to muscle attachment area close to weakly thickened columellar edge. Small white (calcareous?) sub-spiral projection in middle part, with thickened ridge between projection and outer edge of muscle scar.</p><p>Head-foot. Similar to that of Coliracemata clarkae but unpigmented except for dense-white spots on head and a few on basal half of tentacles and foot. Posterior end of foot tapering and rounded posteriorly (Figs 19 and 20).</p><p>Ctenidium . About 20 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae variable on central and lateral teeth; 2–5+1+2–5, 1–2+1+1–4, 14–17, 12–14, median cusps of central and lateral teeth long (about twice as long [or slightly more] as adjacent cusps), narrow, pointed; other cusps on all teeth slender, pointed (Fig. 21 A, B).</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two very strong folds; rectum with two tight loops (Fig. 19 C, D).</p><p>Penis. Short, wide distally and proximally (Figs 20 and 22). Five to six distinct clusters of many small, apocrine glands on dorsal edge of middle portion; proximal clusters large, distal ones close to tip small. Tip narrow to wide, blunt, with no distinct papilla. Penial duct slightly undulating.</p><p>Oviduct. Albumen gland slightly shorter than capsule gland (Fig. 22 D, E). Coiled oviduct narrow, with single S-shaped coil with indentations. Seminal receptacles short, about equal in size. Ventral channel gently curved. Bursa small, slender, lying on left side of oviduct gland, about 1/5 behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; posterior part slightly wider than anterior; extremely short bursal duct on left side of capsule gland. Genital opening simple, on anterior end of bursal duct.</p><p>Nervous system. Similar to that of Coliracemata clarkae .</p><p>Remarks. This species has a similar umbilicus and probably a lower spire than Coliracemata ? microscopica (see below) and is also similar to Co. katurana in shell characters but is much larger. Co. mortoni differs from Co. clarkae in being larger, having more prominent spiral sculpture and a lower spire. The only other similar species found in the same general vicinity is Cl. minutissima, which differs most obviously in having a strong apertural varix. Anatomically it differs from the two congeneric species described herein in details of penial, and female genital tract morphology.</p><p>This species may possibly have been combined as part of Tong’s (1986) ‘ Clenchiella sp.’ although she figured and described Clenchiella varicosa n. sp. (see above).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557653C05FF05FB0EB9C8AB4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557593C00FF05F8E0BA9EABFF.text	03CDAD6557593C00FF05F8E0BA9EABFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coliracemata katurana	<div><p>Coliracemata katurana n. sp.</p><p>Figures 16–18, 21, 23, 24, 26</p><p>Hydrobiidae gen. et sp.; Yamashita et al., 2005: 48, 51, 61, fig. 2. ‘Clenchiella’ sp.; Fukuda, 2012: 41, text fig.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Katura, the old name of the region around the type locality (Urauchi River Estuary) of this species.</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: Among green algae on sandy mud bottom around the roots of mangrove trees, the Urauchi River Estuary, just below the Urauchi Bridge, Iriomote Island, Taketomi-chô, Yaeyama-gun, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. 24˚24’10” N, 123˚46’34” E, 22 Nov. 2004. Coll. H. Fukuda, H. Yamashita, M. Kimura, K. Suzukida, K. Kuroda and C. Mori (AMS C.269815). Paratypes: same data (AMS C.445414, 3 spms; OKCAB M17938, 11 spms).</p><p>Material examined. Type material.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality; Iriomote Island, SW Okinawa.</p><p>Description. Shell. Minute (up to 1.3 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire flat (Figs 16 D–F and 17D–F). Protoconch markedly elevated above spire, about 1.5 whorls, surface slightly worn in available specimens but protoconch I appears to be smooth except for median spiral thread and terminated by distinct varix; protoconch II about 0.8 whorl, with about 11 fine spiral threads, varix indistinct. Teleoconch of about 1.5 convex whorls, whole surface sculptured with distinct, minutely wavy spiral lirae with interspaces about twice their width, about 9–10 at end of penultimate whorl; finer, close-spaced commarginal growth lines intersect spirals, resulting in netted appearance. Periphery evenly convex, spiral lirae similar in strength on peripheral area as on dorsal and basal surfaces. Base evenly convex, umbilicus wide (nearly half width of base), spiral sculpture continuous within. Sutures impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, external varix indistinct, very narrow. Colour of periostracum uniformly reddish brown in the few specimens observed.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of 5 slowly increasing whorls. Interior with narrow, raised edge to muscle attachment area close to thickened, ridge-like columellar edge. Small spiral projection in middle part (Fig. 18 C, D). Small, triangular white (calcareous?) smear around nucleus on inner side.</p><p>Head-foot. Cephalic tentacles long, slender, with no pigment; several stationary setae on distal end. Snout moderate in length, cylindrical. White spots found all over head-foot including sole. Eye large, black, situated behind proximal end of cephalic tentacle. Foot long, slender; anterior end slightly expanded laterally and indented on central part with long transverse mucous slit; anterior mucous gland small, consists of opaque white cells, restricted to central part of anterior foot. Sole colourless with many white spots on lateral sides. Posterior end of foot blunt (Fig. 23).</p><p>Ctenidium . 16 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae 3–4+1+3–4, 3–4+1+4, 18–19, 13–14, median cusps of central and lateral teeth long (about twice as long as adjacent cusps), narrow, pointed; other cusps on all teeth slender, pointed (Fig. 21 C, D).</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two weak folds; rectum as in Co. mortoni, with two tight loops.</p><p>Penis. Small, moderately long, wide distally and narrow proximally (Fig. 24 A, B). One large glandular swelling with four to five clusters of apocrine glands on middle dorsal portion. Short, narrow papilla with pointed tip on distal end. Penial duct not observed.</p><p>Oviduct. Albumen gland about as long as capsule gland (Fig. 24 C, D). Coiled oviduct rather wide, with simple, open coil. Seminal receptacles short, about equal in size. Ventral channel rather wide, rather long, nearly straight. Bursa small, triangular, entirely in front of posterior wall of mantle cavity; bursal duct extremely short. Genital opening simple, slightly posterior to anterior end of capsule gland.</p><p>Nervous system. Similar to that of Coliracemata clarkae (see below).</p><p>Remarks. This species is the smallest known clenchiellid and is most similar to Co. mortoni n. sp. described above from Hong Kong, but differs in its smaller size. In addition to differences in the genital systems, the distinct, wavy spiral lirae with axial threads produce a netted appearance (visible only with SEM) and extend evenly over the whole shell surface.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557593C00FF05F8E0BA9EABFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD65575C3C02FF05FCF3B984AD6C.text	03CDAD65575C3C02FF05FCF3B984AD6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coliracemata clarkae	<div><p>Coliracemata clarkae n. sp.</p><p>Figures 16, 25, 26</p><p>Etymology. Named after Dr Stephanie Clark, the collector of the type material.</p><p>Types and type localities. Holotype: Central Lakes, Townsville, Queensland, Australia, along edges, under palm fronds and amongst mussels, 19°16'01" S, 146°49'01" E, May 1992. Coll. S.A. Clark (AMS C.462962). Paratypes: Same data (AMS C.378422, 4 spms).</p><p>Material examined. Type material.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from Townsville, Queensland, but is probably more widespread in tropical Queensland.</p><p>Description. Shell. Minute (up to 1.7 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire low (Fig. 16 G–I). Protoconch not elevated above line of spire, details not clearly discernable in available material but approximately of 1.5 whorls; first half whorl has 4 spiral ridges, remainder apparently smooth. Teleoconch of approximately 1.5 convex whorls, whole surface sculptured with fine, simple spiral lirae with very fine, close axial threads in the interspaces which are about 1–2 times width of spirals. Periphery evenly convex. Base evenly convex, umbilicus moderately wide (slightly less than half width of base), spiral sculpture continuous within. Sutures impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, no external varix. Colour varies from white to dark orange-red or dark brown (colour imparted by deposits on shell surface).</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of 5–6 slowly increasing whorls. Interior with narrow, raised edge to muscle attachment area close to thickened, ridge-like columellar edge. Small projection in middle part. White, possibly calcareous, smear on middle of inner surface present.</p><p>Head-foot. Cephalic tentacles parallel-sided, moderately long, with distinct compound cilia distally and narrow black band at about distal third to quarter, otherwise colourless with tiny white spots. Actively beating cilia over most of tentacle surface. Foot mostly unpigmented; anterior end with shallow notch, laterally extended, with grey spot in middle of each antero-lateral lobe; posteriorly foot tapering to point. Anterior pedal mucous gland with antero-lateral extensions and concentrated into short medial gland. Snout moderately long, weakly bilobed distally, grey to black laterally, dorsally whitish with pink buccal mass showing through.</p><p>Ctenidium . About 20 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae 4+1+4, 5+1+4, 19–20,?17, median cusps of central and lateral teeth long (about twice as long as adjacent cusps), narrow, pointed; other cusps on all teeth slender, pointed.</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two folds; rectum with two tight loops as in Co. mortoni .</p><p>Penis. Short, wide distally and proximally (Fig. 25 A, B). Five, equally-sized distinct clusters of many small apocrine glands on dorsal edge of middle portion. Tip narrow, with short, pointed papilla. Penial duct not observed.</p><p>Oviduct. Albumen gland shorter than capsule gland (Fig. 25 C, D). Coiled oviduct narrow, with simple, open coil. Seminal receptacles short, about equal in size. Ventral channel narrow, rather long, nearly straight. Bursa small, lying on left side of oviduct gland, about 1/3 behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; posterior part slightly wider than anterior; extremely short bursal duct on left side of capsule gland. Genital opening simple, slightly posterior to anterior end of capsule gland.</p><p>Nervous system. Similar to that of Cl. bicingulata, but pleural-supraoesophageal connective slightly shorter than the latter.</p><p>Remarks. This species is one of the smallest clenchiellids and is, at least superficially, the most similar in shell features to Coliracemata ? microscopica but differs, as far as can be judged from the description and figure of that species, in its somewhat smaller size (~1.3 vs 1.5 mm in maximum diameter). In the absence of suitable material from India, a more detailed comparison is not possible. It has finer sculpture, a narrower umbilicus and a more elevated spire than the other two species of Coliracemata recognised here.</p><p>At the type locality, and, possibly in some other north Queensland localities, Co. clarkae lives sympatrically with Cl. minutissima which is much more abundant in the type locality (see Fig. 26 for type localities of clenchiellids other than species of Clenchiella). The two species can be readily separated on animal pigmentation and penial morphology, as well as on shell morphology, particularly the possession of a varix in the latter species. Co. clarkae differs from the other two congeners described herein in having a higher spire and narrower umbilicus, as well as in details of the reproductive anatomy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD65575C3C02FF05FCF3B984AD6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD65575E3C03FF05FB78BAEAA8C1.text	03CDAD65575E3C03FF05FB78BAEAA8C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coliracemata	<div><p>Coliracemata ? microscopica (Nevill, 1877)</p><p>Figure 27</p><p>Valvata (?) microscopica Nevill, 1877: 21 .</p><p>Cyclostrema microscopica; Annandale &amp; Kemp, 1916: 347, fig. 3. Tubiola microscopica; Annandale, 1924: 858.</p><p>Clenchiella microscopica; Abbott, 1949: 62.</p><p>Types and type localities. Holotype: Port Canning (now Canning) (West Bengal, NE India) (Indian Museum, Calcutta, apparently lost, see below). Collected in a brackish water pond about a quarter mile from the river.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality, on the Matla River, NE India.</p><p>Description based on Nevill’s (1877: 21, description) and Annandale &amp; Kemp’s (1916, fig. 3) figure.</p><p>Shell. Minute (1.5 mm in diameter; Table 3), spire depressed. Protoconch details unknown (Fig. 27 A, B). Teleoconch of about 2.7 [Nevill says 4 whorls but the figure of the type suggests the number given] convex whorls, surface distinctly sculptured with spiral lirae similar in strength on dorsal and basal surfaces. Periphery apparently evenly convex. Base evenly convex, umbilicus moderately wide (about half width of base). Sutures impressed. Aperture near circular, prosocline, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, no obvious external varix. Colour brownish-red (presumably periostracum only, as is the case with most clenchiellids studied herein), with black deposit.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, circular, comparatively rather thick, apparently multispiral.</p><p>Head-foot, radula and anatomy unknown.</p><p>Remarks. Abbott (1949: 62) stated that a “careful search by the authorities of the Zoological Survey of India failed to bring the types to light”. A letter to one of us (WFP) from Dr N. V. Subba Rao (30 June 1993) confirmed that the type of V. microscopica could not be located and may have been destroyed when some of the mollusc collection was damaged during flooding in 1943. The only figure of a type specimen of microscopica is a drawing of a dorsal and ventral view published by Annandale &amp; Kemp (1916, fig. 3). This clearly shows the narrow umbilicus and fine spiral sculpture that distinguishes this species.</p><p>Rao et al. (1993: 156, pl. 1, figs 3, 6) recorded and illustrated a specimen identified as Tubiola microscopica from the Matla River bed, Saimari, West Bengal. The specimen is not a clenchiellid but appears to be a juvenile trochid.</p><p>This species is at least superficially similar to Co. mortoni n. sp., Co. clarkae n. sp. and Co.? innocens (Preston, 1915) (see below).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD65575E3C03FF05FB78BAEAA8C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD65575F3C0CFF05FA24BF10AB09.text	03CDAD65575F3C0CFF05FA24BF10AB09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coliracemata	<div><p>Coliracemata ? innocens (Preston, 1915)</p><p>Figure 27</p><p>Cyclostrema (Tubiola) innocens Preston, 1915: 296, figs 9, 9a–b.</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: Serua Nadi, Lake Chilka (=Chilika Lake) (eastern India), 5–9 ft. (1.5–2.7 m) depth (Indian Museum, Calcutta, Preston, 1915: 289 (type material apparently lost).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality, a large brackish-water lake.</p><p>Material examined. None.</p><p>Description (based on Preston 1914: 296, figs 9a–c).</p><p>Shell. Minute (2.0 mm in diameter; Table 3), spire low (Fig. 27 C–E). Protoconch not elevated above line of spire, details unknown. Teleoconch of about 3 convex whorls, surface smooth except for growth lines. Periphery evenly convex. Base evenly convex, umbilicus moderately wide (slightly more than half width of base). Sutures impressed. Aperture near circular, prosocline, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, no obvious external varix. Colour milk white.</p><p>Operculum, head-foot and anatomy unknown.</p><p>Remarks. Preston’s Cyclostrema (Tubiola) innocens was compared with Co. microscopica by Annandale and Kemp (1916: 347) with the comment that it “clearly belongs to the same genus” and “appears to differ from that species in its smaller size, reddish colour and in the sculpture on its surface; but the type of Preston’s species is bleached and perhaps somewhat eroded.” Preston’s description stated that his specimen (from Serua Nadi, Lake Chilka, a brackish water locality) is smooth. He gives a size of 2.0 mm maximum diameter, whereas microscopica is, according to Nevill’s original description, 1.5 mm in diameter. Annandale later (1924: 858) stated a slightly different opinion - “Dr Kemp and I were inclined to think [that innocens] is a small denuded shell of Nevill’s species”. These authors are the only ones who had access to the type material of both and that have published an opinion on these taxa. Abbott (1949) was uncertain regarding the synonymy of these two species. Because, on the available evidence, Co.? innocens differs from Co.? microscopica in its larger size, apparent lack of spiral sculpture and slightly wider umbilicus, we tentatively treat both as separate species pending the discovery of new topotypic material. Co.? innocens could also conceivably be a species of Coleglabra n. gen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD65575F3C0CFF05FA24BF10AB09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557503C0CFF05FDECBE1DADB3.text	03CDAD6557503C0CFF05FDECBE1DADB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colenuda	<div><p>Colenuda n. gen.</p><p>Type species: Colenuda kessneri n. sp.</p><p>Etymology. Colis (Latin): penis; nuda (Latin): nude. Refers to the absence of any glands or swellings on the penis. Gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Shell minute (1.9 mm in diameter), with low spire and open umbilicus narrower than in other genera (Figs 28 A–C and 29A–E). Whorls with fine spiral threads, strong spiral cords or keels absent. Aperture near circular, peristome with shallow indentation dorsally, prosocline, very weak external varix usually present. Operculum simple with no peg or white smear to plate-like deposit on inner surface. Radula as for family, cusps on inner marginal teeth much larger than those on outer marginals. Head-foot with black pigment on cephalic tentacles, snout and penis. Penis wide, simple with no swellings or glands. Bursa copulatrix moderate in size; bursal duct short. Two seminal receptacles.</p><p>Remarks. This new genus is similar to species of Coliracemata in shell characters, although the spire is slightly higher and there is a shallow indentation on the dorsal lip of the aperture that is absent in Coliracemata . There is a marked difference in penial morphology, with the penis lacking any swellings or glands on the external surface. The head-foot has distal pigmented bands on the cephalic tentacles as in species of Clenchiella .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557503C0CFF05FDECBE1DADB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557503C0EFF05FB5BBA89A8DE.text	03CDAD6557503C0EFF05FB5BBA89A8DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Colenuda kessneri	<div><p>Colenuda kessneri n. sp.</p><p>Figures 28–33</p><p>Clenchiellid n. gen. n. sp.; Criscione &amp; Ponder, 2013: 1077. Clenchiellid sp.; Golding, 2014: 4.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Vince Kessner who discovered the two new clenchiellids from the Northern Territory.</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: E. Bamboo Creek, tributary of Daly River, near junction with main river (some estuarine influence), Northern Territory, Australia. At 0.2 m depth, 13°40'05" S, 130°39'32" E, 25 Jun. 1995. Coll. W.F. Ponder, A.C. Miller, D.L. Beechey and V. Kessner (NTM P.53500). Paratypes: Same data (AMS C.462832, 20+ spms; NTM P.53501; 20 spms). Paratypes, same locality, 9 Jul. 1995. Coll. V. Kessner (AMS C.305893, 20+ spms; NTM P.6529, 20+ spms).</p><p>Material examined. Type material.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality but may occur in similar conditions in the upper parts of other river estuaries in the Northern Territory.</p><p>Description. Shell. Small (up to 1.9 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire slightly raised. Protoconch about 0.8–2.0 whorls, surface eroded in available specimens: details of protoconch I not available; protoconch II apparently smooth, varix weak. Teleoconch of about 2.0–2.2 convex whorls, dorsal surface sculptured with distinct, spiral threads with slightly wider to equal interspaces, about 3–10 at end of penultimate whorl; spirals subobsolete to obsolete on inner part of teleoconch whorls and on outer part in some specimens; spirals subobsolete to obsolete on last third to half of dorsal surface of last whorl; finer, close-spaced commarginal growth lines intersect spirals. Periphery evenly convex, smooth except for traces of very shallow spiral grooves. Base evenly convex, with some very weak spiral threads with linear interspaces present. Umbilicus rather narrow (slightly less than half width of base), subobsolete spiral sculpture continuous within. Sutures weakly impressed. Aperture markedly prosocline, near circular, simple, otherwise simple, slightly thickened peristome, without external varix. Colour semitranslucent white.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of 5 slowly increasing whorls (Fig. 30 A, B). Interior with slight raised edge to muscle attachment area close to thickened, ridge-like columellar edge. No projection or white area in middle part.</p><p>Head-foot. Not observed alive, but preserved animals have narrow black band on distal part of each cephalic tentacle, and black pigment on dorso-lateral sides of the snout, and distal portion of penis.</p><p>Ctenidium . About 20 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae 4–5+1+4–5, 2–3+1+4–5, 19–22, approx. 35, median cusps of central and lateral teeth long (up to about 1.5 length of adjacent cusps), narrow, pointed; other cusps on all teeth slender, pointed (Fig. 31 A, B).</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two very strong folds; rectum with two tight loops.</p><p>Penis. Long, wide, tapering, forming anticlockwise coil when at rest; with no distinct swellings or glands; with thin black pigment on distal portion. Tip narrow, with short, pointed papilla. Penial duct with loop in base, remainder slightly undulating (Fig. 32 A, B).</p><p>Oviduct. Albumen gland slightly shorter than capsule gland. Coiled oviduct wide, with single, large coil. Seminal receptacles long, ventral (right) much longer than dorsal (left). Ventral channel rather long, narrow, gently curved. Bursa oval, moderate in size, lying on left side of oviduct gland, wholly behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; middle part widest, narrowing anteriorly to open to nearly straight, short bursal duct just behind pallial cavity. Genital opening simple, at anterior end of bursal duct (Fig. 32 C, D).</p><p>Nervous system. Similar to that of Cl. bicingulata .</p><p>Remarks. Although this species is currently known only from the type locality it may occur in other tidal tributaries in the same region. It is found in a narrow zone at or near the upper limit of tidal influence and is abundant where it occurs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557503C0EFF05FB5BBA89A8DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557553C09FF05FF25BAC5AD3F.text	03CDAD6557553C09FF05FF25BAC5AD3F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleglabra	<div><p>Coleglabra n. gen.</p><p>Type species: Colegrabra nordaustralis n. sp. — Coleglabra misspelt</p><p>Etymology. Colis (Latin): penis; glabra (Latin): smooth, unadorned.</p><p>Gender feminine.</p><p>Diagnosis. Shell minute (up to 1.9 mm in diameter). Whorls with few dorsally distinct spiral cords and indistinct spirals on base; strong spiral keels absent. Aperture near circular, peristome simple, prosocline, external varix absent (Figs 28 D–I and 29F–K). Operculum simple with no peg or white deposit on inner side. Head-foot colourless with no pigment. Penis long, slender, tapering, with no distinct swellings or glands; arising from right side of head behind right eye; tip pointed, with no distinct papilla. Bursa copulatrix large, about 1/2 behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; bursal duct extremely wide, forming large, round chamber at anterior part. One seminal receptacle.</p><p>Remarks. The shells of members of this genus are similar to that of Colenuda kessneri in having a few spiral threads on the dorsal surface of the shell and weaker spirals on the base, lacking spiral keels and in having a relatively narrow umbilicus and a low to moderate spire (flat to slightly sunken in Clenchiella and some species of Coliracemata). The shell of Coleglabra differs most obviously from that of Colenuda in having a simple peristome, that of Colenuda having a wide, shallow excavation and in lacking any external varix.</p><p>As in Coliracemata, the head-foot is unpigmented but it is not in the other two genera. The penis, like that of Colenuda, lacks distinct lobes or glands and, like Colenuda, the operculum lacks a central projection. The shell resembles that of some species of Coliracemata in having a slightly raised spire, no varix and rather weak spiral sculpture. The spirals are slightly irregular but less obviously wavy than they are in most species of Coliracemata . The edge of the aperture, viewed dorsally, is straight in species of Coliracemata and convex in the two known species of Coleglabra .</p><p>Only the type species of Coleglabra is known anatomically. Another species is provisionally included in this genus based on its similar shell.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557553C09FF05FF25BAC5AD3F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557553C0AFF05FB33BEAFAA29.text	03CDAD6557553C0AFF05FB33BEAFAA29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleglabra nordaustralis	<div><p>Coleglabra nordaustralis n. sp.</p><p>Figures 28–32</p><p>Etymology. Refers to northern Australia, the provenance of the species.</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype: Douglas-Daly Research Farm, Top End, Douglas River, approx. 1 km E from the junction with Daly River, Northern Territory, Australia. Permanent freshwater river above tidal influence on limestone bed, 13° 50' 15" S, 131° 08' 45" E, 13 Aug. 1995. Coll. V. Kessner (NTM P.53502); Paratypes. Same data (AMS C.307276, 14 spms; C.307290, 20+ spms; C.410981, 7 spms; NTM P.53503, 5 spms).</p><p>Material examined. Type material.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality, but may occur in similar conditions in the lower reaches of other coastal rivers in the Northern Territory.</p><p>Description. Shell. Minute (up to 1.9 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire slightly raised (Figs 28 D–F and 29F–K). Protoconch of about 1.2 whorls, surface of protoconch I smooth except for very minute, close-set pustules, terminated by thin, indistinct varix at about 0.9 whorls; protoconch II about quarter whorl, smooth, weakly differentiated from teleoconch. Teleoconch of about 1.7–1.8 convex whorls, upper surface sculptured with few distinct, spiral threads from mid-dorsal to outer part of whorls, interspaces linear to subequal, about 9–11 at end of penultimate whorl, usually subobsolete on last third of last whorl; inner dorsal part of whorls sometimes with few similar spirals or lacks them; often stronger, irregularly spaced commarginal growth lines intersect spirals. Periphery evenly convex, spiral lirae weak to absent on peripheral area. Base evenly convex, umbilicus wide (approximately half width of base), spiral sculpture continuous to subobsolete within. Sutures impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, no external varix. Coloration of periostracum variable, including dark grey to black, reddish brown, to yellowish white.</p><p>Operculum. Horny, near circular, of about 4 slowly increasing whorls (Fig. 30 C, D). Interior with simple muscle attachment area. Central part slightly thickened, no projection or white deposit.</p><p>Head-foot. Not observed alive. In preserved materials, with long cephalic tentacles and wide snout; pigment lacking on head-foot.</p><p>Ctenidium . 16 to 20 filaments.</p><p>Radula . Typical of family. Cusp formulae 5+1+5, 4–6+1+5–6, 19–20, approx. 16, median cusps of central and lateral teeth long (nearly twice as long as adjacent cusps), narrow, pointed on central teeth, pointed to blunt on lateral teeth; other cusps on all teeth slender, pointed (Fig. 31 C, D).</p><p>Gut. Anterior oesophagus with two weak folds; rectum with two tight loops.</p><p>Penis. Long, slender, tapering, with no distinct swellings or glands; arising from right side of head behind right eye. Tip pointed, with no distinct papilla. Penial duct irregularly undulating (Fig. 32 E).</p><p>Testis and ovary typical of family (i.e., similar to that figured for Clenchiella bicingulata) (Fig. 32 F).</p><p>Oviduct. Elongate bean-shaped. Albumen gland about as long as capsule gland (Fig. 32 G, H). Coiled oviduct narrow, with two extremely large coils. Seminal receptacle single, rather long, slender. Ventral channel long, gently curved. Bursa large, about 1/2 behind posterior wall of mantle cavity; posterior end pointed; middle part widest, then narrows anteriorly to open to bursal duct. Bursal duct extremely wide, highly muscular, forming large, round chamber at anterior part (visible from both dorsal and ventral side) of capsule gland. Genital opening simple, on ventral edge of meeting point of ventral channel and bursal duct. Single, slender, posteriorly located seminal receptacle.</p><p>Nervous system. Similar to that of Cl. bicingulata .</p><p>Remarks. This species is distinguished from other clenchiellids above and with the possible congener below.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557553C0AFF05FB33BEAFAA29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557563C0AFF05FC3EB982AE33.text	03CDAD6557563C0AFF05FC3EB982AE33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleglabra sentaniensis (Benthem Jutting 1963) Benthem Jutting 1963	<div><p>Coleglabra sentaniensis (Benthem Jutting, 1963)</p><p>Figure 28</p><p>Clenchiella sentaniensis Benthem Jutting, 1963: 438, fig. 5a, b.</p><p>Types and type locality. Holotype, NE shore of Lake Sentani, near ‘Meerzicht’ [a restaurant on the lake shore], 0–1m deep amongst water plants and tree roots. 16 Oct. 1954. Coll. L. D. Brongersma (ZMA 1206).</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality, near Jayapura, NE Irian Jaya. It is a freshwater lake 73 m above sea level, containing at least three endemic species of freshwater fishes (Polhemus et al. 2004).</p><p>Material examined. Holotype.</p><p>Shell. Minute (2.0 mm in maximum diameter; Table 3), spire slightly raised (Fig. 28 G–I). Protoconch of about 1.4 whorls, surface details not known, although apparently smooth under light microscope; terminated by indistinct thin varix. Teleoconch of about 1.7 convex whorls, sculptured with few (4–5) distinct, weak spiral lirae with near linear interspaces on the outer dorsal and dorso-lateral surface; details of any other dorsal sculpture not discernable. Periphery evenly convex, spiral threads apparently absent on mid-peripheral area. Base evenly convex, with 6 distinct spiral lirae with near linear interspaces in middle part; umbilicus about half width of base, spiral sculpture not discernable within (surface not clean and sculpture may be obscured). Sutures impressed. Aperture near circular, with simple, slightly thickened peristome, with narrow, weak external varix. Colour brown to dark brown (imparted by thin deposits on thin periostracum).</p><p>Head-foot, radula and anatomy unknown.</p><p>Remarks. This species was described from a single specimen. Co. sentaniensis and Co. nordaustralis are the only known strictly freshwater clenchiellids. The shell of Co. sentaniensis is similar to that of Coleglabra nordaustralis but differs from that species in having a narrow, weak external varix and, notably, much stronger spiral threads both dorsally and ventrally. In addition, the apertural edge, viewed dorsally, is less distinctly convex. This species is included in Coleglabra because of the general similarity of its shell to that of C. nordaustralis, but this placement requires anatomical confirmation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557563C0AFF05FC3EB982AE33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
03CDAD6557493C15FF05FF2ABA20ABDA.text	03CDAD6557493C15FF05FF2ABA20ABDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clenchiella minutissima	<div><p>Biogeography of Clenchiella minutissima</p><p>Clenchiella minutissima is by far the most recorded clenchiellid species, and appears to have a widespread distribution throughout the Indo-Pacific (Fig. 14). Among the Australian individuals sequenced (four from Qld, one from NT, one from WA), there is negligible branch length throughout the east coast localities, with identical sequences obtained for three of the four Queensland individuals. The Darwin sequence differs marginally from those from Queensland, while the Port Hedland sequence exhibits the highest divergence within the minutissima clade. These preliminary results suggest that the highest degree of gene flow occurs along the Queensland coast, possibly attributed to the continuity of suitable habitat, in which the planktotrophic larvae of Cl. minutissima (as indicated by the protoconch) may be readily dispersed between estuarine systems. Conversely, as the Darwin locality is roughly equidistant to the WA and Queensland localities respectively, the greater sequence divergence and thus comparatively reduced gene flow between WA and NT are possibly due to the discontinuity of mangrove habitats along sections of the WA coast, notably along the Eighty Mile Beach situated between Broome and Port Hedland. However, based on the similarity in shell characters as well as the moderate topology and sequence divergence indicated by the molecular analysis, the conservative approach herein is to view these populations as conspecific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CDAD6557493C15FF05FF2ABA20ABDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ponder, Winston F.;Fukuda, Hiroshi;Hallan, Anders	Ponder, Winston F., Fukuda, Hiroshi, Hallan, Anders (2014): A review of the family Clenchiellidae (Mollusca: Caenogastropoda: Truncatelloidea). Zootaxa 3872 (2): 101-153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3872.2.1
